by Rev. Thomas P. Burke, C. S. P., Pastor of Old St. Mary's Church, Sam Francisco, California. Three adressea delivered in the Catholic Hour» sponsored by the National Council of Catholic Men with the cooperation of the National Broadcasting Company and its Associated Stations. j L Divine Worship a Human Necessity. II. The Nature of Prayer, m . The Utility of Prayer. National Council of Catholic Men, Sponsor of the Catholic Hour, 1314 - Massachusetts Avenue, m Washington, D. C. S A TRILOGY ON PRAYER by Rev. Thomas F. Burke, C. S. P., Pastor of Old St. Mary's Church, San Francisco, California. Three adresses delivered in the Catholic Hour, sponsored by the National Council of Catholic Men with the cooperation of the National Broadcasting Company and its Associated Stations. I. Divine Worship a Human Necessity. II. The Nature of Prayer. III. The Utility of Prayer. National Council of Catholic Men, Sponsor of the Catholic Hour, 1314 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D. C. M OUR SUNDAY VISITOR Printers and Publishers Huntington, Indiana Distributors I m p r i m a t u r : * JOHN FRANCIS NOLL, D. D. Bishop of F o r t Wayne Feast of the Sacred Heart, 1930. Deaefdffletf AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. "Every best gift, and every perfect gift, is from above, coming down from the Father of lights." This truth, so expressed by St. James, is the divine reason for the human reaction that is prayer. Prayer is the most natural act of an intelligent being. In everyday life it is to the soul what meat and drink are to the body. In times of great stress or tempta- tion or illness it is the soul's first resort. Prayer is foreign to no hour and to no circumstance. In this way the Scriptural behest, "Pray always," can be understood. The following addresses, given in the Catholic Hour through the National Broadcasting Company and its Asso- ciated Stations, are concerned with various aspects of this highest duty and privilege of man. According to the law of his being and, more clearly and positively, according to the law of God's revelation, man turns to God to honor and praise Him, to thank Him for His benefits, to beg of Him His graces. The appeal of these talks that went out over the air and that are now committed to the printed .page, is therefore to everyone who believes in the existence of a personal God. Evidences of their wide and ready acceptance, when broad- cast, have not been lacking. It is to be hoped that, in the printed form, they will be welcomed by those who listened-in and also by others who, not having heard, may yet read. A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 5 Divine Worship a Human Necessity (Address delivered by Rev. Thomas P. Burke, C. S. P., in the Catholic Hour, June 8, 1930) In all the aspects of his life man is subject to the discipline of Law. We live, f o r instance, in the world of physical nature. We are a p a r t of t h a t world. Laws, many in number, only gradually discovered, emerge f r o m thfe great complex re- ality, the physical universe. To run counter to these laws spells catastrophe. Nature has its revenge upon its opponents. Physical health, physical security for man, means man's conformity with the laws of the physical world. Again we live in domestic surround- ings. The institution of the family has its system of laws. Home and the happiness t h a t it connotes call for recognition of these laws and for obedience to these laws. The child, for example, t h a t is with- drawn f r o m or deprived of the family influence is by so much the sufferer and the loser. Still again we live in t h a t world which is t h e larger family, the world of human society. The social character of man is self-evident. From his birth to his death, he is, in some measure at least, dependent upon others. Vio- lation of the laws that govern the life of this world- wide companionship means the generation of the outcast and the wanderer upon the face of the earth. Above all and beyond all, we live in relationship with the Supreme Being, the Creator and Ruler of all things. To every one comes t h a t experience of which St. Paul speaks when he refers to Him "in Whom we move and are and have our being." Know- ledge of this relationship, embracing all other rela- tionships, means its acknowledgement in the soul of man. A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 6 If we are God's Creatures, He is our Creator with all the rights which that word and office imply. If within us is the capability of attaining truth, He is infinitely all Truth. If we may achieve the stature of goodness, He is supremely all Goodness. If there re- sides in us the possibility of appreciating the beauti- ful, He is essentially the all Beautiful. In a word, the two poles of religion are God and man. Religion means a relationship between two in- telligences, the uncreated and the created. On the one hand is God, all powerful, all good, all true, all beautiful, and therefore all sufficient in Himself. On the other hand is man, weak, dependent, with capa- bilities to be developed, looking to Heaven f o r sup- port and consolation. Fully aware of the lofty dig- nity and the masterful powers of his own intelligent nature, man also recognizes t h a t the highest act of t h a t intelligence is its submission to Him f o r Whom all things have their being, at Whose word the heavens and the earth and all they contain have been called into existence. The acknowledgement of the submission is worship—the human worship of the Divine. Thus, within the sanctuary of his own soul and in the privacy of his own individuality, the most essential act of worship is achieved. It may not in- deed be all that is demanded by man's humanity, but the silent, unexpressed adoration of God within the confines of the heart rises on invisible wings to Heaven's throne. No matter how profound the external posture, how numerous the external gestures, how complex and illuminative t h e ceremonies, how rich and beau- tiful the auxiliaries, these will be only as a corpse unless they be animated by the soul of worship A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 7 which is spiritual and interior. The whited sepul- cher is always an object of abhorrence. Whatever form man's worship of God may take, it