Fascism, communism, the U.S.A. : a study of the parallels and contrasts of fascism and communism and FASCIS COMMUNISM THE U.S.A. A STUDY OF THE PARALLELS AND CONTRASTS OF FASCISM AND COMMUNISM AND THEIR THREAT TO AMERICA Dosdc^isfscf FASCISM—COMMimiSM—THE U. S. A. Tomorrow? The whole world seems to be rapidly dividing itself into the rival armed camps of Fascism and Communism. Two great democracies alone have survived—that of England and of the U. S. A. In this country the terms “Fascism,” “Communism,” “Socialism,” etc., are being hurled about by political parties, by newspapers, and by itinerant lecturers. Rasping like static over the airways, in clubs and on street cars, men and women glibly use the new terms and vehe- mently denounce this or that doctrine or this or that pol- itician as besmirched with one of the above “isms.” The ignorance which surrounds these systems foreign to America would be just another amusing and interesting phase of American political and economic strife if it were not that we are beginning to realize vaguely that the isola- tion ward of two oceans may not be sufficient to ward off the diseases of European and Asiatic peoples. The World Yesterday Little wonder that men and women are seriously doubt- ing whether or not America can survive the blight of Com- munism and of Fascism which is sweeping over the world. The story of humankind during the past few decades is indeed a tragic one. You and I, who have lived these fate- ful years, saw the smouldering hates of Europe break out into the most devastating war in the history of mankind; a war wherein the men and women who should have become the leaders of this, our generation, became instead, crumpled corpses in the trenches which scarred the earth all the way from the Marne to the Dneiper. Then came the Treaty of Versailles, spawned of a more vicious hate than that which brought about the war itself. At least, however, monarchs had been dethroned, and democracy seemed to have been born from this travail of civilization, and then . . . We watched in rapid succession one-tenth of the peoples of the world, occupying one-sixth of the surface of the globe, exchange the shackles of the Czar for the worse fetters of Lenin and Stalin. We beheld marriage exchanged for mating, men and women chained to the wheels of industry, and the altars of a once pious people beaten flat 2 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. to the ground. You and I saw Fascism arise in Italy — Fascism with all its vices and its virtues. We saw the cruder form of Fascism called Nazism arise in Germany with all the destruction that this system of government inevitably brings to the rights of men and women. We have Watched the Red Octopus spread its tentacles into France, and the outcome, as this is written, no man can predict. The Red Terror has spread to Spain and the grue- some story of that fratricidal strife forms the darkest chap- ter of the history of recent civilization. The tentacles of this same Red Octopus have spread out to the borderline of our Republic, and today the children of Mexico may no longer hear of God nor of their souls, but every child, by the mandate of the Mexican Constitution must be brought up in the atheism and materialism of Karl Marx. Mention is not made of other small nations who are either rapidly succumbing to the ravages of Commu- nism, or else in a desperate attempt to salvage something of the worth-while things of life, have turned Fascist as a last ef- fort to stave off the apparently irresistible power of Moscow. And America? Democracy is not crumbling in Europe—it is almost extinct. And what of America? After the World War we lusted for years about the golden calf. Then, less than a decade ago, we discovered that the golden calf had feet of clay. Since that time we have been mired in a depression which has been more spiritual than financial. American democracy seems to have failed despite all the recovery measures that have been taken. Men and women are seek- ing eagerly for a solution and in their desperation thousands upon thousands are willing to accept the European way out. Youth has grown bitter and cynical, it feels that our gen- eration has deprived them of the right to a decent livelihood and the possibility of a home and family. If democratic capitalism has failed there is left only Fascism or Commu- nism, and youth is so desperate that it is often willing to ac- cept one or the other rather than to go on in its present plight. Until recently we Americans took as casual an interest in European political and economic development as in FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 3 European sports. Now everywhere men and women are asking the question “Can It Happen Here?” This booklet aims, therefore, to present briefly the essential nature of both Fascism and Communism, and to synopsize the parallels and the contrasts of these two con- flicting world systems. It presents merely the skeletons — the reader must flesh them with the factual information con- tained in the bibliography appended. The pamphlet will be coldly analytical, brutally frank. The time has come to strip the glamorous garments of propaganda from the diseased bodies of European systems so that no unholy liaison may corrupt this country. The Difficulties of the Problem The author will presently present in parallel columns the contrasts and parallels of Fascism and Communism. Many will disagree with the synopsis as presented. These are asked to withhold judgment until they peruse the rest of the pamphlet wherein the statements made on pages 4, 5 and 6 are elaborated. Secondly, the reader is reminded that Com- munism is usually presented as an economic system, namely, as a cure for the economic woes that beset the so-called Capitalist countries. As we shall see, Communism really is an entire philosophy of life covering economic, political, sociological, and philosophical fields. On the other hand, Fascism (Nazism) is essentially a political structure, yet in Italy this has taken the added form of the so-called Cor- porate State. To increase the complication, the propagan- dists normally speak of America as a land of Capitalism, de- liberately ignoring the fact that it is essentially and primarily a democracy as far as its political structure is concerned: capitalistic as far as its economic structure is concerned. Again no distinction is made between Predatory Capitalism and Capitalism with its social obligations. Add to all of the above factors the tremendous difference between the theories and admitted practice of both Communism and Fascism, the deluge of propaganda pro and con covering these systems, and one will begin to realize the difficulty of crystallizing within a few pages a clear-cut and yet accurate synopsis of the essen- tial parallels and contrasts of Fascism and Communism. 4 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. PARALLELS AND CONTRASTS OF FASCISM AND COMMUNISM (N.B. Detailed Explanations and Proof Constitute the Remainder of the Pamphlet) FASCISM A. POLITICAL STRUCTURE 1. Totalitarian i. e., all rights, personal, po- litical, religious, eco- nomic, etc., originate with, and can be modified or destroyed at will by the State. 2. Dictatorship Centralization of all power, executive, legisla- tive, and judicial in one man. 3. End Justifies Means Dictatorship preserved by propaganda if possible, violence if necessary. 4. Essentially Undemocratic (a) One party govern- ment (b) Suppression of Lib- erty of Speech Press Assembly Political Opposition (a) Exalts national tradi- tions ( e . g., Glories of Rome, German blood myth) (b) Exalts war to regain lost pre-eminence. COMMUNISM A. POLITICAL STRUCTURE 1. Totalitarian i.e.y all rights, personal, political, religious, eco- nomic, etc., originate with, and can be modified or destroyed at will by the State. 