Wl cmo) CIVICS CATECHISM O N T H E RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF AMERICAN CITIZENS Twenty-fourth Edition NATIONAL CATHOLÌC WELFARE CONFERENCE 1312 MASSACHUSETTS AVE., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. ^M/W-1 •s* ffîmmi s ä ^ » É Â I I wi^M'âi Mr: líPiÁ I • > I F J I J H WmSmMèWf^^&^m^^M&i I fe&wi r ^ « » « s p l i f H Ü ''̂ •'A'S'ffi'-b-ì̂ l. \ W w x fr-.-•••••!'• 5FS;:J-I>.V. Ö 1 M L 3 I p » m y H B . . J l I S l l l l ì • • p i ^ B s a B H G a H  l l i î - M W È l M m M í WËmm , „4 «- iW» p É A» * m > r i 1 1 P ( I « / ^ t F l M I L 'vï ; ; - ' • -7 i f ï | V a UárfJ î É i i ^ ^ ; ; : - - • M l S É » ' ^ « ¿ T f f i T í ' v í ' i i - i i " ' M i . . a M f f f M i l œ t P ^ W i • m w^ï -.,'V ., , \ • vi; «as? iJ"« V osnj:¡ a&asë : 3Ï Ï» « M m • ' • ••••••"••• p i f l •• i • f p - f p s V / ^ H ; V, , r f l ö ^ p g S ® •• « 1 - I ) . r " .. . ; 7i. : • •?' f , f à m -V-.:̂ - - h » « a i i s i i i í ''V ( s ® * - s • p S I • M « 1 8 I CIVICS CATECHISM O N T H E RIGHTS A N D DUTIES OF AMERICAN CITIZENS Twenty-fourth Edition 1 9 4 0 OUR SUNDAY VISITOR LIBRARY HUNTINGTON, INDIANA NATIONAL CATHOLIC WELFARE CONFERENCE 1312 Massachusetts Avenue Washington, D. C. I N T R O D U C T I O N . The questions and answers contained in the "Civics Catechism on the Rights and Duties of American Citizens" are based ur>on the text of the "Fundamentals of Citizenship," published orig- iginally as a reconstruction pamphlet by the Committee on Special War Activities of the National Catholic War Council and subse- quently by the National Catholic Welfare Conference as a hand- book of civics for use in the Catholic elementary schools and in civic educational work generally. While neither the "Funda- mentals of Citizenship" nor the "Civics Catechism on the Rights and Duties of American Citizens" is intended to serve as a com- plete text in civics, both have been found exceptionally helpful in introducing the subject in the elementary grades. "The Civics Catechism" is especially recommended for use in the elementary schools as a supplementary text and review book, as a text book for classes preparing for the naturalization process, and in the conduct of civic study clubs by adult groups. In its nation-wide citizenship campaign, the N. C. W. C. has had in mind the following objects: To help our Catholic schools in their work of civic education; to aid in the civic education of the aliens within our country and to assist them in the procoss of naturalization; to aid in stimulating greater civic activity on the part of individual Catholics and organizations of Catholic men and women and of all our people; and to hold up before the American people the Catholic principle that religion supplies the highest and noblest motives for the discharge of civic obligations and that our democracy cannot long endure unless all our people are animated by motives of religion in dealing with one another. The campaign has been based upon the following principles: That every youth should have before leaving school adequate training in the duties, obligations and rights of citizenship, to which end such training should be given in the elementary grades; that a broad program of instruction in social science 3 4 INTRODUCTION * herald be given in the high schools and colleges for the develop- ment and more extensive training of civic leaders; that all per- sons, native or immigrant, who have not had courses in citizen- ship should have the opportunity of taking such courses in order better to fulfill their obligations to the community; that immi- grants who come to this country with tne intention of staying for any great length of time should assume their part of the common burdens of society by seeking citizenship and by performing the tasks of citizenship with understanding; and that development of individual character, the teaching of correct moral principles and the inculcation of religion are essential to the making of good citizens. "A Course in Civics for Use in the Parochial Schools," pub- lished by the N. C. W. C. Bureau of Education, is recommended to civics teachers in connection with the above-named pamphlets. This course of study has been especially adapted to the require- ments of the Catholic elementary school and has been prepared to enable teachers to make a good practical beginning in civic instruction in the elementary grades. T h e Secretary for t h e Bureau of Civic Education of t h e N. C. W. C. will b e glad to f u r n i s h f u r t h e r information to those interested in becoming citizens, to parochial school instructors, and to adult groups desiring to form civic study clubs. fjf SpedaJ 1 r̂ CotoetaB^ C H A P T E R I . AMERICAN DEMOCRACY. LESSON 1 . 1. Q. In what country do you live? A. In t h e United States of America. 2. Q. When was America discovered? A. In 1492. 3. Q. Who discovered America? A. Christopher Columbus, a n Italian w h o sailed u n d e r t h e Spanish flag. 4. Q. Why dia the ships of Columbus fly the Spanish flag? A. Because of all t h e m o n a r c h s of Europe, the r u l e r s of Spain, F e r d i n a n d a n d Isabella, were the only ones willing to supply h i m w i t h t h e m e a n s for his voy- age of discovery. 5. Q How did this country receive the name of America? A. F r o m t h e n a m e of Americus Vespucius, a n Italian w h o sailed to the New W o r l d shortly a f t e r its dis- covery b y Columbus 6. Q. By whom was America settled? A. By people f r o m Spain, F r a n c e , England, Ireland, Hol- land, a n d Sweden. 7. Q. Why did these colonists come to America? A. F o r m a n y reasons. Some came to seek gold and precious stones, some to have the right of free speech, some to have the f r e e d o m of religious wor- ship, some to escape the h a r s h laws of t h e i r w n c o u n t r y , o t h e r s to build u p a c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e people m i g h t r u l e . 5 6 CIVICS CATECHISM 8. Q. What European country finally gained control over all the Colonies along the Atlantic Coast? A. E n g l a n d finally r u l e d t h e t h i r t e e n American colonies. 9. Q. Why did England lose control of the Colonies? A. Because of u n j u s t t a x a t i o n w h i c h caused t h e Colonist? to revolt in 1775. 10. Q. What famous document was signed July 4, 1776? A. T h e Declaration of Independence, -written by T h o m a s J e f f e r s o n a n d signed by representatives of all of the Colonies, declared t h e Colonies to be f r e e and in- d e p e n d e n t States. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. What great Americans helped America to secure her independnce? A. Samuel Adams, P a t r i c k Henry, J o h n Hancock, Tho- m a s Jefferson, B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , Charles Carroll of Carrollton, J o h n Adams, a n d George W a s h i n g t o n . 2. Q. What noted foreigners helped America in its fight for independence? A. L a f a y e t t e f r o m F r a n c e , Kosciusko a n d P u l a s k i f r o m Poland, B a r o n Steuben f r o m P r u s s i a , DeKalb f r o m Bavaria, a n d Barry, Moylan, Montgomery a n d others f r o m Ireland. 3. Q. In what year did England acknowledge America to be free and independent? A. In 1783. 4. Q. What great event took place after the gaining of in- dependence? A. T h e Constitution of t h e United States w a s adopted i n 1789. 5. Q„ What is the Constitution of the United States? AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 7 A. T h e Constitution of the United States is t h a t w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t which directs a n d keeps in check those officials w h o exercise the powers of a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e national Government. It is the f u n d a m e n t a l law u n d e r w h i c h the c o u n t r y is governed. 6. Q. On what principle does the Constitution rest? A. On the principle t h a t t h e r e are certain r i g h t s t h a t belong to every m a n , a n d w h i c h no a u t h o r i t y on e a r t h h a s a r i g h t to t a k e away. 7. Q. What body under the Constitution was given the duty of preserving and interpreting these laws? A. T h e S u p r e m e Court of the United States. 8. Q. What effect did the Constitution have upon the thirteen States? A. T h e Constitution b o u n d together the thirteen States i n t o a single n a t i o n which is n o w the United States of America. 9. Q. What effect did the independence of America have upon other countries? A. T h e success of America b r o u g h t to the peoples of E u r o p e a desire f o r liberty. Many republics have since been established a n d the powers of r u l e r s have been greatly lessened. 10. Q. What form of government was established by the Constitution? A. A representative democracy, t h a t is, a republic in which the people rule. NOTE—In the American v i e w , the thirteen States had ceased to be c o l o n i e s after July 4, 1776, w h i l e Great Britain acknowledged their i n d e p e n d e n c e in 1783. The Constitution made in 1787 be- came b i n d i n g in June, 1788. C H A P T E R XVI. T H E N E E D S O F T H E P E O P L E . LESSON 1. 1. Q. What is a democracy ? A. A democracy is a f o r m of government i n w h i c h t h e people m a k e their own laws a n d c o n d u c t their own affairs. 2. Q. What does a democracy require of its citizens? A. It r e q u i r e s : (1) Respect f o r o r d e r ; (2) Unselfish regard f o r r i g h t s of o t h e r s ; (3) Contributions in t h e f o r m of taxes f o r t h e c o m m o n good. 3. Q. In what ways may a citizen aid in maintaining a real democracy? A. (1) By voting a t elections; (2) By r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e people in office if necessary; (3) By t a k i n g p a i n s to s t u d y a n d t o u n d e r s t a n d pub- lic a f f a i r s ; (4) By p a y i n g h i s f a i r s h a r e of t h e expense of gov- e r n m e n t . 4. Q- What must a democracy provide for its citizens? A. It m u s t p r o v i d e : (1) Roads a n d streets to enable t h e m to travel a n d t o c a r r y goods; ( 2 ) P o s t a l service to enable t h e m to send letters a n d p a c k a g e s ; ( 3 ) Schools a n d l i b r a r i e s f o r t h e e d u c a t i o n of a l l ; 8 T H E NEEDS OP THE PEOPLE 9 ( 4 ) A supply of p u r e w a t e r a n d the m e a n s of dis- position of garbage a n d o t h e r w a s t e ; ( 5 ) P a r k s a n d p l a y g r o u n d s f o r p l e a s u r e a n d health- f u l exercise. 5. Q. From what common dangers must a democracy pro- tect its citizens? A. It m u s t protect t h e m f r o m : (1) Sickness; ( 2 ) L a w b r e a k e r s , w h o do n o t respect t h e lives or p r o p e r t y of o t h e r s ; (3) Loss of life a n d p r o p e r t y f r o m fire; (4) F r o m foreign enemies w h o m i g h t invade their c o u n t r y a n d t a k e a w a y their f r e e d o m ; (5) F r o m i n j u s t i c e a n d u n f a i r dealings on the p a r t of their neighbors. 6. Q. What means must a democracy use to protect its citizens? A. It m u s t f u r n i s h : (1) Means f o r c a r i n g f o r sickness a n d preventing t h e spread of disease; (2) Guards to p r e v e n t c r i m e ; (3) Protection a g a i n st p e r s o n s w h o b r e a k t h e l a w ; (4) Means of preventing a n d stopping fire; (5) An a r m y a n d n a v y to protect its citizens; (6) L a w s to prevent f r a u d or u n f a i r dealings; (7) Guards or officers to enforce t h e m . 7. Q. Why does the Government find it necessary to carry on these activities? A. In o r d e r t h a t its people m a y live safely a n d happily a n d to i n s u r e j u s t i c e to all u n d e r t h e law. 8. Q. Is it the duty of every one to help the Government to provide things necessary for the common good? A. Yes, because every p e r s o n benefits by t h e t h i n g s w h i c h a r e p r o v i d e d b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t . 1 0 CIVICS CATECHISM 9. Q. Is it a religious duty to do one's part in maintaining the Government? A. It is, because j u s t i c e r e q u i r e s t h a t we should be will- ing to bear our s h a r e of t h e b u r d e n f o r t h e benefits received. 10. Q. What is necessary to make a real democracy? A. Every one in t h e democracy m u s t be willing to do his j u s t s h a r e of the w o r k i n p r o t e c t i n g t h e lives, liberty, a n d p r o p e r t y of all. C H A P T E R XVI. T H E P E O P L E ' S RIGHTS. LESSON 1. 1. Q. How are the rights of citizens protected in OUT coun- try? A. T h e y a r e protected b y our Constitution. 2. Q. Can laws ever be passed to take away these rights from citizens? A. No, for a n y a t t e m p t to t a k e a w a y t h e rights of citizens would be a violation of t h e Constitution, which is t h e basis of all of our laws. 3. Q. What are these rights which are held sacred i* Americu? A. T h e y are t h e rights o f : (1) F r e e speech; (2) Religious liberty; (3) F r e e d o m f r o m s e a r c h ; (4) P r o t e c t i o n of life a n d p r o p e r t y ; (5) Protection f r o m false i m p r i s o n m e n t ; (6) Protection f r o m i m p r i s o n m e n t for d e b t ; (7) Voting a n d holding office. 