must first and foremost be an interior intellectual reality—a faith by which the intellect acknowledges God as in- finite truth, a hope by which the will seeks perfec- tion in following the infinite goodness of God, a love by which the heart becomes fired with compelling affection f o r Him Who is the "Love of Loves." But is this interior worship enough ? Or, rather, when we consider man in his complete nature, does it not ap- pear t h a t something besides the internal act is re- quired? Man's very humanity demands more. When considering man we have to remember t h a t we are dealing with a composite being. We are dealing with a being in whom there is not only a soul with its faculties of memory, will, and understanding, but also a body with its own reality and its own rights. This body, while subject to the dictates of the intel- ligence and will, is at the same time influenced by outward circumstances and external realities. Man actually gives expression in some outward way to the thoughts and convictions that arise within him. If he be pleased, he smiles, his eyes beam, his fea- tures glow. If he be insulted or offended, the flush of pain or the paleness of death covers the cheek. If he hate, the burning within cannot be restrained f r o m bursting f o r t h into flames. If he be recreant to his duty, he hangs his head in shame. Or again, man touches the canvas and it glows with the beauty of his internal idea: he chisels the marble and it lives with the inspiration of his genius: he vibrates the strings and they respond with the very music of his being. According to the very laws of his human- A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 8 ity, man's interior thoughts and aspirations and convictions find outward form, and they are the nobler and the more real f o r such manifestations. Why then should man's loftiest thought, his noblest aspiration, his most thorough conviction, the inter- ior worship of God, be alone concealed f r o m human eye, and hidden f r o m outward view? An example is not out of place. We all recognize the reality of the sentiment of patriotism. A regard for the fundamental principles of the nation, an in- telligent recognition of the blessings which our country bestows, a feeling t h a t each of us partakes of her very life, all of these form themselves into a feeling of love for the country of which we are a part—this is patriotism. I t is essentially an interior sentiment. No matter what a man might do in an external way for the life and success of the nation, if in his heart there were no love of his country, we would not and could not call him patriotic. Words, deeds, any outward acts t h a t ordinarily would be interpreted as evidences of patriotism would actually be devoid of life and soul. On the other hand, given the real sentiment of patriotism within the heart of man, it does require and it does demand expression if it is to be in any sense ade- quate. To use the right of suffrage, to express one- self in speech or in writing upon questions t h a t af- fect the welfare of the nation, to come to the assist- ance of our country in time of need, and even to take part in the ceremonial acts of saluting the flag or singing the national anthem—all these are but the rightful and natural outward expressions of our interior love of country. The soul finds f o r itself a body. So, in t h e field of religion: man has ever ask- A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 9 ed himself the question which was asked by the pro- phet Micheas: "What shall I offer to the Lord t h a t is worthy, wherewith shall I kneel before the high God?" Cain in offering the f r u i t s of the field; Abel in offering the firstlings of his flock; the Greek and the Roman slaying their fettered bullocks upon the altars of their false gods; the misguided barbarians casting their children into the flames, or throwing themselves beneath the crushing weight of the car which carried what they looked upon as their divin- ity, all give expressions, though sometimes distort- ed expressions, of their interior worship of God. To reject external worship of God is to deny the very humanity of man. For his humanity means t h a t he is soul and body, spiritual and material. This asser- tion of his own completeness requires t h a t his wor- ship of God, a living, pulsating reality within him, externalize itself in response to his own essential need and to the story of Him Who created the world of matter as well as the world of spirit. As the sweet scent flows naturally f r o m the rose, as the light of very necessity radiates f r o m the sun, as an act of human kindness springs spontaneously f r o m affec- tion within the heart, so t h a t reverence, t h a t praise, t h a t honor, t h a t highest love which wells up as wor- ship of God within man's soul cannot be restrained, but like the flood-waters must break from out its confines. Another characteristic of man's humanity t h a t af- fects the manner of divine worship is its solidarity. In the economic and sociological world, this con- cept is of recent realization, but none other of mod- ern times has become so ingrained in world-wide A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 12 thought. In the religious world it is an idea a t least as old as Christianity. It was voiced by Jesus Christ. Its consummation was prayed for by Him at the supreme moment of His life. I t was reiterated in unmistakable language by His Apostle Paul. It has been preached by every teacher of Christianity. We cannot live entirely alone nor a p a r t f r o m others. We are always depending on others. We are social beings. We are bound not only to those in our im- mediate circle but to all the members of the human race. To the highest and the lowliest, to the richest and the poorest, the most learned and the most ig- norant, to the happiest and the most wretched, to the best and the most sinful, we are bound in a un- ity that is not only racial but also social. All of which means t h a t human society as such is the crea- tion of God as well as is the individual being. In the time of great crises, f o r the purpose of united expression no private voice is sufficient. The public must speak. Recently, f o r example, when the religious persecution in Russia became