f "> • i y T H E C H U R C H A N D S C I E N C E . T H E N N US nnnrnp i n B Y YERY KEY. D. E. BARRY, O . 8. B . | G G . O ' C O N N O R , " N A T I O N " S T E A M P R I N T I N G W O R K S , 8 2 AND 8 4 CLARENCE STREET, " 1 8 8 9 . " f " M ) 3 C J T H E C H U R C H A N D S C I E N C E . T H E " N E M O " L E T T E R S B Y YERY KEY. D. F. BARRY» O. S. B . BBRNARD KING & SONS 11 LONSIIAJ.E ST EAST S f i i m e i ) : J . G . O ' C O N N O R , " N A T I O N " S T E A M , P R I N T I N G - W O R K S , 8 2 AND 8 4 CLARENCE STREET. 1 8 8 9 . I P R E F A C E . THE f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r s are g i v e n p u b l i c i t y , in p a m p h l e t f o r m , a t t h e r e q u e s t of those i n whose j u d g m e n t I h a v e more confidence t h a n I h a v e i n m y own. The t i t l e of t h i s p a m p h l e t i s a m i s n o m e r . T h e s u b j e c t of t h e " Church a n d Science " i s one of too g r e a t a r a n g e to find a n y t h i n g b u t a m o s t m e a g r e exposition w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s of a brochure of a f e w pages. I t r e a c h e s t o h e i g h t s t o w h i c h t h e w r i t e r h a s no pretension. W h a t e v e r l i t t l e a d v a n t a g e •education m a y h a v e g i v e n h i m i n t h e w a y of ecclesiastical l o r e , t h e boon i s s t i l l more r e s t r i c t e d i n r e g a r d of science ; a n d a n e x t e n s i v e k n o w l e d g e in t h e w a l k s of l e a r n i n g — e c c l e s i a s t i c a n d scientific—would b e necessary f o r t h e a d e q u a t e t r e a t m e n t of such a s u b j e c t a s t h e " Church a n d Science." I t m a y s t a n d i n p a r t i a l a p o l o g y t h a t t h e w r i t e r h a d n o t t h e choice of t h e s u b j e c t . The l e t t e r s w e r e w r i t t e n to m e e t w h a t seemed a m i s r e p r e s e n t a - tion i n m a t t e r s l i t e r a r y c o n c e r n i n g t h e Catholic Church, a n d a n effort w a s m a d e to correct i t . T h e m a t t e r elicited a criticism w h i c h t h e w r i t e r h a d n o t a n t i c i p a t e d , a n d t h e correspondence, c o n s e q u e n t , developed topics more or l e s s r e l e v a n t w i t h t h e t e x t of t h e g r o u n d first b r o k e n . T h e Catholic Church does n o t encourage controversy. JVon in commotione Deus. The Lord is n o t a God of w r a n g l i n g . Our p u l p i t s , press, a n d p l a t f o r m s , seldom r e s o u n d w i t h t h e s t r i f e of ecclesiastical polemics. Our g r e a t d u t y is to " t e a c h " w h a t we " h a v e received " a n d to d e f e n d i t , w h e n n e c e s s a r y , a g a i n s t a t t a c k or m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . If w e f a i l i n t h e l a t t e r w e do so t h r o u g h i g n o r a n c e of t h e d e f e n s i v e t r e a s u r e s w h i c h t h e Church, f o r such purposes, h a s h o a r d e d i n h e r g r a n a r i e s . I n w h a t e v e r p o i n t t h i s e f f o r t f a i l s to m e e t a n a t t a c k , i t f a i l s f r o m a l i k e i g n o r a n c e . The first f o u r l e t t e r s are a l l o w e d to s t a n d , a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l l y a s t h e y a p p e a r e d , in t h e S y d n e y Evening News. T h e l a s t t w o p a p e r s are a d d e d to r e m i n d P r o t e s t a n t s , w h o a r e so r e a d y t o IV. s p r i n g t o t h e a t t a c k , t h a t w h e n p u t upon t h e i r d e f e n c e , t h e i r case does n o t p r e s e n t a v e r y b r i l l i a n t aspect, and t h a t t h e y n e e d t h e i r s t r o n g e s t armour a g a i n s t t h e c r u s h i n g evidences of t h e i r o w n p a r t i s a n s . I a m h a p p y to a c k n o w l e d g e t h e courtesy of t h e Evening News in t h e correspondence, a n d t h e g e n e r o s i t y of t h e Nation i n i t s reproduction of t h e l e t t e r s a n d t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s f r o m c o r r e s p o n d e n t s , i n c i d e n t to t h e p u b l i c a t i o n . D. F . B A R K Y , O.S.B. October 20, 1889. THE CHURCH AND SCIENCE. L E T T E R I . S I B , — I n y o u r l e a d e r of J u n e 26 y o u t a k e e x c e p t i o n t o t h a t p o r t i o n of C a r d i n a l M o r a n ' s a d d r e s s a t St. J o h n ' s C o l l e g e , i n w h i c h h i s E m i n e n c e s p o k e of t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h a s t h e p r o - m o t e r a n d e n c o u r a g e r of s c i e n c e . I n s u p p o r t of y o u r o p p o s i t i o n y o u i n s t a n c e t h e t r e a t m e n t of G a l i l e o b y t h e C h u r c h , a n d a s s e r t t h a t " H e w a s c o m p e l l e d t o c u r s e a n d a b j u r e t h e d o c t r i n e of t h e m o v e m e n t of t h e e a r t h , w a s i m p r i s o n e d f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g p o r t i o n of h i s l i f e , a n d w a s d e n i e d b u r i a l i n c o n s e c r a t e d g r o u n d . " I t i s n o t t h e f i r s t t i m e t h a t t h i s a s p e c t of t h e m a t t e r h a s b s e n p u t i n p r i n t . Y o u w i l l , I a m s u r e , a l l o w m e a l i t t l e s p a c e i a a n e f f o r t of e l u c i d a t i o n . " To l i s t e n t o t h e p a t h e t i c r e c i t a t i o n s a n d r e f l e c t i o n s , r e p e a t e d i n h u n d r e d s of p r o d u c t i o n s , ' ' s a y s t h e P r o t e s t a n t w r i t e r M a l l e t d u P i n — " h o w G a l i l e o w a s s a c r i f i c e d b y t h e b a r b a r i t y of h i s a g e , a n d t h e e n m i t y of t h e c o u r t of R o m e — h o w t y r a n n y a n d i g n o r a n c e u n i t e d t o s t i f l e h i s s c i e n c e — h o w t h e I n q u i s i t i o n t r i e d t o c r u s h a f u n d a m e n t a l t r u t h of a s t r o n o m y i n i t s b i r t h — a l l t h i s i s m o r e t h a n a t h r i c e t o l d t a l e . B u t s u c h s t a t e m e n t s , " h e c o n t i n u e s , " a r e m e r e r o m a n c e . G a l i l e o w a s n o t c o n d e m n e d a s a g o o d a s t r o n o m e r , b u t a s a b a d t h e o l o g i a n . H e m i g h t h a v e m a d e t h e w o r l d t u r n a s h e p l e a s e d , h a d h e n o t m i x e d t h e m a t t e r u p w i t h t h e B i b l e . H i s d i s c o v e r i e s m a d e h i m e n e m i e s ; h i s c o n t r o v e r s i e s a l o n e r a i s e d u p h i s J u d g e s , a n d h i s p é t u l a n c e w a s t h e s o u r c e of h i s a n n o y a n c e . " No c e l e b r a t e d m a n e v e r y e t stood i n t w o s h o e s w h o h a d n o t h i s f r i e n d s a n d f o e s . N o w , l e t u s look a t G a l i l e o a s w e see h i m r e f l e c t e d f r o m t h o s e t h a t h e l o v e d . H e r e i s o n e | i | G u i c h a r d i n o , a m b a s s a d o r of a g r a n d d u k e a t R o m e . I t i s c l e a r f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e of G u i c h a r d i n o t h a t -Galileo w a n t e d t o e s t a b l i s h h i s s y s t e m o n t h e B i b l e , a n d t o m a k e i t n o t o n l y a n a r t i c l e of s c i e n c e , b u t a l s o a n a r t i c l e of f a i t h . " H e " ( G a l i l e o ) , s a y s h i s p a t r o n , " i n s i s t e d i n h i s d i s - p a t c h e s of M a r c h 4 , 1616, t h a t t h e P o p e a n d t h e H o l y Office s h o u l d d e c l a r e t h a t t h e s y s t e m of C o p e r n i c u s w a s f o u n d e d o n t h e B i b l e . On t h i s p o i n t G a l i l e o w a s p e r s i s t e n t , a n d w o u l d y i e l d n o t h i n g t o t h e a d v i c e of f r i e n d s . " B u t , g r a n t e d t h a t t h e H o l y Office d i d c o n d e m n t h e s y s t e m of t h e e a r t h ' s m o v e m e n t a s h e r e t i c a l , w h e n w a s t h e I n q u i s i t i o n or a n y p a r t i c u l a r c o n g r e - g a t i o n of t h e C h u r c h r e g a r d e d a s t h e s e a t or s o u r c e of i n f a l l i - b i l i t y ? T a k e a n e x a m p l e n e a r h o m e : A p r e l a t e w a s d i s p a t c h e d a s h o r t t i m e s i n c e t o I r e l a n d b y t h e H o l y See t o e x a m i n e a n d c o l l e c t e v i d e n c e o n t h e I r i s h q u e s t i o n . W i t h w h a t c o n s e - - q u e n c e ? H e r e t u r n e d a n d p l a c e d t h e m a t t e r of h i s l a b o u r s b e f o r e a c o n g r e g a t i o n , a n d o n t h e r e s u l t of i t s d e c i s i o n t h e 6 H o l y F a t h e r i s s u e d a r e s c r i p t . H o w w a s t h a t r e s c r i p t r e - c e i v e d P Did a n y o n e a t t a c h t o i t a n y i d e a of i n f a l l i b i l i t y P N o n e a t a l l . T h e e n e m i e s of I r e l a n d w e l c o m e d i t w i t h a p p l a u s e . B y t h e f r i e n d s of I r e l a n d i t w a s r e c e i v e d w i t h r e s p e c t f u l r e g r e t a n d u n m i s t a k e a b l e d i s a p p r o v a l . W h a t t r i b u n a l of m e n , a s m e n , i s n o t s u b j e c t t o e r r o r ? Look a t t h e a s s e m b l i e s t h a t g o v e r n t h e w o r l d f r o m p o l e t o pole. A r e t h e y a l w a y s w i s e , j u s t ? I f , t h e n , ] t h e c o n - g r e g a t i o n of t h e I n q u i s i t i o n c o n d e m n e d t h e s y s t e m of Galileo a s h e r e t i c a l or c o n t r a r y t o f a i t h , w h y f o r c e t h e a c c e p t a n c e of s u c h a decision on t h e U n i v e r s a l C h u r c h ? She n e v e r p r o n o u n c e d u p o n i t . N o P o p e ever p r o n o u n c e d e x - c a t h e d r a u p o n t h e m e r i t s or d e m e r i t s of t h e s y s t e m . W e a r e d a i l y t o l d t h a t " Science i s b u t i n i t s i n f a n c y . " " A n d a b o u n c i n g b r a t i t is. W h a t w a s t h e s t a t e of science 50 y e a r s a g o c o m p a r e d w i t h i t s t r i u m p h s of to-day ? Go b a c k 3 0 0 y e a r s a n d a s k t h e q u e s t i o n . To c o n d e m n t h e m e n of s u c h d i s t a n t p e r i o d f o r n o t s e e i n g a t once w h a t h a s become a s p l a i n a s t h e n o s e on o n e ' s f a c e i s t o c o n d e m n m a n k i n d f o r h a v i n g p a s s e d t h r o u g h i n f a n c y t o m a n h o o d . T h a t n e i t h e r C h u r c h n o r P o p e c o n d e m n e d t h e s y s t e m i s clear f r o m t h e action of t h e p r e l a t e s a n d g r e a t o r d e r s of t h e C h u r c h , s o m e s i d i n g w i t h G a l i l e o , o t h e r s a g a i n s t h i m . I f J e s u i t s a n d D o m i n i c a n s c o n d e m n e d h i m , D o m i n i c a n s a n d J e s u i t s d e f e n d e d h i m . F r o m t h e c l o i s t e r s of schools a n d m o n a s t e r i e s , p r e s i d e d over b y i l l u s t r i o u s p r e - l a t e s a n d g e n e r a l s , c a m e e x p o s i t i o n s , d e f e n c e s , etc., of t h e s y s t e m . A s t o t h e t r e a t m e n t w h i c h t h e p h i l o s o p h e r r e c e i v e d a t t h e h a n d s of P o p e a n d p r e l a t e , w e h a d b e s t l e t G a l i l e o t e l l t h a t h i m s e l f . " T h e H o l y F a t h e r , " h e w r i t e s , " d e e m s m e w o r t h y of h i s e s t e e m I a m l o d g e d i n t h e d e l i g h t f u l P a l a c e of t h e T r i n i t y on t h e M o u n t . W h e n I a r r i v e d a t t h e H o l y Office t w o D o m i n i c a n s i n v i t e d m e f r a n k l y t o m a k e m y a p o l o g y . I w a s o b l i g e d , a s a good Catholic, t o r e t r a c t m y opinion. I n p u n i s h m e n t I w a s f o r b i d d e n c o n t r o v e r s y , a n d a f t e r Ave m o n t h s ' s o j o u r n q u i t t e d Rome. A s t h e p l a g u e w a s r a g i n g a t F l o r e n c e , I w a s a s s i g n e d f o r r e s i d e n c e t h e p a l a c e o f m y b e s t o f f r i e n d s , Monsignor Piccolomini, A r c h b i s h o p of S i e n n a , w h e r e I a m e n j o y i n g t h e u t m o s t t r a n q u i l l i t y . A t pre- s e n t I w r i t e t h i s f r o m t h e V i l l a A r c e s t r o , w h e r e I b r e a t h e t h e p u r e s t a i r i n t h e c o n f i n e s of m y beloved c o u n t r y . " ( L e t t e r of Galileo t o h i s d i s c i p l e , P . R e c e n e r i . ) A t t h é h o u r w h e n m o s t opposed, i n 1624,- h e w a s r e c e i v e d , e m b r a c e d , a n d p e n s i o n e d b y P o p e -Urban V I I I . o n t h e sole c o n d i t i o n t h a t h e s h o u l d be more c i r c u m s p e c t i n t h e e x p o s i t i o n of h i s s y s t e m . " T h e p e n s i o n g i v e n b y t h e P o p e , " e a y s t h e i l l u s t r i o u s P r o t e s t a n t w r i t e r , Sir D a v i d B r e w s t e r , i n h i s w o r k on t h e " M a r t y r s of S c i e n c e , " " w a s n o t o n e of t h o s e r e c o m p e n s e s t h a t S o v e r e i g n s s o m e t i m e s g r a n t t o t h e services of t h e i r s u b j e c t s . G a l i l e o w a s a s t r a n g e r i n Rome ; t h e Sovereign of t h e S t a t e s of the Church o w e d h i m n o obligation. T h u s w e m u s t r e g a r d t h a t pension as a g i f t of t h e Pontiff t o science itself a n d as a d e c l a r a t i o n to t h e C h r i s t i a n w o r l d t h a t religion w a s n o t j e a l o u s of p h i l o s o p h y , a n d t h a t t h e R o m a n Church e v e r y w h e r e respected a n d cher- i s h e d h u m a n g e n i u s . " Such was t h e decision of a t r u l y g r e a t m a n a f t e r w e i g h i n g a l l t h e pros a n d cons i n t h e case i n q u e s t i o n — a w i t n e s s b e y o n d a l l suspicion a n d t h o r o u g h l y con- v e r s a n t w i t h t h e s u b j e c t u p o n w h i c h h i s g e n i u s w a s b e i n g exercised. H i s conclusion m a k e s s h o r t w o r k of t h e c u r s e s , condemnations, a n d r e f u s a l of C h r i s t i a n b u r i a l w i t h w h i c h t h e c a n t of p r e j u d i c e a n d t h e flippancy of t w a d d l e h a v e s u r r o u n d e d t h e case of Galileo. You deem t h e C a r d i n a l , " i n c l a i m i n g credit f o r t h e P a p a c y a s a p a t r o n of a r t , w a s on s a f e r g r o u n d . " T h i n k y o u t h e r e i s a r t w i t h o u t science ? I s t h e r e n o science in St. P e t e r ' s , W e s t - m i n s t e r A b b e y , " T h e Graces " of Canova, or t h e T r a n s f i g u r a t i o n of R a p h a e l ? Does t h e Pope curse w i t h one h a n d t h e science i n t h e Canto Jvrmo of t h e Dies irce, Miserere, a n d Te Deum, w h i l s t h e blesses w i t h t h e o t h e r t h e a r t of m u s i c ? I t i s w e l l to u n d e r - s t a n d t e r m s b e f o r e r u s h i n g t o conclusions. Y o u r s , e t c . , NEMO. THE CHURCH AND SCIENCE. L E T T E R I I . S I B , — I f y o u w i l l k i n d l y p e r m i t m e t o s a y i t , I t h i n k y o u h a v e m a d e t o o m u c h of m y c o n c e s s i o n t h a t t h e I n q u i s i t i o n •condemned t h e s y s t e m of G a l i l e o . I f t h e I n q u i s i t i o n con- W f f w a s b l a c k , i t s e e m s n o t a l o g i c a l s e q u i t u r t o m e t h a t i t t h e r e b y a l s o c o n d e m n e d w h a t w a s w h i t e . Y e t t h i s a p p e a r s t o m e t h e p o s i t i o n y o u a s s u m e f r o m m y a d m i s s i o n . A s a l r e a d y s t a t e d , G a l i l e o ' s s y s t e m w a s c o n d e m n e d , n o t b e c a u s e i t w a s s c i e n t i f i c a l l y s o u n d , b u t b e c a u s e i t w a s t h e o l o g i c a l l y e r r o n e o u s . A s M a l l e t d u P i n h a p p i l y p u t i t , it' w a s n o t h i s g o o d s c i e n c e t h a t w a s c o n d e m n e d , b u t h i s b a d t h e o l o g y . T h i s y o u a p p e a r t o a d m i t , a n d c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e c o n d e m n a t i o n of b a d t h e o l o g y i n v o l v e d t h e c o n d e m n a t i o n of s o u n d s c i e n e e . Quod erat demonstrandum. ! , " A n y w a y , " y o u s a y , " h e s u f f e r e d t e n y e a r s ' i m p r i s o n - m e n t f o r s a y i n g t h e e a r t h w e n t r o u n d t h e s u n . " W i l l y o u p a r d o n m e if I s a y t h a t t h i s « t e n y e a r s ' i m p r i s o n m e n t , " w a s a l l " a y a r n , " a n d t h a t t h e I pur si muove ( t h e e a r t h - W h m r 6 ) , 8 C r a i C l l e d ° n t h e w a l l s o f H ^ a m y t h , w l f 1 ° f f e n c e ' " y ° u a d d > I w a s t e c h n i c a l l y d e s c r i b e d a s Dad t h e o l o g y or good s c i e n c e , w a s , w e s u s p e c t , a s i m m a t e r i a l t o h i m a s i t i s t o u s . " B u t d o y o u n o t t h i n k t h a t a n y t h i n g b a d d e s e r v e s t o b e c o n d e m n e d i n p r o p o r t i o n t o i t s b a d n e s s ? i s i t s o u n d s e n s e or p h i l o s o p h y t h a t i t s h o u l d b e " i m m a t e r i a l t o u s w h e t h e r a t h i n g i s b a d or g o o d ? G a l i l e o l i v e d i n a n a g e w h e n a m a n w a s e x p e c t e d t o << s t i c k t o h i s l a s t . " Cuique arti •sum, e v e r y m a n t o h i s t r a d e , " w a s a s g o o d c o m m o n s e n s e i n t h o s e d a y s a s i t i s n o w , o n l y i t w a s a c t e d o n m o r e t h e n . I t w a s i n v i o l a t i o n of t h i s g o o d p r i n c i p l e t h a t G a l i l e o g o t a s t r a y . B o l d m a n ! h e d a r e d t o b e h i s o w n | c o b b l e r , " a n d p u t h i s f o o t i n i t . Ihe C h u r c h , b y a l i t t l e p r e s s u r e o n h i s " p e t c o r n " m a d e h i m e x t r a c t i t . T h i s i s a b o u t t h e l o n g a n d s h o r t of S g n o r G a l i l e o s c a s e . T h i s i s h i s s t o r y : H e w a s of g e n t l e b i r t h , poor. H e w a s p u t t o m e d i c i n e . H e soon d i s p l a y e d a g e n i u s f o r m a t h e m a t i c s . H e w i s e l y f o l l o w e d t h e b e n t of h i s g e n i u s , , a n d t h r e w « p h y s i c t o t h e d o g s . " A t a n e a r l y aire h e 7 a S ^ t r u s t e d w i t h t h e c h a i r of m a t h e m a t i c s i n h i s n a t i v e ¡ f i t T ? ' . A f . t 6 r flve y e a r s h e P r o c e e d e d t o a s i m i l a r p o s i t i o n m t h e U n i v e r s i t y of P a d u a , a n d t a u g h t t h e r e , omnium ap- l ^ u s u f o r t w e n t y y e a r s . T h o u s a n d s f r o m a l l q u a r t e r s flocked t o h i s b o l d a n d e l o q u e n t s c i e n t i f i c l e c t u r e s . H i s p a t r o n s w e r e m a n y i n C h u r c h a n d S t a t e . H i s e n e m i e s - t h e t r i b u t e e n v y e v e r p a y s t o w o r t h . D u r i n g a l l t h o s e y e a r s of s c i e n t i f i c d i s - ™ 7 , w a s a ° i o n l y n o t c o n d e m n e d b y R o m e , w i t h o u t w h o s e •consent h e c o u l d n o t h a v e h e l d h i s d i p l o m a a d a y , b u t h e r e - c e i v e d e v e r y e n c o u r a g e m e n t i n h i s s t u d i e s . 