2. Dictatorship Centralization of all power, executive, legisla- tive, and judicial in one man. 3. End Justifies Means “Whatever helps the Pro- letariat Revolution i s ethical.” “Power resting on violence, not on law.” 4. Essentially Undemocratic (a) One party govern- ment (b) Suppression of Lib- erty of Speech Press Assembly Political Opposition . Essentially International (a) Rejects tradition. Seeks to remake man. Rejects national. Seeks to establish World Union of Soviets. (b) Preaches peace but erects the world’s greatest war machine for the “world revolu- tion.” 5. Essentially National 5 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 5 FASCISM 6. Form of Political Struc- ture Radically modifies exist- ing structure, but nor- mally by peaceful methods. 7. State conceived as a “Mystical Entity.” B. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 1. Private property retained save in basic public util- ities. Social obligations of capital exacted by the State. (N.B. Italy and “Corpo- rate State”). 2. Economic classes retained Employer and employee, etc. 3. Class struggles eliminated by the State outlawing strikes and lockouts. 4. Economic Dictatorship Planned economy. C, PHILOSOPHICAL 1. Confer “A” and “B” above. 2. Spiritual aspects of life stressed. 3. Encourages Religion, but only from motives of ex- pediency and not belief. 4. Home life encouraged but from motives of expedi- ency. COMMUNISM 6. Form of Political Struc- ture “Violent overthrow” of former political structure. 7. Rejects “Mystical En- tity” theory. Adores not the State, but Dictator of the State, e. g., Lenin. B. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 1. Common Property All land and sources of production to be liquidated (i. e.—violently seized without compensa- tion). State ultimately to give to each according to his needs, and each to labor according to his capacity. 2. Classless Society Transitional stage. Dic- tatorship of (over) Prole- tariat by Communist Party. Ultimately, classless society. 3. Class Struggles Eliminated by eliminating (i.e., assasination, etc.) other classes. 4. Economic Dictatorship i.e., Substitution for “wage-slavery” under Cap- italism, serfdom under Communist Dictator. C. PHILOSOPHICAL 1. Confer “A” and “B” above. 2. Essentially Materialistic (Marxian) 3. Essentially atheistic. 4. Most moral aspects of Home Life uprooted. Those retained aim to breed soldiers and serfs of machine and soil. 6 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. FASCISM (NAZISM) A. POLITICAL STRUCTURE 1. Totalitarian i. e.y all rights, personal, political, economic, re- ligious, etc., originate with, and can be modified or destroyed at will by the State. COMMUNISM A. POLITICAL STRUCTURE 1. Totalitarian i. e., all rights, personal, political, economic, re- ligious, etc., originate with, and can be modified or destroyed at will by the State. Logically it would seem that the development of this pamphlet should begin with a discussion of the economic rather than the political theories underlying Fascism and Communism. The unrest in the world today is basically economic. Millions of unemployed, millions of underfed, “semi-starvation in the midst of plenty,” youth normally cynical of the existing, doubly cynical of a system which denies them an opportunity to make a living—these are the vital problems which clamor for a solution. Yet logically and historically political changes precede economic changes. Lenin seizes political power and Com- munism is born. Mussolini and Hitler gain political dic- tatorship and economic dictatorship comes into being. If American Democracy is ever scrapped, it will come through seizure of political power motivated by economic unrest. The Basic Issue There are two and only two basic theories of govern- ment in the world today. The one goes by the high-sound- ing title of “Totalitarianism” and strangely enough is the identical doctrine underlying the two hating rivals, Fascism and Communism. The other is the theory of “natural rights” of which the highest example, at least in structure, is American Democracy. Let us briefly analyze these systems. Stalin—King of Fascists “Ignorance, red-baiting,” etc., will be attributed to the writer for calling Stalin and the U. S. S. R. Fascist. It does sound like a contradiction, for the very purpose of this pamphlet is to show the essential differences between Fas- cism and Communism and not to establish their identity. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 7 Yet if Fascism is roughly defined as a ruthless Dictator- ship, then the greatest Fascist in the world is Joseph Stalin. But more of this irritating accusation later. It seems ridiculous to befog simple, ordinary ideas with high-sounding words such as “totalitarian,” “proletarian,” etc. The average American thinks of a Totalitarian State as a dictatorship and yet Totalitarian and Dictatorship are not synonymous. The former has a wider and more damn- ing significance . 1 Briefly put the political philosophy underlying both Communism and Fascism 2 is simply this—all rights have their origin in and therefore can be modified by or de- stroyed at the will of the Omnipotent State. In more detail, personal rights of the individual, such as life and liberty; political rights, such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and formation of political opposition to incum- bents; economic rights, such as rights to personal property, to the selection and place, etc., of employment; family rights, religious liberty—all these basic rights and liberties in the totalitarian concept, have their origin in the State. The State, therefore, may at will abrogate or curtail any or all of these rights at its pleasure. “The Logic of Murder” In the United States of America our consciences have become probably somewhat blunted by the tremendous number of major crimes perpetrated, yet these crimes have all been committed by individuals, and the State has used every measure in its power to apprehend and punish the criminals. The concept of the State itself committing crime is something so foreign to our outlook on life that we are wont to discredit as propaganda many of the alleged abuses which we read of in European countries. However, except from a humanitarian viewpoint, it 1 It is possible to have an Authoritarian State that is not Totalitarian, e. g., a Dictatorship which would respect the natural rights of citizens. 2 Two important points must be borne in mind concerning Fascism. First it began as action, not as theory, whereas Communism began as theory and then was carried into action. However, Fascism has since formulated a definite philosophy. . Secondly, Italian Fascism began as a definite Totalitarian philosophy; it has since, mellowed into a quasi-authoritarian State. German Fascism (Nazism) has remained definitely Totalitarian. 8 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. matters little whether or not the alleged mass murder by the U. S. S. R. of five to eight millions of people by delib- erate starvation in the winter of 1932-33, actually took place. It matters little, except from the same humanitarian aspect, whether or not Matteotti was deliberately murdered in Italy, or what the facts of the Blood Purge and the alleged atrocities in Germany may be. The point that you and I must rivet our minds to is this—the Totalitarian philosophy of both Communism and Fascism maintains the right to do any or all of these things. If it is necessary to build up foreign credit by the murder of millions of peasants, or to insure dictatorship by the assassination of political opposition, then, granted the doc- trine that all rights proceed from the State, both Commu- nism and Fascism have acted most logically. The same State which granted the right to life to the individual may “liquidate” that life. This is the logic that underlies the ruthlessness of European dictatorships which have so shocked the world, but the details of which must be left to the reader’s own investigation. “The American System” Opposed to the Totalitarian philosophy of the State which is the very soul of Communism and Fascism, is the American political philosophy of life which is known as the “doctrine of natural rights.” It