ARTICLE TITLE | AUTHOR 39 Author ID box for 2 column layout THMANAGER | LACASTA, NOGUERAS-ISO, LÓpEz-pELLICER, MURO-MEDRANO, AND zARAzAGA-SORIA 39 Author ID box for 2 column layout Knowledge organization systems denotes formally repre- sented knowledge that is used within the context of digital libraries to improve data sharing and information retrieval. To increase their use, and to reuse them when possible, it is vital to manage them adequately and to provide them in a standard interchange format. Simple knowledge orga- nization systems (SKOS) seem to be the most promising representation for the type of knowledge models used in digital libraries, but there is a lack of tools that are able to properly manage it. This work presents a tool that fills this gap, facilitating their use in different environments and using SKOS as an interchange format. U nlike the largely unstructured information avail­ able on the Web, information in digital libraries (DLs) is explicitly organized, described, and man­ aged. In order to facilitate discovery and access, DL sys­ tems summarize the content of their data resources into small descriptions, usually called metadata, which can be either introduced manually or automatically generated (index terms automatically extracted from a collection of documents). Most DLs use structured metadata in accor­ dance with recognized standards, such as MARC21 (U.S. Library of Congress 2004) or Dublin Core (ISO 2003). In order to provide accurate metadata without ter­ minological dispersion, metadata creators use different forms of controlled vocabularies to fill the content of typi­ cal keyword sections. This increase of homogeneity in the descriptions is intended to improve the results provided by search systems. To facilitate the retrieval process, the same vocabularies used to create the descriptions are usu­ ally used to simplify the construction of user queries. As there are many different schemas for modeling controlled vocabularies, the term knowledge organiza- tion systems (KOS) is intended to encompass all types of schemas for organizing information and promoting knowledge management. As Hodge (2000) says, “A KOS serves as a bridge between the users’ information need and the material in the collection.” Some types of KOS can be highlighted. Examples of simple types are glossaries, which are only a list of terms (usually with definitions), and authority files that control variant ver­ sions of key information (such as geographic or personal names). More complex are subject headings, classifica­ tion schemes, and categorization schemes (also known as taxonomies) that provide a limited hierarchical structure. At a more complex level, KOS includes thesauri and less traditional schemes, such as semantic networks and ontologies, that provide richer semantic relations. There is not a single KOS on which everyone agrees. As Lesk (1997) notes, while a single KOS would be advantageous, it is unlikely that such a system will ever be developed. Culture constrains the knowledge classifi­ cation scheme because what is meaningful to one area is not necessarily meaningful to another. Depending on the situation, the use of one or another KOS has its advan­ tages and disadvantages, each one having its place. These schemas, although sharing many characteristics, usually have been treated heterogeneously, leading to a variety of representation formats to store them. Thesauri are an example of the format heterogeneity problem. According to ISO­2788 (norm for monolingual thesauri) (ISO 1986), a thesaurus is a set of terms that describe the vocabulary of a controlled indexing language, formally organized so that the a priori relationships between con­ cepts (for example, synonyms, broader terms, narrower terms, and related terms) are made explicit. This stan­ dard is complemented with ISO­5964 (ISO 1985), which describes the model for multilingual thesauri, but none of them describe a representation format. The lack of a stan­ dard representation model has caused a proliferation of incompatible formats created by different organizations. So each organization that wants to use several external thesauri has to create specific tools to transform all of them to the same format. In order to eliminate the heterogeneity of represen­ tation formats, the W3C initiative has promoted the development of simple knowledge organization systems (SKOS) (Miles et al. 2005) for its use in the semantic Web environment. SKOS has been created to represent simple KOS, such as subject heading lists, taxonomies, classifica­ tion schemes, thesauri, folksonomies, and other types of controlled vocabulary as well as concept schemes embed­ ded in glossaries and terminologies. Although SKOS has been recently proposed, the number and importance of organizations involved in its creation process (and that publish their KOS in this format) indicates that it will probably become a standard for KOS representation. SKOS provides a rich, machine­readable language that is very useful to represent KOS, but nobody would