4. Q. Are these rights guaranteed to every one who lives in America? A. These rights, except t h e r i g h t to vote a n d hold office, are g u a r a n t e e d to every one w h o lives in America. 5. Q. Who has the right to vote and hold office? A. Every citizen w h o h a s been given the r i g h t by law. 6. Q. What is the right of free speech? A. It is the right of every m a n f r e e l y to speak a n d w r i t e his opinions. 1 1 1 2 CIVICS CATECHISM 7. Q. How is this right insured to every man? * A. It is i n s u r e d to every m a n by the Constitution of t h e United States, a n d t h e Constitutions of the indi- vidual States. 8. Q. Does this right protect a man in any statements he may make? A. No, it does not protect a m a n w h e n he m a k e s state- m e n t s t h a t i n j u r e the rights of a n o t h e r . 9. Q. Is it ever necessary to limit the right of free speech? A. It is sometimes necessary d u r i n g times of w a r to limit f r e e speech f o r the public safety. 10. Q. Does the Government ever limit the right of free speech at other times? A. Yes, f r e e speech is denied sometimes to those w h o preach t h e destruction of the government by force,, LESSON 2 . .. v* What is religious liberty? A. Religious liberty is the right of m a n to a f r e e exercise of the religion of his choice. 2. Q. In America is any man ever compelled to contribute to a religion against his will? A. No, f o r u n d e r o u r laws no m a n can be compelled to w o r s h i p in a c h u r c h or s u p p o r t a religion w h i c h is not of his own choice. 3. Q. Why do Americans cherish so strongly the right of religious freedom? A. Because m a n y of our colonies were f o u n d e d by peo- ple w h o fled f r o m religious persecution in the old world. 4. Q. Were these colonies founded by one people of one religious faith? A. No, Catholics a n d P r o t e s t a n t s both f o u n d e d colonies in America, a n d people of all religious beliefs have always f o u n d a r e f u g e in o u r c o u n t r y . T H E PEOPLE'S RIGHTS 1 3 5. Q. Who secured the earliest guarantee of religious free- dom in America? A. Lord Baltimore, the Catholic p r o p r i e t a r y of Maryland. 6. Q. If I suspect that my neighbor has stolen my money or property, may I look through his house for it? A. No, I c a n n o t go i n t o the house of a n o t h e r to search f o r m y p r o p e r t y unless I have a s e a r c h w a r r a n t . 7. Q. What is a search warrant? A. A search w a r r a n t is a d o c u m e n t issued by one of our courts, a u t h o r i z i n g a n officer to search t h e house of a n o t h e r f o r stolen goods. 8. Q. If the officers of the law suspect somt one of conceal- ing a person who has committed a crime, may they search his house for the criminal? A. T h e y may, if they have first secured f r o m the court a w a r r a n t of a r r e s t . 9. Q. Why may I refuse to allow the officers of the law to search my house unless they have warrants from the courts? A. Because t h i s right of " F r e e d o m of S e a r c h " is guar- anteed m e by the Constitution. 10. Q. May every man look to the State to protect his life and property for him? A. Yes, because t h i s right of protection is g u a r a n t e e d to everyone by t h e Constitution. 11. Q. How does the State protect the property of its citizens? A. By g u a r a n t e e i n g to every one t h a t his p r o p e r t y can only be t a k e n f r o m h i m for cause a f t e r a j u s t trial in the c o u r t s . 12. Q. May a man's property be taken from him for public use? A. Yes, if t h e p r o p e r t y is needed ror public u s t , t h e Government m a y t a k e a m a n ' s p r o p e r t y , b u t only by paying a f a i r price for it. 1 4 CIVICS CATECHISM LESSON 3 . 1. Q. In America, may a man be thrown into prison on the request of another or on suspicion of the police officers? A. No, in America every one is g u a r a n t e e d f r e e d o m f r o m i m p r i s o n m e n t , except a f t e r a f a i r trial. 2. Q. If a man is arrested, what are his rights? A. E v e r y m a n w h o is a rre st e d h a s the r i g h t to de- m a n d a t r i a l a n d t o have his own lawyer a n d witnesses. 3. Q. What o'her rights has he? A. A m a n w h o h a s been a rre sted h a s the r i g h t to be released u n t i l his trial, on bail, except in very serious crimes, w h e n t h e r e is strong evidence against h i m . He also h a s t h e right of appeal to higher courts. 4. Q. What is the purpose of our laws concerning arrest and imprisonment? A. T o prevent i m p r i s o n m e n t by m i s t a k e a n d to i n s u r e a f a i r t r i a l to all. 5. Q. Under what conditions mag a man be imprisoned for debt? A. A m a n c a n only be i m p r i s o n e d f o r debt if he h a s committed f r a u d . 6. Q. Why do you think a man should be protected from imprisonment for debts, if he is, through misfor- tune, unable to pay? A. Because this is a r i g h t which saves people f r o m being i m p r i s o n e d t h r o u g h no f a u l t of their own. 7. Q. What is the result if a man is sent to prison for debt? A. If a m a n is sent to p r i s o n f o r debt, he c a n n o t earn m o n e y while h e is i n prison, a n d t h e r e f o r e c a m ot p a y his debt. T H E PEOPLE'S RIGHTS 1 5 8. Q. What rights do voters have in a democracy? A. T h e y have t h e right to elect their own officers ol Government a n d to help decide how the business of . government shall be carried on. 9. Q. Who may be an office-holder? A. Any citizen m a y hold office if a m a j o r i t y of the voters choose h i m as their representative. 10. Q. Why is it the duty of citizens to vote? A. Because every citizen receives benefit f r o m h i s gov- e r n m e n t , a n d by voting intelligently h e is doing his s h a r e i n c a r r y i n g t h e c o m m o n b u r d e n . C H A P T E R VIII. EDUCATION. LESSON 1 . 1. Q. Why do the American people firmly believe in edu- cation? A. Because education helps the people to become better citizens. 2. Q. Are immigrants who come to our country anxious to have their children educated? A. Yes, because m a n y of t h e m were denied t h e benefits of education in the old c o u n t r y . 3. Q. Why do Americans provide free schools? A. Because in America we w a n t all the people to have the benefits of education. 4. Q. Does a complete education include religious training? A. Yes, all a u t h o r i t i e s agree t h a t it does, a n d f o r t h i s reason Catholics a n d others m a i n t a i n their own schools. 5. Q. What does education do for people? A. It teaches t h e m f a i r play toward each other a n d to do their d u t y as citizens a n d it helps to build char- acter. S. Q. Why is it necessary for every one to knpw how to read and write? A. E v e r y one m u s t k n o w how to read a n d write in order to be able to learn a n d to get along in t h e world. 7. Q. Is it necessary for every one to know how to use figures? A. Yes, i n order to conduct his business a f f a i r s . EDUCATION 1 7 8. Q. What else should everyone know? A. Every one should k n o w h o w to keep h e a l t h y a n d h o w to p e r f o r m some u s e f u l w o r k . 9. Q. What do the elementary schools teach children? A. T h e y teach children reading, writing, spelling, arith- metic, health, history, civics, a n d vocational w o r k . 10. Q. Must every child attend school in America? A. Yes, in all of our States, all children m u s t a t t e n d school usu a l l y between the ages of 8 a n d 14. 11. Q. Would it be well to have all children continue in school after they are lb? A. Yes, because t h e children w h o m a k e special efforts t o stay in school usually succeed in life better a n d are better citizens t h a n those w h o leave at 14. 12. Q. What other kinds of schools are provided for children after they have finished the work in the elementary grades? A. High schools teach children m a n y valuable things, a n d the colleges a n d universities, b o t h public and private, p r e p a r e s t u d e n t s to be lawyers, doctors, dentists, teachers, engineers, a n d f o r other t r a d e s a n d professions. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. Is it a good thing to teach occupations in the schools? A. Yes, in order t h a t the children m a y later become skilled w o r k e r s in the occupations t h e y select w h e n they leave school. 2. Q. If a child does not have some vocational training, what kind ofui job can he get when he leaves school? A. If a child h a s n o t learned to do some k i n d of w o r k he can only secure a n unskilled job at poor pay. 3. Q. Is it wise for children to stay in school longer in order to learn a trade? A. Yes, because they can e a r n m o r e pay, can get ahead faster, a n d are m o r e sure of steady w o r k . 1 8 CIVICS CATECHISM 4. Q. What kinds of useful work are taught in the voca- tional schools for boys? A. Carpentry, m a c h i n e shop practice, electrical construc- tion, plumbing, etc. 5. Q. Are vocational courses given to girls also? A. Yes, t h e y are t a u g h t home making, cooking, dress making, millinery, eic. 6. Q. When boys and girls have to leave school and go to work at the age of 14, is it possible for them to con- tinue their education? A. Yes, t h e American people have provided p a r t - t i m e schools for them, because we w a n t t h e m all to have as m u c h education as possible. 7. Q. Where are these schools? A. I n nearly every large city, a n d in some of t h e smaller c o m m u n i t i e s p a r t - t i m e schools have been estab- lished w h e r e children w h o w o r k m a y go to school a n h o u r or two a day. 8. Q. What are correspondence schools? A. Many schools a n d colleges offer courses b y corre- spondence which y o u n g m e n a n d w o m e n can take by studying a t home. 9. Q. Are libraries a means of education? A. Yes, because a n y one can b o r r o w books f r o m them on a n y subject ne wishes to study. 10. Q. Is it possible for men to educate themselves by study? A. Yes, m a n y of our greatest m e n have done so. Abra- h a m Lincoln w a s one of these. 11. Q. Can you name a man who was a native of your country who educated himself in this way? C H A P T E R V * H E A L T H . LESSON 1 . 1. Q. Can a man work well if he does not have good health? A. No, a m a n m u s t have h e a l t h to be able to w o r k a n d e a r n his living. 2. Q. Is it a man's own fault if he becomes sick? A. Sometimes, b u t it is not always his own f a u l t if h e gets a contagious disease. 3. Q. Can a man protect himself from contagious disease? A. He c a n n o t do it alone, b u t by u n i t i n g w i t h o t h e r m e n he can p a s s laws to protect the h e a l t h of all citizens. 4. Q. Name one method used to protect the health of citizens. A. Q u a r a n t i n e . By this m e t h o d the h e a l t h officer can compel any one w h o h a s a contagious disease to stay at h o m e until he is well. 5. Q. Has the Health Officer the right to quarantine any one who has a contagious disease? A. Yes, this r i g h t is given h i m by law in order to p r o t e c t the lives of g r e a t e r n u m b e r s . 6. Q. In what other way can the carelessness of one person endanger the health of others? A. If one m a n is careless about removing dirt or garbage f r o m his premises he e n d a n g e r s the health of all. 19 22 CIVICS CATECHISM 7. Q. Is there danger to health in the water supply of cities? A. Yes, unless t h e w a t e r supply is kept p u r e a n d f r e e f r o m disease germs. 8. Q. How can water supply be made safe for cities? A. By bringing p u r e w a t e r f r o m sources outside t h e city, a n d by examining it daily to see t h a t it is f r e e f r o m disease germs. 9. Q. When there is fear of disease germs in water, how can it be made safe? A. By boiling. 10. Q. Why is it difficult to get good milk in the city? A. Because milk h a s to be b r o u g h t f r o m f a r m s m a n y miles away, a n d care m u s t be t a k e n to keep it sweet. 11. Q. If the milk supply is not good, what happens to those who drink it? A. Babies o f t e n die if t h e y do not have p u r e milk. Im- p u r e milk m a y c a r r y disease germs to anyone. 12. Q. If pure milk is essential for every one, how can it be provided for all? A. T h e people m a k e provision f o r t h e inspection of all milk b r o u g h t into the city a n d also of t h e places f r o m w h i c h it comes. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. How can the food supply be made safe for every one? A. T h e people c a n regulate the food supply t h r o u g h their government a n d a p p o i n t inspectors to see t h a t t h e laws are obeyed. 2. Q. What is necessary to make the food supply safe? A. Food m u s t be f r e s h a n d pure. It m u s t be kept i n a clean place. H a r m f u l d r u g s a n d m a t e r i a l s m u s t n o t be used to preserve it. 3. Q. Name two insects which carry disease from one per• son to another? A. Flies and mosquitos HEALTH 2 1 4. Q. Why ought every one join in the "swat-the-fly" cam- paign? A. Because it is f o r t h e benefit of all t h e people t o kill these c a r r i e r s of disease. 5. Q. Was it necessary for the people to pass laws against the common drinking cup and towel? A. Yes, because the use of these things s p r e a d s disease. 