evident, in their need of protest men felt t h a t no private ex- pression could be strong enough. Throughout the land, therefore, great gatherings were organized. People of all faiths, of all political complexions, of all kinds of occupations, of all degrees of learning, came together to multiply, by public action, the pri- vate voice and to make the protest not only individ- ual but social. Privately indeed the individual soul may render internal and external worship to God. In the quiet of his own room, in the solitude of for- est or desert, in the wayside chapel or in great cath- edral, alone, he may send up his worship in thought in word, in attitude, in every way within his power A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 11 and his purpose. In t h a t membership, however, which he has in the domestic society of the family circle, in the civic society of the nation, in the uni- versal society of the whole human race, he must render worship in conjunction with others of his family, with others of his country, with others of his race. There is, in a word, need of common wor- ship —worship of many united in one. For all these —family, country, universe—are dependent upon the God Whom we worship. Here is the reason f o r the builded church, for the temple of God, where men may assemble and together publicly pay tribute of adoration in the worship of the Maker of all things. Internal and external, private and public, must the worship of God be—primarily indeed because God is over all things but also because of the very humanity of man. How this characteristic and all- embracing worship is gloriously realized in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass will no doubt be the subject of a f u t u r e address in the course of the "Catholic Hour." Now we give the general principles. The worship of God is the first and the last instinct of the soul of man. Two pictures move the heart be- yond almost all others: the picture of the little child at its mother's knee in answer to its mother's voice lisping the name of God in worship, and the picture of the aged dying man, with all the experience of a long life behind him, at the feet of his spiritual mother and in answer to her voice speaking the name of God in worship. In the beginning and in the end of life—but also in the years between—such is man's private duty. In its highest concept man's life is the pursuit of A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 12 truth, of goodness, and of beauty. In the efforts of the philosopher or the theologian to characterize, inadequately though it be, the Supreme Being, he has called God all truth, all goodness, all beauty. Thus is God Himself the pursuit of man. When man worships, if we may divide the tribute that he pays, we may say t h a t with his intellect he bows before All Truth, with his will he bows before All Good- ness, but with his heart before All Beauty. He looks upon the majesty of the mountains and the tender- ness of the valleys, the immensity of the sea and the gentleness of the little stream, upon the glory of the rising sun and the splendor of its setting; he stud- ies the limitless universe of stars and planets or the tiniest flower that earth produces, but the eyes of his heart break through the beauty he beholds to the vision beyond. He cries out with the Psalmist: " 0 Lord, our Lord, how admirable is thy name in the whole earth For thy magnificence is elevated above the heavens. For I will behold thy heaven, the work of thy fing- ers : the moon and the stars which thou has founded— 0 Lord, our Lord, how admirable is thy name in all the earth." (Ps. V I I I ) . Or, within the temple of God he gazes upon the tributes that man's handiwork has produced, upon the poem in stone that sings to the heavens, upon the paintings of the masters who have made the colors to live, upon the majestic a l t a r with its Sac- rifice the very heart of the t e m p l e : his ears listen to A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 13 the chanted song of praise, to the cry for mercy and forgiveness, to the canticle of joy and gladness —and the heart breaks through the beauty that he sees and hears, even the veiled beauty of the sacra- mental Christ, to the vision beyond. "How lovely are thy tabernacles, 0 Lord of hosts! My soul longeth and fainteth for the courts of the Lord. "Great is the Lord and greatly to be praised. They shall speak of the magnificence of the glory of t h y holiness, and shall tell t h y wondrous works. "Before thee, I prostrate myself in worship, God. my God, the All-Beautiful." A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 14 The Nature of Prayer (Address delivered by Rev. Thomas F. Burke, C. S. P., in the Catholic Hour, June 15, 1930) The life of man, like man himself, is a combina- tion of the spiritual and the material. Sometimes it would almost seem t h a t material interests are al- lowed to preponderate. We behold the multitudes straining every nerve towards some goal, striving with all their strength to gain some end. But what is that goal, what is t h a t end ? At times it would ap- pear to be earthly possessions, or sensual pleasure, or the power t h a t wealth brings, or the ambition f o r f a m e ; yet, I am sure t h a t this would be a false interpretation of the activities of most of us, and would, if the veil could be drawn back, be found to be only a superficial estimate. For, no matter how much we may be engrossed in the things of earth, moments come upon us when we realize t h a t we are made f o r heaven. No matter how deep in t h e abyss of material struggle or of inevitable sorrow we may sink; no matter how fully we may be occupied with business or domestic cares, again and again a flash strikes across our spirit to tell us whether we are tending upon the right path or the wrong, and to reveal ta us, with the accom- paniment of supreme joy, the conviction t h a t we are made f o r God. It is this elemental, basic, and uni- versal t r u t h t h a t gives t h e reason and w a r r a n t f o r the act of divine worship which we call prayer. There are, I suppose, some people in the world who deny altogether the existence of God. To these prayer is an impossibility. There are others who, while acknowledging the existence of