9 W h e n h e e v e n t u a l l y r e s i g n e d h i s c h a i r , h e " w o u l d w r i t e a b a o k , " a n d soon h i s t r o u b l e s b e g a n . H i s Dialogue," w h i c h caused t h e m , w a s g i v e n t o t h e w o r l d i n , for t h e time, c h a r m i n g I t a l i a n . I n i t , p u t t i n g aside h i s " l a s t , " h e w e n t f o r the omne scibile — " j a c k - o f - a l l - t r a d e s " b u s i n e s s — w i t h t h e u s u a l r e s u l t . H e w o u l d h a r m o n i s e t h e s y s t e m of t h e w o r l d of P t o l e m y a n d Copernicus w i t h t h e i n s p i r a t i o n of t h e Bible. Copernicus w a s himself a d i v i n e , a n d avoided t h e b l u n d e t w h i c h i n v o l v e d Galileo. I t w a s said of Lord B r o u g h a m t h a t " h e w o u l d h a v e k n o w n s o m e t h i n g of e v e r y t h i n g if h e h a d k n o w n a l i t t l e l a w ! " Galileo stood in s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n in m a t t e r s t h e o l o g i c a l . H e w a s a m o n g s t t h e a n t i c i p a t e d B u c k i n g h a m s , " w h o , in t h e course of one r e v o l v i n g m o o n , " w o u l d be " p o e t , s t a t e s m a n , fiddler a n d buffoon." Yet, if t h e r e b e one b r a n c h of k n o w - ledge, of l i t e r a t u r e w h i c h , like " L a d y Common L a w , w i l l a d m i t only of one b e d - f e l l o w , " t h a t b r a n c h is m a t h e m a t i c s . Pope assures us t h a t — " One science only will one genius fit, So vast is art, so narrow human wit." Nor did h e leave u n s c a t h e d t h e " J a c k - o f - a l l - t r a d e s " i n l e t t e r s , w h o goes " f o o l i n g " a r o u n d t h e stars, w h e n h i s fists w o u l d be more a p p r o p r i a t e l y e m p l o y e d g r a s p i n g a p l o u g h - h a n d l e . " The boolcf.ul blockhead ignorantly read, With 16ads of learned lumber in his head." . A l a s ! f o r a P o p e t o l a s h t h e " c r a m s " of t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , a n d g i v e u s a l i t t l e d i g e s t i o n ! I s h o u l d r e g r e t , indeed, if a w o r d I w r i t e s h o u l d be c o n s t r u e d as m i l i t a t i n g a g a i n s t t h e n o b l e a t t a i n m e n t s of Galileo! B u t h e w a s a m a n of " one g e n i u s , " a n d should h a v e confined h i m s e l f to " one science." I t is t r u e t h e shores of t i m e a r e beaconed b y a f e w u n i v e r s a l g e n i u s e s — m e n " So variedjthat" they " seemed to be Not one, but all mankind's epitome," b u t so rare as to b e of h u m a n i t y , t h e " g l o r y a n d t h e s h a m e . " You a d m i t , I p r e s u m e , t h a t C h r i s t e s t a b l i s h e d a •Church. If you can point o u t t o m e w h e r e t h a t Church w a s in t h e d a y s of Galileo, e x c e p t a s t h e Church t h a t h a d a Pope f o r s u p r e m e paBtor, a n d t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n of t h e I n q u i s i t i o n a s a p o r t i o n of i t s d i s c i p l i n a r y l i f e , I w i l l t a k e a back s e a t a n d g i v e y o u a l l t h e " c a k e . " A s t h e •Church of Christ h e r first commission w a s docete—" t e a c h . " I t w a s t h e d i v i n e i m p r i m a t u r of h e r m a g i s t e r i u m , a n d h e r creden- t i a l t o t h e omnes gentes—the n a t i o n s of t h e e a r t h — w h o w e r e t o b e h e r h a r v e s t a n d c o n s t i t u t e h e r " crown a n d h e r j o y . " T h e m a t t e r of h e r t e a c h i n g w a s d i v i n e r e v e l a t i o n — t r u t h . Irp generationem et generationem annuntiabo veritatem tuam ex ore meo. " U n t o g e n e r a t i o n a n d g e n e r a t i o n I w i l l a n n o u n c e t h y t r u t h f r o m m y m o u t h . " N o w , on t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t corruptity optimi pessima, t h e corruption of w h a t is b e s t , is t h e b a s e s t 10 c o r r u p t i o n , a n d as theology concerns m a n ' s s u p r e m e s t w e l f a r e r h i s i m m o r t a l portion, i t is t h e office of t h e Church of God t» g u a r d u s on t h i s p o i n t , even a g a i n s t an " a n g e l f r o m h e a v e n . " Christus instituit ecclesiam svam tanquam bene recteque ordinatam rempublicam—Christ h a t h e s t a b l i s h e d H i s Church • as a w i s e l y o r d a i n e d a n d w e l l r e g u l a t e d s t a t e — a n d P e t e r is t h e " w a t c h - m a n on t h e t o w e r , " qui videct¿ ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat, to see t h a t t h e s t a t e suffer no d e t r i m e n t . H o w w i s e l y a n d w e l l t h a t s t a t e h a s been governed ages h a v e proved. " T h e r e is n o t , " s a y s Macaulay, " a n d t h e r e never w a s on t h i s e a r t h a work of h u m a n p o l i c y so deserving of e x a m i n a t i o n a s t h e R o m a n Catholic Church. . I t i s i m p o s s i b l e to d e n y t h a t t h e policy of t h e Church of R o m e is t h e v e r y masterpiece of h u m a n w i s d o m . " I t s u i t e d M a c a u l a y t o r e g a r d t h i s " v e r y m a s t e r p i e c e of h u m a n w i s d o m " as a " h u m a n p o l i c y . " W e accept t h e compliment, b u t r e j e c t t h e e x p l a n a t i o n . I t s o n l y s a t i s f a c t o r y .explanation is t h e i n d w e l l i n g . of t h e ," S p i r i t of T r u t h " t h a t w a s given to h e r to " t e a c h " t h e Church " a l l t h i n g s , " a n d " a b i d e w i t h " h e r " f o r ever." Anima qua¡ hoc- corpus vivificat est Spiritus Sanotus. " T h e soul," s a y s St. Thomas, " t h a t vivifies t h i s b o d y is t h e H o l y Ghoat." " A l l p o w e r " w a s given t o her. " W h a t s o e v e r t h o u s h a l t loose' on e a r t h s h a l l be loosed also i n H e a v e n . " " W h a t s o e v e r t h o u s h a l t b i n d on e a r t h s h a l l be bound a l s o i n H e a v e n . " " As t h e F a t h e r h a t h s e n t m e , I, send you—go. H e t h a t h e a r s y o u , h e a r s m e . " " H e t h a t w i l l n o t h e a r y o u " h a s p l a c e d h i m s e l f ' w i t h o u t t h e p a l e of s a l v a t i o n . P o w e r d o c t r i n a l , p o w e r l e g i s l a t i v e , p o w e r coercive, corrective, w a s here b e s t o w e d . P o w e r t o direct b y council, to command b y l a w s , to r e s t r a i n by j u d g m e n t , to- p u n i s h b y s a l u t a r y correction in infliction, h a v i n g one s u p r e m e e n d in v i e w — t h e a m e n d m e n t of t h e offender. P e n a n c e , censure, p a i n , t h e three degrees of correction. I t is ever i n v i r t u e , a n d in t h e exercise of such office t h a t t h e Church c o n d e m n s errors a n d corrects o f f e n d - ers. B u t t h e Church p u n i s h e d Galileo. W h a t t h e n | T r u e , w e a r e l i v i n g i n t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , w h e n wo m a y n o t s h a k e a rod a t a n u n r u l y school b r a t . O Témpora! 0 Mores! I n t h e earliest ages of t h e C h r i s t i a n Church, w a s n o t h e r discipline m o s t rigorous ? Did n o t P e t e r v i s i t w i t h t h e e x t r e m i t y of infliction a " l i e ? " Did n o t P a u l t e l l t h e C o r i n t h i a n s h e would " n o t spare t h e m if t h e y s i n n e d ? " Did h e n o t h a n d over t h e " flesh to S a t a n " to correct t h e " s p i r i t ? " Did n o t St. Ambrose s t a n d a t t h e door of h i s C a t h e d r a l a n d r e f u s e a d m i s s i o n to t h e g r e a t E m p e r o r Theo- d o s i u s t i l l h e did p u b l i c p e n a n c e f o r h i s t r a n s g r e s s i o n s ? You deem m e r a s h f o r i n s t a n c i n g t h e t e s t i m o n y of Sir David B r e w - ster. P a r d o n m e if I deem i t conclusively p e r t i n e n t . You s a y t h a t t h e g r e a t w r i t e r , " w h i l s t e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e k i n d n e s s of the Pope's p e r s o n a l dispositions t o w a r d s Galileo, e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e s 11 t h a t t h e pension a n d o t h e r f a v o u r s were conferred to i n d u c e t h e philosopher to reticence.'- Surely you could n o t h a v e h a d t h e words of t h e g r e a t s c i e n t i s t u n d e r y o u r eye w h e n p e n n i n g t h e above ? T h e y enforce • a l m o s t t h e v e r y c o n t r a d i c t i o n of y o u r assertion. " T h u s , " pays Sir David, " w e m u s t r e g a r d t h a t p e n s i o n a s a g i f t of t h e Pope to science i t s e l f , a n d as a declar- a t i o n t o t h e Christian world t h a t religion w a s n o t j e a l o u s of p h i l o s o p h y , a n d t h a t t h e R o m a n Church e v e r y w h e r e respected a n d cherished h u m a n g e n i u s . " Y o u r r e a d e r s w i l l decide t h i s p o i n t f o r themselves. Your r e m a r k s on t h e " U t t e r a n c e s of t h e V a t i c a n Council of 1 8 7 0 " seem t o m e too v a g u e to f o r m g r o u n d s f o r a n y comment, a n d I r e g r e t t h a t i n confirmation of y o u r a p p r e c i a - tion y o u did n o t a l l y yourself to b e t t e r c o m p a n y t h a n t h e p e r j u r e d m o n k , Mr. Loyson ( P e r e H y a c i n t n e ) , whose e x c e r p t as g i v e n b y y o u , h a s a b o u t a s m u c h r e f e r e n c e to the q u e s t i o n i n t r o d u c e d as t h e moon h a s to g r e e n cheese. H o w - ever, you are n o t alone i n t h i n k i n g t h e Church retrogressive in n o t p u t t i n g herself in h a r m o n y w i t h w h a t is called " modern, c i v i l i s a t i o n . " W h e n Lord E l g i n w a s a m b a s s a d o r a t t h e Court of P e k i n , some missionaries r e q u e s t e d h i m to speak to t h e E m - peror, i n order to secure f r e e r access in e v a n g e l i s a t i o n . H e d i d so. " Sir," said h i s M a j e s t y , " go to y o u r missionaries a n d t e l l t h e m t o r e t u r n to t h e i r • u u n t r y , a n d agree a m o n g s t t h e m s e l v e s w h a t C h r i s t i a n i t y i s , a n d t h e n t h e y w i l l h a v e a b a t t e r c h a n c e of p r o p a g a t i n g i t h e r e . " If a l l you clever men w o u l d o n l y agree a s t o w h a t y o u m e a n b y modern civilisation w e m i g h t com- promise, if w e could n o t f u s e . W h a t e v e r you do m e a n b y t h i s m o d e r n c i v i l i s a t i o n , j u d g i n g b y i t s f r u i t s , i t seems a t l e a s t of a v e r y m i x e d n a t u r e . Mr. Mill f o u n d t h e age v e r y u n p r o d u c t i v e of g r e a t m e n , a n d grieves over " t h e d e c a y of i n d i v i d u a l e n e r g y a n d t h e w e a k e n i n g of t h e influence of superior m i n d s over t h e m u l t i t u d e . " Mr. Lecky pronounces t h e a g e " v e n a l , unheroic, m e r c e n a r y . I t e x h i b i t s a decline in t h e s p i r i t of self-sacrifice, a n d i n t h e appreciation of t h e more p o e t i c a l or religious a s p e c t of m a n ' s n a t u r e . " Carlyle t h i n k s " t h e g r e a t m e n of t h i s age are l u c k y or u n l u c k y g a m b l e r s , swollen b i g . " A g r e a t F r e n c h poet declares t h e very a i r of t h e age f a t a l to t r u e g r e a t n e s s — m a i s on meurt en votre air. " One would s a y , " w r i t e s Tocqueville, " on looking t h r o u g h t h e records of o u r t i m e , t h a t m a n is u n a b l e to e f f e c t a n y t h i n g e i t h e r on himself or those a r o u n d h i m . " " Thou Sodom of t h e c e n t u r i e s 1" e x c l a i m e d a g r e a t d i v i n e in r e p r o a c h of i t s w a n t of p u r i t y of l i f e i n a l l i t s social r e l a t i o n s ; a n d Lord L y t t o n t e r m e d i t a c e n t u r y of " p u f f s , p o w d e r s , p a t c h e s , b i b l e s a n d billets-doux." Now, if these be some of t h e f r u i t s of " m o d e r n civiliza- tion,'' a n d b y t h e i r f r u i t s you s h a l l k n o w t h e m , do you t h i n k t h e Church retrogressive, b e c a u s e she does n o t raise h e r r i g h t h a n d in benediction over such r e s u l t s , such a b o r t i o n s ? A s C a r d i n a l M o r a n ' s a d d r e s s a t S t . J o h n ' s College w a s t h e occasion pf t h i s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , p e r m i t m e to s a y , h o w e v e r i n s i g n i f i c a n t t h e c o m p l i m e n t , t h a t I d e e m t h e a d d r e s s e x c e l l e n t , t h e v e r y h e a t g i v e n u s b y h i s E m i n e n c e eince h e c a m e t o t h e c o l o n y . M a n y t h a n k s f o r y o u r k i n d w o r d s a n d t h e c o n c e s s i o n of y o u r v a l u a b l e space, w h i c h c o u l d h a v e b e e n m o r e p r o f i t - a b l y occupied t h a n b y t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s of Y o u r s , etc., NEMO. THE CHURCH AND SCIENCE. L E T T E R I I I . SIB,—Be g o o d enough, t o a l l o w m e t o a d d , t h a t if I s a i d n o t h i n g of K e p l e r , i t w a s n o t b e c a u s e t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g t o s a y — s t i l l n o t m u c h , o n l y t h i s : K e p l e r w a s a P r o e s t a n t , a n d w a s b e i n g p e r s e c u t e d b y P r o t e s t a n t t h e o l o g i a n s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g t h e C o p e r n i c a n s y s t e m . P r o t e s t a n t s , h a v i n g n o d i v i n e c h u r c h to- f a l l b a c k u p o n , h a t i n g t h e " B i b l e a n d t h e B i b l e o n l y , " d e e m e d t h e Copernican t h e o r y f a t a l a l i k e t o t h e m a n d t h e i r " i n s p i r e d •word." I n h i s h o u r of d a n g e r , K e p l e r p l a c e d h i m s e l f u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e J e s u i t s , w h o c o n d e m n e d h i s " b a d t h e - o l o g y , " b u t a d m i r e d h i s " g o o d s c i e n c e , " t h o u g h h e r e m a i n e d a s t o u t L u t h e r a n t o t h e e n d . I f t o s h e l t e r a n d p r o t e c t K e p l e r w a s p e r s e c u t i o n , t h e n w a s h e p e r s e c u t e d b y t h e C h u r c h of P o m e . " B r u n o , " y o u i n f o r m u s , " a n d 3 2 , 0 0 0 o t h e r s w e r e b u r n t b y t h e I n q u i s i t i o n . " B a l m e z d e c l a r e s t h a t " t h e R o m a n I n q u i s i t i o n h a s n e v e r b e e n k n o w n t o p r o n o u n c e t h e e x e c u t i o n of c a p i t a l p u n i s h m e n t , a l t h o u g h t h e A p o s t o l i c See h a s b e e n o c c u p i e d d u r i n g t h a t t i m e b y P o p e s of e x t r e m e r i g o u r a n d s e v e r i t y i n a l l t h a t r e l a t e s t o t h e c i v i l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . " " W e find i n a l l p a r t s of E u r o p e , " h e w r i t e s , " s c a f f o l d s p r e p a r e d t o p u n i s b c r i m e s a g a i n s t r e l i g i o n ; s c e n e s w h i c h s a d d e n t h e s o u l w e r e e v e r y w h e r e ' w i t n e s s e d . R o m e i s o n e e x c e p t i o n t o t h e r u l e ; R o m e , w h i c h i t h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d t o r e p r e s e n t a s a m o n s t e r of i n t o l e r a n c e a n d c r u e l t y . I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e P o p e s h a v e n o t p r e a c h e d , l i k e t h e P r o t e s t a n t s , u n i v e r s a l t o l e r a t i o n b u t t h e f a c t s s h o w t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e P o p e s a n d t h e P r o t e s t a n t s . T h e P o p e s , armf d w i t h t h e t r i b u n a l of i n t o l e r - a n c e , h a v e s c a r c e s p i l t a d r o p of b l o o d ; P r o t e s t a n t s a n d p h i l - o s o p h e r s h a v e s h e d i t i n t o r r e n t s . " A s y o u h a v e j u s t l y s a i d , t h e s e a r e m a t t e r s n o w of a n t i q u a r i a n r e s e a r c h . P e r h a p s i t w i l l n o t b e a m i s s t o g i v e t h e r e s u l t of t h e m o s t s e a r c h i n g a n d m o s t a n a l y t i c a l m i n i of E u r o p e w h e n s i f t i n g t h e e v i d e n c e o n t h i s . m a t t e r . " T h e S p a n i s h I n q u i s i t i o n , " w r o t e D r . ( C a r d i n a l ) N e w - m a n , " w h i c h r e a l l y w a s b l o o d y , is c o n f e s s e d b y P r o - t e s t a n t a u t h o r i t i e s , s u c h a s R a n k e a n d G u i z o t , t o h a v e b e e n a p o l i t i c a l — n o t a n e c c l e s i a s t i c a l — i n s t i t u t i o n ; i t s officials, t h o u g h e c c l e s i a s t i c s , w e r e a p p o i n t e d b y t h e C r o w n , a n d r e m o v a b l e a t i t s p l e a s u r e ; i t h a d i n d e e d b e e n o r i g i n a l l y a u t h o r i s e d b y t h e P o p e ( S i x t u s I V . ) , w h o , a t t h e i n s t a n c e of t h e c i v i l p o w e r , g r a n t e d i t a b u l l of e s t a b l i s h m e n t ; b u t , a s s o o n a s i t b e g a n t o a c t , i t s m e a s u r e s so d e e p l y s h o c k e d h i m t h a t h e i m m e d i a t e l y c o m m e n c e d a s e r i e s of g r a v e r e m o n s t r a n c e s a g a i n s t i t s p r o c e e d - i n g s ( b y b r i e f s d a t e d J a n u a r y 29, 1482, a n d A u g i i s t , 1 4 8 3 ) , a n d 14 b i t t e r l y c o m p l a i n e d t h a t h e h a d been deceived b y t h e S p a n i s h G o v e r n m e n t . T h e P r o t e s t a n t R a n k e d i s t i n c t l y m a i n t a i n s , t h a t i t w a s e v e n s e t u p a g a i n s t t h e P o p e a n d t h e C h u r c h , ' a s t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h e Court,' h e s a y s , ' r e s t e d on t h e r o y a l s u p r e m a c y so i t s exercise w a s m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e m a i n t e - n a n c e of t h e r o y a l a u t h o r i t y . I t i s one of t h o s e s p o l i a t i o n s of t h e e c c l e s i a s t i c a l p o w e r , b y w h i c h t h i s G o v e r n m e n t rose i n t o strength.