6. Q. Is spitting harmful to others? A. Yes, w h e n done in public places, in t h e street car or on the sidewalk it s p r e a d s disease. 7. Q. Why should accidents be prevented? A. Because t h e y cause suffering a n d loss of wages i e those w h o a r e i n j u r e d a n d because every m a n ' s labor is needed a t all times by the c o m m u n i t y . 8. Q. What can each one do to prevent accidents? A. By being always c a r e f u l a m a n c a n f r e q u e n t l y pre- vent accidents to himself a n d to others, a n d h e should j o i n in helping all m o v e m e n t s w h i c h prevent accidents. 9. Q. Do health laws often interfere with personal liberty? A. Yes, b u t only w h e n t h e liberty of one m e a n s d a n g e r to m a n y . 10. Q. How can all the people be safe from the few careless and selfish persons who think only of themselves? A. By t a k i n g a w a y t h e liberty of a n y one w h o is dan- g e r o u s t o others. C H A P T E R VIII. MAKING LAWS. LESSON 1 . 1. Q. What are laws? A. L a w s a r e r u l e s w h i c h govern people in their relations to each o t h e r . 2. Q. Why do we have laws? A. W e have laws to protect t h e r i g h t s of people in their dealings w i t h each o t h e r . 3. Q. When do people find it necessary to make laws? a ! W h e n e v e r a group of people live i n t h e same locality i t is necessary f o r t h e m to p a s s laws to keep some f r o m i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h the r i g h t s of others. 4. Q. How are laws made in this country? A. L a w s a r e m a d e by t h e people themselves whenever the y a r e needed. 5. Q. If a law is found to be unjust or not needed, what can we do? A. I n t h i s c o u n t r y t h e people w h o m a k e t h e laws can repeal t h e m if t h e y are f o u n d to be useless or u n f a i r . 6. Q. Do all of the people make the laws? A. No, t h e y c a n not do this because so m a n y laws have to be m a d e t h a t it would t a k e all of t h e i r time. 7. Q. How do they manage to have this done for them? A. T h e y elect m e n to r e p r e s e n t t h e m a n d these repre- sentatives a r e t h e law-making body. 8. Q. Why are special laws needed for cities? À . Because people live v e r y closely t o g e t h e r in cities. 22 M A K I N G L A W S 26 9. Q. What special dangers to people in cities make it neces- sary to pass city laws? A. People w h o live in cities m u s t p a s s laws to protect t h e m on the streets, f r o m disease, a n d f r o m fires. 10. Q. What are city laws called? A. T h e y a r e called ordinances. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. Who makes the laws in cities? A. L a w s a r e m a d e in cities by t h e City Council or City Commission. 2. Q. Does the Council or Commission in all cities have the entire control in making laws? A. No, in m a n y cities the people, if t h e y wish, m a y vote w h e t h e r the laws of t h e Council or Commission shall go i n t o effect or not. 3. Q. What is this right of the people called? A. It is called the " r e f e r e n d u m . " 4. Q. How may the people pass a law against the wish of the Council? A. T h e people m a y p r e s e n t a law to t h e vote u n d e r w h a t is k n o w n a s t h e "initiative." 5. Q. How are laws passed under the "initiative" and "ref- erendum?" A. L a w s a r e p a s s e d u n d e r t h e " i n i t i a t i ve" a n d " r e f e r - e n d u m " b y a m a j o r i t y vote. 6. Q. How are laws made in each of our forty-eight States? A. L a w s a r e m a d e f o r each State b y t h e State Legisla- t u r e s a n d approved by the Governor. 7. Q. How are the State Legislatures elected? A. T h e people elect t h e Legislatures, which consist of two s e p a r a t e g r o u p s of delegates, one called t h e Senate, a n d t h e o t h e r t h e House of Representatives, o r t h e Assembly. 2 4 CIVICS CATECHISM 8. Q. If the Governor disapproves a law which the Legisla- ture has passed, and refuses to sign it, mag the Legislature pass it without his approval? A. Yes, u su a l l y the Legislature may, by 9 vote of two- t h i r d s of its members, pass a law disapproved b y t h e Governor. 9. Q. Can the "initiative" and "referendum" be used in passing State laws? A. Yes, in nearly half of our States t h e people m a y p a s s laws t h r o u g h .he "initiative" a n d " r e f e r e n d u m . " 10. Q. What matters of importance to the people must the State regulate by law? A. T h e State m u s t p a s s laws relating to roads, educa- tion, police protection a n d p r o p e r t y r i g h t s . LESSON 3 . 1. Q. What are the three chief law-making bodies in our country? A. T h e Congress of t h e United States, the State Legisla- t u r e , a n d the City Council or Commission. 2. Q. What powers of law-making has the Congress of the United States? A. Congress h a s power to p a s s laws w h i c h relate to m a t t e r s in which all t h e States are interested. 3. Q. How many lawmakers do the people of each State have in the Senate? A. E a c h State h a s two l a w m a k e r s in the Senate. 4. Q. How many representatives does each State have in the House of Representatives? A. E a c h State h a s one m e m b e r in t h e House of Repre- sentatives for every 230,000 people living w i t h i n t h e State, b u t each State h a s at least one m e m b e r . 6. Q. Whenever we need a law for all the States how can it be enacted? MAKING LAWS 2 6 A. W h e n e v e r we need a law, a bill m a y be introduced i n t o Congress, a n d if approved by both Houses a n d signed by the President, it becomes a law. 6. Q. Why do we give Congress the right to pass a law without the approval of the President? A. Because in America we believe t h a t laws m u s t be passed by the r u l e of the m a j o r i t y . 7. Q. What is the only way that laws can be passed in this country? A. L a w s can only be passed i n t h i s c o u n t r y by t h e m a - j o r i t y of t h e people, acting directly or t h r o u g h t h e i r representatives. 8. Q. In what way do we protect the few from possible in- justice by the majority? A. O u r Constitution g u a r a n t e e s certain r i g h t s to every one a n d even a m a j o r i t y c a n n o t p a s s laws on these m a t t e r s . 9. Q. What are these rights which the Constitution guar- antees? A. T h e Constitution g u a r a n t e e s to every one the inalien- able r i g h t of f r e e spcech, f r e e d o m of religion, f r e e - dom f r o m search, f r o m false i m p r i s o n m e n t a n d trial by j u r y . 10. Q. If mistakes are made in passing laws, what can each citizen do to correct them? A. He m u s t t a k e p a i n s t o l e a r n about public m a t t e r s , a n d to vote f o r l a w - m a k e r s w h o k n o w w h a t is best t o be done a n d w h o are h o n e s t a n d f a i r r e p r e s e n t a - tives. C H A P T E R X V I . C A R R Y I N G O N T H E P E O P L E ' S W O R K LESSON 1. 1. Q. How do the people decide what must be done for their common benefit and protection? A. T h e people decide w h a t they w a n t done either by themselves directly or t h r o u g h their representatives in City Councils, State Legislatures, or Congress. 2. Q. Are most of the people able to do their share of the common work for all? A. No, m o s t of t h e people a r e too b u s y to do it, because they m u s t do their o w n w o r k on t h e f a r m s , in shops, factories, the professions, etc. 3. Q. What else makes it hard for the people to do their share of public work? A. T h e y live f a r off, f r e q u e n t l y , f r o m t h e place w h e r e the y a r e needed to work, a n d they c a n n o t come together to do it. 4. Q: How do people get their public work done? A. T h e y select representatives to do it f o r t h e m . 5. Q. What department of the Government does the peo- ple's work? A. T h e Executive D e p a r t m e n t does t h e w o r k f o r t h e people. 6. Q. How is the Executive Department made up? A. T h e people elect t h e chief executive, w h o in the city is called the Mayor, in the State the Governor, and in t h e Nation the President, a n d they allow these officers to select assistants. 2 6 CARRYING ON T H E PEOPLE'S WORK 2 7 7. Q. Why do we make up our Executive Departments in this way? A. Because it is better to select one m a n a n d m a k e h i m responsible f o r the w o r k t h a n to elect a n u m b e r w h o are n o t u n d e r t h e control of t h e p e r s o n direct- ing t h e i r w o r k . 8. Q. How is the Executive Department of the Nation ap- pointed? A. The people elect the President, Vice-President, Sen- a t o r s a n d Representatives, a n d the P r e s i d e n t ap- points t h e h e a d s of d e p a r t m e n t s w h o select their assistants. 9. Q. How are the assistants to the heads of departments selected for service in the Executive Department of the Nation? A. T h e y are selected by civil service e x a m i n a t i o n s a n d r e m a i n in service a s long as t h e y a r e capable a n d honest w o r k e r s . 10. Q. Is this a good way to get our public work well done? A. Yes, because in t h i s w a y we m a k e t h e P r e s i d e n t re- sponsible for the a p p o i n t m e n t of m e n w h o a r e a t the head of affairs, a n d we can praise or b l a m e h i m according to t h e w a y t h e w o r k is done. LESSON 2 . How do the people arrange to have their work carried on in the States? In the States t h e people elect a Governor a n d several other officers, a n d t h e Governor a p p o i n t s several assistants. Is the system of management of public affairs in the States different from that of the United States? Yes, in the States t h e m a n a g e m e n t of affairs is di- vided between t h e Governor a n d other officers. Does this method give the Governor control in the management of State affairs? 1. Q. A. 2. Q. A. 3. Q. 2 8 CIVICS CATECHISM A. No, it does n o t give h i m t h e e n t i r e c o n t r o l , a n d he h a s n o t a s m u c h p o w e r i n t h e m a n a g e m e n t of State a f f a i r s a s t h e P r e s i d e n t h a s in n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s . 4. Q. How do cities manage their affairs? A. T h e cities elect a Mayor, a n d o t h e r officers, o r a c o m - m i s s i o n . 5. Q. What is the commission form of government in city affairs? A. T h e c o m m i s s i o n of 3 or 5 m e m b e r s , e a c h h a v i n g c h a r g e of a m u n c i p a l d e p a r t m e n t , is elected by t h e people. 6. Q. What is a "business manager" of a ctiy? A. A b u s i n e s s m a n a g e r is a n a g e n t a p p o i n t e d b y t h e c o m - m i s s i o n to r u n t h e a f f a i r s of t h e city j u s t t h e s a m e a s t h e h e a d of a s t o r e or p l a n t r u n s t h e b u s i n e s s . 7. Q. What business for the people is taken care of in counties and townships? A . T h e c o u n t i e s a n d t o w n s h i p s look a f t e r t h e b u s i n e s s of e n f o r c i n g t h e law, k e e p i n g t h e j a i l s , t a k i n g c a r e of t h e p o o r , r e p a i r i n g t h e r o a d s , k e e p i n g t h e schools, etc. 8. Q. If an officer does not do his duty, can the people re- move him? A. Yes, i n m a n y p l a c e s t h e r e i s a p l a n called t h e " r e - c a l l " t o r e m o v e officers. 9. Q. How can an officer be removed under this plan? A. If a n u m b e r of people w i s h t o r e m o v e a n officer t h e y m a y sign a p e t i t i o n d e m a n d i n g h i s r e m o v a l , a n d i t i s t h e n voted o n b y all t h e people. 10. Q. What is the more usual way of removing public servants? A . T h e p u b l i c s e r v a n t s w h o a r e n o t liked b y t h e citizens a r e u s u a l l y r e m o v e d b y b e i n g t u r n e d o u t of office at t h e r e g u l a r election, w h e n t h e i r t e r m expires. C H A P T E R V I I I . T H E COURTS AND T H E I R W O R K . LESSON 1 . 1. 0. Why do we have courts? A. W e have c o u r t s to see t h a t j u s t i c e is done between m a n a n d m a n . 2. Q. How do the courts maintain justice? A. T h e y t r y cases of p e r s o n s w h o a r e charged with b r e a k i n g t h e laws, a n d fix t h e p u n i s h m e n t of those w h o are f o u n d guilty. 3. Q. When may a man call upon the courts to protect his rights? A. If a m a n is h a r m e d b y a n o t h e r , if his p r o p e r t y is u n - j u s t l y t a k e n f r o m h i m , or if he needs assistance in securing his j u s t s h a r e of p r o p e r t y by inheritance, h e m a y appeal to t h e c o u r t s f o r aid. 4. Q. What other work is done by the courts? A. T h e c o u r t s decide w h e t h e r a m a n w h o is charged w i t h c r i m e really did b r e a k t h e law, a n d if h e did, they fix h i s p u n i s h m e n t . 5. Q. Do we need courts to enforce the laws? A. Yes, because t h e r e a r e always some w h o d o n o t play fair, a n d w h e n laws a r e m a d e t h e y a r e useless if n o t obeyed. 6. Q. What are the justice of the peace courts? A. T h e y a r e c o u r t s w h e r e the disputes over small a m o u n t s of p r o p e r t y , or small debts a r e settled, a n d cases of p e r s o n s charged w i t h lesser c r i m e s a r e h e a r d . 