God, never- theless conceive of Him as standing aloof, in His A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 17 infinite greatness, f r o m the world He created, and as devoid of any interest in men. To these also pray- er is quite impossible. But to those who, like all Christians, believe in a personal God with a person- al interest in the creatures of His hand, especially in His intelligent creatures, prayer is not only a sub- lime possibility and a reasonable duty, but also a marvelous privilege. Granted all that we have seen thus f a r in these addresses during the Catholic Hour, the existence of a personal God with an essential interest in man, man's spiritual and immortal life, his immense and never-satisfied capabilities, his duty of worship- ping the Creator because of the very f a c t t h a t he himself is a creature; granted all these, prayer fol- lows as a logical consequence. For what is prayer? Prayer is converse with God. I t is t h a t act by which man, conscious at once of his own weakness and yet of his immortality, mounts upon the wings of f a i t h until he stands on t h a t plane where he can see God and hear God and dwell in God's company. Its sim- plest and most general definition is formulated in the w o r d s : " P r a y e r is the u p l i f t i n g of the mind to God." F i r s t and foremost, therefore, prayer is an act of intellect. I t is based on knowledge, man's knowledge of himself and man's knowledge of God. What is our most primary idea of God? I t is t h a t He is the cause of all things. The flower of the field, the sun in the heavens, the animal denizens of the forest, man with his spiritual faculties, the whole universe with its unmeasured immensity—all these things are f r o m God. Man takes his place among them, caused by God, and yet different f r o m all other creatures. They A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 16 know not but he does know the relationship exist- ent between himself and his Creator. Knowledge carries with it urgency and responsibility. Know- ledge of the beginning of man brings with it know- ledge of the end of man. From God he comes, to God he goes. To the insistent question of every conscience of every man, in every place and 'in every age, "What shall I do?" comes the answer in the craving of the soul, because it is f r e e and intelligent, f o r the God Who made it. That God is the Creator and t h a t man is a creature is the basis f o r the legitimacy and the necessity of prayer. When, therefore, the mind of man reaches out to the everlasting hills of God, when it is lifted up to commune with God, when through such knowledge it makes acknowledgment of this relationship, then the man is said to pray, f o r "prayer is the uplifting of the mind to God." Besides this general and all-embracing definition there is another t h a t illuminates for us the charact- er of prayer. The great philosopher and theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas, gives this revealing descrip- tion. He says, "prayer is the voice of desire." Again, according to this definition, prayer is an act of the intellect because it is based upon our knowledge of God. One of the ways in which we come to such knowledge is through a process of negation. In our- selves we are only too fully aware of our limitations, imperfections, faults, weaknesses beyond number. We predicate necessarily the absence of all such im- perfections and limitations in God, because their presence in Him would be inconsistent with His su- premacy of being. God and imperfection are incom- patible terms. Conscious of our own limitations we are at the A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 17 same time conscious t h a t the law of progress is the rule of all life. We see it in nature, we see it in a r t , in the growth of the child, in the development of the man, in the triumphant conquests of the mind. What is true for other f o r m s of life is equally t r u e f o r the life of the soul: f o r t h a t life which we are enabled to live in virtue of the supernatural g i f t s of God. Thus in Him Who is without imperfections we behold the inspiration to perfection. Thus we catch something of the meaning of the divine be- hest : "Be ye perfect even as your Heavenly F a t h e r is perfect." Our craving goes f o r t h in the "voice of desire" t h a t we may progress spiritually, t h a t we may not go backwards, t h a t we may grow in stature of soul, t h a t we may come nearer to the ideal of man as it exists in the mind of God. That "voice of de- sire" is prayer. Still another definition of prayer throws f u r t h e r light on its significance. This also is given to us by St. Thomas Aquinas, although it is also found in the writings of philosophers and theologians of all ages in Christianity, namely, "prayer is an asking God for our needs." Again let us say, even in this aspect, prayer is an act of the intellect because it is based on knowledge. In the progress of man's mind to- wards its possible understanding of God, the high- est step is reached in the intellectual realization t h a t God is absolutely, infinitely perfect. It is not enough f o r the human mind to deny in God the existence of any imperfection. It must f u r t h e r assert t h a t God, in a positive sense, is altogether super-excellent. Every good quality is His in unlimited and infinite degree. Such knowledge of the Supreme Being brings out the t r u t h t h a t within His bounty is the A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 18 power of bestowal upon man of the things t h a t man needs. So it is t h a t prayer means the asking of God f o r our needs, with the firm conviction t h a t if we so ask we shall receive, t h a t if we so seek we shall find, t h a t if we knock the gate of Heaven shall be opened to us. Prayer is thus our practical recognition of God as the Supreme Perfect One, the F i r s t Cause of our being with its limitations, of our redemption with its remedy for our imperfections, and of our eternal destiny with its means to gain the goal. In its exercise of prayer the intellect plays its notable p a r t , but.the work of reason is called f o r t h under t h e fervor of a will warmed by divine love. I t is not too much t h e r e f o r e to say t h a t prayer is