key: cord-0002312-j5sfiyz8
authors: Ward, Kirsten; Seale, Holly; Zwar, Nicholas; Leask, Julie; MacIntyre, C. Raina
title: Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia
date: 2010-10-12
journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00158.x
sha: 5dc2b500e260938d6db9120669c23b90942bb07c
doc_id: 2312
cord_uid: j5sfiyz8

Please cite this paper as: Ward et al. (2011) Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 135–141. Background Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all Australian health care workers (HCWs) including those working in primary health care. There is limited published data on coverage, workplace provision, attitudes and personal barriers to influenza vaccination amongst primary health care staff. The aim of this study was to contribute to the limited literature base in this important area by investigating these issues in the primary health care setting in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods A postal survey was sent to general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) from inner city, semi‐urban and rural areas of NSW, Australia. There were 139 responses in total (response rate 36%) from 79 GPs (response rate 30%) and 60 PNs (response rate 46%). Results Reported influenza vaccination coverage in both 2007 and 2008 was greater than 70%, with GPs reporting higher coverage than PNs in both years. The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of vaccination recommendations for general practice staff and concern about adverse effects from the vaccine. Conclusions Rates of influenza vaccination coverage reported in this study were higher than in previous studies of hospital and institutional HCWs, though it is possible that the study design may have contributed to these higher results. Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs.

Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. 1 Primary health care workers (HCWs) like general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) have found to be at higher risk for influenza than the general population. 2 This may be because of: (i) exposure to influenza infection in both the general community and the workplace; and (ii) close proximity to visitors and patients. 1, 3 Vaccines remain the cornerstone of influenza prevention in many countries worldwide 4 and are considered to be 50-80% effective in healthy persons aged 16-65 years. 5 Annual influenza vaccination of Australian HCWs is recommended by the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC), 3 the Australian Committee on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 6 and various jurisdictional health departments, including New South Wales (NSW). 7 The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners 8 recommend that general practice staff members are offered immunisation appropriate to their duties.

Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. Influenza vaccination coverage amongst GPs in Australia was 50% in 1998. 16 In neighbouring New Zealand, coverage amongst GPs was 68% and 64% in PNs in 2001. 17 Other countries have reported lower coverage estimates, with only 35% of Canadian family physicians from Québec 18 and 36% of GPs from the Netherlands 19 vaccinated in 1996 and 2008, respectively. A study across all primary health care professions in Israel reported an average of 30% coverage across physicians, nurses, pharmacists and administration staff. 20 Factors associated with influenza vaccination status have been examined in primary health care clinicians in other countries. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] Amongst this group of HCW's, significant predictors for vaccine acceptance include the following: agreement that HCW's have professional responsibility to be vaccinated, on-site access to free vaccine, workplace recommendation for staff influenza vaccination, desire for self-protection and belief that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risk of vaccine side effects. 17, 21 Furthermore, previous influenza vaccination has been significantly associated with current vaccine acceptance in both hospital HCWs and primary care physicians. 20 Factors significantly associated with lack of vaccine acceptance include the following: no medical indication for vaccination, belief that regular medical exposure will protect against the disease, low risk of contracting influenza, fear of vaccine side effects and lack of time or priority. 17, 19, 20 Some of these factors are similar to those cited by hospital HCWs whilst others differ. In a review of attitudes and predictors to influenza vaccination of hospital HCW's, lack of convenient access to vaccine and poor knowledge about influenza infection were prominent reasons for lack of vaccination with the desire for self-protection and belief in the vaccine's effectiveness the most prominent reasons for vaccine acceptance in this group. 22 To the best of our knowledge, there have been limited studies which specifically examine: influenza vaccination coverage, workplace provision of vaccination, knowledge, attitudes and personal barriers to influenza vaccination amongst GPs and PNs in Australia. The aim of this study therefore was to contribute to the limited literature base in this important area by investigating this in the primary health care setting in NSW, Australia.

A paper-based survey was developed based on pilot work undertaken by the authors and commonly identified barriers to vaccination from the literature. 6, 23, 24 It elicited demographic data about the respondents, their influenza vaccination status from 2007 to 2009 and identified barriers to being immunised. It also posed questions intended to determine the respondent's attitude towards vaccination, based on seven statements about efficacy, safety, adverse events and recommended target groups for influenza vaccine and was part of a wider survey that incorporated questions on pandemic influenza. The survey was piloted with four GPs and PNs from outside the study area. Feedback from this process contributed to enhanced content, altered survey structure and modified wording.