3 0 CIVICS CATECHISM 7. Q. How are these courts established? A. Justices of the peace are elected b y t h e people as their representatives in settling small cases. 8. Q. What other officer is necessary to carry on the work of these courts? A. T h e constable or o t h e r officer w h o serves the w a r - r a n t s on people a g a i n st w h o m charges a r e m a d e t o t h e j u s t i c e of t h e peace. 9. Q. Does the justice of the peace alone determine who is guilty? A. Not in all cases. A j u r y m a y be d e m a n d e d i n m a n y cases. 10. Q. If a person loses his trial in a justice court, can he secure another hearing? A. Yes, he can appeal his case to a higher court. LESSON 2. 1. Q. What are the city courts? A. T h e s e are courts established in most cities instead of j u s t i c e courts, w h e r e cases of p e r s o n s w h o are charged w i t h b r e a k i n g t h e city laws a n d lesser crimes are h e a r d . 2. Q. Who decides the cases in the city courts? A. Most cases are decided by t h e judge, t h o u g h a j u r y m a y be d e m a n d e d in certain cases. 3. Q. Do persons tried in the city courts have the right of appeal? A. Yes, a n y p e r s o n w h o does not feel t h a t j u s t i c e h a s been done h i m in t h e city c o u r t s m a y appeal to the higher courts. 4. Q. What is the next higher court? A. T h e n e x t higher c o u r t is t h e c o u n t y court, sometimes called the circuit or district court. 5. Q. What is 'he purpose of the county court? A. Its p u r p o s e is to t r y m o r e i m p o r t a n t cases w h i c h do not go before t h e j u s t i c e of t h e peace or city court» T H E COURTS AND T H E I R WORK 3 1 6. Q. How is a case brought into the city or county courts? A. Complaint m u s t be made, a n d t h e p e r s o n complained of is notified by a n officer of the c o u r t to come to court on a certain day w h e n t h e case will be tried. 7. Q. What are the criminal courts? A. T h e y a r e either city or c o u n t y c o u r t s provided t o t r y all cases of p e r s o n s accused of crime. 8. Q. If a man is accused of crime is he summoned to ap- pear in court on a certain day? A. No, he is a r r e s t e d a n d b r o u g h t i n t o court, t h o u g h he m a y be released on bail u n t i l t h e t i m e of his trial. 9. Q. How is a man tried who is accused of crime? A. He is u s u a l l y tried b y j u r y . T h e j u d g e sees t h a t the f a c t s are clearly b r o u g h t out on both sides and fixes the sentence if the m a n is f o u n d guilty. 10. Why is the right of appeal given to any person tried in these courts? A. Because t h e people do n o t w a n t to p u n i s h a n y one u n j u s t l y , a n d t h e y h a v e a l w a y s been c a r e f u l to see t h a t e v e r y one can g e t j u s t i c e by a p p e a l i n g t o t h e h i g h e r c o u r t s . LESSON 3 . 1. Q. How many United States courts are there? A. T h e r e are t h r e e — t h e district court, the circuit c o u r t of appeals, a n d the S u p r e m e Court of the United States. 2. Q. What cases do they try? A. T h e y t r y all cases of p e r s o n s accused of b r e a k i n g t h e laws of t h e United States. 3. Q. What other cases do they try? A. T h e y t r y all cases of i m p o r t a n c e between citizens of different States, cases of disputes between two States, a n d a few other m a t t e r s . 3 2 CIVICS CATECHISM 4. Q. How are cases tried in the United States courts? A. T h e y are tried in the same w a y as in t h e city or State courts, a n d t h e y m a y be decided by j u d g e or j u r y . 5. How are the judges of the United States Supreme Court appointed? A. T h e y are appointed b y t h e P r e s i d e n t to serve d u r i n g good behavior. 6. Q. What is the duty of this court? A. Its d u t y is to go over t h e cases w h i c h have been tried i n t h e lower c o u r t s to see t h a t justice h a s been done. 7. Q. What kind of cases are brought before this court? A. Cases f r o m t h e F e d e r a l Courts, a n d some cases f r o m t h e State c o u r t s m a y be appealed to t h e S u p r e m e Court. 8. Q. Why have we always had in America trial by jury? A. Because t h e people have always believed t h a t a m a n would be m o r e secure f r o m i n j u s t i c e if his case were decided by a j u r y of his fellowmen, t h a n if he were tried by one m a n . 9. Q. Is a jury trial final? A. It is u su a l l y final unless appealed, b u t w h e n a j u r y sets f r e e a m a n w h o h a s been accused of serious crime, h e can never be tried for the same crime again. 10. Q. How important have the people considered trial by jury? A. T h e people have considered it so i m p o r t a n t t h a t they have g u a r a n t e e d in the Constitution of the United States the right of trial by j u r y to every person ac- cused of crime a n d in all p r o p e r t y suits where t h e value of the p r o p e r t y is more t h a n t w e n t y dollars. C H A P T E R VIII. D E A L I N G S W I T H O T H E R C O U N T R I E S . LESSON M 1. Q. Why do people of one country travel In other coun- tries? A. Some travel to get education, some to secure t r a d e or find w o r k , a n d others to visit relatives. 2. Q. Is it necessary for us to trade with other countries? A. Yes, because we do not m a k e or grow all we need a n d we m u s t b u y these things f r o m the countries which produce t h e m . 3. Q. Is fair play among nations necessary to carry on trade? A. Yes, it is right a n d necessary. 4. Q. What happens when countries deal unfairly with each other? A. Very o f t e n w a r s are b r o u g h t on b y u n f a i r dealings. 5. Q. Why is there unfairness between peoples of different countries? A. T h e principal r e a s o n w h y t h e r e is u n f a i r n e s s is t h a t people of different n a t i o n s do not k n o w each other. 6. Q. How do nations try to prevent misunderstandings and unfair dealings? A. T h e y send m i n i s t e r s a n d a m b a s s a d o r s to other coun- tries. 7. Q. What do these agents of the government in foreign countries do? A. T h e y act as f r i e n d l y visitors a n d look a f t e r t h e in- t e r e s t s of their own citizens. 3 4 CIVICS CATECHISM 8. Q. What are consuls and agents? A. They a r e representatives of governments w h o a r e sent to all the leading cities of foreign lands to assist their own people in their daily life or t r a d e w i t h the foreign c o u n t r y . 9. Q. Are consuls and agents able to help merchants in their own lands? A. Yes, t h e y f u r n i s h to the m e r c h a n t s a n d m a n u f a c t u r e r s of t h e i r own l a n d s i n f o r m a t i o n about m a r k e t s for goods. 10. Q. Do they also help nations to become acquainted with each other? A. Yes, by having these representatives it is possible to l e a r n the f a c t s i n a n y case, a n d t h u s to p r e v e n t q u a r r e l s f r o m arising. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. What system has been set up between nations for settling their differences? A. A system of c o u r t s called a r b i t r a t i o n courts. 2. Q. How are these courts established? A. T h e y are appointed by t h e n a t i o n s which have differ- ences to settle. 3. Q. Does America believe in arbitration? A. Yes, f o r m a n y y e a r s America h a s settled most of h e r difficulties in t h i s way, a n d she p r e f e r s to do this r a t h e r t h a n go to w a r . 4. Q. What is immigration? A. I m m i g r a t i o n is t h e m o v e m e n t of peoples f r o m one c o u n t r y to a n o t h e r . 5. Q. Does America offer a home to peoples from other lands? A. Yes, A m e r i c a h a s a l w a y s k e p t t h e door open a n d m a d e i t possible f o r o t h e r people t o become citizens of t h i s c o u n t r y . DEALINGS W I T H OTHER COUNTRIES 3 5 6. Q. What does America ask of those who come here to live? A. All t h a t she a s k s of people w h o w i s h t o live h e r e is t h a t they abide by the Constitution a n d laws of the c o u n t r y . 7. Q. Does America invite immigrants to be citizens? A. Yes, America invites every one to become a citizen a n d h e l p in t h e w o r k of the country. 8. Q. How may international "peace be promoted? A. B y e d u c a t i o n a n d a c t i o n based on Catholic p r i n c i - ples u n d e r l y i n g w o r l d p r o b l e m s . 9. Q. Where may knowledge of these subjects be secured? A. By w r i t i n g t h e Catholic A s s o c i a t i o n f o r I n t e r n a - t i o n a l Peace, 1312 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N . W=», W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. C H A P T E R VIII. MILITARY SERVICE. LESSON 1. 1. Q. Who protects the safety and welfare of our country? A. T h e people protect our c o u n t r y a n d every citizen m u s t do his p a r t in this. 2. Q. What is each citizen expected to do? A. E a c h citizen is expected to u n d e r s t a n d a n d vote on public questions a n d to give his p r o p e r t y a n d even h i s life to his c o u n t r y in time of need. S. Q. If the country is compelled to go to war, must every citizen take part? A. Yes, every citizen m u s t t a k e p a r t , a n d it is t h e righ) of citizens to compel each to do his duty. 4. Q. How is the age of military service fixed? A. T h e age of m i l i t a r y service is fixed by the State Con- stitutions, a n d by Congress. 5. Q. What was the age of military service in the World War? A. T h e ages were fixed by Congress first at 21 to 30, and later extended to the ages of 18 to 45. 6. Q. In the early years of our history how did the coun- try recruit an army? A. It depended on m e n to volunteer their services. 7. Q. Was this a good method? A. No, because all m e n w h o should have enlisted did not do so voluntarily, a n d m a n y who, f o r some spe- cial reason ought to have r e m a i n e d at home, en- listed t h r o u g h a sense of p a t r i o t i s m . MILITARY SERVICE 3 7 8. Q. Did injustice sometimes happen through this method of raising an army? A. Yes, it was possible f o r a m a n to get out of going to war. 9. Q. Do we wish to force men into military service? A. No, America desires to r e m a i n a t peace with the "world, 10. Q. Why do we keep a small army? A. W e keep a small a r m y because we w a n t it only foi protection, and we do not w a n t it to control othe" people or the people of this, c o u n t r y . LESSON 2 . 1. Q. Why do Americans fear to have the army control civil affairs? A. Because t h e y h a v e seen t h e evil r e s u l t s of t h i s policy in E u r o p e , w h e r e a r m i e s d e s t r o y e d a n d s e t u p gov- e r n m e n t s f o r t h e i r o w n p u r p o s e s . 2. Q. Were the American Colonies willing to have standing armies kept among them? A. No, one of t h e r e a s o n s w h y t h e y revolted a g a i n s t t h e K i n g of E n g l a n d w a s t h a t h e k e p t s t a n d i n g a r m i e s a m o n g t h e m in t i m e of peace w i t h o u t t h e i r con- s e n t . 3. Q. Were the Colonists willing to feed and keep soldiers in their homes? A. No, t h e Colonists f e l t t h a t t h i s w a s a n i n j u s t i c e . 4. Q. What did they do to protect themselves against such injustice ? A. W h e n t h e y f o r m e d t h e i r own C o n s t i t u t i o n i t declared t h a t no soldiers should, in t i m e of peace, be k e p t in a n y one's h o m e w i t h o u t h i s consent. 3 8 CIVICS CATECHISM 5. Q. How can we control the army in America? A. O u r Constitution provides t h a t Congress c a n n o t vote money for the a r m y for more t h a n two y e a r s a t a time, a n d the people can control it by r e f u s i n g to vote the money. 6. Q. Why is it not necessary for America to maintain a large army? A. Because our a r m y is f o r defence only, a n d not to t a k e t e r r i t o r y f r o m other peoples. 7. Q. Can the United States increase her army rapidly if need be? A. Yes, we rapidly increased our small a r m y in the W o r l d W a r u n t i l it included about 4,000,000 m e n . 8 . Q. What will help to prevent wars? A. T h e growth of better u n d e r s t a n d i n g between coun- tries a n d t h e establishing of m e a n s to settle disputes w h e n t h e y arise 9. Q. How may one know what is right and wrong regard- ing war and peace? A. B y s t u d y i n g t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t h i s s u b j e c t p r e p a r e d b y t h e Catholic Association f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Peace, 1312 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N . W., W a s h - i n g t o n , D. C. C H A P T E R X L P R E V E N T I N G F R A U D S . LESSON 1. Q. What do people wish to accomplish in their dealings with each other? A. People wish to p r e v e n t f r a u d in their dealings w i t h each other. Q. What is fraud? A. F r a u d is a n u n f a i r m e t h o d of dealing w i t h others by which m a n y people t r y to get w h a t does not belong to t h e m or to keep o t h e r s f r o m having w h a t is theirs. Q. Is it good policy to deal fairly with others? A. Yes, because if u n f a i r n e s s is p e r m i t t e d to one, all suffer. Q. Are laws passed to punish fraud and unfair dealings? A. Yes, because u n f a i r dealing is a f o r m of stealing. Q. What is one of the common ways of fraud? A. One of t h e c o m m o n ways of f r a u d is to give short weights a n d m e a s u r e s in the sale of goods. Q. Do States and cities try to protect their citizens from fraud of this kind? A. Yes, they have d e p a r t m e n t s of weights a n d m e a s u r e s to test the weights a n d m e a s u r e s used. Q. What is the duty of the officers of these departments? A. T h e i r d u t y is to a r r e s t a n d p u n i s h a n y one w h o m they find u s i n g s h o r t weights or m e a s u r e s . Q. Are employers and employees sometimes guilty of un- fair practices in their dealings with each other? 