expect to have to create it manually or by just using a general­purpose Resource Description Framework (RDF) editor (SKOS is RDF­based). However, in the digital library area, there are not specialized tools that are able to manage it adequately. Therefore, this work tries to fill this gap, describing an open source tool, ThManager, that ThManager: An Open Source Tool for Creating and Visualizing SKOS Javier Lacasta, Javier Nogueras-Iso, Francisco Javier López-Pellicer, Pedro Rafael Muro-Medrano, and Francisco Javier Zarazaga-Soria Javier Lacasta (jlacasta@unizar.es) is Assistant Professor, Javier Nogueras-Iso (jnog@unizar.es) is Assistant Professor, Francisco Javier López-pellicer (fjlopez@unizar.es) is Research Fellow, pedro Rafael Muro-Medrano (prmuro@ unizar.es) is Associate Professor, and Francisco Javier zarazaga-Soria (javy@unizar.es) is Associate Professor in the Computer Science and Systems Engineering Department, University of Zaragoza, Spain. �0 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007�0 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007 facilitates the construction of SKOS­based KOS. Although ThManager has been created to manage thesauri, it also is appropriate to create and manage any other models that can be represented using SKOS format. This article describes the ThManager tool, highlight­ ing its characteristics. ThManager’s layer­based architec­ ture permits the reuse of the components created for the management of thesauri in other applications where they are also needed. For example, it facilitates the selection of values from a controlled vocabulary in a metadata cre­ ation tool, or the construction of user queries in a search client. The tool is distributed as open source software accessible through the SourceForge platform (http:// thmanager.sourceforge.net/). ■ State of the art in thesaurus tools and representation models The problem of creating appropriate content for thesauri is of interest in the DL field and other related disciplines, and an increasing number of software packages have appeared in recent years for constructing thesauri. For instance, the Web site of Willpower Information (http://www .willpower.demon.co.uk/thessoft.htm) offers a detailed revision of more than forty tools. Some are only avail­ able as a module of a complete information storage and retrieval system, but others also allow the possibility of working independently of any other software. Among these thesaurus creation tools, one may note the follow­ ing products: ■ BiblioTech (http://www.inmagic.com/). This is a multiplatform tool that forms part of BiblioTech PRO Integrated Library System and can be used to build an ANSI/NISO standard thesaurus (standard Z39.19 [ANSI 1993]). ■ Lexico (http://www.pmei.com/lexico.html). This is a Java­based tool that can be accessed and/or manip­ ulated over the Internet. Thesauri are saved in a text­based format. It has been used by the U.S. Library of Congress to manage such vocabularies and thesauri as the Thesaurus for Graphic Materials, the Global Legal Information Network Thesaurus, the Legislative Indexing Vocabulary, and the Symbols of American Libraries Listing. ■ MultiTes (http://www.multites.com/) is a Windows­ based tool that provides support for ANSI/NISO relationships plus user­defined relationships and comment fields for an unlimited number of thesauri (both monolingual and multilingual). ■ TermTree 2000 (http://www.termtree.com.au/) is a Windows­based tool that uses Access, SQL Server, or Oracle for data storage. It can import and export TRIM thesauri (a format used by the Towers Records Information Management system [http://www.towersoft.com/]), as well as a defined TermTree 2000 tag format. ■ WebChoir (http://www.webchoir.com/) is a family of client­server Web applications that provides dif­ ferent utilities for thesaurus management in multiple DBMS platforms. TermChoir is a hierarchical infor­ mation organizing and searching tool that enables one to create and search varieties of hierarchical subject categories, controlled vocabularies, and tax­ onomies based on either predefined standards or a user­defined structure, and is then exported to an XML­based format. LinkChoir is another tool that allows indexers to describe information sources using terminology organized in TermChoir. And SeekChoir is a retrieval system that enables users to browse thesaurus descriptors and their references (broader terms, related terms, synonyms, and so on). ■ Synaptica (http://www.synaptica.com/) is a client­ server Web application that can be installed locally on a client’s intranet or extranet server. Thesaurus data is stored in a SQL server or Oracle database. The application supports the creation of electronic the­ sauri in compliance with the ANSI/NISO standard. The application allows the exchange of thesauri in CSV (comma­separated values) text format. ■ SuperThes (Batschi et al. 2002) is a Windows­based tool that allows the creation of thesauri. It extends the ANSI/NISO relationships, allowing many pos­ sible data types