^ I n i t s n a t u r e a n d i t s o b j e c t , i t w a s a p u r e l y p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t e . ' Moreover, t h e Pope, a n x i o u s a n d d i s p l e a s e d a t w h a t w a s g o i n g on, a p p o i n t e d a n e w f u n c t i o n a r y t o reside on . t h e s p o t , w i t h t h e office of J u d g e of A p p e a l s f r o m t h e I n q u i s i - t i o n i n f a v o u r of t h e c o n d e m n e d ; a n d w h e n t h i s e x p e d i e n t w a s e v a d e d h e a p p o i n t e d special J u d g e s f o r p a r t i c u l a r cases : a n d , l a s t l y , w h e n t h e c r u e l t y of t h e S p a n i s h G o v e r n m e n t a n d i t s officials, l a y a n d c l e r i c a l , d e f e a t e d h i s second a t t e m p t t o a m e l i o r a t e t h e e v i l , t h e n h e e n c o u r a g e d t h e s u f f e r e r s t o flee t o Rome w h e r e h e t o o k t h e m u n d e r h i s o w n p r o t e c t i o n . I n t h i s w a y i t i s recorded b y t h e u n f r i e n d l y h i s t o r i a n , F i o r e n t e , t h a t i n ° n , e J , e a r ( 1 4 8 8 ) r e 8 C U e d 2 8 0 P e r s o n e a n d 200 Ì a n o t h e r . . . . Moreover, t h e P o p e ( P a u l I I I i n 1546 AND P i u s I V . , in 1563) r e f u s e d to a l l o w t h e ' S p a n i s h GoveJnme'nt t i n t r o d u c e t h e i r I n q u i s i t i o n i n t o N a p l e s or t h e M i l a n e s e , w h i c h t h e n b e l o n g e d t o S p a m , f r o m h i s d i s a p p r o b a t i o n of i t s r i a o r » E v e r y m o n s t r o s i t y of C a t h o l i c S t a t e s i n a g e s g o n e b y i s p l a c e d b y b i g o t r y a n d i g n o r a n c e a t t h e door of t h e C h u r c h of Rome. H o w r e a d y t h e h e a d s of t h o s e s t a t e s w e r e t o r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e Church w h e n i t s u i t e d t h e i r l u s t s or a m b i t i o n w e n e e d n o t g o b e y o n d E n g l a n d t o d i s c o v e r - w i t h s u c h e x a m p l e s b e f o r e u s I s a W i l l i a m , a H e n r y I I , a J o h n , or H e n r y V I I I . To h u r l b o u l d e r s a t y o u r n e i g h b o u r ' s w e a t h e r - b o a r d , w h i l s t y o u r o w n g l a s s c o t t a g e i s j u s t on t h e o p p o s i t e side of t h e s t r e e t i s n o t , g e n - r a l l y s p e a k i n g , r e g a r d e d a s a n a c t of s u p r e m e policy W h e n i n t e r e s t e d a n d p a r t i a l w r i t e r s c i t e i n d i - v i d u a l cases a g a i n s t t h e H o l y See, t h e y v e r y s e l d o m , or n e v e r , b a c k u p t h e i r c i t a t i o n s b y q u o t a t i o n s f r o m t h e P o p e or t h e Church. N o w l e t u s look a t " P o p e L u t h e r " to see w h a t h i s p r i n c i p l e s a n d t e a c h i n g s w e r e on t o l e r a t i o n i n g e n e r a l I n h i s book e n t i t l e d « T h e P a p a c y of R o m e i n s t i t u t e d b y t h e P . J t h e r e l a y s d o w n h i s p r i n c i p l e s of t o l e r a t i o n . The Pope is t h e d e v i l I f I c a n k i l l t h e d e v i l , w h y n o t do i t t h e I T H e i s a r a v e n o u s w o l f , a g a i n s t w h o m t h e w h o l e w o r l d s h o u l d t a k e u p a r m s , w i t h o u t w a i t i n g f o r orders f r o m m a g i s t r a t e s ; in t h i s m a t t e r t h e r e is n o p l a c e f o r r e g r e t , e x c e p t t h a t r . g r e t of n o t b e i n g a b l e t o a t once d e s t r o y h i m T h e P o p e once c o n v i c t e d by t h e Gospel, t h e w h o l e w o r l d s h o u l d r u s h u p o n h i m a n d s l a y h i m , w i t h a, 1 t h o s e t h a t a r e o n hia side, k i n g s , p r i n c e s , a n d n o b l e s w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n I f w e p u n i s h r o b b e r s by t h e rope, a s s a s s i n s b y t h e s w o r d , a n d h e r e t i c s b y fare, w h y s h o u l d w e h o t do t h e s a m e to t h e d a n g e r o u s p r e a c h e r s of c o r r u P t i o n - t o p o p e s , c a r d i n a l s , b i s h o p s , 15 a n d t h e whole t r i b e of t h e R o m a n Sodom, w h o i n c e s s a n t l y poison t h e Church of God ? Yes ; w e should f a l l u p o n t h e m w i t h a l l sorts of a r m s , a n d l a v e our h a n d s i n t h e i r blood. M o n a r c h s , k i n g s , a n d nobles, w h o m a k e p a r t of t h e R o m a n Sodom, s h o u l d b e a t t a c k e d w i t h e v e r y m a n n e r of w e a p o n . W e m u s t w a s h our h a n d s i n t h e i r blood."—T. X I I I , p. 233, sq. Such i s t h e i d e a of t o l e r a t i o n g i v e n u s b y t h e first R e f o r m e r (?)—-the •" P e t e r of P r o t e s t a n t i s m . " T h e f o l l o w i n g i s t h e P a u l ' s — C a l v i n ' s — " A s t o t h e J e s u i t s , " s a y s Calvin, " w h o oppose u s , w e m u s t s l a y t h e m , or, if t h a t c a n n o t be c o n v e n i e n t l y done, w e m u s t b a n i s h t h e m , or a t l e a s t c r u s h t h e m b y lies a n d c a l u m n i e s "—Jesuitce vero, qui , se nobis maxime opponv/nt, aut necandi, aut si hoc commode fieri nan potest ejiciendi, aut eerie 'mendaciis et columniis opprimendi sunt. T h e above q u o t a t i o n s w o u l d look w e l l f r a m e d a n d h u n g r o u n d t h e neck of t h e p a s t o r of P i t t - s t r e e t , if t h e g r e a t m a n w i l l p a r d o n t h e l i b e r t y . Y o u r s , etc., NEMO. THE CHURCH AND SCIENCE. LETTER IV. SIB,-T—When you k i n d l y opened y o u r p a g e s to m y c o m - m u n i c a t i o n s I did n o t a n t i c i p a t e t h a t y o u r g e n e r o s i t y w o u l d h a v e been so h e a v i l y t a x e d . H o w e v e r , a s y o u r patience seems n o t y e t e x h a u s t e d , a n d a s t h e s u b j e c t i n r e f e r e n c e i s i n t e r e s t i n g , p e r h a p s y o u w i l l a l l o w m e a f e w w o r d s t o m v w o u l d - b e c r i t i c ! i o t h e g e n t l e m a n w h o m o d e s t l y s i g n s h i m s e l f " T r u t h " I h a v e v e r y l i t t l e indeed to say. Like some of w h o m Russell L o w e l l , in one of h i s c h a r m i n g e s s a y s , w r i t e s : " T h e e l a s t i c i t y of h i s s w a l l o w is so e x p a n s i v e " t h a t I s h o u l d f e a r to b r i n g m v boots a n d breeches w i t h i n t h e circumference of h i s e d d y I n m a t t e r s u c h a s here d e b a t e d , h a l f - e d u c a t e d people, " like h a l f - f o r m e d i n s e c t s on t h e b a n k s of Nile," o n l y go to b a t h e w h e n t h e t i d e is o u t , a n d m i s t a k e a m u d b a t h f o r a p l u n g e i n t h e b r i n y . W e k n o w t h e consequence of a r u b a g a i n s t t h e m — Megardez maxs n'y touchez pas. If a good b i g o t be a good t h i n g , " T r u t h » is a v e r y fine s p e c i m e n — a species of N o r t h - o f - I r e l a n d p e t r i f a c t i o n or if of n a t i v e p r o d u c t , t h e n a s s u r e d l y f r o m « Cow F l a t . " One m a y hope to t h r o w a r a y of l i g h t acroBS t h e p a t h of t h e g e n u s « T r u t h . " One s h o u l d be v e r y v a m t o hope f o r a c o n v e r t . T h e t a s k w o u l d be a b o u t t a n t a - m o u n t to t h e effort to " Taich an ould cow paternoster, Or whistle Moll Roe to a pig." A n o t h e r g e n t l e m a n , w h o a p p e a r s to " h a l f k n o w e v e r y t h i n g f r o m a cedar t o a h y s s o p , " i s h u m b l e e n o u g h to h i d e t h e l i g h t of h i s countenance u n d e r t h e m a n t l e of " J u s t i t i a , " a n d t h e c o m b i n a t i o n , or outcome, of " T r u t h a n d J u s t i c e , " is a rudis tndigestaque moles, quam dixere chaos. « J u s t i t i a " h a s t h o u g h t fit t o t r a v e l over a g r e a t d e a l of h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d . U n f o r t u - n a t e l y f o r h i m , a s f o r so m a n y of h i s k i n d , t h e soil is a l m o s t e n t i r e l y ecclesiastical, a n d f r o m i t s e x t e n t , v a r i e t y a n d a g e r e q u i r e s more t h a n a r o u g h p l o u g h i n g to o b t a i n t h e h a r v e s t t h h f g * m l t S m " " A U t t l e l e a m i n g " t e r e " i a a d a n g e r o u s N o w , w i t h o u t f o l l o w i n g " J u s t i t i a " t h r o u g h h i s » r u d e a n d i n d i g e s t e d h e a p , " l e t m e t a k e one i n s t a n c e w h i c h h e h i m s e l f f u r n i s h e s , t o show t h e " l i t t l e l e a r n i n g , t h e d a n g e r o u s t h i n g " w i t h w h i c h h e t h r u s t s h i m s e l f upon p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n . H e is s p e a k i n g of t h e p e r s e c u t i o n of scientific m e n b y t h e Church, a n d i n f o r m s u s t h a t w h a t e s p e c i a l l y m a d e t h i s p e r s e c u t i o n atrocious w a s " t h e a w f u l c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e I n q u i s i t i o n w a s such t h a t i t d e l i b e r a t e d on a m a n ' s l i f e a n d l i b e r t y in secret. No p u b l i c prosecutor a p p e a r e d , n o a d v o c a t e t o d e f e n d , a n d one of t h e v i c t i m s of t h i s s y s t e m of i n i q u i t y H -we are t o l d , w a s " P e t e r A b e l a r d , 1140." I t is t r u e « J u s t i t i a " h a d i n f o r m e d u s a l i t t l e earlier t h a t " t h e I n q u i s i t i o n w a s introduced into F r a n c e in 1208," 66 y e a r s a f t e r A b e l a r d ' s d e a t h ! B u t we a r e , for t h e moment,' in t h e m i d d l e a g e s , a n d t h i s i s n e a r enough. Besides, p e r h a p s some p r i e s t of t h e d a y " w a s ' paid one h u n d r e d p o u n d s " * t o b r i n g h i m b a c k o u t of P u r g a t o r y ; a n d t h u s P e t e r A b e l a r d m i g h t h a v e been condemned b y t h e I n q u i s i t i o n . B o m i n 1079, A b e l a r d w a s d e s t i n e d f o r a career of a r m s . B u t , as h e w a s of t i m i d n a t u r e a n d b r i l l i a n t i n t e l - l e c t , Mars w a s bowed o u t b y Minerva, a n d t h e orrery of p h i l o s o p h y w a s emblazoned b y a g l o w i n g , if t r a n s i t o r y , l u m i n - osity. A t t h e age of 20 h i s d i a l e c t i c a l skill w a s s u f f i c i e n t l y •cute a n d c u t t i n g t o m e a s u r e itself w i t h t h e b e s t b l a d e s of t h e age. A t t h e h o u r t h e r e p u t a t i o n of W i l l i a m of C h a m p e a u x w a s a t i t s h e i g h t in i t s U n i v e r s i t y career, a n d A b e l a r d b e c a m e a l i s t e n e r , a n d w a s filled w i t h a m b i t i o n t o s u r p a s s h i s m a s t e r , to w h o m " s h o a l s of s t u d e n t s flocked f r o m e v e r y coast," a n d w h o s e r e p u t a t i o n w o n f o r h i m t h e p r o u d a p p e l l a t i o n of H Columna Doetorum." To u p s e t such a f a m e in t h e m o s t r e n o w n e d school of E u r o p e , in t h e t h r o n g of h i s a d m i r e r s , w a s w o r t h e n d e a v o u r i n g . H e essayed a n d succeeded, a n d soon b e c a m e t h e " a d m i r e d of a l l a d m i r e r s . " " I t w a s a proud m o m e n t f o r A b e l a r d w h e n , b y t h e u n a n i m o u s voice of intellec- t u a l P a r i s , h e w a s e l e v a t e d to t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e d position w h i c h h e h a d so l o n g coveted." H e became t h e idol of t h e g r e a t c a p i t a l . Crowds surrounded Pope in h i s d a y s to t o u c h h i s h a n d . The s t u d e n t s r u s h e d f r o m dinner t o see Gray p a s s t h r o u g h t h e q u a d r a n g l e of t h e U n i v e r s i t y . " More a t t r a c t i v e t o t h e P a r i s i a n s w a s t h e fine figure, b e a u t i f u l c o u n t e n a n c e , a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d air of t h e b r i l l i a n t philosopher of t h e d a y . " H i s t e a c h i n g w a s lucid, c l e a r , s p a r k l i n g — t h e s i m p l e classic of a Greek i n t h e m a j e s t i c roll of a R o m a n — h i s r a n g e m o s t c o m p r e h e n s i v e — " i g n o r a n t , " i t w a s said of h i m , " of n o t h i n g u n d e r h e a v e n e x c e p t h i m s e l f . " " One P o p e , " r e m a r k s Guizot, " n i n e t e e n c a r d i n a l s , a n d more t h a n fifty b i s h o p s a n d archbishops-r—French, G e r m a n , a n d E n g l i s h — a n d a m u c h large,r n u m b e r of those m e n w i t h w h o m P o p e s a n d bishops a n d c a r d i n a l s h a v e t o c o n t e n d , w e r e h i s d i s c i p l e s . " P r a y , sir, r e - m a r k h o w t h i s poor s c i e n t i s t w a s p e r s e c u t e d b y t h e " a w f u l c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e I n q u i s i t i o n , " as h i s h i s t o r y proceeds. Now c a m e h i s f a l l . . H i s g u i l t y passion f o r Heloise, a n d t h e s h a m e f u l v e n - geance wreaked upon h i m b y h e r b r u t a l f a t h e r , - F u l b e r t , d r o v e h i m to t h e a b b e y of St. Denis, w h e r e t h e voice of t h e c h a r m e r of the schools w a s j o i n e d w i t h t h e m o n k s in t h e p l a i n - tive p s a l m o d y of t h e cloister. B u t i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n t e n t i o n w a s s t r o n g w i t h i n h i s s o u l ; t h e s i m p l e m o n k s w e r e too i g n o r a n t f o r h i m , a n d t o s t o p h i s s a r c a s m a n d r i d i c u l e t h e y h a d on o n e occaHion recourse t o t h e argumsntum ad baculum, a n d c u d - * See page 41. 18 gelled h i m . H e a b a n d o n e d t h e a b b e y , a n d retired to a s o l i t u d e n e a r Troyes. B u t t h e solitude soon became a t h e b a i d . " S t u - d e n t s , " h e -writes h i m s e l f , « c a m e c r o w d i n g to m e f r o m a l l p a r t s , a n d l e a v i n g t h e t o w n s a n d c i t i e s were c o n t e n t to live i n t h e wilderness. T h e y set u p l i t t l e t e n t s f o r t h e m s e l v e s , a n d p u t u p w i t h w i l d h e r b s i n s t e a d of delicate v i a n d s . P e o p l e said one to a n o t h e r , ' Behold t h e w o r l d h a s gone a f t e r h i m . ' A t l a s t , as m y oratory w o u l d n o t h o l d t h e m , t h e y e n l a r g e d i t b u i l d i n g i t of wood a n d stone." To t h i s d w e l l i n g h e g a v e the' n a m e of Paraclete. A f t e r some f o r t y y e a r s of t e a c h i n g , a n d p r o d u c i n g such w o r k s as De Generibus et De Speciebus, Sic et non a n d " C h r i s t i a n T h e o l o g y , " i t is n o t a s t o n i s h i n g t h a t a meteoric m i n d like A b e l a r d ' s should h a v e f a l l e n i n t o errors in p h i l o s o p h y a n d t h e o l o g y . H o w e v e r , h e w a s t h e " e n f a n t g a t e of h i s d a y , a n d m i n d s of h i s n a t u r e t a k e a l o t of spoiling. B u t h i s crop h a d been g r o w i n g in t h e m i n d s of t h e m u l t i t u d e s of b i s disciples, a n d t h e t i m e a r r i v e d w h e n con- n i v a n c e became p a r t i c i p a t i o n . A m o n k , W i l l i a m of St. Thierry m h i s q u i e t cell, w a s t h e first t o f o r m a l l y g a t h e r from' A b e l a r d ' s w o r k s h i s v a r i o u s errors, a n d f o r w a r d e d t h e m c a t a - logued to t h e g r e a t St. B e r n a r d , t h e A b b o t of Clairvaux. E v e n t u a l l y , a case w a s d r a w n u p a g a i n s t A b e l a r d b v St B e r n a r d . " W h e n h e speaks of t h e H o l y T r i n i t y , " savs- B e r n a r d , « i t i s i n t h e s t y l e of A r i u s ; h e is a P e l a g i a n w h e n s P e a k s o £ g r a c e , a n d a second N e s t o r i u s w h e n h e s p e a k s of t h e p e r s o n of J e s u s Christ. H i s v a n i t y i s s u c h t h a t h e b r a g s a s if t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g i n H e a v e n or on e a r t h t h a t h e did n o t k n o w ; a n d , in t r u t h , h e k n o w s a l i t t l e of e v e r y t h i n g e x c e p t h i m s e l f . " 8 T h e w a r soon w a x e d w a r m . A b e l a r d poured o u t a t o r r e n t of a b u s e on B e r n a r d , a n d t h e f o l l o w e r s of each took t h e i r respective side, i n w h i c h t h e s a i n t of t h e a g e a n d t h e most b r i l l i a n t p h i l o s o p h e r were t h e t w o chief c o n t e n d e r s : t h e one armed w i t h a u t h o r i t y , t h e o t h e r w i t h r a t i o n a l i s m - a u t h o r i t y w h e r e reason f o u n d h e r repose, r a t i o n a l i s m w h e r e reason h a d outstripped h e r confines. As Rome h a d t o b e t h e final a r b i t e r , " w h a t B e r n a r d d r e a d e d m o s t w a s t h e b i a s of those bishops a n d c a r d i n a l s w h o h a d been disciples of A b e l a r d , a n d w e r e n o w in R o m e . " A l e t t e r c o n t a i n i n g t h e a c c u s a t i o n s w a s s e n t b y B e r n a r d to I n n o c e n t I I . , a copy of w h i c h w a s t r a n s m i t t e d to A b e l a r d . A f t e r due c o n - s i d e r a t i o n A b e l a r d begged t h e A r c h b i s h o p of Sens to c a l l a council, p r o m i s i n g to a p p e a r on t h e d a y a n d m e e t a l l a c c u s a t i o n s T h e A r c h b i s h o p complied, a n d s u m m o n e d a P r o v i n c i a l Council for t h e octave d a y of Pentecost, 1140. The f a m e of t h e c o m i n g c o n t e s t d r e w a m i g h t y c r o w d i n d u e t i m e t o t h e city. T h e d a y a r r i v e d , a n d a s t r i k i n g scene ensued. T h e g r e a t Church of St. S t e p h e n i s t h r o n g e d . Louis V I I . of F r a n c e is on t h e p r e p a r e d 19 t h r o n e — G o d f r e y , Bishop of C h a r t r e s , l e g a t e of t h e Holy- See, p r e s i d e s , a m a n of g r e a t p r u d e n c e a n d m o d e r a t i o n . O n e i t h e r s i d e r a n g e b i s h o p s a n d a r c h b i s h o p s , a n d p r e - l a t e s of h i g h a n d l o w d e g r e e , u n i v e r s i t y s c h o l a r s of e v e r y g r a d e , a b b o t s , r e l i g i o u s , t h e o l o g i a n s , m e n of l e t t e r s , k n i g h t s a n d b a r o n s , i«nd m o n k s of m a n y o r d e r s — ' t w a s a g r a n d a r r a y t T h e r e i s a s u b d u e d m u r m u r of c o n v e r s a t i o n a s t h e h u m of a h i v e i n a s u m m e r l i m e tree. H o w w i l l i t e n d ? A b e l a r d ! y e s , we- k n o w h i m . H e h a s e n s l a v e d F r a n c e b y h i s b r i l l i a n c y . T o o w e l l m a n y of u s k n o w , w h o v e n t u r e d a l a n c e w i t h h i m , h o w the- m o m e n t h e g o t a n o p e n i n g h e p l a y e d w i t h u s f o r a n i n s t a n t , a n d g a v e u s o u r q u i e t u s , a s w e r e w e b u t a b a b y or a b a u b l e . None- c o u l d h o l d a l a n c e a g a i n s t h i m . H i s a l l i s a t s t a k e n o w , a n d h e w i l l b e w o n d e r f u l I B u t t h i s m o n k — t h i s B e r n a r d — " there- w a s s o m e t h i n g s a d l y a w f u l i n t h a t n o b l e f o r e h e a d — i n the- c l a s s i c a l t u r n of t h o s e s e n s i t i v e l i p s , i n t h e flame of t h o s e p i e r c i n g e y e s , a n d i n t h e m o v e m e n t of t h a t p l i g h t f r a m e , w a s t e d w i t h l o n g v i g i l , w i t h t e r r i f i c p e n a n c e , w i t h b u r n i n g l o v e f o r t h e H o u s e of God, a n d w i t h t h e ceaseless f r i c t i o n of a l a b o r i o u s l i f e . " A t a s i g n a l f r o m t h e c e r e m o n i e r e A b e l a r d , i n h i s b l a c k . B e n e d i c t i n e robe, s t e p s i n t o t h e p l a c e a l l o t t e d h i m i n t h e a s s e m b l y , p r e c e d e d b y h i s i l l u s t r i o u s d i s c i p l e , A r n o l d of B r e s c i a . H e h a d n o sooner d o n e so t h a n B e r n a r d stood f o r t h t o c o n f r o n t h i m . H e h e l d i n h i s h a n d a s c r o l l ' c o n t a i n i n g t h e h e r e s i e s of A b e l a r d , a n d , i n a c l e a r , firm voice, r e a d t h e m o u t i n t h e h e a r i n g of t h e a s s e m b l y . " H e t h e n f a s t e n e d h i s c a l m e y e s on h i s a n t a g o n i s t , a n d i n f o r m e d h i m t h a t h e h a d t h e choice of t h r e e c o u r s e s : To d e f e n d t h e p r o p o s i t i o n s , t o a m e n d t h e m , or t o d e n y t h e y w e r e his. T h e r e w a s a m o m e n t of p a u s e . I n a n i n s t a n t a l l eyes w e r e t u r n e d on A b e l a r d , a n d t h e p u l s e s of t h a t a s s e m b l y q u i c k e n e d w h i l s t w a i t i n g , t h o u g h f o r a m o m e n t , f o r t h e s o u n d s of t h a t w e l l - k n o w n voice which, h a d r u n g o u t t h e i s s u e s of m a n y a v i c t o r y i n t h e a r e n a of i n t e l l e c t u a l s t r i f e . A b e l a r d s p o k e : ' I w i l l n o t a n s w e r t h e Cistercian,' h e e x c l a i m e d , ' I a p p e a l f r o m t h e Council t o t h e See of R o m e . ' " T h e a s s e m b l y w a s s p e e c h l e s s w i t h a s t o n i s h m e n t ; t h e b i s h o p s looked on e a c h o t h e r w i t h b l a n k surprise. A n d m e n h a d h a r d l y r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e shock w h e n t h e y w e r e conscious t h a t A b e l a r d h a d t u r n e d h i s b a c k u p o n k i n g , l e g a t e s , a n d b i s h o p s , a n d , f o l l o w e d b y h i s w o n d e r i n g d i s c i p l e s , h a d l e f t t h e c h u r c h . " T h e r e s t i s soon t o l d . T h e council c o n d e m n e d t h e errors w h i c h A b e l a r d h i m s e l f h a d n o t t h e c o u r a g e t o d e f e n d . H e w a s t h e n 60 y e a r s of a g e ; h i s c a r e e r w a s closed. H e r e t i r e d t o t h e A b b e y of C l u n y , w h e r e P e t e r t h e v e n e r a b l e , a l w a y s h i s k i n d f r i e n d , m a d e t h e f e w o r d i n a r y y e a r s of h i s l i f e t h e s w e e t e s t h i s l i f e h a d k n o w n . " Never d i d I see,'' w r i t e s t h e v e n e r a b l e A b b o t , " a m a n more- h u m b l e , w h e t h e r i n g e s t u r e , h a b i t , or c o u n t e n u n c e . H e r e a d c o n t i n u a l l y , p r a y e d o f t e n , a n d k e p t s i l e n c e a t a l l t i m e s e x c e p t w h e a forced t o speak ; a n d a f t e r h i s reconciliation w i t h t h e H 0 I 7 See offered t h e h o l y sacrifice d a i l y , a n d occupied himself o n l y w i t h m e d i t a t i n g or t e a c h i n g t h e t r u t h s of religion a n d p h i l o s o p h y . " Such, sir, is t h e s t o r y of A h e l a r d , w h o w a s perse- c u t e d b y " t h e a w f u l c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e I n q u i s i t i o n " s i x t y - s i x y e a r s a f t e r h i s d e a t h , " w h e r e n o p r o s e c u t o r a p p e a r e d a n d n o a d v o c a t e to d e f e n d "—Ex uno, disce omnes. Yours, etc., NEMO. P R O T E S T A N T I S M A N D L I B E R T Y . THE position of P r o t e s t a n t i s m , d u r i n g t h e c e n t u r i e s of i t s e x i s t - ence, t o w a r d s Catholicity h a s been one of dire a n t a g o n i s m . I t i s n o t a l i b e l on i t s efforts to say, t h e y h a v e n o t been b r i l l i a n t l y successful. Thè opposition w a s a t first r u n on theological grounds. Beaten h e r e , P r o t e s t a n t i s m c h a n g e d f r o n t a n d u n i t e d , w i t h every opposing power a n d force, a g a i n s t Catholicity. A l l m e a n s were a l l o w a b l e t o t h a t end. I n t h i s r e s p e c t P r o - t e s t a n t i s m h a s been mo9t s u c c e s s f u l , a n d t h e combined r e s u l t of a l l h a s been to m a k e m o d e r n h i s t o r y in i t s r e l a t i o n s to t h e p a t h o l i c Church l i t t l e b e t t e r , in t h e words of de Mais tre, t h a n a " conspiracy a g a i n s t t h e t r u t h . " . Because she w o u l d n o t a l l o w so m u c h l i b e r t y to e v e r y b o d y , u n t i l there w a s n o t sufficient a u t h o r i t y to govern a n y b o d y , t h e Catholic Church w a s declared t h e e n e m y of a l l l i b e r t y , a n d h e r i n t o l e r a n c e h e l d u p to t h e n a t i o n s of t h e e a r t h as an object of u n i v e r s a l scorn. The e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y m a y be r e g a r d e d , f r o m a Catholic; p o i n t of v i e w , a s t h e c e n t u r y p a r excellence of misrepresenta- tion. I t w a s t h e c e n t u r y in w h i c h P r o t e s t a n t i s m h e l d m o s t s w a y i n Europe. I n t h e a g e s p a s t t h e a x e or sword " h a d done! t h e nobler deed." T h e p e n a n d t h e p r e s s took u p t h e r u n n i n g i n t h e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y , a n d " a conspiracy a g a i n s t t h e t r u t h " w a s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n . I n t h a t c e n t u r y p h i l o s o p h y w a s t h e h a n d m a i d of P r o t e s t a n t i s m a g a i n s t C a t h o l i c i t y , b u t i t W a s t h e philosophy of Bollingbroke, of H o b b e s , of P r o u d h o n , of Spinosa, F i c h t e , Schelling, H e g e l , Voltaire, R o u s s e a u , et hoc genus onine. By erroneous theology a n d f a l a e philosophy t h e Catholic Church w a s not only accused, she w a s c o n d e m n e d , i m m o l a t e d . As t h e e n e m y of l i b e r t y she w a s struck down : as t h e f o e of toleration, she w a s s h o w n none. A n d she w a s so t r e a t e d - b y P r o t e s t a n t i s m , w h i c h is supposed to hold a l o f t t h e b a n n e r of l i b e r t y , e n f o l d i n g t h e principle of t o l e r a t i o n . L i b e r t y ! T o l e r a t i o n ! Sacred words, w h i c h in t h e i r t r u e significance m u s t be cherished a n d g u a r d e d by t h e Church of Christ w h e r e v e r she in. L i b e r t y , one of t h e h i g h p r i v i l e g e s w h i c h m a k e m a n a " l i t t l e l e s s t h a n t h e a n g e l s . " Man, a d u p l e x n a t u r e , s p i r i t u a l a n d temporal. L i b e r t y w i l l f o l l o w h i s order, h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n , for in office i t h a s a t w o f o l d obliga- t i o n — t o God a n d Csesar. T h i s distinction m u s t be m a i n t a i n e d , or l i b e r t y w i l l be i m p a i r e d or lost. I t cost t h e Church of t h e first centuries t o r r e n t s of blood to m a i n t a i n t h i s necessary a l l - i m p o r t a n t distinction. Not one g r a i n of incense w o u l d she b u r n i n honour of Csesar a s P o n t i f e x . The t w o orders m u s t b e d i s t i n c t a n d s e p a r a t e — t r u e l i b e r t y d e m a n d s i t . T h i s d i s t i n c t i o n h a s ever been i n s i s t e d on a t a l l cost b y t h e Catholic Church- - t h r o u g h o u t h e r e n t i r e h i s t o r y . W i t h w h a t r e s u l t ? P u t a s i d e -all Catholic w i t n e s s e s i n t h e m a t t e r ; t u r n t o n o n - C a t h o l i c sources. T a k e t w o of t h e g r e a t e s t m i n d s of t h e i r a g e — G u i z o t a n d J . S. Mill. L e t t h e m g i v e t h e i r evidence. " One beneficial consequence w h i c h M. Guizot a s c r i b e s t o t h e p o w e r of t h e C h u r c h , " s a y s M i l l , I is w o r t h y of s p e c i a l notice — t h e s e p a r a t i o n u n k n o w n t o a n t i q u i t y b e t w e e n t e m p o r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l a u t h o r i t y . H e , i n c o m - m o n w i t h t h e b e s t t h i n k e r s of our t i m e , a t t r i b u t e s t o t h i s f a c t t h e h a p p i e s t i n f l u e n c e on E u r o p e a n c i v i l i s a t i o n . I t w a s t h e p a r e n t , h e s a y s , of l i b e r t y of conscience. T h e s e p a r a t i o n of t e m p o r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l i s f o u n d e d on t h e i d e a t h a t m a t e r i a l f o r c e h a s n o r i g h t , n o h o l d over t h e m i n d , o v e r conviction, o v e r t r u t h . E n o r m o u s a s h a v e been t h e f i n s of t h e Catholic C h u r c h , i n t h e w a y of r e l i g i o u s i n t o l e r a n c e , lier assertion of t h i s p r i n c i p l e h a s d o n e m o r e f o r h u m a n f r e e d o m t h a n a l l t h e fires s h e ever k i n d l e d h a v e done t o d e s t r o y . i t . " — M i l l , D i s s e r t a t i o n s a n d Discussion?, "Vol. I I . , p. 243:" N o w , w h a t h a s b e e n t h e a c t i o n of P r o t e s t a n t i s m t o w a r d s t h i s s e p a r a t i o n of t h e t e m p o r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l — t h i s g r e a t •distinction w h i c h t h e b e s t t h i n k e r s of o u r a g e r e g a r d a s t h e " p a r e n t of l i b e r t y of conscience ?" W h a t w a s i t , b u t t h e com- p l e t e s u r r e n d e r of t h e p r i n c i p l e u p o n w h i c h " l i b e r t y of c o n s c i e n c e " i s f o u n d e d ! W e a r e a B r i t i s h - t o n g u e d people. W h a t took p l a c e i n E n g l a n d i n i l l u s t r a t i o n ? Did n o t P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a n d over t o H e n r y V I I I . a u t h o r i t y s p i r i t u a l a n d t e m p o r a l ? Did i t n o t a t one b l o w d e s t r o y t h e p r i n c i p l e f o r w h i c h t h e C h u r c h h a d so n o b l y a n d a t s u c h -enormous sacrifice c o n t e n d e d f o r fifteen h u n d r e d y e a r s ? t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t " m a t e r i a l f o r c e h a s n o r i g h t , n o h o l d over t h e m i n d , over c o n v i c t i o n , over t r u t h . " W a s n o t t h e a c t i o n , t h e c o n d u c t of H e n r y V I I I . w o r t h y t h a t of a Nero or a C o m m o d u s , t h e m o m e n t P r o t e s t a n t i s m g a v e h i m b a c k t h e p o w e r w i t h w h i c h t h e e m p e r o r of P a g a n R o m e w a s i n v e s t e d P A n d , if "to-day " t h e K i n g can do n o w r o n g , " i t is b e c a u s e one r o y a l P r o t e s t a n t h e a d h a s r o l l e d on a scaffold, a n d t h e n a t i o n h a s s n a t c h e d f r o m t h e h a n d s of i t s m o n a r c h t h e a u t h o r i t y w i t h w h i c h P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a d so s l a v i s h l y a n d so w i c k e d l y i n v e s t e d liim. I n t h i s m a t t e r P a r l i a m e n t h a s r e p l a c e d t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h ; b u t t h e m o n a r c h h a s b e e n d e g r a d e d i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n . H e i s n o l o n g e r a k i n g — h e i s a figure-head ! W h a t h a s been t h e effect of P r o t e s t a n t i s m on t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e k i n g s of E n g l a n d ? S t a n d f o r t h P r o t e s t a n t i s m — g i v e u p y o u r r e c o r d s a n d a r c h i v e s . W h e r e are t h e k i n g s of E n g l a n d ? If y o u a s k t h e •Catholic C h u r c h f o r h e r s , s h e p o i n t s t o h e r A l f r e d s , h e r E d w a r d s , h e r R i c h a r d s , h e r H e n r y s , h e r P l a n t a g e n e t s h e r a r m i e s , " one h a l f of w h i c h could b e a t ,the w h o l e of F r a n c e w h i l e t h e o t h e r h a l f l o o k e d o n . ' H e r k i n g s w e r e t h e h e r o e s a n d t h e i n s p i r a t i o n of d i v i n e S h a k e s p e a r e ' s « u b l i m e s t m u s e . If k i n d P r o v i d e n c e s h o u l d ever b l e s s 118 w i t h a second Shakespeare, w h a t t r a i t , w h a t c h a r a c t e r w i l l h e find i n t h e P r o t e s t a n t k i n g s of E n g l a n d t o i n s p i r e h i s v e r s e or e n g a g e h i s g e n i u s ? H e r e is t h e first of t h e m p a i n t e d b y t h e u n d y i n g w o r d s of M a c a u l a y . , " A k i n g ( H e n r y V I I I . ) w h o s e character m a y be b e s t described b y s a y i n g t h a t h e w a s despotism itself p e r s o n i - fied ; u n p r i n c i p l e d m i n i s t e r s ; r a p a c i o u s a r i s t o c r a c y ; a servile p a r l i a m e n t . Such were t h e i n s t r u m e n t s b y w h i c h JEngland w a s delivered f r o m t h e yoke of Rome. T h e work w h i c h h a d b e e n b e g u n b y H e n r y , t h e m u r d e r e r of h i s wives, w a s c o n t i n u e d b y Somerset, t h e m u r d e r e r of h i s b r o t h e r , a n d completed b y E l i z a b e t h , t h e m u r d e r e r of h e r g u e s t . " — ( M a c a u l a y , Edinburgh Review.) A n d h e r e is t h e l a s t of t h e m f r o m t h e Greville Memoirs—" W i l l i a m I V . w a s s u c h a n ass t h a t n o b o d y does a n y t h i n g b u t l a u g h a t w h a t h e s a y s . . . . . W h a t c a n y o u e x p e c t f r o n j a m a n w i t h a h e a d l i k e a p i n e a p p l e ? . . • H e a l w a y s c o n t i n u e d t o be s o m e t h i n g of a b l a c k g u a r d a n d s o m e t h i n g m o r e of a b u f f o o n . " — Q r e v i l l e Memoirs, Vol. I I I . , p p . 33-410. W h a t h a v e t h e y l e f t to E n g l a n d to c h a l l e n g e t h e a d m i r a t i o n of t h e world ? " There are a l l t h e c o a t s h e ( K i n g George I V . ) h a s ever h a d for fifty y e a r s , 300 whips, c a n e s w i t h o u t n u m b e r , every sort of u n i f o r m , t h e c o s t u m e s of a l l t h e orders of E u r o p e , s p l e n d i d f u r s , pelisses, h u n t i n g coats a n d b r e e c h e s , a n d a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , a dozen pair of corduroy breeches h e h a d m a d e to h u n t i n w h e n Don Miguel w a s here. H i s p r o f u s i o n i n t h e s e a r t i c l e s w a s u n b o u n d e d , b e c a u s e h e never p a i d f o r t h e m , a n d h i s m e m o r y w a s so a c c u r a t e t h a t one of h i s p a g e s t o l d m e h e recollected every a r t i c l e of dress, no m a t t e r h o w o l d , a n d t h a t t h e y w e r e a l w a y s l i a b l e t o b e called to procure some p a r t i c u l a r coat or article of a p p a r e l of y e a r s gone b y . I t i s difficult to say w h e t h e r in g r e a t or l i t t l e t h i n g s t h a t m a n w a s m o s t odious a n d c o n t e m p t i b l e . " — ( G r e v i l l e Memoirs, Vol. I I . , p. 2 3 . ) The E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e , i n prose a n d p o e t r y , h a s p r e t t y w e l l e x h a u s t e d i t s v o c a b u l a r y of opprobrium in a p p l i c a t i o n to E n g - l a n d ' s P r o t e s t a n t K i n g s . Byron s u m m e d t h e m u p i n a l i n e — " Ths fools and oppressors called George." N a t u r e finally r e f u s e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e connection, a n d f o r e i g n e r s w e r e c a l l e d i n horresco referens t o r e l i n k t h e l i n e of t h e P l a n t a g e n e t s ! T h i s w a s t h e effect of P r o t e s t a n t l i b e r t y a n d t o l e r a t i o n on t h e once glorious r a c e of E n g l a n d ' s m o n a r c h s . W h a t effect on P r o t e s t i n t i s m itself h a d P r o t e s t a n t l i b e r t y a n d t o l e r a t i o n F I t became a t j n c e t h e creature a n d slave of t h e S t a t e . Cranmer w a s i t s first Archbishop, a n d took h i s " com- mission " f r o m H e n r y V I I I . ; a n d on t h e d e a t h of H e n r y h e surrendered h i s archiépiscopal a u t h o r i t y to t h e i n f a n t m o n a r c h , E d w a r d V I . , a n d received i t back a t h i s h a n d s a s " t h e only source of a l l m a n n e r of t e m p o r a l a n d s p i r i t u a l j u r i s d i c t i o n w i t h i n t h e r e a l m . " " I t is p l a i n , " s a y s t h e P r o t e s t a n t Collier, " t h a t t h e b i s h o p s , t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e course of K i n g E d w a r d ' s r e i g n , w e r e upon their good b e h a v i o u r f o r t h e i r office a n d h a d 24 S ^ y , ? 8 3 f S M °f 'luamd™ j g bene rjesserint a s I o n * a s t h e v r c c a i l t f " 6 S S S S n H B 8 £ p a ^ e D t ' t h a t t h e k i n g m i g h t p l e a s e d ^ S f e S ^ S ^ t h e i r ° h a r a o t e r d e a<* w h e n h e S T S . 