the very breath of the soul. "Thou a r t my God," said the Psalmist, "because thou hast no need of my goods." Yes, but we have a need and a great need of God. T h a t is why we pray, especially p r a y when we are most conscious of our needs. T h a t is why, when trouble and illness and great t r i a l s op- press us, the soul n a t u r a l l y t u r n s to God. T h a t is why in our experience moments come when we are t r u l y compelled to pray, when f o r the life of the soul we must p r a y j u s t as f o r t h e life of the body we must eat. T h a t is why so many fervent souls have thought it not a burden but a privilege to spend hour upon hour in prayer. T h a t is why in the course of history the world witnesses t h e f o r - mation of many human souls t h a t so transcend the average of mankind they seem to have become the inhabitants of a higher realm t h a n t h a t of earth. Communion with God brings us near to God. In all this description of p r a y e r it is a p p a r e n t t h a t the chief principle t h a t calls f o r t h f r o m man A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 19 the recognition t h a t prayer implies is the supreme greatness of God. Yet if we were to stop there the meaning and the purpose contained in the u p l i f t i n g of the soul to God would be only imperfectly under- stood. Even in the early history of mankind and in our own estimate of the things t h a t a r e human we distinguish between the sentiments t h a t are aroused in us by the existence of power and great- ness in the objects of our admiration and those other sentiments due to characteristics t h a t call f o r t h our devotion and love. Many figures have walked the stage of history who, .because of their wonderful achievements in the material world or in the intellectual world, or in the scientific world, have called f o r t h wonder and a certain amount of honor. Oftentimes, however, to such characters we have not been able to yield the high devotion of the h e a r t because in them not infrequently we have found to be lacking t h a t quality which more t h a n any other compels not only admiration but also love, namely, goodness. For a f t e r all, when we analyze human feelings we find t h a t t h e tribute of devotion is granted most sincerely and most f u l l y to those who have been supremely good r a t h e r than to those who have achieved only greatness and power. In the long and graphic story of the heroes of time, the most glowing tributes, tributes of deep- est devotion and of most loyal love, have been ex- pressed f o r those personages t h a t are rightly called the saints of God. No m a t t e r what may be the per- sonal failings and the imperfect lives of the men who give thought to any of these things, such men necessarily yield the highest measure of their love to those who, like St. Francis of Assisi, like St. John the Evangelist, like St. Paul the Apostle, have A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 20 achieved the glorious triumph of virtue. Accordingly we may rightly conclude, without any real separation or division of the supreme qualities t h a t exist in God, t h a t f r o m the human point of view the one which leads the h e a r t and moves the soul to the highest degree of devotion to God is His infinite goodness. Greatness, omnipo- tence, immensity, omniscience, the rule and govern- ment of all things—these indeed must necessarily call f o r t h our worship, but it is God's supreme quality of goodness t h a t calls forth 1 love, and it is this which more t h a n anything else necessitates upon the p a r t of the human soul the practice of prayer. Thus we understand t h a t while we describe prayer as an act of the intellect, it is equally an act of the human will and of the human heart. I t is the goodness of God t h a t establishes beyond all other things the meaning and significance of t h a t kind of prayer which expresses itself in the senti- ment and the act of adoration. We adore Him be- cause He is supremely great, but we adore Him all the more because He is supremely good. It is this very quality t h a t so extends itself and so relates itself to other phases of the spiritual life, t h a t gives to us also the reason of the other divisions of prayer. The realization t h a t comes to us, a f t e r t h e recog- nition of God's goodness as the supreme reason f o r our adoration, is t h a t this same goodness has been the source of all the things, n a t u r a l and supernat- ural, t h a t we have possessed and now possess; all the blessings t h a t have attended us on our w a y ; all t h e graces t h a t have been received into the temple of our soul. As a consequence of this understand- ing there wells up within the human h e a r t the sen- A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 21 timent of gratitude and our prayer goes f o r t h in thanksgiving to Almighty God. In the history of the Church and in the solemn liturgy of her ser- vices, no sentiment is so often to the fore as t h a t of thanksgiving. For the greatest act of sacrifice, and consequently greatest act of penance (which is the very life of the worship of the Church), one of the names most commonly employed is the Eucharist, which means thanksgiving. Our prayer ascends to Heaven not only as an act of adoration but also as an act of gratitude. With this understanding, the mind of man marches on and t h e goodness of God, which embraces in itself His interest in us, His con- cern f o r our salvation, His desire f o r our spiritual life, is seen to be also the source of divine mercy. Man, in the depths of his weakness and in the con- sciousness of his own personal faults, in his per- ception of the f a c t t h a t t h e acts of his life have been, in large measure, violations of the law of God, man, even f r o m the depths, cries out to God f o r the forgiveness. of his sins. Thus our prayer, which is dependent f o r its answer upon the goodness of God, is not only one of adoration, not only one of thanks- giving, but also one t h a t beseeches pardon. F u r t h e r still the mind of man goes. F o r it is not a f a r step f r o m the understanding t h a t all past g i f t s have been the result of God's goodness to the understanding t h a t all our f u t u r e g i f t s