3 9 4 0 CIVICS CATECHISM A. Yes, if a n employer overworks or u n d e r p a y s h i s men» or a n employee s h i r k s his job, he is guilty of f r a u d or u n f a i r dealing. 9. Q. What other frauds are practiced in selling goods? A. Imitations or substitutes a r e sometimes used i n sell- ing goods. 10. Q. Why is this unfair dealing? A. Because i m i t a t i o n s or s u b s t i t u t e s can only be seen by a n expert or one w h o k n o w s how the goods are made, a n d t h e goods a r e n o t w h a t they are said t o be. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. What is a bank? A. A b a n k is a place w h e r e people m a y leave their money a n d have it protected? 2. Q. Is a bank useful to the people? A. Yes, it is of great service to t h e people because it pro- tects their money, e a r n s interest f o r t h e m , a n d pro- vides the m e a n s by w h i c h t h e business of the com- m u n i t y is r u n . 3. Q. Is a good bank a safe place to put your money? A. Yes, because it is c o n s t a n t l y looked a f t e r by the Gov- e r n m e n t . 4. Q. Are laws passed to punish people who practice fraud through the banks? A. Yes, laws are passed to p u n i s h m e n w h o u s e t h e b a n k s to commit f r a u d . 5. Q. Are there good banks in every community? A. Yes, t h e r e are p l e n t y of good b a n k s , b u t if a n y one is in doubt he should get the advice of a good business m a n . 6. Q. What banks have the people provided for themselves? A. T h e people have established t h e postal savings b a n k w h e r e every one m a y safely deposit his money. PREVENTING FRAUDS 4 1 7. Q. What are blue sky frauds? A. Blue sky f r a u d s is a n a m e given to t h e sale of false stocks, b o n d s or lands which do not exist. 8. Q. Are men always dishonest who sell these? A. Not always. T h e r e have been cases of m e n w h o were not intentionally dishonest, b u t w h o did not have good business j u d g m e n t , a n d whose p l a n s did not w o r k out as they expected. 9. Q. Are there laws always able to protect people against these frauds? A. Sometimes clever m e n get a r o u n d the law before they are f o u n d out, and so every one m u s t t a k e care to have good advice about his investments. 10. Q. How are men sometimes cheated by others in regard to employment? A. Sometimes m e n are cheated by others w h o pretend they can secure w o r k f o r t h e m by p a y m e n t of p a r t of t h e i r weekly wages, or t h a t they can have a m a n discharged unless he p a y s t h e m money. 11. Q. What other ways of fraud are there? A. Selling false s t e a m s h i p or r a i l r o a d tickets, or charg- ing m o r e t h a n t h e y are w o r t h a r e w a y s of practicing f r a u d . 12. Q. How should everyone try to make it impossible for men to succeed by practicing fraud? A. Every one should be c a r e f u l to deal w i t h honest men a n d have good advice about spending a n d investing his money. He should also u n d e r s t a n d t h e laws a n d be p r e p a r e d to vote intelligently on t h e m w h e n t h e r e is occasion to do so. C H A P T E R VIII. INSURANCE. LESSON 1. 1. Q. What is insurance? A. I n s u r a n c e is a m e a n s of s h a r i n g each o t h e r ' s b u r d e n s . 2. Q. What burdens and worries do most men face all the time? A. T h e f e a r t h a t t h r o u g h illness or accident they m a y be unable to work, the f e a r of becoming old w i t h o u t m e a n s of support, a n d t h e f e a r of being w i t h o u t w o r k . 3. Q. How is insurance carried on? A. By the p a y m e n t into a c o m m o n f u n d by individual m e n a n d w o m e n . 4. Q. How does insurance help those who suffer. A. W h e n a n y one w h o h a s contributed to the f u n d is in trouble f o r a n y of these reasons, he m a y receive p a y m e n t s f r o m the f u n d . 5. Q. If one is injured while at work, can he collect in- surance? A. Yes, in nearly all t h e States t h e r e is a plan of in- surance against accidents. 6. Q. What does the injured man receive in this case? A. He receives a p a r t of his wages a n d p a y for the doctor a n d hospital bills. 7. Q. What must the injured workman do to collect this insurance? A. All t h a t is necessary is t h a t he have p r o p e r p a p e r s made out by the doctor a n d employer, a n d no fee should be paid to a n y one to collect the a m o u n t . INSURANCE 4 3 8. Q. In case of death, is insurance paid to the man's family? A. Yes, a n d in m o s t States this p a y m e n t is m a d e to them, w h e t h e r t h e y live in this c o u n t r y or not. 9. Q. In States where there is no system of accident insur- ance, may the worker collect any damages from the employer in case of accident? A. Yes, in those States the i n j u r e d w o r k m a n m a y col- lect damages if the accident is d u e to t h e f a u l t of the employer. 10. Q. If it is necessary to employ a lawyer in such cases, what should the workman do? A. He should t a k e great care to get a capable a n d honest lawyer a n d not sign a n y p a p e r s t h a t he does not f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d w i t h o u t consulting his lawyer. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. How may a worker protect himself against illness? A. By t h e p a y m e n t of a small a m o u n t each week or m o n t h into a f u n d f o r h e a l t h i n s u r a n c e . 2. Q. Do our States have a system of health insurance? A. No, none of our States have at this time adopted t h i s m e t h o d of protection. 3. Q. How may the worker carry health insurance now? A. He m a y c a r r y it in a f r a t e r n a l or f r i e n d l y order, in a n i n s u r a n c e company, a n d in some t r a d e u n i o n s ; in some i n d u s t r i e s t h e r e are m u t u a l societies com- posed of t h e w o r k m e n in the shop. 4. Q. How are these insurance organizations carried on? A. E v e r y m e m b e r p a y s a certain s u m each week or m o n t h f o r this protection in case of sickness. 5. Q. How much insurance is usually paid in these so- cieties? . A. T h e u s u a l p a y is f r o m $5.00 to $7.00 a week, a n d some medical care is given. 4 4 CIVICS CATECHISM 6. Q. Is it for a man's benefit to insure himself? A. Yes, the loss of wages a n d the cost of medical care is so great t h a t every m a n ought to i n s u r e himself, so t h a t he a n d those d e p e n d e n t on h i m m a y have enough to live on while t h e sickness lasts. 7. Q. Why ought a man to carry life insurance? A. Because he ought to leave enough money to p a y f o r his sickness a n d burial, a n d some s u p p o r t for a n y w h o are dependent on h i m . 8. Q. How may insurance best be carried at the present time? A. In the f r a t e r n a l societies or i n s u r a n c e companies. 9. Q. May a man insure himself against unemployment? A. Yes, if he belongs to certain of t h e labor u n i o n s w h o p a y their m e m b e r s w h o c a n n o t get a job a certain a m o u n t each week. 10. Q. Does the Government provide unemployment insur- ance? A. No, b u t it tries to find w o r k f o r people t h r o u g h f r e e employment agencies. 11. Q. Is there a government system of old age insurance in America? A. No, b u t p l a n s a r e being considered in several States. 12. Q. Are there other systems of old age insurance? A. Yes, some of t h e labor u n i o n s give their m e m b e r s a n old age pension, a n d a few industries, do. Police- • ••' men, soldiers, firemen, a n d teachers usually receive a pension f r o m t h e public t r e a s u r y w h e n they a r e old or disabled. C H A P T E R V I I I . TAXATION. LESSON 1. 1. Q. What do people provide for their own protection? A. Roads a n d streets, education, h e a l t h d e p a r t m e n t s , fire a n d police d e p a r t m e n t s , a r m y , navy, hospitals a n d asylums. 2. Q. Who receives the benefit of these means of protection? A- These m e a n s of protection are all f o r the benefit of t h e people. 3. Q. Whose duty is it to pay for these? A. It is the people's d u t y to p a y for t h e m . 4. Q. How can they be paid for? A. By taxes, w h i c h are d i s t r i b u t e d in such a way t h a t every one will p a y his f a i r share. 5. Q. What is a poll tax? A. A poll t a x is a special t a x placed u p o n every m a n w h o is over a certain age, u su a l l y 21 years. 6. Q. Do you think this is a good form of tax? A. No, because it is too h a r d to collect. Men can easily get out of paying it. 7. Q. What is the most common tax? A. T h e most c o m m o n is the general p r o p e r t y tax. 8. Q. How is the property tax assessed? A. T h e t a x is assessed u p o n t h e a m o u n t of p r o p e r t y one possesses. 9. Q. Does the man who owns property always pay the tax directly? A. No, for if he r e n t s his property, the r e n t is usually high enough to p a y t h e taxes. 4 5 4 6 CIVICS CATECHISM 10. Q. Who finally pays property tax? A. T h e p r o p e r t y t a x is finally paid by the m a n w h o r e n t s p r o p e r t y or uses goods. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. How ought taxes be distributed among the people? A. T h e y ought to be distributed according to the ability of people to pay. 2. Q. Upon what does the ability to pay depend? A. T h e ability to p a y depends u p o n t h e a m o u n t of in- come a m a n m a y have. 3. Q. Does the Government take this into account in col- lecting income taxes? A. Yes, the income t a x exempts enough for living ex- penses, a n d increases as t h e income increases. 4. Q. Why is the income tax coming into general use now? A. Because it is easier to m a k e each person pay his f a i r s h a r e of the cost t h a n by t h e p r o p e r t y tax. 5. Q. What is the inheritance tax? A. T h e i n h e r i t a n c e t a x is the money t a k e n f o r public use f r o m t h e p r o p e r t y w h i c h a m a n leaves w h e n he dies. 6. Q. Is the inheritance tax the same for all? A. No. T h e t a x is increased as t h e a m o u n t which a m a n leaves increases. 7. Q. Why do we have inheritance taxes? A. Because m a n y of our people believe t h a t if large a m o u n t s of p r o p e r t y are l e f t at death, they should be taxed for t h e benefit of all t h e people. 8. Q. Are some taxes paid indirectly? A. Yes, t h e y are added to t h e cost of goods a n d paid by the p e r s o n w h o uses the goods. 9. Q. Do all people think this is a good way to tax people? A. No. People p a y t h i s k i n d of t a x w i t h o u t knowing it, b u t m a n y t h i n k t h e y would r a t h e r k n o w h o w m u c h it is and pay it directly. TAXATION 4 7 LESSON 3 . 1. Q. What is the single tax? A. T h e single t a x is a system which places all taxes on land, b u t none on buildings or improvements. 2. Q. Under this system, if the land increased in value, would the tax be increased? A. Yes, all increases in l a n d value would be t a k e n as a tax. 3. Q. Why do many people want this system of taxation? A. Because t h e y t h i n k t h a t it is the people w h o live in t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d not the owner who m a k e t h e land valuable, a n d they ought to have the benefit of t h e increased value. 4. Q. Why do governments raise money by taxation? A. In order to c a r r y on w o r k f o r the w e l f a r e of all citi- zens a n d to distribute the cost j u s t l y among t h e m . 5. Q. Do the people sometimes raise money for the Govern- ment in other ways? A. Yes. T h e people sometimes b o r r o w m o n e y t h r o u g h their government a n d give their bonds for it. 6. Q. What are bonds? V. Bonds a r e p ro m i se s m a d e by the people to p a y a cer- t a i n s u m of money at a certain time. 7. Q. Why do governments issue bonds? A. To p a y f o r some public w o r k w h e n t h e y c a n n o t raise money t h r o u g h taxes w i t h o u t too m u c h cost to the people. 8. Q. Is this a just way of distributing the cost of public works? A. Yes, especially if it is f o r i m p r o v e m e n t s w h i c h are ex- pected to last a long time, for it is only f a i r t h a t f u t u r e generations w h o will use t h e m p a y some« t h i n g toward t h e m . 4 8 CIVICS CATECHISM 9. Q. Is it good policy to borrow money for the use of the people? A. Yes, b u t t h e people should not b o r r o w too much, nor f o r things which are n o t needed. 10. Q. Do you think we are compelled to pay too much money to support the Government? A. No, as long as t h e m o n e y is used for t h i n g s the people need a n d approve. 