6 8 0 f L a n f r a n c ' A n s e l m , L a n g t o n a n d Becket s u c h base, such t r e a c h e r o u s s e r v i l i t y must h«™ ' d r y b o n e s r a t t l e in y o u r tombs u n d e r ^ s h a d e o f C ^ n L l Z C a t h e d r a l ! H a d these s a i n t l y a r c h b i s h o p s cowed b e n e l t h t h e t y r a n n y of t h e m o n a r c h s of t h e i r respective t i m e s - t h e « w l ^ ^ n k w ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ | g g t a i b k & B ^ ^ ^ i s » a i n t f e No^-th Z • H race in our i s l a n d ! a n d i n t n e jNoith A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t . H o w v a s t is tfc» * a n d t h e y alone, w r e s t l e d s u c c c r s s f u l l y w i t h t h e despotism of t h e Conqueror, a n d h i s d e s c e n d a n t s to t h e f o u r t h ffeneratZ ^ * m a m t a i n i r g a m o n g s t u s , even in those evil d a y s , r ; : ^ " : 1 t r h \ c r r n ' the B r a oa£ ndau15E z?is day r e r i n s WBm flflfli is « S i r ^ m m r i t i e a w i t h w h i e t She h a s covered a n d S S i l f ' U n c h e c k e d b y t h e keen w i s d o m o f S S ^ S a p a t h i e s of t h e , n c> t n e nerce Conqueror would lia™ an g a g g S m H « e g ? = s f l B H K C a n t e r b u r y b e f o r e t h e « fierce Conqueror " a n d t h ^ ' b a d b o l l • • « • b P W h e n Pope U r b a n w a n t e d t h e w e i g h t of E n g l a n d ' * M K r W t h e a n t i - P o p e C l e m e n t , h ! s e n t t h e P a l l i u m W t h e I t , 1 ° P I B S t 0 W i l l i a m S ® J ^ be b e s t o w e d by t h e k i n g on h i s A r c h b i s h o p of C a n t e r b u r y B n t - ° W l D g t h e S H I b e t t e r t h a n Rome re f u s e d t h e i n v e s t m e n t a t t h e h a n d s of t h e k i n g . T h e G a l l i u m w a s p l a c e d on t h e h i g h a l t a r of t h e C a t h e d r a l , a n d I n s e l m approached a n d i n v e s t e d h i m s e l f w i t h t h e e m b l e m i j f f f c u n d e r u s , b y God's c a l l i n g a n d ours," w a s H e " r ? r e m J e r t C r a n m e r , " t h e m o s t p r i n c i p a l m i n i s t e r of our j u r i s d i c t i o n . ' ' A n d t h e d e g r a d i n g p o s i t i o n w a s accepted. Caesar w a s a g a i n P o n t i f e x M a x i m u s . " A b s o l u t e m o n a r c h y , " says G u i z o t , " t r i u m p h e d simul- t a n e o u s l y t h r o u g h o u t E u r o p e w i t h t h e R e f o r m a t i o n . " B a r l o w t o l d H e n r y V I I I . i n 1540, t h a t " i f t h e k i n g ' s g r a c e , b e i n g s u p r e m e h e a d of t h e Church of E n g l a n d , should elect a n y l a y m a n to be bishop, w i t h o u t m e n t i o n m a d e of a n y o r d e r s , h e s h o u l d be as good a b i s h o p a s t h e b e s t i n E n g l a n d . " Cranmer w a s a l l o w e d t h e l i b e r t y of r e c a n t i n g six, a n d L a t i m e r e i g h t times. " Good churches," says E m e r s o n , " a r e n o t b u i l t b y b a d m e n . " I t is t h u s Macaulay p a i n t s Cranmer : " I n t o l e r - a n c e is a l w a y s b a d , b u t t h e s a n g u i n a r y i n t o l e r a n c e of a m a n w h o t h u s w a v e r e d i n h i s creed, c r e a t e s a l o a t h i n g to w h i c h i t i s difficult to give v e n t w i t h o u t c a l l i n g f o u l n a m e s . E q u a l l y f a l s e to p o l i t i c a l a n d r e l i g i o u s obligations, h e w a s t h e fit tool of Somerset, a n d t h e n ot N o r t h u m b e r l a n d , ^ ^ h e n t h e f o r m e r w i s h e d to p u t h i s o w n b r o t h e r to d e a t h , even w i t h o u t t h e f o r m of a t r i a l , h e f o u n d a r e a d y i n s t r u m e n t in Cranmer." N o w o n d e r t h a t b e n e a t h t h e influence of such m e n t h e a l t a r , t h e sacrifice, a n d t h e priesthood were soon o b l i t e r a t e d , a n d religion itself b e c a m e w h a t e v e r t h e State l i k e d to m a k e it. Cujus regio, illius religio, a p r i n c i p l e subversive of a l l l i b e r t y of con- s c i e n c e — t h e e m b o d i m e n t of intolerance. The R i t u a l i s t i c periodicals of t h e d a y compare t h e l e a d i n g E n g l i s h R e f o r m e r s w i t h Marat a n d Robespierre. The Church News t e r m s Crammer, L a t i m e r , R i d l e y , J e w e l l a n d t h e r e s t , " a p o s t a t e s , t r a i t o r s , p e r j u r e r s , robbers, a n d p e r s e c u t o r s ; " Dr. L i t t l e d a l e , (D.D.) calls t h e m " u t t e r l y u n - redeemed v i l l a i n s a n d Mr. B a r i n g Gould declares t h e R e f o r m a t i o n to h a v e been " a m i s e r a b l e a p o s t a c y . " If t h i s be h a r d l a n g u a g e — r o u g h t r e a t m e n t — t h e P r o t e s t a n t s m u s t s e t t l e i t a m o n g s t t h e m s e l v e s — i t i s a l l t h e i r evidence. So m u c h f o r t h e effects of l i b e r t y a n d t o l e r a t i o n on t h e P r o t e s t a n t Church. B u t t h e end h a d n o t y e t come there w a s a " deeper d e p t h " s t i l l in store. T h e source a n d f o u n t a i n , of ecclesiastical a u t h o r i t y n o w is the Committee of P r i v y Council. Of w h a t does t h i s Committee of P r i v y Council consist ? Of t w e l v e m e m b e r s , of w h i c h three o n l y are ecclesiastics, t h e r e m a i n i n g n i n e m a y be D i s s e n t e r s — i n f a c t , m a y b e a n y t h i n g . F o r a Church—for its final j u d i c i a l c o u r t — t h i s w o u l d be a m o n s - t r o s i t y . F o r a n E s t a b l i s h m e n t , p r o b a b l y i t is a b o u t t h e proper t h i n g . A n d t h e n a t i o n a t l a r g e — h o w f a r e d i t b e n e a t h t h e n e w l i b e r t y d i f f u s e d b y P r o t e s t a n t i s m ? " I t is a n u n q u e s t i o n a b l e a n d most i n s t r u c t i v e f a c t , " w r i t e s M a c a u l a y , " t h a t t h e y e a r s d u r i n g w h i c h t h e p o l i t i c a l p o w e r of t h e A n g l i c a n h i e r a r c h y w a s i n t h e z e n i t h , w e r e precisely t h e y e a r s d u r i n g w h i c h n a t i o n a l v i r t u e w a s a t i t s l o w e s t point."' Sacrilegious avarice," s a y s Camden ( E d w a r d "VI.) " ravenously 26 i n v a d e d c h u r c h l i v i n g s , colleges, c h a u n t r i e s , h o s p i t a l s a n d p l a c e s d e d i c a t e d to t h e poor, as t h i n g s superfluous. A m b i t i o n a n d e m u l a t i o n a m o n g t h e n o b i l i t y , p r e s u m p t i o n a n d d i s o b e d i - ence a m o n g t h e common people, g r e w eo e x t r a v a g a n t t h a t .England seemed to be i n a d o w n r i g h t f r e n z y . " — ( C a m d e n : I n t r o d u c t i o n to t h e A n n a l s of Queen E l i z a b e t h . ) B u r n e t t is e q u a l l y f o r c i b l e : " This gross a n d i n s a t i a b l e s c r a m b l e a f t e r t h e goods a n d w e a l t h t h a t h a d been dedicated to good d e s i g n s , w i t h o u t t h e a p p l y i n g a n y p a r t of i t t o promote t h e good of t h e Gospel, t h e i n s t r u c t i o n of t h e poor, m a d e a l l people conclude t h a t i t w a s r o b b e r y , a n d n o t for r e f o r m a t i o n , t h a t t h e i r z e a l m a d e t h e m so active. T h e professors of t h e people g a v e t h e i r e n e m i e s g r e a t a d v a n t a g e t o say t h a t t h e y r a n a w a y f r o m con- fession, p e n a n c e , f a s t i n g a n d p r a y e r , o n l y to b e u n d e r n o r e s t r a i n t a n d t o i n d u l g e t h e m s e l v e s i n a l i c e n t i o u s a n d d i s - s o l u t e course of l i f e . B y t h e s e t h i n g s t h a t w e r e too v i s i b l e i n some of t h e most e m i n e n t a m o n g t h e m , t h e people were m u c h a l i e n a t e d f r o m t h e m ; a n d a s m u c h as t h e y w e r e f o r - m e r l y a g a i n s t P o p e r y , t h e y g r e w to h a v e kinder t h o u g h t s of i t , a n d to look on a l l t h e c h a n g e s t h a t h a d been m a d e a s designs to enrich some vicious c h a r a c t e r s a n d to l e t in a n i n u n d a t i o n of vice a n d w i c k e d n e s s upon t h e n a t i o n . " — ( H i s t o r y of t h e R e f o r m a t i o n . ) " Churches r a n g r e a t l y i n t o d i l a p i d a t i o n a n d d e c a y , " s a y s Stirpe, " a n d were n a s t y a n d i n d e c e n t for God's w o r - ship. A m o n g t h e l a i t y t h e r e w a s l i t t l e d e v o t i o n — t h e L o r d ' s d a y g r e a t l y p r o f a n e d a n d l i t t l e o b s e r v e d ; - t h e common p r a y e r s n o t f r e q u e n t e d . Some lived w i t h o u t a n y service of God a t a l l . M a n y w e r e h e a t h e n s a n d a t h e i s t s ; t h e •Queen s own court a n a r b o u r for epicures a n d a t h e i s t s , a n d a k i n d of l a w l e s s p l a c e ; because i t stood i n n o p a r i s h . " The Westminster Review oi J a n u a r y , 1870, i n f o r m s u s t h a t t h e condition of t h i n g s i n t h e t i m e of H e n r y V I I I . w a s of so atrocious a n a t u r e t h a t | London deserved a t h o u s a n d t i m e s more p l a g u e s t h a n ever f e l l on T y r e or Sidon or even on Sodom a n d G o m o r r a h . " L e t i t be r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h i s s t a t e of t h i n g s w a s t h e r e s u l t of P r o t e s t a n t i s m i n t h e flush of i t s vigour. W e expect t h e p u r e s t w a t e r a t t h e f o u n t — e v i d e n t l y t h e s t r e a m w a s corrupt i n i t s source. Clearly t h e l i b e r t y , t h e t o l e r a t i o n w h i c h P r o t e s t a n t i s m g a v e to k i n g , Church a n d people w a s a l i b e r t y t h a t q u i c k l y d e g e n e r a t e d i n t o licence a n d a t o l e r a t i o n t h a t p e r m i t t e d a condition i t could no l o u g e r control. " W o u l d I could efface f r o m our a n n a l s , " s a y s t h e P r o t e s t a n t F i t z w i l l i a m , « every t r a c e of t h e l o n g series of i n i q u i t i e s w h i c h accompanied t h e R e f o r m a t i o n i n E n g l a n d — t h e i n j u s t i c e , t h e oppression, t h e r a p i n e , t h e m u r d e r s , t h e sacrileges t h e r e stamped. Such w e r e t h e m e a n s b y w h i c h t h e i n e x o r a b l e a n d s a n g u i n a r y t y r a n t , t h e f o u n d e r of our f a i t h , e s t a b l i s h e d h i s s u p r e m a c y in t h e n e w c h u r c h , a n d a l l w h o w i s h e d to p r e s e r v e t h e belief of t h e i r f a t h e r s a n d a d h e r e to t h e a u t h o r i t y , w h i c h 27 h e h i m s e l f h a d t a u g h t t h e m t o r e v e r e , w e r e t r e a t e d as r e b e l s a n d soon became h i s v i c t i m s . " H e w a s t h e w o r t h y i n t r o d u c e r -of a n i n t o l e r a n c e t h a t r a n t h r o u g h t h e l i n e of h i s d y n a s t y f o r t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s , w o r t h i l y t e r m i n a t i n g w i t h t h e e x e c r a - t i o n by George I V . of t h e p e n w i t h w h i c h h i s u n w i l l i n g fingers s i g n e d t h e A c t of C a t h o l i c E m a n c i p a t i o n — 1 8 2 9 . T h r o u g h t h e w h o l e of t h o s e t h r e e c e n t u r i e s t h e r e w a s n e v e r a m e a s u r e i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e p u b l i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y t h a t - c o n t e m p l a t e d t h e a m e l i o r a t i o n of t h e p e o p l e a t l a r g e , b u t w a s opposed b y t h e i n t o l e r a n c e of t h e k i n g , t h e Tory a n d t h e Church. T h e y were t h e T r i n i t y of o p p o s i t i o n t o e v e r y boon t h a t w a s , b y it9 n a t u r e , s u f f i c i e n t l y e x t e n s i v e t o e m b r a c e i n i t s b l e s s i n g s s u b j e c t s w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n . A n d n o w , if w e w a n t t o see i n t o l e r a n c e i n i t s m o s t o d i o u s . a s p e c t , w e h a v e b u t t o cross t h e c h a n n e l t h a t s e p a r a t e s E n g l a n d a n d I r e l a n d . Look a t t h e r e l i g i o u s c o n d i t i o n of t h e l a t t e r c o u n t r y f r o m t h e d a y P r o t e s t a n t i s m a s s u m e d t h e " A s c e n d a n c y . " W h i l s t t h e i s l e of E r i n " h o l d s a s e a t o n t h i s d i s t r a c t e d g l o b e , " a g e o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t u n d e r t h e s t a r s , of h e a v e n , or a r e c o r d i n t h e a n n a l s of t i m e , she i s d o o m e d t o . s t a n d f o r t h a m o n u m e n t of t h e m o s t t y r a n n o u s p e r s e c u t i o n t h e m o d e r n w o r l d a t l e a s t h a s k n o w n . I n d e e d , Dr. J o h n s o n . a n d E d m u n d B u r k e d e c l a r e t h e p e r s e c u t i o n t o h a v e s u r p a s s e d i n v i r u l e n c e a n y t h i n g r e v e a l e d b y e v e n t h e w o r s t d a y s of p a g a n b a r b a r i t y . A n d w h y ? B e c a u s e I r e l a n d w o u l d n o t a c c e p t a r e l i g i o n a t t h e h a n d s of H e n r y V I I ! . a n d h i s successors. T h e •entire p r o v i n c e of U l s t e r w a s c l e a r e d of R o m a n C a t h o l i c s a n d g i v e n t o P r o t e s t a n t s . T h e P r o t e s t a n t A r c h b i s h o p of A r m a g h — h o l y m a n — g o t 45,000 a c r e s ; T r i n i t y C o l l e g e , 30,000 ; a n d t h e " s k i n n e r s , " t a n n e r s , " a n d " d r y - s a l t e r s , " L o n d o n t r a d e r s , r e c e i v e d 209,000 a c r e s of t h e r i c h e s t soil of I r e l a n d . T h e r e s t of t h e p r o v i n c e w a s d i v i d e d b e t w e e n Scotch a n d E n g l i s h P r o t e s t a n t s . T h e n c a m e C r o m w e l l , a n d fiye m i l l i o n a c r e s w e r e _g'iven t o h i s P r o t e s t a n t f o l l o w e r s , w i t h t h e choice of " h e l l or C o n n a u g h t " f o r t h e C a t h o l i c s . T h e y c h o s e t h e l a t t e r , t h i n k i n g " h e m i g h t w a n t t h e f o r m e r f o r h i m s e l f . " T h e t a l e i s t o l d i n a f e w w o r d s : C a t h o l i c I r e l a n d w a s t o b e P r o t e s t a n t i s e d or e x t e r m i n a t e d , a n d t h e m o s t i n g e n i o u s s y s t e m t h a t " t h e m o s t p e r v e r s e i n g e n u i t y c o u l d i n v e n t f o r t h e •oppression, i m p o v e r i s h m e n t , t h e d e g r a d a t i o n of a p e o p l e a n d . a b a s e m e n t of h u m a n n a t u r e i t s e l f , " i n t h e l a n g u a g e of B u r k e , w a s p u t i n f u l l f o r c e f o r a l m o s t t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s , a n d w a s s a n c t i o n e d i n t h e n a m e of r e l i g i o n . I t w a s t h e r e i g n of P r o t e s t a n t A s c e n d a n c y . " I t w a s a r e i g n of i n t o l e r a n c e , a n d w h e n i t f e l l , b u t a f e w y e a r s b a c k , i t f e l l b y t h e i n d i g n a n t h a n d s of i t s o w n p e o p l e , w h o s e n a m e h a d b e e n d i s h o n o u r e d b y i t s b a n e f u l h i s t o r y . " T h e I r i s h C h u r c h , " s a i d R o b e r t L o w e ( L o r d S h e r e - -brooke), i n one of t h e final d e b a t e s on t h e m a t t e r , " i s 30 f o u n d e d on a n i n j u s t i c e ; i t i s f o u n d e d ; on, t h e d o m i n a n t r i g h t s of t h e f e w o v e r t h e m a n y a n d s h a l l n o t s t a n d . . . T h e c u r s e of b a r r e n n e s s i s u p o n i t ; i t h a s n o l e a v e s , i t h a s n o b l o s s o m , i t y i e l d s n o f r u i t . Cut i t d o w n ; w h y e n c u m b e r e t l i i t t h e g r o u n d f " I t w a s s u c h a d e f o r m i t y t h a t G l a d s t o n e d e - c l a r e d : " I f y o u t a k e a w a y i t s a b u s e s , t h e r e w i l l b e ¡ n o t h i n g ' l e f t . " I t w a s o n l y i n 1 7 4 5 , a f t e r t h e v i c t o r y of F o n t e n o y a n d i n v a s i o n of S c o t l a n d b y C h a r l e s E d w a r d , t h a t t h e L o r d L i e u t e n a n t of I r e l a n d ( L o r d C h e s t e r f i e l d ) a l l o w e d , , b y p r o c l a m a t i o n , C a t h o l i c c h a p e l s , k n o w n officially a s " M a s s H o u s e s , " t o b e o p e n e d i n D u b l i n . I n 1758, t h e L o r d C h a n c e l l o r of D u b l i n , a t t h e t r i a l of Mr. S a u l , a C a t h o l i c m e r c h a n t , l a i d i t d o w n f r o m t h e , B e n c h " t h a t t h e l a w s d i d n o t p r e s u m e a P a p i s t t o e x i s t i n t h e K i n g d o m , n o r c o u l d t h e y so m u c h a s b r e a t h e t h e r e w i t h o u t t h e c o n n i - v a n c e of t h e g o v e r n m e n t . " D e m o i i r i e r ' s v i c t o r y a t J e m e p p e s . t h e g e n e r a l t r i u m p h of t h e F r e n c h R e p u b l i c a r m i e s , a n d t h e e x e c u t i o n , of L o u i s X V I . , d i c t a t e d a p o l i c y of c o n c e s s i o n t o C a t h o l i c s , a n d t h e first C a t h o l i c R e l i e f Bill, of A p r i l 9 t h , 1793, w a s p a s s e d . I t w a s e x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e t h a t c o m p e l l e d C a t h o l i c E m a n c i p a t i o n i n 1829, a n d t h e F e n i a n i n s u r r e c t i o n t h a t f o r c e d on t h e d i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e I r i s h C h u r c h . Sir H e n r y P a r k e s , i n t h e c o u r s e .of h i s s p e e c h , a t t h e F r e e - t r a d e C o n f e r e n c e , on A u g u s t 31, h a v i n g occasion t o r e f e r t o t h e I r i s h C h u r c h , s a i d : : — " T h e c r y i n g g r i e v a n c e of t h a t e s t a b l i s h e d C h u r c h w a s e n o u g h , o n e w o u l d h a v e t h o u g h t , to h a v e s h o c k e d t h e c o m m o n s e n s e of e v e r y p e r s o n w h o w a s a c q u a i n t e d w i t h i t s h i s t o r y ; t h e s e c h u r c h e s ; w e r e s u p p o r t e d b y t h e c o l l e c t i o n of t i t h e s , w h i c h , a t t i m e s , w e r e c o l l e c t e d a t t h e p o i n t of t h e b a y o n e t . " H e k n e w o n e c a s e " w h e r e t h e c l e r g y m a n w e n t w i t h t h e s o l d i e r y a n d s h o t d o w n a w i d o w ' s s o n i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n of h i s t i t h e s . " Sir H e n r y s u m m e d u p t h e i n i q u i t y a s a " m o n s t r o u s g r i e v a n c e . " A n d y e t t h i s " m o n s t r o u s g r i e v a n c e , " t h i s C h u r c h " f o u n d e d on injustice-, c u r s e d w i t h ! b a r r e n n e s s , w i t h o u t l e a v e s , b l o s s o m , f r u i t , " t h i s m o n u m e n t of " a b u s e " p u r e a n d s i m p l e , f o u n d n o t o n l y s u p p o r t e r s — t h e c r y of t h e " C h u r c h i n d a n g e r " w a s r u n g t h r o u g h t h e l a n d a n d s h o o k i t t o i t s c e n t r e . O n e r e v . g e n t l e m a n , a d d r e s s i n g a l a r g e m e e t i n g , d e c l a r e d : — " If t h e y d a r e t o l a y u n h o l y h a n d s on t h e C h u r c h , 200,000 O r a n g e m e n w i l l t e l l t h e m i t s h a l l n o t b e . ' ' A n d h e r M a j e s t y t h e Q u e e n w a s r e m i n d e d t h a t , if s h e s h o u l d s a n c t i o n d i s e s t a b - l i s h m e n t , t h e r e w o u l d b e d a n g e r of h e r " c r o w n b e i n g k i c k e d i n t o t h e B o y n e . " A n o t h e r e c c l e s i a s t i c , i n s i m i l a r s t r a i n , s a i d : — " I f t h e C h u r c h e s t a b l i s h m e n t b e d e s t r o y e d i n I r e l a n d , , t h e r e c a n n o t , t h e r e s h a l l n o t , t h e r e m u s t n o t h e p e a c e i n I r e l a n d . " A t a l a r g e m e e t i n g , p r e s i d e d o v e r b y t h e Duke of M a n c h e s t e r , a t P o r t a d o w n , I r e l a n d , i n M a y , 1868, t h e Rev. Mr. E l l i s s a i d : — " W e w i l l fight, a s m e n a l o n e c a n fight w h o 29 h a v e t h e B i b l e in o n e liaiicl a n d t h e s w o r d i n t h e o t h e r o u r •voices •'•' s h a l l be echoed a n d r e - e c h o e d f r o m e a r t h t o h e a v e n a n d f r o m h e a v e n to e a r t h . No P o p e r y ! No s u r r e n d e r !" T h e Rev. L e s l i e C h a n t e r a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h e " O r a n g e m e n w o u l d n o t a l l o w G l a d s t o n e a n d h i s crew to t r a m p l e on t h e t h r o n e a n d t h e P r o t e s t a n t c o n s t i t u t i o n . Only t h e C h a n n e l r o l l e d b e t w e e n t h e m , t h e y , t h e P r o t e s t a n t s of t h e N o r t h , w o u l d m a r c h t o t h e H o u s e of Commons a n d c o m p e l t h e i r e n e m i e s t o b e s i l e n t w h i l e t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w e r e s p e a k i n g . . . G l a d s t o n e a n d h i s c o - c o n s p i r a t o r s m i g h t b e h a n g i n g a s h i g h a s H a m a n . " I t is o n l y fair to t h e O r a n g e m e n t o s a y t h a t a l l t h e s e choice s e l e c t i o n s a r e f r o m t h e i r rev. r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , a n d w e r e a p p l a u d e d t o t h e echo. H o w easy i t is t o t r a n s f e r t h i s b i g o t e d i n t o l e r a n c e a n d d i s l o y a l s e n t i m e n t f r o m E n g l a n d or I r e l a n d , i n 1868, t o t h e S y d n e y E x h i b i t i o n B u i l d i n g , J u l y 12, 1889. A n d a l l t h i s f r o m t h e m i n i s t e r s of t h e Gospel ! " Doff i t , doff i t f o r s h a m e , a n d h a n g a c a l f s k i n on t h o s e r e c r e a n t l i m b s . " I n conclusion, w h e n e v e r a P r o t e s t a n t , b e h e E n g l i s h , I r i s h or Scotch, h e a r s t h e w o r d i n t o l e r a n c e , l e t h i m t h i n k of I r e l a n d a n d h a n g h i s h e a d . P r o t e s t a n t i n t o l e r a n c e i n I r e l a n d s i n n e d n o t o n l y i n e x c e s s — i t s i n n e d i n p r i n c i p l e . T h a t d o c t r i n e w h i c h does n o t r e s t on a u t h o r i t y s h o u l d o v e r t h r o w a u t h o r i t y b y l i b e r t y , a n d s h o u l d t h e n d e s t r o y l i b e r t y b y t y r a n n y a n d o p p r e s s i o n — t h a t i s t h e p e r f e c t i o n of i n t o l e r a n c e . S u c h i s P r o t e s t a n t i n t o l e r a n c e . P r o t e s t a n t i s m a t t a c k e d n o t o n l y t h e r e l i g i o u s l i f e of I r e l a n d , i t a i m e d a t t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of i t s civil, social a n d n a t i o n a l l i f e . I t w a s s u p p o r t e d i n i t s e f f o r t s b y t h e s y m p a t h y a n d p o w e r of t h e g r e a t e s t e m p i r e t h e w o r l d h a s k n o w n . AH t h a t e a r t h l y w e a l t h , s t a t u s a n d i n f l u e n c e could do w a s d o n e f o r i t ; a n d a f t e r t h r e e c e n t u r i e s t r i a l , i t w a s d e c l a r e d to h a v e b e e n " f o u n d e d on i n j u s t i c e , , cursed w i t h b a r r e n n e s s , w i t h o u t l e a v e s , w i t h o u t b l o s s o m , w i t h o u t f r u i t — a m o n s t r o u s g r i e v a n c e " — a m a s s of " a b u s e s . " T h e r e w a s b u t one conclusion — " Cut i t - d o w n , w h y i n c u m b e r e t h i t t h e g r o u n d !" • PROTESTANTISM AND LITERATURE THE d o m a i n of l e t t e r s , since t h e rise of P r o t e s t a n t i s m , h a s b e e n t a k e n so c o m p l e t e l y u n d e r t h e w i n g of t h e non-Catholic- m i n d a s to c o n s t i t u t e a species of P r o t e s t a n t preserve. T h e r e w a s ^ a t h o r o u g h opposition on t h e p a r t of P r o t e s t a n t i s m to a d m i t C a t h o l i c i t y to a n y p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e a d v a n c e and: p r o g r e s s of c i v i l i s a t i o n , as r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e b e n i g n i n f l u e n c e of l e t t e r s . I n d e e d , C a t h o l i c i t y w a s n o t o n l y r e f u s e d c l a i m to a n y p o r t i o n of e n l i g h t e n m e n t , b u t s h e w a s p a i n t e d a s t h e f o e of a l l e n l i g h t e n m e n t a n d t h e h o m e of d a r k n e s s a n d r e t r o g r e s s i o n - T w o c i r c u m s t a n c e s t e n d e d t o confirm t h i s — G e r m a n y a n d E n g l a n d , t w o of t h e g r e a t e s t E u r o p e a n p o w e r s , h a d become, t h e l a t t e r e s p e c i a l l y , so c o m p l e t e l y P r o t e s t a n t i s e d , a n d h a d a t t a c k e d C a t h o l i c i t y in a l l i t s w o r k s a n d l a b o u r s so e f f e c t u a l l y , a s t o l e a v e t h e m l i t t l e better t h a n a h e a p of r u i n s . I n y e a r s t h e s e r u i n s t h e m s e l v e s w e r e t a k e n a s w i t n e s s e s of t h e f a t e w h i c h t h e w o r k s deserved ; a n d i t w a s t h e n c e c o n t e n d e d t h a t P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a d to l a y , a n d d i d s u c c e s s f u l l y l a y , t h e f o u n d a t i o n s of a l l t h e boons a n d b l e s s i n g s w h i c h m o d e r n society r e g a r d s a s i t s h i g h e s t p r i v i l e g e s — n o t o n l y l a i d the- f o u n d a t i o n , b u t erected t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e u n t i l i t n o w stands,, in t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , a m o n u m e n t of s u r p a s s i n g m e r i t . T h i s is p r e t t y w e l l t h e P r o t e s t a n t s t o r y of t h e m a t t e r . B u t i t i s n o t a l l t h e story. T h e r u i n s , a t l a s t , b e g a n to be ex- a m i n e d i n t o , Spiritus Domini ferebatur super aquas. A b r e a t h of l i f e w a s b e i n g i n f u s e d i n t o t h e " d r y b o n e s . " True- c r i t i c i s m a n d i m p a r t i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n w e r e b r o u g h t t o bear,, a n d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e p r e s e n t a g e commenced a n era-of e x e g e s i s w h i c h r e v i v e d t h e c l a i m s of C a t h o l i c i t y "and s u p - p o r t e d t h e m i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e b r e a d t h a n d d e p t h of t h e r e s e a r c h e s effected. The r u i n s w e r e n o t " d e a d , " t h e y w e r e b u t " a s l e e p , " a n d w h e n a w a k e d t o a l l t h e i r significance, w e r e f o u n d t o be f u l l of science, of t a s t e , of i n t e l l i g e n c e , of c a l c u l a t i o n , of force, of w i s d o m , of r e a s o n , of s e n t i m e n t , of d e l i c a c y , a n d of t h a t e s p e c i a l l y w h i c h b r e a t h e d t h r o u g h t h e m a n d h a d b e e n t h e i r i n s p i r a t i o n , t h e i r c r e a t i o n , C h r i s t i a n f a i t h , C h r i s t i a n h o p e a n d C h r i s t i a n c h a r i t y . T h e y w e r e C h r i s t i a n i t y p e r s o n i f i e d — t h e v e r y p r i n c i p l e , t h e v i v i f y i n g f o r c e w h i c h t h e r u i n s w e r e s u p p o s e d t o d e n y . M a c a u l a y f o u n d t h e m , " n o t i n decay, n o t a m e r e a n t i q u e , h u t f u l l of l i f e a n d y o u t h f u l v i g o u r . " S t o l b e r g , S c h l e g e l , V e i t h , M o l i t u r , e n t e r t h e C a t h o l i c Church, b e c a u s e t h e y d i s - cover, f r o m t h e e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e r u i n s , " t h a t a l l t h a t is b e a u t i f u l in a r t a n d n a t u r e is n o w h e r e t o be f o u n d e x c e p t i n t h e Catholic, C h u r c h . " T h e c o m p l e t e t e m p l e could be r e c o n - m s t r u c t e d o n l y f r o m t h e r u i n s - ^ a n d w h i l e t h e n a m e of t h e C a t h o l i c a r c h i t e c t is b u r i e d i n t h e oblivion of m o d e s t y , some modern- P r o t e s t a n t b r e w e r w i l l receive a k n i g h t h o o d f o r t h e e x p e n d i t u r e of one h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d p o u n d s i n a n a c t of r e p a r a t i o n . * T h e P r o t e s t a n t could do t h e s t o n e w o r k — t h e d e s i g n , t h e c r e a t i o n w a s Catholic. A n d w h e n t h e t e m p l e w a s r e s t o r e d , w h a t d i d i t p r o c l a i m ? T h e science, t h e a r t , t h e t a s t e , t h e r e f i n e m e n t , t h e • i n d u s t r y of a g e s g o n e ! Science, i n i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n , i t s s t a t i s t i c s , i t s m e c h a n i s m , i t s optics, i t s accoustics, i t s m e t a l - l u r g y , i t s c h e m i s t r y ; a r t , i n i t s p a i n t i n g s , i t s m u s i c , i t s s t a t u a r y , i t s m o s a i c s — i t s s a n c t u a r y a d r e a m of b e a u t y — t h e w h o l e a poem of l i f e — h y m n i n g e v e r l a s t i n g l y t o h e a v e n a n d e a r t h Gloria in excelsis Deo, et in terra pax liominibus. " Majesty, Power, Glory, Strength and Beauty all are aisled In this eternal ark of worship undefiled."—Byron. To-day, w e s t u d y , w e a d m i r e — w e d e s p a i r ever t o rival. "When P r o t e s t a n t i s m took possession of t h e l a n d , d i d she erect r i v a l t e m p l e s to show t h e s u p e r i o r i t y of h e r l i g h t , h e r a r t , h e r science f She robbed, she p l u n d e r e d t h e m , she b e a t t h e m flat to t h e e a r t h , she " m a d e a d e s e r t a n d she c a l l e d i t peace." U n d e r t h e s h a d o w of those glorious Catholic piles, l e t t e r s f o u n d t h e i r home. There A n s e l m w r o t e his " P h i l o s o p h i c a l M e d i t a t i o n s , " w h i c h even Descartes could n e v e r f a t h o m , a n d f r o m w h i c h h e derived a l l h i s w o r t h . There St. B o n a v e n t u r e c a u g h t t h e v e r y reflection of t h e t e m p l e , a n d u n i t e d i n so a d - m i r a b l e a m a n n e r t h e h u m a n a n d t h e d i v i n e , i n l e t t e r s , b y h i s " Recluctio Artium Liberalium ad Theologiam " a s to w i n t h e t i t l e of "Doctor Seraphicus." There Gerson or K e m p i s t r a c e d t h e l i n e s of a book ( " I m i t a t i o n " ) — t h e " d i v i n e s t t h a t ever l e f t t h e h a n d s of m a n ;" a n d t h e r e Thomas, t h e a n g e l of t h e schools, b u i l t u p h i s sublime " Summa "—the i n d u b i t a b l e m o n u m e n t of t h e g r e a t e s t m i n d t h a t ever blessed God's e a r t h ! I n his " Summa Contra Gentes," of 400 pages, t h e r e is more theological a n d philosophical science t h a n in a l l t h e p a g e s t h a t ecclesias- t i c a l P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a s ever produced¡ A n d n o w p a s s f r o m t h e t e m p l e t o t h e s c h o o l — t h e h o m e a n d c e n t r e of t h e i n t e l l e c t . P u t a s i d e t h e n u m e r o u s p a r o c h i a l , c a t h e d r a l a n d m o n a s t i c schools t h a t covered t h e l a n d , a n d look a t t h e Catholic U n i v e r s i t i e s of E u r o p e , b e f o r e t h e b i r t h of P r o - t e s t a n t i s m . H e r e are some of t h e m , w i t h t h e d a t e s of t h e i r f o u n d a t i o n s ; a n d l e t i t be r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h e y w e r e a l l t h e f o u n d a t i o n s of P o p e s , or h e l p e d , e n c o u r a g e d a n d a p p r o v e d b y P o p e s :—Oxford, 895 ; C a m b r i d g e , 915 ; P a d u a , 1179 ; S a l a - m a n c a , 1 2 0 0 ; A b e r d e e n , 1 2 1 3 ; V i e n n a , 1 2 3 7 ; M o n t p e l l i e r , 1288 ; P e r o u s e , 1305 ; H e i d e l b e r g , 1346 ; P r a g u e , 1348 ; Cologne, 1358 ; T u r i n , 1405 ; Leipsic, 1408 ; L o r r a i n e , 1425 ; * Sir A, Guinness, St, Patrick's, Dublin. G l a s g o w , 1453 ; P i s a , 1471 ; C o p e n h a g e n , 1498 ; A l c a l a , 1517. T h e r e n o w n of t h o s e of P a r i s , Home, L i s b o n , N a p l e s , F l o r e n c e a n d M i l a n n e e d n o d e t a i l . T h e r e w e r e a l t o g e t h e r 63 C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t i e s i n E u r o p e b e f o r e t h e a d v e n t of P r o t e s t a n t i s m . "Where a r e t h e U n i v e r s i t i e s b u i l t b y P r o t e s t a n t i s m ? E c h o a n s w e r s , w h e r e ? To t h e C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t i e s s t u d e n t s c r o w d e d f r o m a l l q u a r t e r s — l i t e r a l l y b y t e n s of t h o u s a n d s — O x f o r d a t one p o r t i o n of t h e 1 3 t h C e n t u r y c o u l d b o a s t h e r 30,000. A t P a r i s , 20,000 w a s p r e t t y w e l l a c o m m o n n u m b e r . P a r i s w a s t h e " c i t y of l e t t e r s , " a n d d r e w t o i t s e l f t h e i n t e l - l e c t u a l w e a l t h of C h r i s t e n d o m . " W h a t e v e r a n a t i o n h a s t h a t i s m o s t p r e c i o u s , " w r o t e "William of B r i t t a n y , a u t h o r of t h e P h i l i p i d e , i n h o n o u r of P h i l i p A u g u s t u s ; " w h a t e v e r a p e o p l e h a s m o s t f a m o u s — a l l t h e t r e a s u r e s of science, a l l t h e r i c h e s of t h e e a r t h , l e s s o n s of w i s d o m , t h e g l o r y of l e t t e r s , n o b i l i t y of t h o u g h t , r e f i n e - m e n t of m a n n e r s , a l l t h i s i s t o b e f o u n d i n P a r i s . " P e t r a r c h l i k e n e d t h e U n i v e r s i t y of P a r i s t o a " b a s k e t filled w i t h t h e r a r e s t f r u i t s of e v e r y l a n d , " a n d d e s c r i b e d t h e F r e n c h a s " g a y of h u m o u r , f o n d of s o c i e t y a n d p l e a s a n t i n c o n v e r s a t i o n ; t h e y m a k e w a r o n c a r e b y d i v e r s i o n , s i n g i n g , l a u g h i n g , e a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g . " " T h e b e a u t y of t h e c i t y , i t s l i g h t e l a s t i c a t m o s p h e r e , t h e g r a c e a n d g a i e t y of i t s i n h a b i t a n t s , a n d t h e s o c i e t y of a l l t h a t w a s . m o s t c h o i c e i n a r t a n d l e a r n i n g , r e n d e r e d i t n o l e s s f a s c i n a t i n g a r e s i d e n c e i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y a s t h e c a p i t a l of l e a r n i n g t h a n i t h a s s i n c e b e c o m e a s t h e m e t r o p o l i s of f a s h i o n . " — ( C h r i s t i a n S c h o o l s a n d S c h o l a r s . ) D u r i n g t h e s a m e e r a , N a p l e s , w i t h i t s t e n t h o u s a n d s c h o l a r s , u n d e r t h e r e i g n of F i e d e r i c k I I . , w a s a r i v a l i n m o r e w a y s t h a n o n e of P a r i s . " T h e c i t y i t s e l f , e d g i n g t h e d o u b l e c r e s c e n t of b l u e w a t e r w i t h p e r f e c t s k y , sea a n d a i r ; t h e n t h e l u x u r i a n t C a m p a g n a t o t h e . e a s t , w i t h i t s v i l l a s , b u r i e d a m o n g s t b r a n c h i n g p i n e s a n d g r o v e s of o r a n g e b l o s s o m ; t h e n t h e s t r e t c h of t h e a z u r e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , d o t t e d w i t h g a y b a r g e s of p l e a s a n c e a n d d a r k g a l l e y s of war', t e n d e d t o r e l a x t h e v i r i l i t y of a r e l i g i o n w h i c h t e a c h e s t h a t t h e r o a d t o h e a v e n i s t h e r o a d of p r a y e r , m o r t i f i c a t i o n a n d s e l f - r e s t r a i n t . A l l w r i t e r s of t h i s p e r i o d d e s c r i b e N a p l e s , w i t h i t s h o u s e s r u n n i n g u p s e v e n s t o r i e s h i g h , a s t h e m o s t b e a u t i f u l a n d t h e m o s t w i c k e d c i t y i n t h e w o r l d . " T h e m o s t a n y t h i n g i t w a s , e x c e p t t h e m o s t s t u p i d , d o l t , i g n o r a n t , d a r k , d i s m a l , d r e a r y a b o d e , a s i t a n d a l l i t s k i n d h a v e b e e n p a i n t e d b y P r o t e s t a n t h i s t o r y - H a s c u r s i n g t h e e a r t h w i t h o u t a p o i n t of r e d e m p t i o n , b e f o r e t h e r i s e of t h e " b l e s s e d R e f o r t n a t i o n . " " F r e d e r i c k I I . r e p r e s e n t e d t h e b r u t e f o r c e , i n t e l l e c t u a l l i c e n s e a n d m o r a l d e p r a v i t y of t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y ; h i s e n t h u s i a s m f o r p o e t r y a n d l e t t e r s w a s q u i t e a s r e m a r k a b l e a s h i s a m b i t i o n a n d t a s t e f o r w a r . H e h a d b e e n t h e p u p i l of t h r e e P o p e s . H e s p o k e L a t i n , I t a l i a n , O e r m a n , F r e n c h , G r e e k a n d A r a b i c . . . . H e o c c u p i e d 33; m a n y of h i s l o i s u r e h o u r s i n h i s choice ; l i b r a r y p o r i n g o v e r r o l l s of Greek a n d A r a b i c m a n u s c r i p t s . . . . So g r e a t a s y m p a t h y d i d h e e n t e r t a i n f o r s t r u g g l i n g g e n i u s , t h a t h e s u p - p o r t e d t w o h u n d r e d s t u d e n t s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o u t of h i s o w n p r i v a t e p u r s e — t h a t , t h e y m i g h t t h u s h a v e s o m e t i n c t u r e of p h i l o s o p h y . . B u t F r e d e r i c k w a s a t h o r o u g h l y w o r l d l y m a n - L e a r n i n g d i d n o t l e a d h i m t o t h e p r a c t i c e of C h r i s t i a n i t y . . . H i s l i f e a m o n g s t t h e i n f i d e l s i n t h e E a s t a p p e a r s to h a v e u p s e t h i s f a i t h . . . . Some s a y t h a t , n o l o n g e r b e l i e v i n g i n t h e r e a l i t y of a f u t u r e l i f e , h e a b a n d o n e d h i m s e l f t o a l l t h e l i c e n s e s of s e n s u a l i t y . . . . W h e n i n t h e S o u t h , h e s l e p t a w a y h i s t i m e w i t h a l l t h e v o l u p t u o u s n e s s of a S u l t a n i n h i s h a r e m s of P u g l i a a n d Sicily. H i s c a s t l e F o g g i a w a s b u i l t i n t h e Moorish s t y l e . A t h i s s p l e n d i d c o u r t w e r e col- l e c t e d t o g e t h e r , f r o m G e r m a n y , I t a l y a n d t h e E a s t , t h e h i g h e s t t h a t c o u l d b e f o u n d a t t h e d a y , of c o u r a g e , e l o q u e n c e a n d l e a r n i n g , t h e f l o w e r of c h i v a l r y , t h e d e p t h of s c i e n c e — k i n g s a n d w a r r i o r s , t r o u b a d o u r s a n d m i n s t r e l s , w i t s a n d beauties^— a l l t h a t w a s g a y e s t a n d b r i g h t e s t , a l l t h a t w a s g o r g e o u s a n d m a g n i f i c e n t . H e r e w e r e n u r t u r e d t h e g r a n d c h i l d r e n of A v e r r o e s , t h e m o s t c e l e b r a t e d of A r a b i a n p h i l o s o p h e r s . H e r e w e r e s e e n t h e s w a r t h y S a r a c e n s , w i t h t h e i r s t r a n g e costume^ s t a n d i n g g u a r d ; g r a c e f u l M a m e l u k e s , a t t e n t i v e i n t h e i r s i l e n t s e r v i c e t o e v e r y w a n t ; a s t r o l o g e r s f r o m B a g d a d , w i t h t h e i r loose g a r m e n t s a n d flowing b e a r d s ; a n d J e w s , l e a r n e d a n d s e d a t e , t h e i n t e r p r e t e r s of w i s d o m t h a t l a y c o n c e a l e d i n p r e c i o u s m a n u s c r i p t s b r o u g h t over f r o m A r a b i a . " — ( L i f e of St. T h o m a s of A q u i n , b y Most Rev. R. B. Y a u g h a n , O.S.B.) T h e b o l d a n d s e a r c h i n g h a n d of Dr. V a u g h a n m a n i f e s t s n o d e s i r e to c o n c e a l t h e d a r k s p o t s i n N e a p o l i t a n l i f e a t t h e c o u r t of t h e E m p e r o r F r e d e r i c k I I . , in t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y . E x t r e m e s h a u n t h u m a n i t y , m u c h w e a l t h , m u c h p o v e r t y , m u c h v i r t u e , m u c h vice. T h e d a n g e r s t h a t s p r i n g f r o m t h e veri r e f i n e m e n t e n g e n d e r e d b y C h r i s t i a n c i v i l i s a t i o n c a n o n l y bf g u a r d e d a g a i n s t b y C h r i s t i a n i t y i t s e l f . B u t h e r e t h e r e i s n o t d e c a y , l i f e l e s s n e s s , i n e r t n e s s , m e n t a l l i s t l e s s n e s s , i n f e c u n d i t y , n i g h t , a s P r o t e s t a n t s p o r t r a y t h e s c e n e . On t h e c o n t r a r y , a l l i s l i f e , v i g o u r , e l e g a n c e , r e f i n e m e n t , p l e a s u r e , g e n i u s . W h y , i t w a s a c o n d i t i o n of t h i n g s w h i c h s h o u l d s t i r to a d m i r a t i o n t h e s o u l of M a t t h e w A r n o l d — t h e h a n d s o m e e u l o g i s e r of t h e c o u r t a n d t i m e s of Marcus A u r e l i u s — " a n e p o c h a k i n to o u r o w n , " a n d h e l d u p a s a m o d e l f o r t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . " T h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h , " s a y s o n e a u t h o r , C h a r l e s d e Villers, " h e l d t h e n a t i o n s of t h e e a r t h i n s t u d i e d ignorance—- t h e f r i e n d of s u p e r s t i t i o n . E d u c a t i o n w a s r e n d e r e d a l m o s t i n a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e p e o p l e ; t h e s t u d y of a n c i e n t l a n g u a g e ^ w a s a s a m o n s t r o s i t y , a n i d o l a t r y — t h e s c r i p t u r e s w e r e s e v e r e l y i n t e r d i c t e d . " T h e n c o m e s a n o t h e r P r o t e s t a n t a u t h o r to a s s u r e t h e w o r l d t h a t a l l t h i s i s m i s e r a b l e s o p h i s m . " A l l t h e s e r h a p s o d i e s a b o u t t h e d a r k n e s s of t h o s e t i m e s a r e so f a m i l i a r 34 t o u s t h a t w e a r e b e t t e r o c c u p i e d i n p r o v i n g t w o a n d t w o m a t e five t h a n i n d e n y i n g t h e m . Y e t t h i s d a r k n e s s , t h i s o b s c u r i t y , i s v e r y e a s i l y p i e r c e d a n d t o r n a s u n d e r . " — ( D a n i e l . ' T h e B i b l e i n t h e m i d d l e a g e s c. 8, p . 