to enrich the properties of a concept. It can import and export thesauri in XML and tabular format. ■ TemaTRES (hhttp://r020.com.ar/tematres/) is a Web application specially oriented to the creation of thesauri, but it also can be used to develop Web navigation structures or to manage the documentary languages in use. The thesauri are stored in a MySQL database. It provides the created thesauri in Zthes (Tylor 2004) or in SKOS format. Finally, it must be mentioned that, given that thesauri can be considered as ontologies specialized in organiz­ ing terminology (Gonzalo et al. 1998), ontology editors have sometimes been used for thesaurus construction. A detailed survey of ontology editors can be found in the Denny study (2002). All of these tools (desktop or Web­based) present some problems in using them as general thesaurus editors. The main one is the incompatibility in the interchange formats that they support. These tools also present integration problems. Some are deeply integrated in bigger sys­ tems and cannot easily be reused in other environments because they need specific software components to work ARTICLE TITLE | AUTHOR �1THMANAGER | LACASTA, NOGUERAS-ISO, LÓpEz-pELLICER, MURO-MEDRANO, AND zARAzAGA-SORIA �1 (as DBMS to store thesauri). Others are independent tools (can be considered as general­purpose thesaurus editors), but their architecture does not facilitate their integration within other information management tools. And most of them are not open source tools, so there is no possibility to modify them to improve their functionality. Focusing on the interchange format problem, the ISO­5964 standard (norm for multilingual thesauri) is currently undergoing review by ISO TC46/SC 9, and it is expected that the new modifications will include a stan­ dard exchange format for thesauri. It is believed that this format will be based on technologies such as RDF/XML. In fact, some initiatives in this direction have already arisen: ■ The ADL Thesaurus Protocol (Janée et al. 2003) defines an XML­ and HTTP­based protocol for access­ ing thesauri. As a result of query operations, portions of the thesaurus encoded in XML are returned. ■ The Language Independent Metadata Browsing of European Resources (LIMBER) project has published a thesaurus interchange format in RDF (Matthews et al. 2001). This work introduces an RDF representa­ tion of thesauri, which is proposed as a candidate thesaurus interchange format. ■ The California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES) and the NBII Biological Resources Division are collaborating in a thesaurus partnership project (CERES/NBII 2003) for the development of an integrated environmental thesaurus and a thesau­ rus networking toolset for metadata development and keyword searching. One of the deliverables of this project is an RDF format to represent thesauri. ■ The Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD­Europe 2001) project includes the SWAD­Europe Thesaurus Activity, which has defined the SKOS, a set of specifications to represent the knowledge organization systems (KOS) on the semantic Web (thesauri between them). The British standards BS­5723 (BSI 1987) and BS­6723 (BSI 1985) (equivalent to the international ISO­2788 and ISO­5964) also lack a representation format. The British Standards Institute IDT/2/2 Working Group is now developing the BS­8723 standard that will replace them and whose fifth part will describe the exchange formats and protocols for interoperability of thesauri. The objec­ tive of this working group is to promote the standard to ISO, to replace the ISO­2788 and ISO­5964. Here, it is important to remark that given the direct involvement of the IDT/2/2 Working Group with SKOS development; probably the two initiatives will not diverge. The new representation format will be, if not exactly SKOS, at least SKOS­based. Taking into account all these circumstances, SKOS seems to be the most adequate representation model to store thesauri. Given that SKOS is RDF­based, it can be created using any tool that is able to manage RDF (usually used to edit ontologies); for example, SWOOP (MINDSWAP Group 2006), Protégé (Noy et al. 2000), or Triple20 (Wielemaker et al. 2005). The problem with these tools is that they are too complex for editing and visualizing such a simple model as SKOS. They are thought to create complex ontologies, so they provide too many options not spe­ cifically adapted to the type of relations in SKOS. In addition, they do not allow an integrated management of collection of thesauri and other types of controlled vocabularies as needed in DL processes (for example, the creation of metadata of resources, or the construction of queries in a search system). ■ SKOS model SKOS is a representation model for simple knowledge organization systems, such as subject heading lists, tax­ onomies, classification schemes, thesauri, folksonomies, other types of controlled vocabulary, and also concept schemes embedded in glossaries and terminologies. This section describes the model, providing