Our sample was drawn from Divisions of General Practice (DGP) in NSW. DGPs are government-funded organisations that provide support to a defined geographical catchment of general practices in Australia. They are classified by population and locality into five categories based on Rural, Remote Metropolitan Areas (RRMA). 25, 26 NSW has the highest number of DGPs, with 32. Purposive sampling by the authors was used to select four DGPs in NSW to represent a diverse sample from metropolitan, semiurban and rural areas. The final sample size for each participating Division was weighted according to how many GPs and PNs were practicing in the area.

The study was undertaken from the 1st February to 1st April 2009, prior to the Pandemic (H1N1) Influenza 2009 which was identified in late April 2009. 27 Authors were blinded to participant selection, as they were randomly selected from de-identified DGP databases of GPs and PNs. Surveys were posted by DGPs and were accompanied by personalised explanatory letter and a reply-paid envelope. Non-responders were sent a second letter and survey by the DGPs within 4 weeks.

Quantitative data was entered into Microsoft Access and was analysed using Microsoft Excel. Responses to the geographical location question were categorised into inner city, semi-urban and rural areas. Questions about influenza vaccine-related barriers, attitudes and beliefs were categorised into either agree, disagree or uncertain. The categories were compared with demographic characteristics and selfreported vaccination status of respondents using categorical data analysis. Ethical approval was granted by the University of New South Wales Ethics Committee.

Of the 390 staff that was sent a survey, 139 completed and returned it, giving an overall response rate of 36%. Fifteen surveys were returned uncompleted as the staff member was no longer at the practice. Response rates were higher amongst PNs (46%) than GPs (30%). The demographic and occupational characteristics of the respondents are summarised in Table 1 . There was some variation in geographical location of respondents, with 58AE3% (81 ⁄ 139) located in semi-urban areas, 36% (50 ⁄ 139) in the inner city and the remaining 5AE7% (8 ⁄ 139) in rural locations. Of the respondents, 45% (62 ⁄ 139) were working in practices with £4 GPs. Our sample parallels the findings of the 2007-2008 Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) survey in terms of the spread in GP age, years worked in general practice and geographical location. The BEACH program is a continuous national study of general practice activity in Australia. It provides a reliable, ongoing, representative description of general practice activity nationwide. 28 Just over 70% of respondents were vaccinated against influenza in 2007 (70AE5%, 98 ⁄ 139, 95% CI: 62AE9-78AE1) and in 2008 (72AE7%, 101 ⁄ 139, 95% CI: 65AE3-80AE1). Differences in vaccination coverage between GPs and PNs for both 2007 (P = 0AE74) & 2008 (P = 0AE22) (see Table 1 Participants indicated that free influenza vaccine was most commonly provided at the practice for GPs (79AE1%, 110 ⁄ 139, 95% CI: 72AE3-85AE9), administration staff (74AE8%, 104 ⁄ 139, 95% CI: 67AE6-82AE0) and PNs (72AE7%, 101 ⁄ 139, 95% CI:65AE3-80AE1). Of the GPs working at a practice which provided free influenza vaccine for GPs, 84AE5% (49 ⁄ 58) were vaccinated in 2008 in contrast to 58AE3% (7 ⁄ 12) coverage in GPs from practices that did not provide the vaccine free of charge for them. For PNs, 69AE8% (37 ⁄ 53) vaccinated in 2008 worked at a practice where the vaccine was provided free and 66% (2 ⁄ 3) were vaccinated despite the vaccine not being provided free for PNs at their practice.

Respondents' knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of influenza vaccination are summarised in Table 2 . Over 90% of the participants believe that the influenza vaccine is Attitudes towards vaccination barriers amongst the respondents are presented in Table 3 . While there was a low level of agreement with all of the statements provided (<10%), the most commonly identified barriers were lack of awareness of any recommendation for general practice staff to receive influenza vaccination (10AE1%, 14 ⁄ 139, 95% CI: 5AE1-15AE1) and unacceptable nature of vaccination side effects (7AE2%, 10 ⁄ 139, 95% CI: 2AE9-11AE5).

Having to pay for the vaccine was identified as a barrier to getting vaccinated by 25AE2% (35 ⁄ 139) of respondents. Five of the twelve GPs, who worked in a practice that did not provide free vaccine, felt that paying for a vaccine was a barrier.