3 . ) T h e C h u r c h h a d m a d e s u c h s t r i d e s i n t r u e c i v i l i s a t i o n a t t h e a d v e n t of P r o t e s t a n t i s m , t h a t w h e n s n a t c h e d f r o m h e r h a n d , i t s f o r c e s b e c a m e m e a n s of h a v o c a n d d e s t r u c t i o n . B y w h a t m e a n s w e r e L u t h e r a n d h i s f e l l o w - r e f o r m e r s a b l e t o a s s a i l t h e C h u r c h , e x c e p t b y t h o s e w h i c h s h e g a v e t h e m , if t u r n e d t o a p e r v e r s e i i s e a n d i n t e n t i o n ? I t w a s s a i d of N i c h o l a s d e L y r a , a c e l e b r a t e d p r o f e s s o r a t t h e P a r i s U n i v e r s i t y , a n d of w h o s e p r o d u c t i o n s L u t h e r a v a i l e d h i m s e l f — " Si Lyra non lyrasset Lutherus non Baltasset." I f N i c h o l a s h a d n o t l y r e d , L u t h e r h a d n o t d a n c e d . I t w a s t u r n i n g t h e c a n n o n a g a i n s t i t s o w n c i t i z e n s , a n d c l a i m i n g t h e g l o r y of t h e s c i e n c e b e c a u s e t h e b a r b a r i a n s k n e w s u f f i c i e n t t o l a y t h e c i t y i n r u i n s . H o w e v e r , o v e r t h e r u i n s t h e y h e l d t w o b e n e f i t s a l o f t a s t h e a r k i n t h e d e l u g e — t h e B i b l e — t h e B i b l e o n l y a n d p r i v a t e j u d g m e n t . B e f o r e t h e B i b l e , t h e B i b l e o n l y , C a t h o l i c c i v i l i - s a t i o n w e n t d o w n — i t s t e m p l e s w e r e p l u n d e r e d , i t s a l t a r s r e - m o v e d , i t s s a c r i f i c e a b o l i s h e d , i t s p r i e s t h o o d p r o s c r i b e d I T h e B i b l e r e m a i n s ! W h a t w i l l t h e y do w i t h i t ? W h a t t r e a t - m e n t w i l l i t r e c e i v e a t t h e h a n d s of L u t h e r h i m s e l f ? " W e do n o t w i s h , " w r o t e t h e first R e f o r m e r , " t o r e a d or t o h e a r M o s e s . L e a v e h i m t o t h e J e w s t o s e r v e a s m i r r o r t o t h e S a x o n s w i t h o u t e m b a r r a s s m e n t t o o u r s e l v e s . M o s e s i s t h e v e r y m a s t e r of s l a y e r s — n o n e s u r p a s s e d h i m w h e n t h e r e w a s a q u e s t i o n of s t r i k i n g t e r r o r , of t o r t u r i n g , of t y r a n n y . " Of E c c l e s i a s t e s L u t h e r w r o t e — " T h i s b o o k i s t r u n c a t e d ; i t h a s n e i t h e r b o o t s n o r s p u r s ; i t m o u n t s i n s a n d a l s a s d i d I m y s e l f w h i l s t a s y e t a m o n k . " Of t h e G o s p e l s , " T h e G o s p e l of St. J o h n i s t h e o n l y r e a l l y t e n d e r , t h e o n l y t r u e G o s p e l ; t h e t h r e e otherB h a v i n g s p o k e n m u c h m o r e of t h e w o r k s of C h r i s t t h a n of H i s w o r d s . T h e E p i s t l e s of St. P e t e r a n d 'St. P a u l a r e a b o v e t h e o t h e r t h r e e G o s p e l s ; . . . t h e E p i s t l e of St. J a m e s i s a v e r i t a b l e e p i s t l e of s t r a w . . . . a n d a s f o r t h e E p i s t l e t o t h e H e b r e w s of St. P a u l h i m s e l f , w e n e e d n o t h e s i t a t e if w e e n c o u n t e r on o u r w a y s o m e w o r d , h a y , o r s t u b b l e . L e t e v e r y o n e r e g a r d t h e A p o c a l y p s e a s h i s m i n d s h a l l d i c t a t e ; f o r m e , m y m i n d r e j e c t s i t , a n d t h a t s u f f i c e s m e t o r e p u d i a t e i t . " T h e B i b l e w a s t o b e " g u i d e , p h i l o s o p h e r , a n d f r i e n d , " a n d s u c h i s t h e t r e a t m e n t i t r e c e i v e d a t t h e h a n d s of t h e a r c h - r e f o r m e r . A n d y e t , n o t l o n g a i t e r L u t h e r ' s t i m e , h i s s u c c e s s o r s t a u g h t t h e i n s p i r a t i o n of S c r i p t u r e t o t h e v e r y " H e b r e w p o i n t s a n d a c c e n t s . " ^ " H a v i A g s e t u p t h e B i b l e a s t h e i r s o l e g u i d e , ' ' s a y s Dr. P u s e y , " i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e C a t h o l i c s , ' t o u p h o l d i t s e n t i r e i n s p i r a t i o n , i n e v e r y w o r d a n d 85, s y l l a b l e , b e c a m e a p o i n t , n o t so m u c h of r e l i g i o n , a s of>honour w i t h t h e p a r t y ; a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n c e h a s b e e n t h a t t h e d e s c e n d a n t s of t h o s e v e r y m e n , w h o cried u p t h e Bible a s e v e r y t h i n g , h a v e n o w succeeded, a s w e see, i n d e g r a d i n g t h e B i b l e a s a l m o s t n o t h i n g . " " T h e y n o w , " s a y s a n o t h e r w r i t e r , " r e j e c t a l l s u p p o s i t i o n of i n s p i r a t i o n , a n d r e g a r d t h e w h o l e of t h e Scriptures, f r o m b e g i n n i n g to e n d , a s a series of v e n e r a b l e , h u m a n , a n d t h e r e f o r e f a l l i b l e d o c u m e n t s . " If Cocceuis f o u n d Christ e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e Old T e s t a m e n t a n d G r o t i u s f o u n d H i m n o w h e r e , i t is b u t l o g i c a l t h a t S t r a u s s h o u l d find H i m i n n e i t h e r N e w n o r Old. T h i s , c e r t a i n l y , w a s a l o g i c a l d e d u c t i o n f r o m t h e t r e a t - m e n t of t h e Bible b y L u t h e r h i m s e l f . Such w a s t h e effect of t h e g u a r d i a n s h i p , of t h e B i b l e a t t h e h a n d s of P r o t e s t a n t G e r m a n y . I n E n g l a n d t h e Book of Common P r a y e r , i n t h e t i m e s of J a m e s I., w a s d e c l a r e d " to d i f f e r f r o m t h e t r u t h of t h e H e b r e w in a t l e a s t t w o h u n d r e d p l a c e s . " T h e m i n i s t e r s of t h e L i n c o l n diocese, a d d r e s s i n g t h e K i n g , p r o n o u n c e d t h e E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e B i b l e to b e " a t r a n s l a t i o n w h i c h i s a b s u r d a n d s e n s e l e s s , p e r v e r t i n g , i n m a n y p l a c e s , t h e m e a n - i n g of t h e H o l y G h o s t . " A n o t h e r d e c l a r e d " i t p e r v e r t e d t h e t e x t of t h e Old T e s t a m e n t i n e i g h t h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y p l a c e s . " On t h e w o r d s " t h i s i s My b o d y " n o l e s s t h a n t w o h u n d r e d d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a p p e a r e d b e f o r e t h e e n d of t h e s i x - t e e n t h c e n t u r y ; a n d " as m a n y d i s t i n c t i o n s of t h e S a c r a m e n t s as t h e r e w e r e m e n w h o d i s a g r e e d a b o u t t h e m . " Such w a s t h e effect of P r o t e s t a n t i s m on t h e l i t e r a t u r e of t h e Bible. T h e R e n a i s a n c e , or r e v i v a l of l e t t e r s , is a n o r i e n t e s p e c i a l l y c l a i m e d b y P r o t e s t a n t i s m , a n d t h e f o u n d a t i o n , of t h e c l a i m is t h e r e i t e r a t i o n w i t h w h i c h i t h a s b e e n p u t f o r w a r d , a n d t h e p e r s i s t e n t d e n i a l of a n y s h a r e in t h e m e r i t , b y Catholicism. W h e n t h e matter, h a s b e e n r e a l l y s i f t e d i t is f o u n d t h a t t h e R e n a i s a n c e b e g a n a b o u t a, h u n d r e d y e a r s be- f o r e P r o t e s t a n t i s m arose, to b r e a k t h e C h r i s t i a n u n i t y of E u r o p e . 1 D a n t e a n d P e t r a r c h ," s a y s H a l l a m , " a r e , as i t w e r e , t h e m o r n i n g s t a r s of our m o d e r n l i t e r a t u r e " — t h e f o r m e r , t e r m e d t h e magnus pliilosophus, magnus theologus, et magnus poeta ; p h i l o s o p h e r , t h e o l o g i a n , p o e t , a n d , g r e a t in a l l , w a s t h e g r e a t l e a d e r i n t h e r e v i v a l of l e t t e r s . . T h e Divvna, Commedia w a s a n o u t c o m e of C a t h o l i c t e a c h i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e ; n o r w a s i t s p r o f o u n d e r u d i t i o n a n y o b s t a c l e t o i t s c o n q u e s t over t h e m i n d s of t h e a g e i n w h i c h i t w a s w r i t t e n ; a s u r e s i g n t h a t t h e a g e w a s s u f f i c i e n t l y a d v a n c e d t o a p p r e c i a t e i t s m e r i t s . I t s f i r s t g r e a t a c h i e v e - m e n t w a s to r a i s e t h e v e r n a c u l a r i n w h i c h i t w a s w r i t t e n t o t h e d i g n i t y of a l a n g u a g e . Chairs w e r e soon e s t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e p u b l i c s of I t a l y f o r t h e e x p o s i t i o n s of t h e p o w e r a n d b e a u t i e s of t h e D i v i n e Comedy, a n d Bocaccio a n d P e t r a r c h l e n t t h e i r r e f i n e m e n t a n d p o l i s h t o t h e m a j e s t i c , 8 6 m a s s i v e l a n g u a g e t h a t D a n t e h a d b e q u e a t h e d t h e m . P e t r a r c h w a s c a l l e d t o R o m e — w a s c r o w n e d i t s L a u r e a t e i n t h e C a p i t o l , E a s t e r S u n d a y , 1 3 4 1 , a n d h u n g u p h i s l a u r e l w r e a t h i n t h e B a s i l i c a of t h e A p o s t l e s . F r o m t h a t h o u r h i s w h o l e s o u l w a s d e v o t e d t o t h e r e v i v a l of t h e c l a s s i c l a n g u a g e s of G r e e c e a n d K o m e , u n d e r t h e m o s t e n c o u r a g i n g p a t r o n a g e of t h e V a t i c a n . J l i s o w n e n t h u s i a s m , a n d t h e h i g h h o n o u r s a n d r e w a r d s t h a t c r o w n e d h i s s u c c e s s , i n f l a m e d t h e d e s i r e of o t h e r s t o i m i t a t i o n and_ n v a l s h i p , a n d t o s u c h a n e x t e n t w e r e t h e i r l a b o u r s c a r r i e d t h a t a r e v o l u t i o n w a s e f f e c t e d i n t h e s t u d i e s of C h r i s - t e n d o m , a n d m e a s u r e s e v e n h a d t o b e t a k e n a g a i n s t a n e l e m e n t i n l i t e r a t u r e t h a t t h r e a t e n e d t h e e x t i n c t i o n of C h r i s t i a n i d e a s . A n d w h e n P e t r a r c h a n d B o c a c c i o p a s s e d a w a y , a l t h o u g h t h e y l e f t n o n e t o i n h e r i t t h e i r g e n i u s , t h e r e c a m e o n a r a c e of q u i e t w o r k e r s i n t h e s a m e l i n e , a r a c e of g r a m m a r i a n s a n d c r i t i c s , s e a r c h e r s a n d e x a m i n e r s , t h a t c o n - t i n u e d s u c c e s s f u l l y t o w i d e n a n d s o l i d i f y t h e g r e a t f o u n d a - t i o n u p o n w h i c h t h e p o l i t e l i t e r a t u r e of a l a t e r E u r o p e w a s t o r e s t a n d b e b u i l t u p . " I t w a s f r o m I t a l y , " s a y s H a l l a m , " t h a t t h e l i g h t of p h i l o l o g i c a l l e a r n i n g s p r e a d o v e r E u r o p e . " I t a l y m a y c l a i m , w i t h o u t d i v i s i o n , t h e w h o l e g l o r y of t h e r e v i v a l of l e t t e r s . A t t h e v e r y d a t e of L u t h e r ' s r e v o l t t h e r e s a t i n t h e C h a i r of f i f ' a . P o P e < L e ° of w h o m E r a s m u s w r o t e - " H e h a s t h e g e n i u s a n d v i r t u e s of a l l t h e L e o s w h o h a v e p r e c e d e d h i m , a n d t o p e r f e c t g o o d n e s s of h e a r t , h e u n i t e s a n i n c r e d i b l e s t r e n g t h of s o u l . " ; " T h e r e s u l t m u s t b e , " s a y s H a l l a m , " t o c o n v i n c e u s of o u r g r e a t o b l i g a t i o n s t o I t a l y f o r h e r r e n e w a l o± c l a s s i c a l l e a r n i n g . . . . W e h a v e t h e g r e a t e s t r e a s o n t o d o u b t w h e t h e r , w i t h o u t t h e I t a l i a n s of t h o s e a g e s , i t w o u l d e v e r h a v e o c c u r r e d . " N o r c o u l d H a l l a m o v e r l o o k t h e m e r i t s or t n e -Popes 111 t h e r e v i v a l . . . . . " L e t t ; . e r s h a d n o p a t r o n so i m p o r t a n t , " h e s a y s " a s P o p e M c h p l a s V., 1 4 4 7 , n o r h a s a n y l a t e r o c c u p a n t of t h a t C h a i r , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i n g L e o X . , d e s e r v e d e q u a l p r a i s e a s a n e n c o u r a g e r o± l e a r n i n g H e f o u n d e d t h e V a t i c a n L i b r a r y , a n d l e f t i t e n r i c h e d a t h i s d e a t h w i t h f i v e t h o u s a n d v o l u m e s ; a t r e a s u r e f a r e x c e e d i n g t h a t of a n y o t h e r c o l l e c t i o n i n E u r o p e . E v e r y s c h o l a r w h o . n e e d e d m a i n t e n a n c e f o u n d i t a t t h e c o u r t of R o m e . . . . I t a l y , t h e g e n i a l s o i l , w h e r e t h e l i t e r a t u r e of a n t i q u i t y h a d b e e n f i r s t c u l t i v a t e d , s t i l l r e t a i n e d h e r s u p e r i o r i t y i n t h e fine p e r c e p t i o n s of i t s b e a u t i e s a n d i n t h e p o w e r of r e t r a c i n g t h e m b y s p i r i t u a l i m i t a t i o n . " •'. Italia, too, Italia looking on thee Full flashes on the soul the light of ages The fount of which the panting mind assuages Her thirst of knowledge, quaffing there her till, t lows from the eternal source of Rome's imperial hill." —(Childe Harold, c. iii. c. x.) 37 A s m - l e t t e r s , so i n t h e c u l t i v a t i o n of e v e r y b r a n c h " t h a t t e n d e d t o t h e t r u e d e v e l o p m e n t of m o d e r n c i v i l i s a t i o n I t a l y w a s t h e « l i g h t of a g e s . " » I f t h e r e b e a c h u r c h , " , s a y s San p r i e s t , " p r e d e s t i n e d t o a social m i s s i o n w h i c h , f a r f r o m t h r o w i n g o b s t a c l e s i n t h e w a y of c i v i l i s a t i o n , h a s d e v e l o p e d a n d f o s t e r e d i t s . g e r m s , i n t h e f o c u s of a r d e n t f a i t h , t h e K o m a n C h u r c h m u s t be r e c o g n i s e d b y t h e s e f e a t u r e s . . . . H e r t r u e c h a r a c t e r w a s a l w a y s t o u n i t e t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of f a i t h w i t h t h e exercises of a l l t h e h u m a n f a c u l t i e s , to r e g u - l a t e t h e m a l l w i t h o u t p r o s c r i b i n g a n y of t h e m . . R o m e a t t a c h e d to t h e a l t a r s of Christ t h e i m a g i n a t i o n i t s e l f ) t h e r e b e l l i o u s s l a v e of r e a s o n . " W h e n t h e C h u r c h w o n h e r v i c t o r y over P a g a n Rome, " s h e cursed t h e i d o l s , " s a y s San P r i e s t , " a n d b l e s s e d t h e t e m p l e s . " T h i s h a s ever b e e n t h e p o l i c y , t h e a c t i o n of t h e C a t h o l i c Church. W h a t e v e r of good, t h e w o r k a n d p r o g r e s s of h u m a n i n g e n u i t y , t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e e x t e n t of i t s m u l t i p l i e d combi- n a t i o n s could a c h i e v e , w a s a c c e p t e d b y t h e Church, w a s b y h e r blessed. W h a t e v e r w a s b a d s h e c o n d e m n e d ; w h a t e v e r w a s i n d i f f e r e n t , s h e e n d u r e d . W h e r e v e r s h e f o u n d g e n i u s , t a l e n t , w h e t h e r i n t h e b e g g a r b o y of t h e s t r e e t , l i k e L u t h e r , or i n a Medici, or Mirandolo, r o y a l b y m i n d a n d n a t u r e , s h e g a v e t h e m b o t h t h e s a m e chance. Out of h e r coffers s h e m a d e t h e s t r e e t boy r i c h a s t h e p r i n c e i n a l l t h a t w a s n e c e s s a r y f o r m e n t a l d e v e l o p m e n t ; a n d p r o f o u n d t a l e n t w a s t h e k e y t h a t o p e n e d t h e w a y to a l l h e r e m o l u m e n t s - f r o m t h e p r o f e s s o r ' s c h a i r to t h e t h r o n e of t h e Popes. I f a! Leo X. filled t h e P a p a l Chair, so d i d a S i x t u s Q u i n t u s . H e r w h o l e d o m a i n w a s t h e p a s t u r e of t h e m i n d , a n d h e r s u p r e m e p o l i c y — t h e s u r v i v a l of t h e fittest. H e r m o n a s t i c schools w e r e t h e h o m e s of t h e n e e d y scholar. B u t t h e y w e r e t h e h o m e s of c u l t u r e a n d r e f i n e m e n t —of " p l a i n l i v i n g a n d h i g h t h o u g h t . " " A n y one B e n e d i c t i n e M o n a s t e r y , " s a y s Gibbon, « ' h a s done m o r e f o r l i t e r a t u