is that doctrine which is referred to in the Declaration of Independence when it speaks of those things which are granted “by the laws of nature and of nature’s God.” It is that doctrine which is more specifically detailed in the famous Bill of Rights which forms the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States. Briefly, this doctrine is the following: We hold that the individual, both logically and biologically precedes the State; that the individual is dowered by nature and ulti- mately by the Author of nature with certain natural rights such as the right to life, to liberty, etc. Individuals joining together form another natural institution known as the family which has likewise, from “the laws of nature and of nature’s God” certain definite rights and sanctities. Lastly FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 9 in both the logical and historical order there is another natural institution known as Civil Society or the State, composed of the two prior natural institutions-—the family and the individual. It is the primary function of the State to protect and not to usurp the rights of the individual and of the family; its secondary function is to promote the common welfare of its citizens by regulating the complexity of civilized life and to engage in such activities as are be- yond the scope and ability of either the individual or the family. This is the very soul of the American system and all other distinctive features of our government are only means to protect the above doctrine. A written constitution, a government of checks and balances, and particularly the Supreme Court are simply means to an end. Summarizing in a brief sentence the contradictory nature of the Totalitarian and the American philosophies of government, the Communists and Fascists believe that the individual exists only and solely for and at the whim of the State; the American believes that the State exists for the benefit of the individual. FASCISM COMMUNISM A. 2. Dictatorship Centralization of all power, executive, legisla- tive, and judicial in one man. A. 2. Dictatorship Centralization of all power, executive, legisla- tive, and judicial in one man. Let us now turn to our original program, namely, an analysis of the parallels and contrasts of Fascism and Com- munism. Dictatorship is of the very essence of both these systems. Historically and logically the Totalitarian State becomes incarnate in one man. It is unnecessary to recount the stories of Hitler, Mussolini, Lenin and Stalin. The reader is recommended to peruse the adjoined bibliography. Theory, such as is being penned here, is bound to be drab unless we see that theory in the flesh and are aroused into the realization that these things have happened in our own civilization. The Totalitarian concept demands for its efficient func- tioning the centralization of all power, executive, legisla- 10 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. tive, and judicial in one man, viz: the Dictator. Fascism (Nazism) frankly, or from our American viewpoint, braz- enly admits this centralization of power. Mussolini is the Italian State. Hitler is the German State. Fascists will seek to explain why circumstances make dictatorship neces- sary; none ever attempt to deny the fact. Communism, however, blandly denies the accusation of dictatorship and insists that the proletariat or working man governs himself. Perhaps no more naive bit of lying prop- aganda was ever published than the widely read book 3 referred to in the footnote, in which it is attempted to be shown that neither under the constitution of the U. S. S. R. is there room for a dictator, nor is the Communist Party, nor even is Joseph Stalin, a dictator. A refutation of such a statement is an insult to the intelligence of any reader. FASCISM COMMUNISM A. 3. End Justifies Means A. 3. End Justifies Means Dictatorship preserved by “Whatever helps the Prole- propaganda if possible, tariat Revolution is Eth- violence if necessary. ical.” “Power resting on violence, not on law.’, The pernicious doctrine of “a good end justifying a bad means” is an indictment that has been hurled about in every controversy. However, again it is but a logical de- duction from the Totalitarian theory. If all rights proceed from the State then the State can commit no unethical act. Murder becomes ethical for the State because the individual has no right to life except at the sufferance of the State. Forced labor, confiscation of property, lying propaganda, etc., all are ethical because the norm of morality is the will of the State. Fascism, whilst logically holding this doctrine in com- mon with Communism, has been less ruthless in its applica- tion. It is the purpose of Fascism to preserve Dictatorship as far as possible by propaganda and legislative enactment, to use violence only if necessary. Perhaps the reasons for this are to be found in the traditional background of the two major Fascist countries, Germany and Italy. 3 Soviet Communism—Webb, pages 419 seq. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 11 Communism on the other hand is brazen about this damnable doctrine of the “end justifying the means.” Thus Yaroslavsky tells us “whatever helps the Proletarian Revo- lution is ethical.” 4 Lenin tells us “the scientific concept dictatorship means nothing more nor less than power which directly rests on violence and is not limited by any law or any absolute rules. Dictatorship means unlimited power resting on violence and not on law.” 5 Perhaps no more damning admission was ever made by any brutal tyrant than the one just quoted, and the gory story of Red ruthlessness is simply the carrying into prac- tice of this diabolical doctrine by the man who is adored as the god of the working man. The writer has constantly recommended, in this and other publications, Russia’s Iron Age, by W. H. Cham- berlin. If one has time for nothing else, he should read at least chapters VII and VIII, entitled “Government by Propaganda” and “Government by Terror,” and by this impartial observer, the truth of the above accusation will be verified. FASCISM A. 4. Essentially Undemocratic COMMUNISM A. 4. Essentially Undemocratic (a) One party govern- ment (b) Suppression of liberty of Speech Press Assembly Political opposition (a) One party govern- ment (b) Suppression of liberty of Speech Press Assembly Political opposition Whilst it is basically true that both Fascism and Com- munism are essentially undemocratic, one must first clarify the situation to be able to refute objections that may be urged. Italian Fascism openly scoffs at the idea of De- mocracy. Communism boasts of its Democracy and has in- corporated the term in its new Constitution. However, we must deal with facts and not with propaganda, whether this propaganda be contained in a written constitution or in handbills distributed during a strike. 4 Red Virtue—Winters, page 12. 5 Problems of Leninism—Stalin, page 25. 12 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. One Party Government Common to both Communism and Fascism is a one- party government. No other political party is permitted to exist except the Fascists in Italy, the National-Socialists in Germany, or the Communists in the U. S. S. R. The very essence of Democracy consists in the power of the people to turn the incumbent party out of office. Therefore, it log- ically follows that any country which will not permit oppo- sition parties denies the essence of a democracy and any claims to the contrary are but the hypocrisy of propa- ganda. An American thoroughly disagrees with the Fascist set-up of a single party but at least he admires their hon- esty in admitting the policy they hold. The Communists are particularly irritating in as much in a land like ours they constantly prate about democracy, use our American democratic institutions of political opposition to seek to “violently overthrow” our government in order to substi- tute the U. S. S. R. plan, which plan would make criminal any attempt to organize an opposition party. Erroneous doctrines are regrettable, hypocrisy is a hateful thing. It is almost an unbelievable thing that newspapers, educators, and labor leaders should welcome the new con- stitution in the U. S. S. R. as a triumph of Democracy when the same Stalin who drafted the constitution quotes with approval the following words of Lenin, “The class that has seized political power has done so conscious of the fact that it has seized power alone. This is implicit in the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. This concept has meaning only when one class knows that it alone takes political power into its own hands, and does not deceive itself or others by talk about popular elected government, sanctified by the whole people.” 