characteristics, showing the state of development, and indicating the problems found to represent some types of KOS. SKOS was initially developed within the scope of the Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD­Europe 2001). SWAD­E was created to support W3C’s Semantic Web initiative in Europe (part of the IST­7 programme). SKOS is based on a generic RDF schema for thesauri that was initially produced by the DESIRE project (Cross et al. 2001), and further developed in the LIMBER project (Matthews et al. 2001). It has been developed as a draft of an RDF Schema for thesauri com­ patible with relevant ISO standards, and later adapted to support other types of KOS. Among the KOS already published using this new format are GEMET (EEA 2001), AGROVOC (FAO 2006), ADL Feature Types (Hill and Zheng 1999), and some parts of WordNet lexical data­ base (Miller 1990), all of them available on the SKOS project Web page. SKOS is a collection of three different RDF Schema application profiles: SKOS­Core, to store common prop­ erties and relations; SKOS­Mapping, whose purpose is to describe relations between different KOS; and SKOS­ Extension, to indicate specific relations and properties only contained in some type of KOS. For the first step of the development of the ThManager tool, only the most stable part of SKOS has been consid­ ered. Figure 1 shows the part of SKOS­Core used. The rest of SKOS­Core is still unstable, so its support has been delayed until it is approved. SKOS­Mapping and SKOS­Extension are still in their first steps of develop­ �2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007�2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007 ment and are very unstable, so their management in ThManager also has been delayed until the creation of stable versions. In SKOS­Core, a KOS (in our case, usually a the­ saurus) consists of a set of concepts (labelled as skos: concept) that are grouped by a concept scheme (skos: conceptScheme). To distinguish between different mod­ els provided, the skos:conceptScheme contains a URI that identifies it, but to describe the model content to humans, metadata following the Dublin Core standard also can be added. The relation of the concept scheme with the concepts of the KOS is done through the skos: hasTopConcept relation. This relation points at the most general concepts of the KOS (top concepts), which are used as entry points to the KOS structure. In SKOS, each concept consists of a URI and a set of properties and relations to other concepts. Among the properties, skos.preflabel and skos.altLabel provide labels for a concept in different languages. The first one is used to show the label that better identifies a concept (for the­ sauri it must be unique). The second one is an alternative label that contains synonyms or spelling variations of the preferred label (it is used to redirect to the preferred label of the concept). The SKOS concepts also can contain three other properties called skos.scopeNote, skos.definition, and skos.example. They contain annotations about the ways to use a concept, a definition, or examples of use in differ­ ent languages. Last, the skos.prefSymbol and skos.altSymbol properties are used to provide a preferred or some alter­ native symbols that graphically represent the concept. For example, a graphical representation is very useful to identify the meaning of a mathematical formula. Another example is a chemical formula, where a graphical repre­ sentation of the structure of the substance also provides valuable information to the user. With respect to the relations, each concept indicates by means of the skos:inScheme relation in which concept scheme it is contained. The skos.broader and the skos.nar- rower relations are inverse relations used to model the generalization and specialization characteristics present in many KOS (including thesauri). Skos.broader relates to more general concepts, and skos.narrower to more spe­ cific ones. The skos.related relation describes associative relationships between concepts (also present in many thesauri), indicating that two concepts are related in some way. With these properties and relations, it is perfectly possible to represent thesauri, taxonomies, and other types of controlled vocabularies. However, there is a problem for the representation of classification schemes that provide multiple coding of terms, as there is no place to store this information. Under this category, one may find classification schemes such as ISO­639 (ISO 2002) (ISO standard for coding of languages), which proposes different types of alphanumeric codes (for example, two letters and three letters). For this special case, the SKOS working group proposes the use of the property skos.notation. Although this property is not in the SKOS vocabulary yet, it is expected to be added in future versions. Given the need to work with these types of schemes, this property has been included in the ThManager tool. ■ ThManager architecture This section presents the architecture of ThManager tool. This tool