r e t h a n our t w o u n i v e r s i t i e s of O x f o r d a n d C a m b r i d g e . " If a m o n k h e r e or t h e r e d i s g r a c e d h i s c a l l , w a s t h è p a r e n t t o be c u r s e d , because t h e son, i n s p i t e of care, b e c a m e a s c a n d a l ? B l a m e n o t t h e w a r m t h of t h e bosom t h a t f e d , b u t t h e v e n o m of t h e s n a k e t h a t t u r n e d a n d s t u n g . W h e n P r o t e s t a n t i s m took p o s s e s s i o n of E u r o p e , h o w d i d s h e a c t t o w a r d s t h e s e a b o d e s , t h e s e h o m e s of « p l a i n l i v i n g a n d h i g h t h o u g h t ? " — " a n y o n e of w h i c h d i d more f o r l i t e r a t u r e t h a n Oxford a n d C a m b r i d g e t o g e t h e r . " H o w d i d i t a c t t o w a r d s e v e r y s u c h m o n u m e n t of c u l t u r e , of p r o g r e s s , of i l l u m i n a t i o n ? I t a c t e d a s t h e G o t h , t h e H u n , a n d t h e V a n d a l a c t e d t o w a r d s t h e m a s t e r p i e c e s of h u m a n i t y — l a i d t h e m w a s t e w i t h fire a n d s w o r d ! Science, a r t , l i t e r a t u r e , c i v i l i - s a t i o n w e n t d o w n b e f o r e t h e i r v u l g a r crucifigatur, w i t h a h a t r e d a n d e x t e r m i n a t i o n w o r t h y t h e f o l l o w e r s of a n Aleric or a T o t i l a ! H e r e i s a p a r t of t h e p i c t u r e as d r a w n b y t h e 38 h a n d of e v e n a w a r m p a r t i s a n of t h e R e f o r m a t i o n : ' " I t m u s t b e c o n f e s s e d , " s a y s C h a r l e s d e V i l l e r s , " t h a t t h e R e f o r m a t i o n w a s f o r a t i m e t h e s o u r c e of r e t r o g r e s s i o n i n l e t t e r s , c u l t u r e , a n d science. H o w figure t o o u r s e l v e s t h e i n d e s c r i b a b l e d e v a s t a t i o n s of w h i c h G e r m a n y w a s t h e t h e a t r e — t h e w a r of t h e p e a s a n t s of S u a b i a a n d F r a n c o n i a , of t h e A n a b a p t i s t s , of M u n s t e r , o f t h e l e a g u e of S m a l k a l d e a g a i n s t Charles. V., w h i c h l a s t e d t o t h e t r e a t y of W e s t p h a l i a , a n d e v e n a f t e r t h e t r e a t y t o t h e e n d of t h e b i t t e r c o n t e s t . T h e E m p i r e w a s c h a n g e d i n t o a v a s t c e m e t e r y — t h e t o m b of t w o g e n e r a t i o n s . Cities w e r e r e d u c e d t o a s h e s ; s c h o o l s d e s e r t e d ; fields a b a n d o n e d ; m a n u f a c t o r i e s i n flames ; m i n d s e m b i t t e r e d , e x a s p e r a t e d b y l o n g d i v i s i o n s . C a t h o l i c s , L u t h e r a n s , C a l v i n i s t s , A n a b a p t i s t s , M o r a v i a n s , a c c u s e d e a c h o t h e r of t h e b i t t e r p l a g u e s of t h e i r c o u n t r y — t o r n a s u n d e r n o t o n l y b y h e r o w n c h i l d r e n , b u t d e l i v e r e d over t o b a n d s of S p a n i a r d s a n d I t a l i a n s , t o t h e f a n a t i c s of B o h e m i a , t o h o r d e s of T u r k s , F r e n c h , S w e d e s a n d D a n e s , w h o b o r e e v e r y w h e r e t h e c a r n a g e a n d d e s o l a t i o n of c i v i l a n d r e l i g i o u s w a r . A l o n g p e r i o d is n e c e s s a r y t o a n y c o u n t r y to r e c o v e r f r o m s u c h a s t a t e of c o m m o t i o n a n d r u i n . I t w a s n o t o n l y on i t s n a t i v e soil, w h e r e i t s c a u s e w a s m a i n - t a i n e d w i t h s u c h o b s t i n a c y , t h a t t h e R e f o r m a t i o n p r o d u c e d s u c h c r u e l d i s a s t e r s . F r a n c e e s c a p e d n o t ; b u t t h e t r o u b l e s of t h i s c o u n t r y w e r e n o t of s u c h l o n g d u r a t i o n a s t h o s e of G e r m a n y , w h i c h w a s i n a m o s t d e p l o r a b l e s t a t e w h e n F r a n c e h a d a l r e a d y c u r e d h e r w o u n d s , a n d h a d e v e n a r r i v e d a t t h e v e r y a p o g y of h e r l i t e r a r y a n d p o l i t i c a l g l o r y . T h e e v i l s t o t h e L o w C o u n t r i e s w e r e on a p a r w i t h t h o s e of t h e r e s t of t h e E m p i r e . I n fine, E n g l a n d s a w h e r s e l f d e l i v e r e d over to t w o i n t e s t i n e c o m m o t i o n s , r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e s a m e R e f o r m a - t i o n . I t i s c l e a r , t h a t , since t h e o u t - p o u r i n g of t h e b a r b a r i a n s f r o m t h e N o r t h u p o n t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , n o e v e n t p r o v o k e d i n E u r o p e , r a v a g e s so l o n g a n d so u n i v e r s a l , a s t h e w a r e n k i n d l e d o n t h e h e a r t h of t h e R e f o r m a t i o n . I n t h i s r e s p e c t i t is o n l y too t r u e — i t r e t a r d e d t h e p r o g r e s s of g e n e r a l c u l t u r e . " A n d a l l t h i s in t h e n a m e of r e l i g i o n — r e f o r m a t i o n 1 T r u e , i n c o n t e s t i b l y t r u e , t h e m a n n e r s , t h e m o r a l s of t h e a g e w a n t e d r e f o r m i n g . I f , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e c o n n u b i a l l i f e of t h e t i m e s w a n t e d r e f o r m i n g , are w e to b e l i e v e . t h a t L u t h e r a n d h i s d i s c i p l e s w e r e d i v i n e l y i n s p i r e d to such a r e f o r m b y t h e p e r - mission of t w o w i v e s to t h e L a n d g r a v e of H e s s e Casel, or s i x t o H e n r y V I I I . — o r s i x t y - s i x to e i t h e r of t h e m , f o r t h a t m a t t e r ? A n d if t h e p u r i t y of t h e p r i e s t h o o d h a d been i n f r i n g e d , w a s i t f r o m a d i v i n e s o u r c e t h a t L u t h e r w a s i n s p i r e d t o r e f o r m i t b y t h e v i o l a t i o n , i n h i s o w n p e r s o n , of e v e r y vow a n d o b l i g a t i o n t h a t h e a v e n a n d e a r t h m u s t r e g a r d a s sacred ? T r u l y m a y i t be s a i d of s u c h r e f o r m s a n d r e f o r m e r s " Rules for good manners you with care indite, Then, show us what is wrong by what yon write," SO I n w h a t a g e i s t h e r e n o t r o o m f o r t h e r e f o r m a t i o n of m a n n e r s , m o r a l s ? R e f o r m t h e m , b y a l l m e a n s . B u t woe t o t h e m o n k or t h e " a n g e l of l i g h t " t h a t p r e s u m e s to r e f o r m t h e Doctrine of t h e C h u r c h of C h r i s t ! W h a t a c o n t r a s t t h e a b o v e p r e s e n t s w i t h t h e evidence g i v e n o n b e h a l f of C a t h o l i c t i m e s b y t h e a b l e s t m e n of o u r age. B y Guizot, w h o d e c l a r e s t h a t t h e " C a t h o l i c C h u r c h p o w e r f u l l y a s s i s t e d i n f o r m i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r a n d of f u r t h e r i n g t h e d e v e l o p - m e n t of m o d e r n c i v i l i s a t i o n t h a t h e r schools a n d m o n a s t e r i e s " w e r e p h i l o s o p h i c a l schools of C h r i s t i a n i t y ; " a n d t h a t h e r m o n k s " w e r e active a n d p o t e n t a t once i n t h e d o m a i n of i n t e l l e c t a n d i n t h a t of r e a l i t y ; t h a t t h e h u m a n m i n d , b e a t e n d o w n b y t h e s t o r m , t o o k r e f u g e i n t h e a s y l u m s of c h u r c h e s a n d m o n a s - t e r i e s . " B y R a n k e , w h o d e c l a r e s t h a t " a slow b u t s u r e a n d u n - b r o k e n p r o g r e s s of i n t e l l e c t u a l c u l t u r e h a d b e e n g o i n g on w i t h i n i t s ( C h u r c h ' s ) bosom f o r a series of a g e s — a l l t h e v i t a l a n d p r o d u c t i v e e n e r g i e s of h u m a n c u l t u r e w e r e h e r e u n i t e d a n d m i n g l e d . " B y L e c k y — t h e " P a p a l G o v e r n m e n t h a s h a d n o r i v a l a n d can h a v e n o successor ; t h e P a p a l p o w e r w a s on the w h o l e f a v o u r a b l e t o l i b e r t y ; t h e Catholic C h u r c h w a s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of p r o g r e s s ; C a t h o l i c i s m l a i d t h e v e r y f o u n d a - t i o n s of m o d e r n c i v i l i s a t i o n . " Of Mr. S. L a i n g — " t h e C a t h o l i c Church a n d h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e t h e o n l y a s y l u m s i n w h i c h t h e s p i r i t of f r e e d o m a n d of i n d e p e n d e n c e of m i n d . . . w e r e l o d g e d , k e p t a l i v e a n d n u r s e d t o t h e i r p r e s e n t m a t u r i t y ; a l l t h a t m e n h a v e of social, p o l i t i c a l a n d r e l i g i o u s f r e e d o m m a y be c l e a r l y t r a c e d i n t h e h i s t o r y of e v e r y c o u n t r y t o t h e w o r k i n g a n d e f f e c t s of t h e i n d e p e n d e n t p o w e r of t h e C h u r c h of R o m e . " " I t w i l l r e m a i n f o r ever t r u e , " s a y s a n o t h e r , " t h a t t h e g e n i u s of i n v e n t i o n c r e a t e d t h e p r e s s u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e old r e l i g i o n ; t h a t t h e g e n i u s of discovery s a i l e d to t h e s h o r e s of t h e N e w W o r l d u n d e r t h e s h a d o w of t h e cross, a n d t h a t t h e s o n s of t h e m i d d l e a g e s l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n of our o w n p r o g r e s s . " " T h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , " s a y s P r o f e s s o r T y n d a l l , " s t r i k e s i t s r o o t s i n t o t h e c e n t u r i e s g o n e b y , a n d d r a w s n u t r i m e n t f r o m t h e m . " " N o t a m a n i n E u r o p e n o w , " w r o t e Dr. ( C a r d i n a l ) N e w m a n , " w h o t a l k s b r a v e l y a g a i n s t t h e C h u r c h , b u t o w e s i t t o t h e C h u r c h t h a t h e c a n t a l k a t a l l . " M a c a u l a y p u t i t t h u s — " W e o f t e n h e a r t h a t t h e w o r l d is c o n s t a n t l y b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d more e n l i g h t e n e d , a n d t h a t t h i s e n l i g h t e n m e n t m u s t b e f a v o u r a b l e t o P r o t e s t a n t i s m a n d u n f a v o u r a b l e to C a t h o l i c i s m . W e w i s h w e could t h i n k so. B u t w e see g r e a t reason t o d o u b t w h e t h e r t h i s be a w e l l - f o u n d e d e x p e c t a t i o n . W e see t h a t d u r i n g t h e l a s t t h r e e h u n d r e d a n d fifty y e a r s t h e h u m a n m i n d h a s b e e n i n t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e a c t i v e . . . . Y e t w e see t h a t P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a s m a d e n o c o n q u e s t w o r t h s p e a k i n g of. . . As f a r a s t h e r e h a s been a chaDge, t h a t c h a n g e h a s b e e n in f a v o u r of t h e C h u r c h of Rome. . . . A t first t h e c h a n c e s seemed to be d e c i d e d l y in f a v o u r of P r o t e s t a n t i s m , b u t t h e 40 victory remained w i t h t h e Church of Rome. Nor h a s P r o t e s t - a n t i s m , in t h e course of two h u n d r e d y e a r s , been a b l e to reconquer a n y portion of w h a t h a s been lost. . . . D u r i n g t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , t h i s f a l l e n Church (Catholic) h a s been g r a d u a l l y r i s i n g f r o m h e r depressed s t a t e a n d r e c o n q u e r i n g h e r old dominion. . . . W h a t e v e r w a s l o s t to Catholicism was l o s t also to Christianity. W h a t e v e r w a s r e g a i n e d b y Chris- t i a n i t y . . . w a s r e g a i n e d a l s o b y Catholicism. . , . W e deem i t a m o s t r e m a r k a b l e f a c t t h a t n o Christian n a t i o n , w h i c h did n o t a d o p t t h e p r i n c i p l e s of t h e R e f o r m a t i o n before' t h e e n d of t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y , should ever h a v e adopted t h e m . Catholic c o m m u n i t i e s h a v e since t h a t t i m e become infidel a n d become Catholic a g a i n , b u t n o n e h a s become Pro- t e s t a n t . " Such was t h e t e s t i m o n y of t h e b r i l l i a n t h i s t o r i a n , in h i s s p l e n d i d review of R a n k e ' s " H i s t o r y of t h e Popes," of t h e effect of l e t t e r s a n d e n l i g h t e n m e n t on t h e m a r c h of t h e Catholic Church. A n d i t i s c l e a r a s d a y , t h a t t h e i m p e t u s w h i c h she t h e n received h a s increased w i t h t h e progress of h e r y e a r s u u t i l she s t a n d s before t h e world to-day—nor need w e go o u t of our glorious colony t o see i t — w i t h such signs of victory on h e r brow, as e n t i t l e her c h i l d r e n t o believe, t h a t she is s w i f t l y a n d surely m a r c h i n g t o t h e reconquest of more t h a n ever she lost, b y t h e b l o w d e a l t Christian u n i t y , b y t h e P r o t e s t a n t i s m of t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y . B u t t h e severance w a s t h a t of t h e b r a n c h f r o m t h e " T r e e of l i f e . " T h e u n i t y r e m a i n s — t h e u n i t y i s t h e spiraculum vital, t h e " b r e a t h of l i f e , " b r e a t h e d bv Christ i n t o H is Church—accipite spvritum—it i s t h e m e a n i n g of h e r power, t h e g u a r a n t e e of h e r victories. A n d t h e b r a n c h — P r o t e s t a n t i s m — i f i t be b u t a b r a n c h , w i l l be e v e n t u a l l y — w h e n t h e sap is d r y w h i c h i t d r e w f r o m t h e Tree when f a l l i n g — i n f e c u n d f r o m w a n t of u n i t y — d i s c o r d w i l l be i t s h i s t o r y . Need we pass our own shores t o see i t — w h e t h e r in t h e d i s p l a y over a p a n e l in a r e r e d o s or t h e election of a Bishop t o a See. B u t t h e f a t a l disunion i s s t i l l deeper—is incurable. I t h a s a l r e a d y b r a n d e d P r o t e s t a n t i s m , f r o m i t s own l i p s , as a " h u n d r e d sects b a t t l i n g in one c h u r c h . " W h e n Dr. Moorhouse, t h e l a t e Bishop of Melbourne, made a n effort to a r r e s t w h a t h e t r u l y termed in h i s a b l e address " t h e f a t a l progress of division, w h i c h i s b r e a k i n g the P r o t e s t a n t Church to pieces," t h i s w a s his experience : " I n t h e f a c e of such a s p i r i t . . . . t h e a t t e m p t to b r i n g t h e P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s a l i t t l e n e a r e r to each o t h e r , seemed to b e h o p l e s s l y i n a d v a n c e of t h e age. W h a t c o u l d be' t h e v a l u e of b r o t h e r l y a d v a n c e s b y one p a r t y i n t h e E n g l i s h Church, if t h e y w e r e t o b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y l a n g u a g e so i r r i t a t i n g f r o m a n o t h e r p a r t y t h e r e i n . I f e l t t e m p t e d t o r e c a l l t h a t p i c t u r e of b r o t h e r s , h o p e l e s s l y e s t r a n g e d , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s 4 1 t h e m a s f r o w n i n g c l i f f s , s p l i t a s u n d e r b y a n e a r t h q u a k e a n d s e v e r e d b y t h e i n r u s h i n g s e a :— ' A raging sea now rolls between, But neither, rain, nor frost, nor thunder, Can wholly do away, I wean. The marks of that which once hath been.' T h e s c o r n of t h e o r i g i n a l r i f t a p p e a r e d t o b e i n e f f a c e a b l e , a n d i t s e e m e d t h a t t h e r a g i n g s e a m u s t e v e r w h e l m , b e n e a t h i t s b i t t e r w a t e r s of p r i d e a n d p r e j u d i c e , e v e r y v e s s e l w h i c h s t r o v e t o b e a r t h e o l i v e - b r a n c h f r o m o n e of i t s s h o r e s t o t h e o t h e r ; m u s t e v e r d r o w n , i n t h e c l a m o u r s of i t s s t o r m y p a s s i o n s e v e r y t i m i d w h i s p e r of r e t u r n i n g l o v e . " N o w o n d e r h e fled f r o m s u c h a " v e s s e l " a n d s u c h a " s e a " t o a s h i p a n d a h a v e n s e c u r e d — n o t b y t h e p r i n c i p l e s of r e l i g i o n — b a t b y t h e p o w e r , l a w a n d e m o l u m e n t of t h e S t a t e . N o w o n d e r Dr. B a r r y f o l l o w e d h i s e x a m p l e . F r o m t h e c o n t r a s t of C a t h o l i c u n i t y a n d P r o t e s t a n t d i s - s e n s i o n t h e r e w a s , t h e r e i s , b u t o n e c o n c l u s i o n . M a c a u l a y s a w i t a n d a n n o u n c e d i t i n l a n g u a g e , t h e b e a u t y a n d f o r c e of w h i c h s h a l l l i v e a s l o n g a s i t d e s e r v e s t o l i v e —for e v e r . " S h e ( C i i u r c h of R j t n e ) s a w t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t of a l l t h e G o v e r n m e n t s a n d of a l l t h e E c c l e s i a s t i c a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t n o w e x i s t i n t h e w o r l d ? a n d w e f e e l n o a s s u r a n c e t h a t s h e i s n o t d e s t i n e d t o see the* e n d of t h e m a l l . S u e w a s g r e a t a n d r e s p e c t e d b e f o r e t h e S a x o n s e t f o o t i n B r i t a i n , b e f o r e t h e F r a n k h a d p a s s e d t h e R h n e , w h e n G r e c i a n e l o q u e n c e s t i l l flourished a t A n t i o c h , w h e n i d o l s w e r e s t i l l w o r s h i p p e d i n t h e t e m p l e of M e c c a . A n d s h e m a y s t i l l e x i s t i n u n d i m i n i s h e d v i g o u r w h e n s o m e t r a v e l l e r f r o m N e w Z a l . n d s h a l l , i n t h e m i d s t of a v a s t s o l i t u d e , t a k e h i s s t a n d on t h e b r o k e n a r c h of L o n d o n B r i d g e t o s k e t c h t h e r u i n s of S t . P a u l ' s . " * B E L I G I O U S D I S P U T E A T B \ T H U R S T . — O R A N G E M E N v . B O M A N C A T H O L I C S . ( B Y T E L E G R A P H . ) , ® A T " U , R S T ! Monday 15th July . - R e g a r d i n g the Orange demonstration here on Friday last, the Rev. C. .Mead is reported to have said that in this colony a man, who was a terrible drunkard, a dreadful swearer and a thorough-paced gambler, died with marvellous suddenness, and " his poor wife paid t.100 to the priests to get him out of Purgatory." He mentioned another c.se where an infant, three years old, died, and its mother, who earned a living by sewing, paid £5 to get it out of Purgatory. Mr John Meagher has publicly offered that if Mr. Stead proves tfait the priests accepted the mouey alle ed to have been paid in either case he (Mr Meagher) will place 650 in the hands of the editor of the Bathurst 7 W f s i P B i f n M ¿ T d 8 t h e l a J y President of the Poor Relief S o c i e t y . — S y d n e y Daily Telegraph. [Rev. Mr. Stead failed to take advantage of Mr. Meagher's offer. Ed.] J . G. O'CONNOB, "Nation " Steam Printing Works, 82 & 84 Clarence-st.