6 6 Problems of Leninism—Stalin, page 22. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 13 FASCISM A. 4. (b) Suppression of liberty of Speech Press Assembly Political opposition COMMUNISM A. 4. (b) Suppression of liberty of Speech Press Assembly Political opposition Common to both Fascism and Communism we find the complete suppression of all liberty of speech, press, and assembly on any vital issue. The references supporting this statement are to be found in the appendix. Two points must be noted in this connection. First—the suppression of these liberties is a logical one, because it is impossible to perpetuate a dictatorship unless a people are deprived of all possibility of voicing their opinions and of learning the truth of what is happening in their midst as contrasted with other nations. The desirability of these liberties and their acceptance as an integral part of our lives, are too obvious to need amplification. The second point to be noted has reference to the U. S. S. R. Under the new constitution these liberties are presumed to be granted and yet the people of the U. S. S. R. are free to discuss any and all things such as the state of the weather, etc., but not the one vital problem, and that is the continuance of Communism. To utter a critical word against Joseph Stalin or the system, is to become a “class enemy,”—to be guilty of a crime, and the criminal code with its liquidation of class enemies remains with all its gory brutality even under the new Constitution. One should perhaps note also at this point the tragic-comic facts that whilst this was to be the “proletarian constitution” and workers were free to discuss it and to offer amendments, nevertheless, the draft of the Constitution was prepared by Stalin, and the only major amendment accepted was not from the proletariat, but from the government of France, which insisted that Stalin would have the right to declare war under the Franco-Soviet Pact without the delay which might ensue under the original provision of the Constitution. 14 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. FASCISM COMMUNISM A. 5. Essentionally National A. 5. Essentially International (a) Exalts national tradi- tions (e. g.f Glories of Rome, German blood myth). (a) Rejects tradition. Seeks to remake man. Rejects national. Seeks to establish World Union of Soviets. (b) Exalts war to regain lost pre-eminence. (b) Preaches peace but erects the world’s greatest war machine for the “world revo- lution.” Let us again illustrate with Italy and Germany. Italian Fascism came into being in 1922; German Fascism in 1933. Not even the most rabid anti-Fascist maintains that Italy engineered Hitler’s rise to power. In fact, it is an interest- ing, although seldom recorded fact, that the Nazi program was drawn up two years prior to the birth of Italian Fascism. Dictatorship is not new in the world. Like many diseases it may be contagious but not necessarily deliberately communicated. Such is the situation in the world today. Fascist dictatorships may enter into alliances, partially as a bulwark against Communism, partially through common imperialistic aims, or in fact for any reasons good or bad, that ally nations. However, and this is highly important, there is no international Capital of Fascism as there is of Commu- nism, and there is therefore no Fascist Party in the U. S. A. which is a section of any European Fascist government. The same cannot be said of our Communist traitors. Italy dreams and aspires to “Roma Renata”—a re- birth of the glories of Rome. Her Ethiopian campaign, her reported ambition of turning the Mediterranean into an Italian lake, whether factually true or morally justifiable would be logical in her philosophy of life. Mussolini has become the 20th Century Caesar, and whether the scathing epithet of “Sawdust Caesar,” the title of George Seldes more scathing book, is warranted or not, is for the reader to decide. Hitler’s rise in Germany was based on a threefold emotional appeal—the danger of Communistic and Jewish FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. IS influences and lastly the desperation of the German people. The opening paragraph of the Nazi program, the ceaseless utterances of Hitler and his propaganda agencies, the scrapping of the Treaty of Versailles, the persecution of the Jews, all are designed not only to restore Germany’s posi- tion among the great nations of the world, but to bolster up the “Blood Myth” of Aryan supremacy. Nazism is the exaltation of the German. Its interna- tional phases are not attempts to create for example a Nazi U. S. A., but by propaganda to avoid economic boycotts, to condone anti-semitic and other abuses, and to halt the spread of Communism. Toward Soviet America The above is not only the title of a book by William Z. Foster, but is the essential objective of Communism. Per- haps no more hypocritical or lying interview was ever given out by the head of a government than that which was pub- lished in the Scripps-Howard chain of newspapers dated March 4, 1936. But one of the many lies uttered by Stalin is quoted: Howard: “Does that mean the Soviet Union to any degree has abandoned its plans and inten- tion of bringing about world revolution?” Stalin: “We never had any such plan or in- tention.” Joseph Stalin must have forgotten that he wrote The Problems of Leninism, translated into the English lan- guage, on page 9 of which we read: “This is the greatest difficulty of the Russian Revolution, its greatest historical problem: the necessity to solve international problems, the necessity to call forth the world revolution.” The Key to Spain In the same booklet is to be found a seldom quoted pas- sage, taken from Lenin and cited with approval by Stalin. The doctrine set forth therein is a complete explanation of what is happening in Madrid as these lines are written; the details of the Red Army and Aviation Corps now in 16 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. complete military control of the Leftist forces can be ob- tained from current literature. The doctrine motivating this invasion of Spain is herein set forth. “Hence the victory of Socialism, first in a few or even one single Capitalist country taken sepa- rately. The victorious proletariat of this country, having expropriated the capitalists and organized its own Socialist production, would rise against the whole capitalist world, attract to itself the oppressed classes in other countries, raise revolts against the capitalists and in the event of necessity come out with even armed forces against the ex- ploiting classes and their states.” 7 If there should be any doubt as to whether Stalin was lying to Roy Howard all one need do is to peruse the “Program of the Communist International,” established by Lenin in March, 1919. There the entire program for a World Union of Socialist Soviet Republics is set forth. Space does not permit the details of the modified program for the U. S. A. as laid down in Moscow by the Comintern.8 5. (b) Fascism 5. (b) Communism Exalts war to regain lost Preaches peace but erects pre-eminence. the world’s greatest war machine for the “world revolution.” Little space need be given to an explanation of the above. The proof of it is being disclosed daily by the happenings in Europe. As far as Fascism is concerned, the evidence against Hitler and Mussolini is too numerous and too brazen to need further comment. The tremendous war machines openly boasted of are more tangible proof than even the words of these two dictators. Friends of Fascism will claim that these huge military armaments are necessitated by the menace of Communism. Whatever the motive, the fact remains. Communism on the other hand, puts itself forth as an angel of peace, all the while building the world’s greatest 7 Problems of Leninism—Stalin, page 69. 