must come f r o m the same source. Thus, aware of his failings in the past, and of the history of his soul's defeats, man strives to break through the veil of the f u t u r e and, looking into the distance which is yet to be traversed, appeals again and again to Almighty God f o r t h e graces t h a t he needs, f o r the spiritual helps t h a t are required in order t h a t his soul may A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 22 t r u l y live. In other words, it is again t h e goodness of God t h a t is the strong justification f o r man's prayer of petition: t h a t kind of prayer by which he makes appeal to God f o r assistance. Worship, gratitude, contrition, appeal sent up to God—each and every one of these is prayer, and prayer is all of these. The great t r u t h t h a t a t one and the same time is the foundation of prayer and the fruition of prayer is t h a t God is the Center and Heart of our life. As the various colors of the rainbow t h a t come to our eye through a prism a r e centered in the one pure r a y of sunlight, so the adoration t h a t our soul yields, the feeling of gratitude f o r blessings t h a t wells up in the heart, the cry f o r pardon t h a t our conscious sinfulness and sorrow send f o r t h , the petition f o r help in our f u t u r e needs, are all cen- tered in the thought of God, all great and all good. In the light of t h a t realization, two figures stand resplendent and alone, God and my soul; my soul and God. I stand amid the busy throng of the world, amid the rush and activity and mundane in- terests of every day existence, but I am ever con- scious of another world where dwell God and my soul, and the law of t h a t world is prayer. I gaze a t night into t h e sky above, resplendent with the myriads of s t a r s and planets, but the consciousness is within me t h a t one day I shall go beyond them all—to God. T h a t which gives me strength in the face of the accountability t h a t this destiny implies is my power of prayer. I look into my h e a r t and see its capabilities not only of grief but of joy, not only of sin but of virtue, not only of defeat but of triumph, not only of h a t e but of love, not only of degradation but of glory, and t h a t the everlasting A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 28 joy, the everlasting triumph, the everlasting love, the everlasting glory may be mine, I kneel in prayer to Him f r o m Whom alone all these can come! A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 24 Utility of Prayer (Address delivered by Rev. Thomas F. Burke, C. S. P., in the Catholic Hour, June 22, 193») The chief object of prayer, as we have already seen in previous addresses, is the honor and wor- ship t h a t man renders to God. In this is to be found the highest utility of prayer. I t is the vehicle of expression f o r man's first intellectual duty. But the utility of prayer does not cease there. Rather it is to be found in another essential, though second- ary, object, namely, man's own spiritual improve- ment and advancement. In this connection we are concerned chiefly with t h a t kind of prayer which we may call the most human, namely, the prayer of petition. . N a t u r a l l y prayer is most intimately associated with the spiritual object of man's very life and of his every spiritual effort. The prime object of all the activities of the soul is union with God. The supreme law of life is the law of love; and the high- est f o r m of love is union. We see this in human relationships. Friendship, f o r instance, is an ex- ample. In what does t h a t consist except in a union of souls? Thus it is we feel an i n j u r y done to a friend as if it were directed against ourselves. Thus we i m p a r t to a friend our secret joys and sorrows, our thoughts and plans and desires because we feel t h a t these are his possessions as well as our own, since our souls are one. Indeed, through the exist- ence of this most n a t u r a l bond, which is at the same time spiritual, we can, in some measure a t least, understand the supernatural and spiritual bond be- tween the h u m a n soul and God. The same t r u t h stands f o r t h in t h a t most f u n d a m e n t a l and basic union between human beings in wedlock. Such a A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 25 union is to be deprecated and is most a p t to disin- tegrate and dissolve when it is only physical or rests on only material interests. But when t h a t union is one of souls as well as of bodies; when there is spiritual h a r m o n y ; when t h e highest in- terests of life are the common property of two hearts t h a t beat as one, of two souls t h a t p r a y as one, then is wedlock t r u l y an exemplification of the supreme law of life, love, and union. Now, if it be given to us to penetrate in the least the mysteries of Heaven, it becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t such too is God's way of acting with man. T h a t supreme union of love which exists in the Blessed Trinity, which, we might almost say, explains the inexplicable mystery, seeks to give expression in the world of intelligent creation. The revelations of God to man make known this supreme law of life and love which is union. The creation itself, in its highest interpretation, is the desire of God t h a t other beings should share in His happiness and be united to Him in doing His will. The Incarnation, the coming of the Son of God made man, a f t e r man himself had broken the bond of unity, is a f u r t h e r expression of God's desire t h a t man should be united with Him. If we were to t u r n to man himself, man endowed with understanding and free-will, man conscious of his spiritual powers, man who rebelled against God and yet craved f o r God, we shall find going up f r o m his heart t h e eternal c r y : "My God, my God, to Thee do I watch at break of day, f o r Thee my Soul h a t h thirsted, oh, how many ways and in a desert land where there is no way and no w a t e r ! " At his best man desires union with God; he desires the satisfaction of his being and f o r a being such as A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 26 man is, possessed of the spiritual faculties of intel- lect and will, such satisfaction can be found only in the union of the