11. Q. What do all the people approve using money for? A. T h e y approve t h e use of m o n e y f o r good r o a d s a n d s t r e e t s , h e a l t h , police a n d fire p r o t e c t i o n , l i b r a r i e s , schools, a r m i e s , a n d m a n y o t h e r t h i n g s . C H A P T E R VIII. T H E CITIZEN'S PART. LESSON 1. 1. Q. Why should men and women do their share of the work in government? A. Because everything t h a t the Government does bene- fits n e a r l y every one. 2. Q. What is the first duty of a citizen? A. T h e first d u t y of a citizen is to vote at every election. 3. Q. Why should every citizen vote? A. He should vote to help elect the m e n w h o are to act as his agents in conducting public affairs. 4. Q. What should every citizen know before he votes? A. He should u n d e r s t a n d public questions a n d k n o w about the m e n w h o are to be voted for. 5. Q. What should he know about men who are seeking office? A. He should k n o w w h e t h e r t h e y a r e able to do t h e w o r k the office requires, a n d w h e t h e r t h e y are honest men. 6. Q. Why is it necessary for every citizen to know about public men? A. Every citizen should learn about public m e n i n order to k n o w w h o are f a i t h f u l to t h e people's interest, which are also his interests. 7. Q. How can he help to select good men for public work? A. By studying public questions a n d k n o w i n g about public m e n . 5 0 CIVICS CATECHISM 8. Q. How else can he help to get good government? A. Every citizen c a n help to get good government by p r a i s i n g the m e n w h o do good w o r k . 9. Q. How can he help to prevent bad government? A. He ca n help to prevent b a d government by condemn- ing m e n w h o do not do f a i t h f u l w o r k . 10. Q. How can a citizen learn about public questions and office seekers? A. By reading the p a p e r s a n d magazines, by listen- ing to speeches by public m e n a n d by following their actions while in office. LESSON 2 1. Q. Is it ever the duty of a citizen to hold office? A. Yes, whenever he believes he c a n be of special service in h a n d l i n g public affairs. 2. Q. Why are good citizens sometimes slow in seeking office? A. Because they a r e b u s y w i t h their own affairs a n d do n o t like to give the time. 3. Q. Did men and women show they were good citizens during the war? A. Yes, d u r i n g the w a r m e n a n d women everywhere left their own w o r k to help the country. 4. Q. Should every citizen be willing to work for his coun- try? A. Yes, he should be willing a t all times to w o r k f o r his c o u n t r y if necessary. 5. Q. Why is it the duty of every one to pay taxes? A. Every one m u s t p a y taxes because it is his d u t y to p a y his s h a r e of the cost of government. 6. Q. Does every citizen receive more benefits than he pays for? A. Yes, t h e benefits of government to every person are f a r greater t h a n t h e cost. T H E CITIZEN'S PART 5 1 7. Q. Why do men sometimes think they have not received their money's worth? A. Because in times p a s t in other lands taxes were not paid for the benefit of the people b u t of t h e r u l e r s . 8. Q. Were taxes in America ever paid for the benefit of the ruling class? A. No, i n America taxes have always been levied a n d paid by the people themselves. 9. Q. Are taxes forced upon the people in this country? A. No, h e r e t h e people tax themselves f o r their own benefit. 10. Q. Besides paying his own share of the taxes, what should every citizen do? A. He should see t h a t every other citizen p a y s his share, so t h a t n o one will shirk or not play f a i r w i t h all. C H A P T E R X V N A T U R A L I Z A T I O N . LESSON 1. 1. Q. What are the three steps in the process of naturaliza- tion? A. F i r s t , " T h e Declaration of I n t e n t i o n ; " second, " T h e Petition f o r N a t u r a l i z a t i o n ; " t h i r d , " T h e F i n a l H e a r i n g in Open Court." 2. Q. Who may make "The Declaration of Intention?" A. A n y i m m i g r a n t w h o h a s reached the age of 18 y e a r s a n d desires to be a citizen of t h e United States. 3. Q. What must an immigrant do to make "The Declara- tion of Intention?" A. He must obtain from the Naturalization Service, of the United States Dept. of Labor* form A-2213. These forms may be obtained from the various offices of the Naturalization Service throughout the United States, and when filled out should be re- turned to the officer whose address is given on the form. 4. Q. When may an immigrant make a request for his "First Paper" or "Declaration of Intention?" A. An immigrant may make a request for his "First Paper" any time after he arrives in the United States and has decided that he wishes to be a citi- zen of the United States. 5. Q. Does the immigrant need to know how to speak or write English before securing his "First Paper?" A. No, he does not need to k n o w English before securing his " F i r s t P a p e r . " 6. Q. What is the only thing required of an immigrant who wishes his "First Paper?" t A. He must have been legally admitted to the United States for permanent residence and must take an oath that "it is his honest intention to become a citizen of the United States." 5 2 NATURALIZATION 5 3 7. Q. When an immigrant goes to court what must he do f A . H e i s g i v e n a p a p e r called " T h e D e c l a r a t i o n of I n t e n t i o n , " which m u s t be filled out. 8. Q. What is done with this paper? A. I t i s give n t o t h e clerk of t h e c o u r t , w h o l a t e r r e t u r n s i t t o t h e i m m i g r a n t . 9. Q. Is there any fee collected by the court for this service? A. Yes, t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n f e e s ; one of $2.50 c o v e r i n g t h e c e r t i f i c a t e of a r r i v a l p a y a b l e t o t h e Commis- s i o n e r of I m m i g r a t i o n a n d N a t u r a l i z a t i o n upon a p p l y i n g f o r t h e " F i r s t P a p e r " ; t h e o t h e r a $2.50 f e e p a y a b l e t o t h e c o u r t w h e n t h e alien o b t a i n s h i s " F i r s t P a p e r . " T h e r e i s a n a d d i t i o n a l f e e of $5.00 p a y a b l e u p o n i s s u a n c e of final c i t i z e n s h i p p a p e r s . 10. Q. What facts must be stated in the "First Paper?" A. T h e m a i n f a c t s w h i c h m u s t be s t a t e d are': N a m e . age, occupation, d a t e of a r r i v a l i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , n a m e of vessel on w h i c h a p p l i c a n t a r r i v e d , a n d p r e s e n t a d d r e s s . 11. Q. What is the "Certificate of Arrival?" A. I t is a f o r m c e r t i f y i n g t o t h e n a m e of t h e s h i p on w h i c h h e c a m e a n d t h e d a t e a n d place of h i s a r r i v a l . 12. Q. How may this form be secured? A. T h i s f o r m i s obtained b y t h e n a t u r a l i z a t i o n officer f o r t h e a p p l i c a n t L E S S O N 2 1. Q. How long must an immigrant reside in the United States before receiving his "Certificate of Natu^ ralization?" A. A n a p p l i c a n t m u s t h a v e r e s i d e d h e r e a t least five y e a r s i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g t h e d a t e of his a p p l i c a t i o n . 5 4 CIVICS CATECHISM 2. Q. How long must he have lived in the State? A . H e m u s t h a v e lived a t least s i x m o n t h s w i t h i n t h e C o u n t y w h e r e h e files h i s p e t i t i o n . 3. Q. After the "Declaration of Intention" is made, how long must an immigrant wait before he may apply for his final naturalization paper, or "Certificate of Naturalization?" A. H e m u s t w a i t a t least t w o y e a r s , b u t h e c a n n o t a p p l y f o r h i s final p a p e r s u n t i l h e h a s lived in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r five y e a r s . 4. Q. Where must the "Petition for Citizenship" and the "Declaration" be made? A. B o t h t h e " P e t i t i o n f o r C i t i z e n s h i p " a n d t h e "Decla- r a t i o n " m u s t be m a d e w h e r e t h e alien resides, a n d h e m u s t h a v e r e s i d e d f o r six m o n t h s i n t h e s a m e c o u n t y w h e r e h e files t h e p e t i t i o n . 5. Q. What papers must he take with him? A. H e m u s t t a k e w i t h h i m h i s " F i r s t P a p e r " a n d a " C e r t i f i c a t e of A r r i v a l " if he h a s come to A m e r i c a since J u n e 29, 1906. 6. Q. Must the applicant have witnesses? A. Yes, h e m u s t h a v e t w o w i t n e s s e s w h o a r e Citizens of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . 7. Q. What must the witnesses be able to swear to about the applicant? A . T h e y m u s t be able to s w e a r t h a t t h e y haVe k n o w n h i m d u r i n g all of h i s r e s i d e n c e ( u p t o five y e a r s ) i n t h e C o u n t y a n d t o t e s t i f y a s t o h i s fitness f o r citizenship. 8 . Q. What are some things which make an applicant fit for citizenship? A. To b e fit f o r c i t i z e n s h i p i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n a p p l i c a n t m u s t be of good m o r a l c h a r a c t e r , m u s t be able t o r e a d a n d w r i t e , m u s t k n o w s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d h i s t o r y of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . H e m u s t n o t be a c r i m i n a l , o r believe in polygamy, o r b e opposed t o o r g a n i z e d g o v e r n m e n t . NATURALIZATION 5 5 LESSON 3 . 1. Q. After the "Petition for Naturalization" or "Second Paper" is filed in court, what is then done? A. T h e court m a k e s a t h o r o u g h investigation of both applicant a n d witnesses a n d s u m m o n s t h e m to ap- pear in open c o u r t before the judge. 2. Q. When does the court hearing take place? A. Not less t h a n 90 days a f t e r t h e filing of t h e "Second P a p e r . " 3. Q. Does the court inquire about the moral character of the applicant /or citizenship? A. Yes, the applicant m u s t s a t i s f y the court t h a t he i s of good m o ra l c h a r a c t e r . 4. Q. What must he know about the United States? A. He m u s t be able to a n sw e r general questions about the m o r e i m p o r t a n t points of American h i s t o r y a n d government. 5. Q. Are there definite questions he will be required to answer? A. No, t h e court is u su a l l y satisfied if he u n d e r s t a n d s t h e m a i n privileges a n d duties of citizenship. 6. Q. Must he know how to speak and write simple English? A. Yes. 7. Q. If the applicant satisfies the court that he is fit for citizenship, what must he do before receiving his final papers? A. He m u s t t a k e the o a t h of allegiance to t h e United States. 8. Q. What does the "Oath of Allegiance" require of him? A. It r e q u i r e s his p r o m i s e to uphold the government of t h e United States, a n d to be a good citizen by obey- ing its laws. 9. Q. Does the "Oath of Allegiance" require him to re- nounce his allegiance to any other Government? 5 6 CIVICS CATECHISM A. Yes, he m u s t r e n o u n c e all allegiance t o his f o r m e r government. 10. Q. When the "Oath of Allegiance" has been taken what does the court then give him? A. It gives h i m a "Certificate of Citizenship" or, in some cases, sends it to h i m later by registered mail. LESSON 4 . L Q. If witnesses are naturalized citizens must they prove their citizenship to the coun? A. Yes, t h e y m u s t t a k e their "Certificates of Citizenship" to t h e court. 2. Q. If a witness is ill, or unable to appear in court, may the applicant get some one to go in his place? A. Yes, a n o t h e r w i t n e s s m a y be s u b s t i t u t e d if he can t a k e t h e o a t h to t h e s a m e s t a t e m e n t s as t h e original witness. 3. Q. If the judge thinks it necessary can he compel the original witness to go to court? A. Yes, t h e original witness c a n be compelled by law to go to court. 4. Q. If the applicant has not lived in the State fwe years, can he secure statements from witnesses where he lived before? A. Yes, he c a n secure s t a t e m e n t s w h i c h are called depo- sitions. 5. Q. Is it necessary in this case that each witness shall have known him fwe years? A. No, i n this case it is enough if the witnesses collec- tively have k n o w n h i m five years. 6. Q. If a man loses his citizenship papers, may he secure others? A. He m a y secure a duplicate by m a k i n g a sworn state- m e n t in court t h a t he h a s lost t h e m . NATURALIZATION 5 7 7. Q. Can anyone receive his citizenship papers just before election? A. No, applicants c a n n o t receive p a p e r s w i t h i n 30 days before general elections in any State. 8 . Q. May an applicant for citizenship change his name? A. Yes, he m a y do it at the time he secures h i s citizenship p a p e r s if t h e court allows it. 9. Q. May an applicant holding a foreign title be given citizenship? A. Yes, if he renounces the foreign title. 10. Q. If an applicant is refused citizen's papers, will his fees be returned to him? A. No, he c a n n o t recover a n y fees if he is r e f u s e d citizen's p a p e r s . LESSON 5 . 1. Q. Does the naturalization of a married man make his wife a citizen? A. No. Since 1922 t h e wife does not become a citizen t h r o u g h the n a t u r a l i z a t i o n of h e r h u s b a n d . 