Our study of primary health care staff found much higher influenza vaccination coverage than hospital HCWs in Australia. Overall reported coverage of GPs and PNs was markedly higher than those for Australian institutional and hospital HCWs which have been found to range from 18% to 58%. 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] 23 Self-reported vaccination coverage for GPs in our study (for 2007) was higher than the percentage reported for Australian hospital-based doctors from the Northern Territory (72AE7% versus 28%) 12 and Western Australia (72AE7% versus 51AE9%). 9 PNs in our study had higher coverage when compared to nurses in residential aged care facilities (RACF) (68AE3% versus 62%) 11 , and hospital-based nurses (68AE3% versus 49AE6%) yet had lower coverage than PNs from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) (68AE3% versus 79%). 29 The Australian National Influenza & Pneumococcal Survey provides the earliest available influenza vaccination coverage estimates for GPs in Australia. 16 Results of this survey found coverage for NSW GPs was the lowest of any jurisdiction, with 29% vaccinated in 1998, and just over 20% for the preceding 3 years. Comparing these rates to those observed in our study, influenza vaccination coverage amongst GPs in NSW appears to have risen substantially from 1998 to 2008.

More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%). Comparing vaccine uptake between the studies for both GPs and PNs in NSW only, the AGPN study reported slightly lower coverage (5%) across both years in both groups. 23 As data was collected at a practice level in the AGPN study, individual vaccination status may have been incorrectly reported and may be underestimating the actual coverage rate. However, our results may overestimate actual coverage because of a number of reasons including the low response rate and use of self-reported vaccination status. Studies into GP influenza vaccination coverage have been performed in other countries. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] 30 Cowen et al. 21 in the United States (US) had a similar response rate to our study (30% versus 38%), but reported a much higher vaccination coverage rate for US family physicians (84%). Semaille et al. 30 and Brunton et al. 17 reported influenza vaccination coverage as 67% amongst French GPs and 68% amongst New Zealand GPs, respectively. In contrast, studies from the Netherlands 19 and Israel 20 found lower coverage rates for GPs with 36% and 40%, respectively.

Even though the majority of our respondents worked in a practice that provided free vaccine for their staff, many felt that paying for the vaccine was a barrier to getting vaccinated. The wording of the question may have impacted on the result, as respondents could have taken it to mean for GPs in general and not for them personally. However, it is interesting to note, of the GPs who said their practice does not provide free vaccine, 40% stated that paying for the vaccine was a barrier to receiving it. Further qualitative research would assist in addressing these gaps in understanding.

The GPs and PNs in our study largely disagreed with the common vaccination myths presented in the survey (see Table 3 ). In contrast, the most frequently reported reason amongst Dutch GPs for not being vaccinated was having no medical indication for influenza vaccination 19 and in Israel; physicians were much less frequently influenced by the fear that vaccination would cause influenza when compared to other practice staff. 20 There was almost no consistency of agreement with both these misconceptions in our sample or that of Litt et al., 16 who found that the main reasons indicated by Australian GPs for being vaccinated against influenza were concern about getting influenza or its complications and to prevent having time off work because of influenza. Live viruses in the influenza vaccine was the most common myth supported by respondents (21AE6%, 30 ⁄ 139) yet a decade ago, less than 4% of Australian GPs gave this as a reason for not getting influenza vaccine. 16 The reasons behind this shift in belief is unknown; however, technology could play a part, with increased access to a variety of information sources. In the light of this, GP education should continue to focus on dispelling this myth through use of evidence-based information. Other barriers to influenza vaccination identified in our study were lack of awareness of any recommendations for general practice staff to receive the influenza vaccine (10%) and unacceptable side effects of vaccination (7%). These are similar to those commonly cited by HCWs in other countries. [19] [20] [21] For hospital doctors, being too busy has been identified as a major barrier to getting vaccinated against influenza. 6, 12, 24 In contrast, only a small number of participants, all of whom were GPs, identified lack of time as a barrier as did approximately 25% of GP respondents the Australian Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Survey (2003) in the elderly. 16 A previous investigation of general practice staff across 53 DGPs in Australia found a significant association between workplace influenza vaccination policy and staff vaccination. 23 We found that interrelationship between staff beliefs and practice policies may be an important determinant of HCW immunization behaviours in these practices. Office policies demanding immunisation and operating within an effective hierarchy can lead staff members to re-evaluate their beliefs about influenza immunization in the light of their own experience. 31 Continued efforts at the practice level to make formal commitments to staff health by developing policies for influenza vaccination of staff may assist in increasing coverage in this group. Provision of the influenza vaccine to patients along with consistent, direct, exposure to influenza like illness by this population 32 may further impact on their decision to be vaccinated. Pandemic (H1N1) Influenza 2009 is also likely to increase awareness of influenza vaccination and instigate new policies and practices surrounding vaccination of primary health care staff as has been seen in other countries during heightened awareness of an impending influenza pandemic threat. 33 There are a number of limitations to this study including sample size, generalisability and use of self-report for vaccination status. Although the sample size was small, compared to other general practice-based surveys, it would be considered reasonable in the light of the challenges with surveying this population. 34, 35 There is potential for selection bias in this study towards those who are particularly concerned about influenza and ⁄ or vaccination or those who accept vaccination. Furthermore, using self-reported vaccination status in adults has been shown to overestimate coverage. 36, 37 There may also be limitations with generalisability because our study was conducted only in one state of Australia. This study did not collect any data on nonrespondents or outcomes for those who intended to be vaccinated in 2009. In addition, the barriers in our survey may not have covered all possible options, thus may have influenced participants response. Qualitative research is needed to further explore these findings.