soul with God. I t is the voice of all humanity t h a t speaks in the words of St. Augus- tine : "Thou hast made us f o r Thyself, 0 God, and our hearts are u n r e s t f u l till they find rest in Thee." How are this will of God and this desire of man satisfied? They are satisfied, first, by an action of God Himself. They are met by His giving to man something t h a t is divine, something t h a t by its supernatural character infuses into man an element t h a t is over and above all human elements, and thus enables man to share in the very life and love of God. T h a t g i f t which is the contribution of God to this sublimest union is called grace. Mysterious indeed it is, mysterious it will remain. Yet, j u s t because we are spiritual as well as material, we can understand it to an extent. We have already seen t h a t in human friendship the real bond is spiritual in nature, t h a t is signifies above all things a union of souls. Grace we may rightly describe as the friendship of God bestowed upon man. It consti- tutes and establishes a union between the soul of man and the spirit of God. Or, we might call your attention to another illustration, one used by St. Thomas Aquinas. He tells us t h a t if you take up a piece of iron, you find it cold, black. Surround it by fire. Gradually the iron becomes warm, then hot, finally all aglow, until at length you can t r u l y say t h a t it becomes a portion of the fire itself. So is it with t h e human soul. Cold f o r t h e want of love, black with sin, surround it by the grace of God: gradually it takes to itself the n a t u r e of t h a t grace even as iron took to itself the n a t u r e of fire. T h a t is what we mean when we speak of the union A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 27 of the soul with God. This is w h a t St. Paul meant when he desired t h a t t h a t which is mortal might be swallowed up by immortality. The giving of grace is God's p a r t towards t h e accomplishment of this spiritual union. Upon the p a r t of man, the action necessary f o r obtaining and maintaining such a union is prayer. Considering human interests, therefore, this is f o r man the greatest utility of prayer. I t calls f o r t h the grace of God, and it is the safeguard of the grace of God. For it is clear t h a t prayer f o r union with God must necessarily be of two kinds: souls in sin must p r a y to be rid of sin and souls in grace must p r a y to avoid sin and to grow in grace. You will recall the answer of St. Joan of Arc. Her accusers, seeking to entrap her, asked: "Are you in the state of grace?" Her answer w a s : "If I am not I p r a y t h a t God may put me t h e r e ; and if I am I p r a y t h a t God may keep me there." Such is the living sentiment of every sincere soul. The act of prayer is chiefly a mental act. Prayer may indeed be vocal; it may express itself in words; in fact, it most frequently does so express itself. Nevertheless it may be purely mental and, even when it is vocal, it is chiefly mental. We distin- guish between vocal and mental p r a y e r s but in doing so we do not mean to say t h a t vocal prayer is not also mental. We cannot have words t h a t mean anything without some thought behind them. The avoidance of evil and the p u r s u i t of good is a duty in which t h e will of man figures most prominently, but the will is dependent on the mind f o r the knowledge upon which its decision is to be based. If men kept before them the beauty of virtue and the ugliness of vice; the p u r i t y of God and the evil A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 28 of any offense against Him; the understanding of the vast difference between good and evil, sin would be of r a r e occurrence. The act of prayer, especially the habit of prayer, keeps constantly before us the One Whose com- mandments we are bound to obey and to Whom we offer dishonor by sin. Vividly before the imagina- tion rises t h e Personality of God, not indeed out- lined with exactness, but still most real to the understanding of the spirit. Ordinarily and com- monly, amid the distractions and cares t h a t beset our paths, the thought of God is allowed to become vague and indefinite, obscured in the shadows of time and earth. When, however, we kneel in prayer, when we think in prayer, when we seek in prayer, we are awakened to the reality of God. With the eyes of reason and of f a i t h we see Him, we come near to Him, and in. the presence of t h a t reality we are enabled to appreciate j u s t l y the gravity of sin. Amid the forces t h a t tend to draw men f r o m God the most insidious and the most powerful is pride. Pride is blinding. Pride is distorting. In its ob- scurity things seem what they are not. Not merely in this age, with its physical and material wonders, but in every age—for every age has had its won- ders—we find many who have been filled with the sense of self-sufficiency. Mistaking effects f o r causes and discoveries f o r creations, men have lost sight of the ultimate t r u t h and the ultimate reality t h a t is God. Instead of realizing t h a t the more man achieves and the more man discovers, the f u l l e r and truer, though ever incomplete, should become his idea of God, he withdraws himself f r o m the Deity and f r o m all religion. It is the price of pride. A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 29 Were such men, on the contrary, given to prayer, which necessitates humility and lowliness and sub- mission before Infinity, pride could have no place in their make-up. Rather, prayer, with all t h a t it connotes in the way of reasonable belief, would hold the mind of such a one t r u e to the appreciation of the infinite power and goodness and love of God. Prayer keeps us virtuous, and prayer keeps us rea- sonable. Another consideration brings out t h e same t r u t h . Conduct is indeed the most i m p o r t a n t thing to man's life, but .conviction must precede doing and principle must precede action. A man is what his convictions are. When we say of any one t h a t he is a man of principle we do not r e f e r simply to the f a c t t h a t he has principles, but r a t h e r we also mean t h a t he lives these principles. Furthermore, it is a psychological t r u t h t h a t the more frequently he puts