2. Q. May the wife of an alien become a citizen? A. Yes, the wife of a n alien m a y become a citizen. 3. Q. Does the naturalization of a parent naturalize the children under twenty-one also? A. Yes, providing the children are residents or become residents before they are twenty-one y e a r s of age. 4. Q. Does an American woman who marries a foreigner lose her citizenship? A. No. 5. Q. Can anyone opposed to organized government become a citizen of the United States? A. No. 6. Q. What other conditions may prevent an applicant from becoming a citizen? 58 Civics CATECHISM A. No one who believes in polygamy, w h o is a criminal or illiterate may become a citizen. 7. Q. May an alien become a citizen if we are at war with his country? A. No, no alien or foreigner may become naturalized while we are at w a r with the country of which he i ; a subject. 8 . Q. Who may become naturalized Americans? A. Only free white persons or those of African nativity or descent. 9. Q. What other class of aliens are given special privi- leges in securing citizenship? A. All aliens who have completed an enlistment in the United States Navy, Marine Corps or Army. O t h e r classes entitled to special privileges f o r secur- i n g citizenship a r e : H u s b a n d s and wives of citi- z e n s ; A m e r i c a n - b o r n women who lost citizenship t h r o u g h m a r r i a g e ; widows a n d m i n o r children of deceased or i n s a n e d e c l a r a n t s ; A m e r i c a n - b o r n p e r s o n s who established p e r m a n e n t residence in f o r e i g n countries p r i o r to 1917 a n d became n a t u - ralized u n d e r t h e laws of such f o r e i g n c o u n t r y a n d who r e t u r n e d to t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s p r i o r to M a r c h 3, 1931, f o r p e r m a n e n t residence, etc. From time to time special naturalization privileges are granted by Congress to alien World War vet- erans who have not yet acquired American citizen- ship. 10. Q. Is it illegal to try to obtain citizen's papers on false :pretenses? A. Yes, it is illegal, and there is a severe penalty for papers secured by false statements and frauds. C H A P T E R X V I . T H E DECLARATION O F INDEPENDENCE. LESSON 1. 1. Q. What is the Declaration of Independence? A. It is a s t a t e m e n t agreed to i n Philadelphia on J u l y 4, 1776, by delegates f r o m t h e t h i r t e e n American Col- onies of Great Britain, w h i c h declared t h a t the t h i r t e e n United Colonies are absolved f r o m alle- giance to the British Crown a n d are, a n d of right ought to be, f r e e a n d independent states. 2. Q. What cause led the Colonists to rebel against Eng- land? A. T h e r e were m a n y reasons, all set f o r t h in the Declar- ation of Independence. T h e most i m p o r t a n t w e r e : T h a t the English King h a d q u a r t e r e d large bodies of troops u p o n t h e m against their will: T h a t he h a d protected in mock trials his soldiers w h o h a d m u r d e r e d Colonists w i t h o u t j u s t cause; T h a t he h a d imposed taxes w i t h o u t t h e consent of the Colonies; T h a t he h a d r e f u s e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n to the Colonists in the English P a r l i a m e n t ; T h a t he h a d t a k e n a w a y the right of trial by j u r y a n d of trial in t h e place in w h i c h crimes were al- leged to have been committed. 3. Q. What actions of the British minority forced the Col- onists to continue the struggle after they had re- belled? A. These causes were m a n y in n u m b e r a n d are recited in detail in the Declaration. A m o n g t h e m are t h e s e : 5 9 60 CIVICS CATECHISM T h e Crown h a s r e f u s e d assent to laws necessary f o r the puhlic good; of the King is it s a i d : He h a s f o r b i d d e n his Governors to p a s s a n d enforce laws of pressing i m p o r t a n c e u n t i l his consent w a s obtained, a n d h a s t h e n neglected to a t t e n d to t h e m ; He h a s called together legislative bodies a t places u n - u s u a l a n d d i s t a n t f r o m t h e depository of r e c o r d s ; He h a s dissolved Representative Houses f o r opposing his will; He h a s neglected to cause o t h e r s to be elected in the places of those r e m o v e d ; He h a s prevented i m m i g r a t i o n a n d n a t u r a l i z a t i o n of f o r e i g n e r s ; He h a s m a d e j u d g e s d e p e n d e n t f o r their office, ac- tivities, a n d salaries u p o n himself alone; He h a s created a m u l t i t u d e of u n n e c e s s a r y officers, h a r a s s i n g t h e people, a n d r e d u c i n g t h e m to poverty; He h a s r e n d e r e d t h e m i l i t a r y power i n d e p e n d e n t of a n d superior to t h e civil; He h a s t a k e n a w a y c h a r t e r s a n d altered t h e f o r m s of g o v e r n m e n t ; He h a s p l u n d e r e d p r o p e r t y a n d destroyed the laws of people; He h a s p u t a price on t h e h e a d s of t h e m w h o resist his oppressions; He h a s incited a g a i n st u s t h e I n d i a n savages on o u r borders. 4. Q. Did the Colonists appeal to the Crown to right their wrongs before they rebelled? A. In t h e w o r d s of t h e Declaration t h e Colonists m a d e t h e i r appeal to t h e w o r l d : " I n every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned f o r r e d r e s s in t h e m o s t h u m b l e t e r m s : our repeated petitions have been a n s w e r e d only by repeated i n j u r y . " 5. Q. Did the Colonists appeal directly to the British people through their Parliament? T H E DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 6 1 A. T h e Colonists repeatedly advised the British Parlia- m e n t of t h e w r o n g s t h e y were enduring, a n d ap- pealed to its sense of justice a n d to the ties of r e l a t i o n s h i p w h i c h b o u n d t h e m together to dis- avow the acts of the Crown, b u t to no avail. 6. Q. Had America no champions among the British states- men? A. Some leading Englishmen a n d most of t h e Irish mem- bers of P a r l i a m e n t openly justified t h e action of the Colonists in rebelling. 7. Q. What was the immediate result of the Declaration of Independence? A. By it the Colonists cut off all hope of reconciliation with E n g l a n d a n d were encouraged to continue t h e fight f o r independence. 8. Q. What nation in particular was quick to recognize the new government adopted by the Colonies? A. F r a n c e speedily recognized the new federation and sent m e n a n d ships to help their cause. O t h e r na- tions of E u r o p e followed the example of France, a n d m a n y lovers of liberty crossed to America to enlist in the American a r m y . 9. Q. What event brought about English recognition of America's independence? A. T h e s u r r e n d e r of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, forced E n g l a n d to acknowledge t h e f r e e d o m of h e r American colonies. 10. Q. When did the federation of the thirteen Colonies be- come the United States of America? A. By t h e adoption of the Articles of Confederation in 1 7 8 1 . C H A P T E R V I I I . T H E CONSTITUTION O F T H E UNITED STATES O F AMERICA. LESSON 1. 1. Q. Why did the Americans adopt a second Constitution? A. T h e p r e a m b l e or f o r e w o r d of the Constitution explains their reasons as follows: " W e the People of the United States, i n order to f o r m a m o r e p e r f e c t Union, establish Justice, in- sure domestic Tranquillity, provide for the com- m o n Defence, p r o m o t e the general W e l f a r e , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves a n d our Posterity, do o rd a i n a n d establish this Con- stitution for t h e United States of America." 2. Q. What does the Constitution contain? A. It contains seven articles and twenty-one amend- ments. The first ten amendments became a part of the Constitution in 1791. The others have been adopted since that time. 3. Q. What is the Constitution of the United States? A. T h e Constitution of the United States is a d o c u m e n t w h i c h m a k e s our Government a democratic Re- public. It secures certain i m p o r t a n t r i g h t s for all of the people. It defines a n d limits t h e powers of the officials of the Government. It is the f u n d a - m e n t a l law of our nation. 4. Q. Into what branches is the Government divided by the Constitution? A. It is divided i n t o t h r e e b r a n c h e s : t h e Legislative, t h e Executive, a n d t h e Judicial. T H E CONSTITUTION OF THE U N I T E D STATES 6 3 5. Q. What is the Legislative power of our Government? A. T h a t power w h i c h m a k e s the laws. 6. Q. What is the Executive power of our Government? A. T h e power which executes the laws. 7. Q. What is the Judicial power of our Government? A. T h e power which i n t e r p r e t s the laws. 8. Q. Of what does the Legislative or law-making body con- sist? A. T h e Congress of the United States consists of two houses—the House of Representatives a n d the Sen- ate. Representatives are elected for a term of two years by the voters of each of the States in propor- tion to the population of t h a t State as determined by the latest F e d e ra l census. Senators are now elected by t h e voters to serve for six years. Each State is represented by two Senators. 9. Q. Why is there a difference in the time for whiGh Rep- resentatives and Senators are elected? A. Representatives a r e elected f o r only two y e a r s in order t h a t the people m a y control their actions; Senators are elected f o r six years, one-third of t h e n u m b e r being elected every two years, in order t h a t each session of the Congress m a y have in it m e n expe- rienced in public affairs. 10. Q. What is the object in having two legislative houses? A. T h a t one m a y act as a check u p o n the other. LESSON 2 . 1. Q. What qualifications must a Representative have? A. No person shall be a Representative, who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five yeaTS, a n d been seven y e a r s a citizen of the United States, a n d w h o shall not, w h e n elected, be an i n h a b i t a n t of t h a t State in which he shall be chosen. 66 CIVICS CATECHISM 2. Q. What qualifications must a Senator have? A. No p e r s o n shall be a Senator, w h o shall not have at- tained to the age of t h i r t y years, a n d been nine y e a r s a citizen of the United States, a n d w h o shall not, w h e n elected, be a n i n h a b i t a n t of t h a t State f o r w h i c h he shall be chosen. 3. Q. How often does the Congress meet? A. T h e Congress shall assemble a t least once in every y e a r , a n d s u c h m e e t i n g shall be on t h e t h i r d of J a n u a r y , unless t h e y shall b y l a w a p p o i n t a d i f - f e r e n t day. 4. Q. How does a bill become a law? A. E v e r y bill w h i c h p a s s e s t h e H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a - t i v e s a n d t h e S e n a t e i s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e P r e s i d e n t for his signature. If he signs it, the bill be- comes a law. If he vetoes it ( r e t u r n s it w i t h o u t ap- p r o v a l ) , b o t h houses m a y again p a s s the bill by a vote of two-thirds of each house, in which case the bill becomes a law w i t h o u t the P r e s i d e n t ' s signature. If the P r e s i d e n t fails to veto or r e t u r n a bill to the House in which it originated before the end of ten days f r o m the time he receives it, the bill becomes a law. 5. Q. What are the powers granted to the Congress by the Constitution? A. 1. To lay a n d collect taxes, duties, imposts, a n d ex- cises, to p a y t h e debts a n d provide for t h e com- m o n defence a n d general w e l f a r e of the United States; b u t all duties, imposts, a n d excises shall be u n i f o r m t h r o u g h o u t t h e United States. 2. To b o r r o w m o n e y on t h e credit of t h e United States. 3. To regulate commerce w i t h foreign nations, a n d a m o n g t h e several States, a n d with the Indian tribes. T H E CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 6 5 4. To establish a u n i f o r m r u l e of naturalization, a n d u n i f o r m laws on the subject of b a n k r u p t c i e s , t h r o u g h o u t t h e United States. 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, a n d fix t h e s t a n d a r d of weights and measures. 6. To provide for t h e p u n i s h m e n t of counter feiting the securities a n d c u r r e n t coin of the United States. 7. To establish post offices a n d post roads. 8. To promote t h e progress of science a n d u s e f u l arts, by securing, f o r limited times, to a u t h o r s a n d in- ventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings a n d discoveries. 9. To constitute t r i b u n a l s inferior to t h e S u p r e m e Court. 10. To define a n d p u n i s h piracies a n d felonies com- mitted on the high seas, a n d offences against the law of nations. 11. To declare war, g r a n t letters of m a r q u e a n d re- prisal, a n d m a k e rules concerning c a p t u r e s on land a n d w a t e r . 12. To raise a n d s u p p o r t a r m i e s ; b u t no a p p r o p r i a t i o n of money to t h a t use shall be f o r a longer t e r m t h a n two years. 