At nanoscale dimensions, phenomena not observable at the macro-scale can be exploited to enhance chemical measurement. Some of the advantageous of fabricating devices with features at nanometer scale lengths include fast mass transport and optical field confinement. At nanometer lengths, the diffusion time between two points can be on the order of microseconds. This is advantageous, particularly in a confined geometry, because it ensures a significant amount of analyte surface interactions which can increase reactivity. Additionally, by fabricating pores at sub-wavelength dimensions (typically < 100 nm), the optical field becomes highly confined and creates effective sampling volumes < 200 zL. This extremely small sampling volume is particularly useful for studying propertied of single molecules at concentrations up to 100 µM.This work seeks to use nanoscale properties to develop new measurements not previously possible with current macro-scale techniques. By fabricating solid state membranes with arrays of embedded annular nanoband electrodes, enhanced mass transport is achieved which in turn increases the faradaic current due to highly coupled electrokinetic flow and electron transfer. An additional circuitry based approach is developed to couple electrochemistry and electrokinetic flow to allow for non-coupled measurements. Finally, electrically addressable nanophotonic pores, Au zero-mode waveguides (ZMW), were fabricated and used to study single molecule electrochemistry under diffusive conditions. The highly confined nature of the ZMW allows for electrochemical modulation at higher time scales than planar geometries and potentially allows for reaction intermediates to be stabilized in the nanopore. This work shows how operating at smaller length scales can be beneficial for chemical measurement.