Despite these limitations, influenza vaccination coverage was found to be relatively high amongst the GPs and PNs in our study; however, there is still room for improvement. Understanding barriers to vaccination is the first step to developing effective strategies to overcome them. For institution-based HCWs, there is now an extensive literature base around knowledge, attitudes and practices towards influenza vaccination, whereas, there are only a few studies exploring these topics in the primary health care setting in Australia. To enhance development and targeting of strategies to increase coverage, a more complete and current understanding of coverage in this group is needed to build on the estimates presented here. We believe this study to be a basis for future investigations and interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates in primary health care staff in Australia.

Influenza-related disease: the cost to the Australian healthcare system

The role of influenza vaccine in health care workers in the era of severe acute respiratory syndrome

National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). The Australian Immunisation Handbook, 9th edn. Canberra: Australian Government

World Health Organization. Influenza vaccines

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults

Discussion paper: influenza vaccination amongst health care workers

Policy Directive: Occupational Assessment, Screening & Vaccination Against Specified Infectious Diseases

Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Infection Control Standards for Office Based Practices

Co-ordinated approach to healthcare worker influenza vaccination in an area health service

Influenza vaccine coverage among health care workers in Victorian public hospitals

Influenza vaccination of staff in aged care facilities in the ACT: how can we improve the uptake of influenza vaccine?

Influenza immunisation of doctors at an Australian tertiary hospital: immunisation rate and factors contributing to uptake

Attitudes amongst Australian hospital healthcare workers towards seasonal influenza and vaccination

Barriers and facilitators to influenza vaccination among high-risk groups aged less than 65 years -views from general practitioners and practice nurses

Differences in attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of hospital health care workers and community doctors to vaccination of older people

Australian National Influenza and Pneumococcal Survey in the Elderly

Knowledge and attitudes about influenza vaccination amongst general practitioners, practice nurses, and people aged 65 and over

Vaccination practices of Quebec family physicians. Influenza vaccination status and professional practices for influenza vaccination

Influenza immunization of Dutch general practitioners: vaccination rate and attitudes towards vaccination

Influenza vaccination among primary healthcare workers

Influenza vaccination status and influenza-related perspectives and practices among US physicians

Influenza vaccination of health care workers in hospitals -a review of studies on attitudes and predictors

General Practice Network Influenza Survey Report

National Foundation of Infectious Diseases. Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates in Health Care Workers. Strategies to Increase Protection for Workers and Patients. Atlanta: Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

Australian Institute of Health & Welfare (AIHW). Rural, Regional and Remote Health: A Guide to Remoteness Classifications

Fast Facts: Rural Remote Metropolitan Area (RRMA) classification

Initial human transmission dynamics of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in North America

General practice series no. 22. (Cat. no.GEP22). Canberra: Australian Government

Influenza Vaccination in ACT Nurse Immunisers

Evaluation of the vaccine coverage of the general practitioners in the French Community

Organizational culture influences health care workers' influenza immunization behaviour

Annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme

High coverage of influenza vaccination among health care workers can be achieved during heightened awareness of impending threat

Response rates of Victorian general practitioners to a mailed survey on miscarriage: randomised trial of a prize and two forms of introduction to the research

The effect of cash and other financial inducements on the response rate of general practitioners in a national postal study

Sensitivity and specificity of patient self-report of influenza and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccinations among elderly outpatients in diverse patient care strata

Validity of self-reported influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status among a cohort of hospitalized elderly inpatients

Influenza vaccine coverage and attitudes in Australian primary care staff ª

Thanks to the following for their support in this study; Central Sydney General Practice Network, Albury Wodonga Regional GP Network Shire GPs (Sutherland Division of General Practice) and Went West Ltd. J Leask is an investigator on a grant which is part funded by Sanofi Pasteur. C. R. MacIntyre receives funding from influenza vaccine manufacturers GSK and CSL Biotherapies for investigator-driven research. K Ward has received funding from Wyeth to attend an immunisation conference. All other authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to declare. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance is supported by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, the NSW Department of Health and The Children's Hospital at Westmead.