13. To provide and m a i n t a i n a navy. 14. To m a k e rules for the government a n d regulation of the land a n d naval forces. 15. To provide for calling f o r t h the militia to execute the laws of the Union, s u p p r e s s i n s u r r e c t i o n s a n d repel invasions. 16. To provide for organizing, a r m i n g , a n d disciplining t h e militia, a n d for governing such p a r t of t h e m as m a y be employed in the service of the United States; reserving to the States respectively, the 6 6 CIVICS CATECHISM a p p o i n t m e n t of the officers, a n d the a u t h o r i t y of t r a i n i n g the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases w h a t - soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles s q u a r e ) , as may, by cession of p a r t i c u l a r States, a n d the acceptance of Congress, become t h e seat of the Government of the United States, a n d to exercise like a u t h o r i t y over all places, p u r c h a s e d by the consent of the legislature of the State in w h i c h the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, a n d other n e e d f u l buildings. 18. To m a k e all laws which shall be necessary a n d p r o p e r for c a r r y i n g into execution the foregoing powers, a n d all other powers vested by this Con- stitution in the Government of the United States, or in a n y d e p a r t m e n t or officer thereof. 6. Q. What rights are in general denied to the States? A. Those rights which are g r a n t e d in p a r t i c u l a r to the Congress of the United States a n d the r i g h t to p a s s laws which are in violation of t h e Constitution. 7. Q. In whom is the Executive power of the United States vested? A. T h e Executive power is vested in the P r e s i d e n t of the United States of America. 8. Q. What other Executive officer is chosen at the same time and for the same term? A. T h e Vice-President. 9. Q. Who may become President of the United Stutes? A. No person except a n a t u r a l - b o r n citizen shall be eli- gible to the office of P r e s i d e n t ; neither shall a n y per- son be eligible to t h a t office w h o shall not have at- tained to t h e age of thirty-five years ; a n d been f o u r - teen years a resident w i t h i n the United States. T H E CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 6 7 10. Q. How are the President and Vice-President elected? A. (a) Every f o u r y e a r s t h e citizens of each State elect qualified voters of t h a t State to act as electors of the President a n d Vice-President. (b) T h e r e are as m a n y electors in each State as it h a s Representatives a n d Senators in Congress. (c) T h e electors of each State have only one vote. (d) All votes for P r e s i d e n t a n d Vice-President are signed, sealed, a n d delivered to the President of the Senate. (e) A m a j o r i t y of the votes of all t h e States is neces- sary f o r a choice. Executive Department. 11. Q. What are the most important powers of the President? A. 1. He is Commander-in-Chief of the A r m y a n d Navy; 2. He h a s the power to m a k e treaties by a n d w i t h the advice and consent of the Senate; 3. He appoints by a n d with the advice a n d consent of t h e Senate, judges of the S u p r e m e Court, a m - bassadors, ministers, a n d consuls; 4. In case a vacancy occurs d u r i n g a recess, he m a y appoint an official whose t e r m shall expire at the end of the next session; 5. He m a y convene the Congress in special session and, w h e n the two Houses are u n a b l e to agree u p o n a date, he m a y a d j o u r n t h e Congress. 12. Q. What are the duties of the President? A. 1. He m u s t keep Congress i n f o r m e d of the state of the Union; 2. He m u s t receive foreign a m b a s s a d o r s a n d min- i s t e r s ; 3. He m u s t t a k e care t h a t the laws are f a i t h f u l l y executed; 4. He m u s t commission all officers of t h e United States. 6 8 CIVICS CATECHISM LESSON 3 . 1. Q. In what body does the Judicial power of the United States lie? A. T h e Judicial power of the United States is vested in one S u p r e m e Court, a n d in such inferior courts as the Congress has, f r o m time to time, ordained a n d established. 2. Q. How are judges of the Supreme Court appointed? A. By the President by a n d with the advice a n d consent of the Senate. 3. Q. In what cases do the United States Courts have judicial power? A. 1. In all cases, in law a n d equity, arising u n d e r t h i s Constitution, the laws of the United States, a n d treaties made, or which shall be made, u n d e r their a u t h o r i t y ; 2. In all cases affecting a m b a s s a d o r s , other public ministers, a n d consuls; 3. In all cases of a d m i r a l t y a n d m a r i t i m e jurisdic- tion; 4. In controversies to w h i c h the United States shall be a p a r t y ; 5. In controversies between two or m o r e States, be- tween a State a n d citizens of a n o t h e r State, be- tween citizens of different States, between citi- zens of the same State, claiming l a n d s u n d e r g r a n t s of different States, a n d between a State, or the citizens thereof, a n d foreign States, citi- zens, or subjects. 4. Q. What provision does the Constitution make for trial of all crimes except in cases of impeachment? A. T h e trials of all crimes except in cases of impeach- m e n t shall be by j u r y . T H E CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 6 9 5. Q. What is the greatest crime which can be committed against the people of the United States? A. Treason, which is defined in the Constitution as fol- lows: " T r e a s o n against the United States shall consist only in levying w a r against them, or in ad- hering to their enemies, giving t h e m aid a n d com- f o r t . " 6. Q. What provision has been made for acceptance of the legal findings of one State in every other State? A. F u l l f a i t h and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, a n d judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the m a n n e r in w h i c h such acts, records, a n d proceedings shall be proved a n d the effect thereof. 7. Q. What legal guarantee has the citizen of one State while resident in another State? A. T h e citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges a n d i m m u n i t i e s of citizens in the several States. 8. Q. How may a person charged with a crime be retui ned to the State from which he has fled? A. A person charged in a n y State w i t h treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee f r o m justice, a n d be f o u n d in a n o t h e r State, shall, on d e m a n d of the executive a u t h o r i t y of the State f r o m which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having j u r i s d i c t i o n of the crime. 9. Q. How may new States be admitted to the Union? A. New States m a y be admitted by the Congress i n t o t h i s Union; b u t no new State shall be f o r m e d , or erected, within the j u r i s d i c t i o n of any other State; nor any State be formed, by the j u n c t i o n of two or m o r e States, or p a r t s of States, w i t h o u t the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 7 0 CIVICS CATECHISM 10. Q. What does the Constitution guarantee to every State? A. T h e United States shall g u a r a n t e e to every State in this Union a republican f o r m of government, a n d shall protect each of t h e m against invasion; and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive ( w h e n the Legislature c a n n o t be convened), against domestic violence. LESSON 4 . 1. Q. How may the Constitution be amended? A. W h e n e v e r two-thirds of both Houses deem it neces- sary to propose a m e n d m e n t s , or w h e n the legisla- t u r e s of two-thirds of the States call a convention for proposing a m e n d m e n t s , such proposed amend- m e n t s become a p a r t of the Constitution w h e n rati- fied by t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the States. 2. Q. In what words does the Constitution declare itself to be the supreme law of the land? A. " T h i s Constitution, a n d the laws of the United States w h i c h shall be m a d e in p u r s u a n c e thereof, a n d all treaties made, or w h i c h shall be made, u n d e r the a u t h o r i t y of t h e United States, shall be the s u p r e m e law of t h e l a n d ; a n d the j u d g e s in every State shall be b o u n d thereby, a n y t h i n g in the Constitution or laws of a n y State to the c o n t r a r y n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g . " 3. Q. What guarantee must every executive, legislative, and judicial officer of this country give before taking office? A. He m u s t bind himself by o a t h or by affirmation to s u p p o r t the Constitution. 4. Q. What provision does the Constitution make for free- dom from disqualification for religious belief? A. T h e Constitution declares t h a t no religious test shall ever be r e q u i r e d as a qualification to a n y office or public t r u s t u n d e r t h e United States. T H E CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 7 1 5. Q. What personal rights are guaranteed by the first and other amendments? A. T h e right of religious freedom, of f r e e speech, of a free press, of peaceful assembly, or petitioning the government f o r a redress of grievances, of f r e e d o m f r o m enforced q u a r t e r i n g of soldiers, of f r e e d o m f r o m unreasonable searches a n d seizures, of speedy t r i a l where accused of crime, of f r e e d o m f r o m ex- cessive bail, fines, a n d cruel a n d u n u s u a l p u n i s h - ments. 6. Q. With what question does the Thirteenth Amendment deal? A. T h i s a m e n d m e n t , ratified in 1865, abolished slavery in the United States. 7. Q. What other amendment was necessary to secure the right of suffrage to negroes freed by the Thirteenth amendment? A. T h e F i f t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t , which states t h a t the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 8 . Q. What amendment gives Congress the right to lay and collect taxes on incomes? A. T h e Sixteenth A m e n d m e n t gives to Congress the power of laying a n d collecting taxes on incomes derived f r o m a n y source. 9. Q. By what means was the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages prevented in the United States? A. The Eighteenth Amendment forbade t h e manufac- ture, sale, transportation, or importation of intox- icating beverages. This w a s repealed in 1933. 10. Q. What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee? A. It guarantees that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by a n y State on account of sex. . . 7 2 CIVICS CATECHISM 11. Q. What in general is contained in the Twentieth Amendment? A. This amendment fixes the date on which the terms Representatives, Senators, the Vice President, and President shall begin. It also contains other matters dealing with related subjects. 12. Q. With what does the Twenty-jirst Amendment deal? A. This amendment repeals in general the Eighteenth Amendment. 13. Q. What pledge should every man, woman, and child in America learn and keep? A. The pledge to the Flag: "I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." THE CIVICS CATECHISM IS PRINTED IN THE FOLLOWING LANGUAGES: (N.B.: In all foreign language editions the English version parallel columns the foreign translation.) E N G L I S H I T A L I A N S L O V A K A R A B I C L I T H U A N I A N S L O V E N I A N C R O A T I A N P O L I S H S P A N I S H F R E N C H P O R T U G U E S E H U N G A R I A N G E R M A N R O U M A N I A N B O H E M I A N Additional translations or reprints of first editions will be issued whenever the demand is sufficient to warrant publication. Every American Citizen, native born as well as naturalized, should possess a copy of the "Civics Catechism on the Rights and Duties of American Citizens" and carefully study its contents. Its 72 pages ex- plain the fundamentals of our American Democracy as no other booklet has yet explained them. Every citizen should therefore, for his own in- formation and in the interest of his civic duty, purchase a copy of this Catechism and familiarize himself with its contents. W H E R E T O U S E The English Edition (1) A s a supplementary text or review book in the higher grades of the elementary schools. (2) In Civics Study Clubs and Community Civic Education Cam- paigns. W H E R E T O U S E T h e Foreign Language Editions O ) I « Citizenship Classes preparing for the naturalization process. (2) Distribution and use of the Catechisms in the homes of the foreign-born is especially desired. (3) Publication of the Civics text in English and in Foreign lan- guage newspapers, chapter by chapter, is also requested. P r i c e : Single copy, 10c; $4.50 for 50 copies; $8.00 for 100 copies A C O U R S E I N CIVICS F O R U S E I N PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS Price; Single copy, 10c; $4.50 f o r 50 copies; $8.00 f o r 100 copies A CIVIC MOSAIC Front Pastorals of the American Hierarchy P r i c e : Single copy, 10c; $4.50 for 50 copies; $8.00 f o r 100 copies Direct Orders to N. C. W. C. P U B L I C A T I O N S D E P A R T M E N T 1312 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C.