his principles into action the more perfectly and f u l l y does he become expert in the application of his convictions to conduct. The geniuses in every phase of activity are those who have given the greatest amount of thought to the thing they would achieve. The school of prayer is open to all comers. In t h a t school have been trained and formed men and women of all degrees of worldly learning and of intellectual attainment. Strangely and strongly different in intellectual brilliancy as, f o r example, were St. Augustine and St. Teresa on the one hand, and the Cure d'Ars and St. Margaret Mary on the other, these souls progressed to t h e same sub- lime heights in the school of prayer. T h a t school is open to all, even the most poorly equipped in a worldly sense, yea, even to the greatest sinner who, A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 30 when all other hopes have fled, may still t u r n to God in prayer. Thus is prayer the builder of char- a c t e r ; the safeguard of v i r t u e : man's act of co- operation with grace in the establishment and per- fecting of the union of the soul with God. In the temple of prayer God and man meet. God gives this divine grace to man, and man gives himself to God in the submission of his intellect and will and heart. Radiating f r o m this power and value of prayer are the consequent effects. P r a y e r becomes in itself a source of merit to man, as every good act performed in t h e grace of God is a source of merit. I t adds to the sum total of divine approbation t h a t shines upon every human action done f o r the love of God. Prayer too has in it t h e effective power of obtain- ing t h a t which its asks, the power, as it is called in the language of the Schools, of inspiration. All prayer t h a t ascends to heaven, accompanied by the essential conditions of validity, draws f r o m the spring of divine promise the waters of fulfillment. Not the least of the effects of prayer is t h a t of sat- isfaction. The consciousness of sin to be atoned for, even sin t h a t has been forgiven by infinite mercy, creates in man a desire f o r penitential ex- pression of his soul and among the acts which he employs f o r t h a t purpose is the act of prayer. Last, but no less important t h a n the others, is the effect of prayer t h a t we call pleasure or spiritual joy. Here enters the proof of experience. Here is the secret of the saints. Here is heaven on e a r t h ; eter- nity in time. For, if there stands out one f a c t above all others in the lives of those who have gained the heights of prayer, who have dwelt in the pure air of contemplation, who have lived in continuous A TRILOGY ON PRAYER 31 union with God, it is the unmeasured and unreason- able joy they have experienced. Nor need we search f o r t h a t experience only among those whose names have been exalted by being placed upon God's roll of honor by the Church. Today, as in the past, there are countless souls, unknown to the world in general, with some we now and then come into con- tact, whose lives are often led in the lowliest walks, and who radiate peace and gladness and love t h a t tell of a spiritual and divine joy in their hearts. He t h a t has known t h a t joy cannot describe it. He t h a t has not known it cannot imagine it. The joy of the poet in the first flight of his genius; the joy of the bridegroom leading his bride; the joy of the mother bringing f o r t h her child to be the child of God; the joy of genius in the conquest of victory—all these f a d e before the supreme joy of the soul r a p t up by prayer into the love of God. Give to the bard t r a n s - cendent powers of expression and he cannot ade- quately tell of i t ; give to t h e musician unequalled delicacy of touch and he cannot rightly sing of i t ; give to the orator sublimest power and language and he cannot describe it. There it lives, in the h e a r t of man, pulsating with every heart-beat, the g i f t of God to man, the g i f t of man to God. Were there no other proof of the value of prayer this one of the supreme joy of those who have experienced union with God would be more than enough to cause men to raise their hands and exclaim: "Where these things are, there is God's t r u e taber- nacle with men." In bringing to a close this short series of talks on the necessity of worship and prayer, I would voice one thought which I think may be necessary f o r at least comparative completeness. I t is the hope I cherish t h a t what we have treated more or less ab 32 A TRILOGY ON PRAYER stractly may have for all a practical significance and a practical value. Thomas a Kempis, the author of the Imitation of Christ, w r i t e s : "I had r a t h e r feel compunction t h a n know how to define it." So do I s a y : I had r a t h e r you practiced prayer t h a n t h a t you knew the definition of prayer. And yet, who will not say t h a t it is best both to know and to do; to have the knowledge of the definition and also to put t h a t knowledge into effect by action? The t r u t h which the saintly author of the Imitation empha- sizes and which I presume to emphasize, is t h a t knowledge without effective use of t h a t knowledge is worth little; t h a t understanding of what prayer is amounts to naught of value to the soul unless t h a t understanding find expression in act. The lives of intelligent beings with belief in God, in immortal- ity, in the relationship between the soul of man and the spirit of God, must be lives of prayer. I t has been a joy f o r me t o give. I hope it has been a joy f o r you to receive. But the greatest joy t h a t I could wish you all is the joy of prayer, t h a t joy which surpasses anything t h a t the world can give. I t will be your strength in time of trouble; it will be your peace in time of doubt; it will be .your j u s t balance in time of earthly rejoicing; it will be your stay in time of t e m p t a t i o n ; it will be your in- spiration in time of decision; it will be your realiza- tion always of the perfect spirit t h a t is contained in the prayer of prayers given to us by our Blessed Lord Himself: "Our F a t h e r Who a r t in heaven; hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our tres- passes as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil. Amen."