8 Cf. Program of Communist International. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 17 war machine for the world revolution. The U. S. S. R. boasts today the largest armed force in the history of peace time humanity. At the same time in this country and else- where they propagandize under the guise of the Com- munist organization known as the “League Against War and Fascism.” This league seeks to undermine the army, the navy and the R. O. T. C. of this country in order to weaken the one force that would save us in time of the civil war to be started by the proletariat after a nationwide general strike. Preachers and Peace It is amazing to find apparently sincere ministers of the Gospel, devoted to the cause of peace and alleged fol- lowers of the Prince of Peace, aligning themselves with the Communist “League Against War and Fascism,” directed from Moscow by the leader of the largest army in the world today—Joseph Stalin. It is more charitable to attribute the alliance of church groups with these Communist organizations to ignorance of their real motive rather than to hypocrisy. Whatever the fact, it is high time that the churches of the United States definitely refuse to support this Stalin society. If they wish to verify the above accusation let them demand at the next meeting of the “League Against War and Fascism” that they change the title to read “League Against War, Fascism and Communism.” The writer guarantees interesting results. FASCISM COMMUNISM 6. Form of Political Structure 6. Form of Political Structure Radically modifies exist- “Violent overthrow” of ing structure, but normal- former political structure, ly by peaceful methods. The story of how Fascism and Nazism rose to power can be read in any of the major works in the bibliography appended. While it is factually true that little violence was used, it is probably fair to state that Fascism would have employed whatever violence was necessary to accomplish its end. It is certainly true that Fascism, particularly the Nazi form, has not hesitated to use violence whenever “nec- essary” or useful to perpetuate itself. 18 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. Earl Browder—Liar American Communism vigorously objects to the accusa- tion that it advocates the “violent overthrow” of the gov- ernment. It brazenly masks as a political party entitled to Constitutional protection. Earl Browder, candidate of the Communist Party, for President of the U. S. A., in October, 1936, stated in an interview reprinted in the New Masses: “The Communist party does not advocate force and vio- lence.” The quotations stamping this as a malicious and deliberate lie are too numerous to be cited here. One or two are quoted to save the reader unearthing them himself. “Up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution and where the violent over- throw of bourgeois lays the foundation for the sway of the Proletariat Marx’ Manifesto, page 21. Again Browder, but a short time ago, sat at the feet of his master, Joseph Stalin, the same Stalin who wrote: “Can such a radical transformation of the old Bourgeois system of society be achieved without a violent revolution, without the dictatorship of the Proletariat? Obviously not. To think that such a revolution can be carried out peacefully within the framework of Bourgeois democracy which is adapted to the domination of the bour- geois, means one of two things, it means either madness and the loss of normal human understand- ing, or else an open and gross repudiation of the Proletarian Revolution.” 9 The reader is again referred to the words of Lenin cited by Stalin, quoted on page 11, and then should form his own conclusion as to whether the epithet “liar” is merited by Earl Browder, head of the Communist party of the U. S. A. 9 Problems of Leninism—Stalin, pages 19, 20. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 19 COMMUNISM B. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 1. Common Property. All land and sources of pro- duction to be liquidated (i. e.y violently seized with- out compensation) . State to ultimately give to each according to his needs, and each to labor according to his capacity. Pre Note.—The attention of the reader is again called to the fact that whilst every government is desperately struggling to solve the economic problems which harass civilization, yet in its essential nature Fascism (Nazism) is basically a political structure, whilst Communism is basically an economic system, although both, in solving the mal- distribution of wealth, includes an entire philosophy of life. The attention of the reader is likewise called to the impossibility of pre- senting a complete exposition of the aims and various phases of economic life under Fascism and Communism within the limits of a pamphlet of this size—the appended bibliography must supply the details to an interested student. Property Under Fascism Private property is definitely retained in the Fascist theory of life. Private property includes here both con- sumption and capital goods. Popular definitions of the above would be that consumption goods are destroyed in their use, e. g., food; capital goods on the other hand, are that part of wealth which is used for the production of more wealth, e. g., machinery, vessels, etc. Private property is so definitely entrenched in the Fascist set-up that Fascism has been termed “Galvanized Capitalism.” An essential element, however, in the Fascist concept of property is that wealth is primarily social, secondarily in- dividual. This follows logically from the Totalitarian theory, for the right of property, like all other rights eman- ates from the State. Consequently, property may be held and used by the individual only inasmuch as it benefits the welfare of the State. Fascism, therefore, definitely rejects “rugged individualism,” “laissez faire” “predatory capital- ism,” or any of the names that may be given to signify the unregulated acquisition of wealth. FASCISM—NAZISM B. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 1. Private Property Retained —save in basic public util- ities. Social obligations of capital exacted by State. 20 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. Fascism limits State ownership to a few basic public utilities, encourages private ownership, but exacts from the private owners the social obligations of wealth. “The Corporate System” now in vogue in Italy merits the study of any scholar, particularly as these corporations exercise today not only economic but political power as well. In its barest outlines it reduces itself to this: The three great strata of society—employer, employee, and con- sumer—in the various major industries, agriculture, and professional groups are welded together into so-called “Cor- porations.” These Corporations in turn control the entire economic life of the country, and more recently the political sphere as well. A few of the major resultants of this system are discussed in succeeding paragraphs. As emphasized above, this corporate system is not essen- tial to Fascism as will be seen by a study of the economic life of Germany which attempted to inaugurate such a sys- tem but was forced to postpone the same due, perhaps, to the international difficulties absorbing the attention of Hitler. Nazism, however, definitely retains the theory of social- ized capitalism, i. e., private property freighted with its social obligations imposed by an omnipotent State. The name “National Socialism” employed by the party of Hitler, is a misnomer; it is unquestionably national—ultra- national, but very definitely not socialistic, at least in the Marxian sense. Property Under Communism As its name implies, Communism advocates “common property.” Immediately, however, we enter into a maze of difficulties which has agitated the ranks of Marxists over the decades. Normally it is said that Socialism advocates the common ownership of all sources of production, whilst Communism advocates complete common ownership. Such a description is hardly warranted and in order to avoid all controversial questions let us limit ourselves not to his- torical or theoretical communism, but to the only reality which exists and which we need fear, viz: The interpreta- tion of Marx by Lenin and Stalin as carried into practice by the latter two in the U. S. S. R. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 21 The Zigzag System If one desires to study this problem he must bear in mind two things: First—that the transitory state of Com- munism is called the Dictatorship of the Proletariat; pure Marxian Communism is as yet a theory untried even in the U. S. S. R. At present in the U. S. S. R. we have simply a system of State socialism, or, if one prefers, of State cap- italism, since that part of wealth produced by the Soviets over and beyond what is needed for consumption is used by the State for the production of more wealth, and there- fore this system well merits the latter title. The second point to be borne in mind is that whilst Communism has a very definite ultimate objective, it does not hesitate to use the zigzag approach, at times driving forward brutally towards complete communization, at times apparently swinging backwards towards a seemingly cap- italist or bourgeois system. The complete picture of actual conditions in the U. S. S. R. can only be understood if one traces its history through: ( 1 ) War Communism. (2) N. E. P. (3) First Five-Year Plan. (4) Second Five-Year Plan, to the present date. It is evident that private property can never be com- pletely obliterated, for the essence of private property is the right to destroy in the use thereof. Now consumption goods, such as food, must in their very nature be destroyed in their use. This type of private property must always survive. However, this important point must be borne in mind—according to the American theory man has a nat- ural right to consumption goods; according to the Com- munist theory his right even to consumption goods, such as food, originates in the State and may be modified at the will of the State. Hence the brutal logic of this latter theory in the mass murder in the Ukraine during the winter of 1932-33, when for economic and political purposes mil- lions were deliberately starved to death by the government of the U. S. S. R. Private ownership of capital goods is the chief indict- ment of Communism against our present system. Destroy 22 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. private ownership of capital goods and you have eliminated all of the evils of human society. This is the sweeping doctrine that forms the key thesis of the famous Manifesto of Marx and Engels. The liquidation (confiscation) of capital goods has, therefore, been the prime objective of the U. S. S. R. This necessitated the nationalization of land and the nationalization of industry. The story of this tremendous experiment in the economic history of mankind should be read in both Communist and anti-Communist references appended hereto. After the establishment of State socialism (capitalism), Communism eventually seeks to bring about a state of society when each, to use the classical phrase, “shall labor according to his capacity and each receive according to his needs.” FASCISM B. 2. Economic Structure Economic Classes Retained. Employer and employee, etc. 3. Class Struggles Eliminated by the State outlawing strikes and lockouts. COMMUNISM B. 2. Economic Structure Classless Society Transi- tional stage. Dictatorship of the Proletariat by Com- munist Party. Ultimately , classless society. 3. Class Struggles Eliminated by eliminating (i. e.t assasination, etc.) other classes. Under Fascism economic classes are definitely retained. We find, as in our own counrty, employer and employee, capitalist and laborer, production for profit and not merely for use. In order that the Fascist economic structure should function properly “class warfare” is definitely eliminated. The basic Marxian doctrine “The history of society is a history of class struggles” is repudiated, and from the Fascist view definitely solved. Strikes and lockouts are illegal, employer and employee are forced by the State to settle their differences amicably or at least peacefully, thus insuring continued functioning of production. This procedure is a logical development of the Totalitar- ian State which assumes control of all activities of its citi- zens. Its objective, viz: the elimination of crippling lock- outs and strikes and all the hatred and suffering incident FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 23 thereto is unquestionably a laudable thing. The means used, however, viz.: State dictation is one that many will object to. Classless Society Communism not only aims at, but, under the doctrine of materialistic evolution set forth by Marx, maintains that a classless society is inevitable. However, one must bear in mind that in order to arrive at the ultimate Communist State, society must first pass through the transitional stage known as the “Dictatorship of the Proletariat.” This is the point to which Communism has developed in the U. S. S. R. at the present writing. Briefly put, it means that the majority of men are too steeped in their bourgeois prejudices to be able to grasp the benefits to be derived from Communism. It is incumbent therefore for the en- lightened few, viz.: the Communist party, to act as tem- porary dictators over their less enlightened brother workers. One of the comic-tragic aspects of the U. S. S. R. is their constant prating about democracy whilst boasting of the dictatorship of the Proletariat, viz.: of the Communist party. However, this point dovetails into the doctrine already dis- cussed under A (4) (a) to which the reader is referred. It might be well as this point to recall briefly the doctrine of Karl Marx which Lenin and Stalin have sought to work out in the U. S. S. R. Marx believed that all the history of mankind was a history of class struggle. Being a mate- rialist, he maintained that this economic force of the class struggle determined and moulded all human activities, polit- ical, religious, social, etc. He envisions all human society as formerly built up of various economic strata, the very rich, the rich, the middle class and the poor, with their various subdivisions. Through the advent of industrializa- tion and through the working of his law of materialistic evolution, society had become in his time reduced to two classes, the bourgeois and the proletariat, or to use our terminology, the capitalist and the working man. By the same action of the law of materialistic evolution successive crises occur, the rich become richer, the poor poorer; indus- trialization welds the poor together, capitalism creates “its 24 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. own gravediggers.” By violence, as we have already seen, the workers overthrow the capitalistic order. The Marxist- minded among the proletariat seize power and guide their fellow proletarians ; the initial stage of Communism has been achieved, viz: the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. The bourgeoisie are “liquidated,” viz.: shot or exiled, the begin- nings of a classless society have taken place. Such is the theory of Marx, such is the recent history of the U. S. S. R. Settling Strikes Instead of the State forcing adjudication of labor troubles the Communists have solved the problem much more easily. Communism has eliminated class struggles by eliminating (through assassination, etc.) all classes save one. There are no strikes because the sole employer is the State, viz.: Joseph Stalin, and to strike against Stalin would be revolution, or more practically, would be suicide. Some of our misled American laboring men might well ponder this fact. FASCISM COMMUNISM B. 4. Economic Dictatorship B. 4. Economic Dictatorship Planned economy. i.e., Substitution for “wage-slavery” under Cap- italism, serfdom under Communist Dictator. Under Fascism, economic dictatorship becomes both necessary and logical. The Totalitarian State assuming do- minion over the “total man” must control the forces of production and distribution. The resultant is a species of planned economy, with a certain elasticity of private in- itiative. Since the welfare of the State is the guiding norm, all basic economic policies must emanate from the State itself. The pendulum has swung from the “anarchy of pro- duction” in the doctrine of rugged individualism, to the other extreme of State controlled economic planning. The writer does not comment on this program for the field is too vast and controversial. He simply narrates the facts. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 25 The Russian Serf Communism, at least on this point, admits the state- ment that planned economy is of the very essence of the U. S. S. R. “Land and Liberty” which was the battle cry on which Lenin rose to power, has no place in the life of the Russian laboring man. Land hungry peasants find the State has nationalized all land and the liberty-loving laborer finds he must work when, where, and how Joseph Stalin’s aides demand of him. If the laboring classes of America, instead of listening to the lies of Communist labor leaders, would only take the time to read “The Forced Labor Laws of the U. S. S. R.,” would only honestly investigate the slavery of the worker under their master, Stalin, then they would rise and depose the radical leaders within their ranks. Many and cruel are the injustices which have been and are being inflicted upon the American working man, but at least he still has the power to strike, to carry on collective bargaining, to work for whom and where he pleases. To assert any one of these basic rights in the U. S. S. R. would be to perpetrate a crime against Joseph Stalin and to sub- ject oneself to imprisonment or death. The writer would suggest to any lecturer upon this sub- ject that this point, so often ignored in discussions on these issues, be proclaimed in season and out of season, for it is the most vulnerable point in the whole Communist appeal to the American worker. FASCISM C. PHILOSOPHICAL 1. Confer “A” and “B” above. 2. Spiritual Aspects of life stressed. 3. Religion encouraged, but only from motives of ex- pediency and not belief. Almost the entire pamphlet thus far has been devoted to the doctrines, or to use a more high-sounding phrase, the philosophy of Communism and Fascism, and consequently the philosophic parallels and contrasts of Fascism and Com- munism must include all of the points thus far developed. COMMUNISM C. PHILOSOPHICAL 1. Confer “A” and “B” above. 2. Essentially Materialistic (Marxian) 3. Essentially atheistic . 26 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. One or two essential factors remain. Fascism stresses the spiritual aspects of life, not strictly in any religious meaning but in the sense that there exists in human life something more than the merely material, the merely eco- nomic forces. In Italy this doctrine has, particularly of late, been interwoven with the traditional religion of the Italian people, and many of the harsher tenets set forth on prior pages have become mellowed by the application of religious principles. Nazism, as well, stresses the spiritual but in a cruder form. It is a return to the semi-paganism of the ancient German people. It seeks to break with any established church. The reason for this is again evident from the Totali- tarian theory that the State is omnipotent; consequently it of necessity comes into conflict with any entity which claims authority. Protestants, Catholics and Jews, all main- tain the authority of their respective Churches in fields of faith and morals, and the education of their children in a definite organized religion. These various religious authori- tative units necessarily clash with the omnipotent State. Hence the constant and bitter struggle between Hitler and the various major churches in Germany. The details are well set forth in the authors listed. Every Fascist will indignantly deny the statements made above in point C. 3, viz.: that “Fascism encourages religion not from motives of belief but from expediency.” Motives are a difficult thing to analyze because they are intangible. However, if the Italian and German States are Totalitarian, and there can be no denying this, then they must claim dominion over the religious life of their subjects. Italian Fascism has waived this point and transferred the same to the traditional Church of Italy. German Fascism, which after all, is the better place to study the problem, has con- stantly demanded complete control over the souls as well as the bodies of German children. Religion is encouraged, but not established traditional religions. Nazis sought to bring back the ancient pagan gods and only the heroic bravery of German Church leaders has thus far been able to frustrate the plans of the omnipotent Nazi State. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 27 Godless Communism Communism is essentially materialistic and therefore atheistic. The detailed proof of this has already been set forth in another pamphlet by this author.10 Here but two statements are set forth, both from Lenin the founder of the Communist State. “Atheism is an integral part of Marxism —Marx said we must combat religion—this is the ABC of all materialism and consequently of Marxism.” It is suggested to the reader that he compare the guarantee of the new Russian Constitution with reference to religious lib- erty with the quotations contained in the booklet of this author above referred to. And it might be well for some of the ministers of the Gospel who permit Communist speakers in their pulpits, or who belong in the Communist “League Against War and Fascism” to check up and dis- cover who is lying on this point. Some one is. Let the record speak for itself. FASCISM COMMUNISM C. 4. Home Life encouraged but C. 4. Most moral aspects of from motives of expedi- Home Life uprooted, ency. Those retained aim to breed soldiers and serfs of machine and soil. The writer in another pamphlet discussed morals under Communism.11 Therein the story of Marxian mating can be read. The prophecy there was made that if conditions continued, we might expect a trend toward bourgeois stand- ards. With that brazen inconsistency characteristic of Stalin, new marriage laws have been recently adopted. Divorce, which could be had for the asking, now has become a costly thing. State-owned and operated abortion centers, the vaunted triumph of “liberated womanhood,” have now been scrapped. And why? From any ethical motive? Certainly not, for no materialist can speak of ethics, but simply from motives of expediency, the one norm the Communist recog- nizes. 10 Just What Is Communism?—Feely. 11 Communism and Morals—Feely. 28 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. The home, the basic unit of civilization, needed to be- come stabilized, and Stalin reverts to the “bourgeois” atti- tude of expensive divorces. Abortions injure a woman’s health and she becomes a less efficient hod carrier or factory worker. Stalin’s serfs need maximum physical power; therefore the system of State-owned abortion centers is junked. Another phase of the Communist “liberation of womanhood” is abandoned. Enough of the sordidness of Marxian morals—the rest can be read in the above-cited pamphlet. Fascists will deny vehemently that they encourage the home out of motives of expediency. Certain it is that Italy and Germany have made every effort to return woman to the home and to encourage large families. The effect of this is to withdraw woman from competitive employment with men, and thus to lessen unemployment. Secondly, large families produce soldiers so essential in the military program of Fascism. Again on this point Italian Fascism has modified its atti- tude as to State-controlled family life. Nazism has become even more brazen. In this attitude German Fascism is logi- cal. Under the Totalitarian theory “the total” human being belongs to the State; therefore the State may regulate as far as possible the home and especially the children therein. There is no place for the traditional sanctity of the home in either Fascism or Communism. Whether that theory has been carried into practice—let the record speak. Summary The preceding pages have been an attempt to crystallize the essence of Fascism and of Communism. No Fascist, no Communist will agree with the presentation set forth here- in. This is to be expected. Both systems have come into being and been sustained by highly emotional propaganda and emotion warps analysis and befogs facts. The author has sought to be objective, but let the record speak for itself. A bibliography is appended containing books published by the Fascists and Communists themselves. Go to source material, interview anyone who has lived under Communism or Fascism, and then compare your findings with the above. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 29 A second point must be borne constantly in mind. Whether or not Mussolini has done wondrous things for the Italian people, or whether or not Nazism has been the great bulwark which has saved Europe from being overrun by the curse of Communism,—these are not the questions which affect the problem here in America. The issue which confronts the United States is whether we can bring about economic security and yet retain our nat- ural liberties. The answer is categorically “yes.” Neither dictatorship in the political field nor collectiviza- tion in the economic field is required. Predatory Capitalism which concentrates wealth in the hands of a few to the deprivation of the many, which refuses to submit to the social (but not socialized) nature of property, is a dead doctrine. How a complex political structure such as the U. S. A. can work out economic security, yet retain our basic institutions is not the purpose of this pamphlet. Perhaps some time the writer may pen his view. Be Fair! Do not say that this pamphlet damns Communism and Fascism, but does not offer any positive solution. A doctor may not be able to cure or even diagnose a sick patient, yet he does know that cyanide is not the cure. You and I may differ as to this or that proposed measure, but we can agree that for America, the cure is not to be found in imported poisons. A Challenge One last word. It was pointed out in the beginning of this booklet that the Old World is rapidly dividing itself into the two camps of Fascism and Communism. Insidiously yet effectively, Communists are seeking to persuade Ameri- can laborers that our present economic system cannot be salvaged. They are warping the mind of organized labor to believe that they must choose between Fascism and Com- munism. They are insisting on the ruthlessness of Fascism and the “Workers’ Paradise” of Communism. Such propaganda has had and is having a disastrous effect in the city wherein the writer resides. The tactics 30 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. of the “United Front” have reached their highest perfection on the West Coast. The infiltration of Communism into collegiate, labor and church groups is developing at an alarming rate. How long Americans will sit back in selfish and smug complacency and belittle the danger of Communism in the U. S. A. is hard to foretell. How long Americans will be deceived by the relatively small numbers of Communist votes cast and be unmindful of the tactics of the “United Front” and of European history is a rather depressing pros- pect to face. American laborers and American employers will never work out just wages, decent working conditions, the prob- lem of unemployment, etc., as long as Moscow directs class warfare. But Americans will never recognize the wily hypocrisy of “militant” leaders, etc., unless they are willing to sacrifice, to expend time and energy in intensive study of the greatest menace in the history of humankind. This pamphlet is written more as a challenge than a text. America today, more than ever, needs men who are neither Fascist or Communist, men who are of the charac- ter of whom the Bard of the Yukon writes, when he says: “Send me men girt for the combat, Men who are grit to the core. Send me the best of your breeding, Send me your chosen ones, These will I clasp to my bosom And these will I call my sons. For I will not be won by weaklings Subtle and suave and mild, But by men with the heart of a Viking And the simple faith of a child.” Have you the courage of the Vikings of old? Have you the faith of your younger years in God, your home, your personal and political liberties? The answer can be given not in words but in deeds; first, by intensive study of the problem presented here: secondly, in carrying knowledge into action—and soon. FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY Recent Political Thought , Coker (Appleton-Century). (Valuable and rather complete bibliography appended therein.) New Governments in Europe, Buell (Nelson). Europe Since 1914, Benn (Crofts). European Governments and Politics, Ogg (Macmillan). Communist Manifesto, Marx-Engels (International Publish- ers, 301 Fourth Avenue, New York). Problems of Leninism, Stalin (International Publishers). Religion, Lenin (International Publishers). Leninism, Stalin (International Publishers). State and Revolution, Lenin (International Publishers). Why Communism? , Olgin (International Publishers). What Is Communism? , Browder (International Publishers). Communism in the United States, Browder (International Publishers). Toward Soviet America, Foster (International Publishers). The Coming Struggle for Power, Strachey (Covici-Friede). Communism, Laski (Henry Holt). Woman in Soviet Russia, Halle (Viking Press). Red Virtue, Winter (Harcourt, Brace). Soviet Communism, Webb (Scribners’). Stalin, Don Levine (Blue Ribbon). Stalin, Barbusse (Macmillan). Facts About Communism, Curran (International Catholic Truth Society, 407 Bergen Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.) Communism in U. S. A., Thorning (America Press, 461 Eighth Avenue, New York). Tactics of Communism, Sheen (Paulist Press, 401 West 59th Street, New York). Just What Is Communism? , Feely (Paulist Press). Communism and Morals, Feely (Paulist Press). Study Club Outline on Communism, Feely (Paulist Press). Russia's Iron Age, Chamberlin (Little, Brown). Soviet Russia, Chamberlin (Little, Brown). The Russian Revolution, Chamberlin (Macmillan). The Last Stand, Walsh (Little, Brown). The Fall of the Russian Empire, Walsh (Little, Brown). Bolshevism—Theory and Practice, Gurian (Sheed & Ward). 32 FASCISM—COMMUNISM—THE U. S. A. Soviet State, Maxwell (Steves & Wayburn) Fascism, Mussolini. Four Speeches on Corporate State, Mussolini. My Autobiography, Mussolini (Scribners’). The Political Doctrine of Fascism, Rocco (Carnegie En- dowment) . Socialism, Fascism, and Democracy (Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science) . The Fascist Experiment, Villari (Faber). Under the Axe of Fascism, Salvemini (Viking Press). The Fascist Dictatorship, Salvemini (Hoet). Sawdust Coesar, Seldes (Harper’s). Fascism, Dutt (International Publishers). (Communist). The Program of the Party of Hitler, Feder. Reichstag Speech, May 21, 1935, Hitler. Act for Organization of National Labor. My Battle, Hitler (Houghton, Mifflin). The Nazi Dictatorship, Schuman (Knopf). Strong Man Rules, Schuster (Appleton-Century). Like a Mighty Army, Schuster (Appleton-Century). Study these excellent pamphlets and watch for new ones which we will publish shortly on Communism! . . . . 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