has been created to manage thesauri in SKOS, but it also is a base infrastructure that facilitates the management of thesauri in DLs, simplifying their inte­ gration in tools that need to use thesauri or other types of controlled vocabularies. In addition, to facilitate its use on different computer platforms, ThManager has been developed using the Java object­oriented language. The architecture of ThManager tool is shown in figure 2. The system consists of three layers: first, a repository layer where thesauri are stored and identified by means of associated metadata describing them; second, a per­ sistence layer that provides an API for access to thesauri stored in the repository; and third, a GUI layer that offers different graphical components to visualize thesauri, to search by their properties, and to edit them in different ways. The ThManager tool is an application that uses the different components provided by the GUI layer to allow the user to manage the thesauri. In addition, the layered architecture allows other applications to use some of the visualization components or the method provided by the persistence layer to provide access to thesauri. The main features that have guided the design of these layers have been the following: a metadata­driven design, efficient management of thesauri, the possibility of interrelating thesauri, and the reusability of ThManager Figure 1. SKOS Model ARTICLE TITLE | AUTHOR �3THMANAGER | LACASTA, NOGUERAS-ISO, LÓpEz-pELLICER, MURO-MEDRANO, AND zARAzAGA-SORIA �3 components. The following subsections describe these characteristics in detail. Metadata-driven design A fundamental aspect in the repository layer is the use of metadata to describe thesauri. ThManager considers metadata of thesauri as basic information in the thesau­ rus management process, being stored in the metadata repository and managed by the metadata manager. The reason for this metadata­driven design is that thesauri must be described and classified to facilitate the selec­ tion of the one that better fits the user needs, allowing the user to search them not only by their name but also by the application domain or the associated geographi­ cal area between others. The lack of metadata makes the identification of useful thesauri (provided by other organizations) difficult, producing a low reuse of them in other contexts. To describe thesauri in our service, a metadata profile based on Dublin Core has been created. The reason to use Dublin Core as basis of this profile has been its extensive use in the metadata community. It provides a simple way to describe a resource using very general metadata ele­ ments, which can be easily matched with complex domain­ specific metadata standards. Additionally, Dublin Core also can be extended to define application profiles for specific types of resources. Following the metadata pro­ file hierarchy described in Tolosana­Calasanz et al. (2006), the thesaurus metadata profile refines the definition and domain of Dublin Core elements as well as includes two new elements (metadata language and metadata identifier) to appropriately identify the metadata records describing a thesaurus. The profile for thesauri has been described using the IEMSR format (Heery et al. 2005) and is distributed with the tool. IEMSR is an RDF­based format created by the JISC IE Metadata Schema Registry project to describe metadata application profiles. Figure 3 shows the metadata created for GEMET thesaurus (the resource), expressed as a hedgehog graph (reinterpreta­ tion of RDF triplets: resources, named properties, and values). The purpose of these metadata is not only to sim­ plify the thesaurus location to a user, but also to facilitate the identification of thesauri useful for a specific task in a machine­to­machine communication. For instance, one may be interested only in thesauri that cover a restricted geographical area or have a specific thematic. Efficient thesauri storage Thesauri vary enormously in size, ranging from hundreds of concepts and properties to millions. So the time spent on load, navigation, and search processes are a functional restriction for a tool that has to manage them. SKOS is RDF­based, and because reading RDF to extract the con­ tent is a slow process, the format is not appropriate for inner storage. To provide better access time, ThManager transforms SKOS into a binary format when a new SKOS is imported. The persistence layer provides a unified access to the thesaurus repository. This layer is used by the GUI layer Figure 2. KOS Manager Architecture Viewer GeneratorViewer Generator Repository Concept Repository Metadata Manager Concept Manager Persistence GUI Disambiguation Tool Concept Core Thesaurus Persistence Manager SKOS Core SKOS Mapping JENA API Metadata Repository Thesaurus Metadata Applications ThManagerThManager Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Desktop tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Desktop tools that use thesauri Desktop tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Web services that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Other tools that use thesauri Web services that use thesauri Web services that use thesauri Visualization Edition Search GUI Manager Figure 3. Metadata of GEMET thesaurus European Topic Centre on Catalogue of Data Sources (ETC/CDS) GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus dc:title dcterms:alternative GEMET dc:creator [ http://www2.ulcc.ac.uk/unesco/concept/MT_MT_2.55 ] SCIENCE.ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING [ http://www2.ulcc.ac.uk/unesco/concept/MT_2.60 ] SCIENCE.POLLUTION, DISASTERS AND SECURITY [ http://www2.ulcc.ac.uk/unesco/concept/MT_2.65 ] SCIENCE.NATURAL RESOURCES dc:subject dc:subject dc:subject dc:subject GEMET was conceived as a "general" thesaurus, aimed to define a common general language, a core of general terminology for the environment dc:description dc:publisher European Environment Agency (EEA) dc:date 2005-03-07 dc:type [ http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/DcType/Concept/236 ] TEXT.REFERENCE MATERIALS.ONTOLOGY dc:format [ http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/MimeType/Concept/skos ] SKOS http://www.eionet.eu.int/GEMETdc:identifier dc:language en es fr ... iaaa:metadataLanguage en http://iaaa.cps.unizar.es/ontologies/GEMETiaaa:metadataIdentifier [ http://www2.ulcc.ac.uk/unesco/concept/MT_2.75 ] SCIENCE.NATURAL SCIENCES [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu ] European Environment Information and Observation Network It can be used whenever there is no commercial profitdc:rights dc:relation US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) dc:contributor dc:source [ http://europa.eu/eurovoc ] EUROVOC thesaurus European Environment Agency (EEA) dc:creator ... �� INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007�� INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007 to access the thesauri, but it also can be employed by other tools that need to use thesauri outside a desktop environment (for example, a thematic search system accessible through the Web that requires browsing a thesaurus to facilitate construction of user queries). This layer performs the transformation of SKOS to the binary format when a thesaurus is imported. The transformation is provided using the Jena library, a popular library to manipulate RDF documents that allows storing them in different kinds of repositories (http://jena.sourceforge. net/). Jena provides an open model that can be extended with specialized modules to use other ways of storage, making it possible to easily change the storage format system for another that is more efficient if needed. The data structure used is shown in figure 4. The model is an optimized representation of the information given by the RDF triplets. The Concepts map contains the concepts and their associated relations in the form of key­value pairs: the key is a URI identifying a concept; and the value is a Relations object containing the properties of the concept. A Relations object is a map that stores the properties of one concept in the form of pairs. The keys used for this map are the names of the typical property types in the SKOS model (for example, narrower or broader). The only special cases for encoding these property types in the proposed data structure occur when they have a language attribute (for example, prefLa- bel, definition, or scopeNote). In those cases, we propose the use of a [lang] suffix to distinguish the property type for a particular language. For instance, prefLabel_en indicates a prefLabel property type in English. Additionally, it must be noted that the data type of the property values assigned to each key in the relations map varies upon the semantics given to each property type. The data types fall into the following categories: a string for a prefLabel property type; a list of strings for altLabel, definition, scope note, and example property types; a URI for a prefSymbol property type; a list of URIs for narrower, broader, related, and altSymbol property types; and a list of Notation objects for a notation property type. The data type used for notation values is a complex object because there may be different notation types. A Notation object consists of type and value attributes. The type attribute is a URI that identifies a particular notation type and qualifies the associated notation value. Additionally, and with the objective of increasing the speed of some operations (for example, navigation or search), some optimizations have been added. First, the URIs of the top concepts are stored in the TopConcepts list. This list contains redundant information, given that those concepts also are stored in the Concepts map, but it makes immediate their location. Second, to speed up the search of concepts and the drawing of the alphabetic viewer, the Translations map has been added. For each language sup­ ported by the thesaurus, this map contains a TranslationTerm object, or list of pairs , ordered by prefLabel. It also contains redundant information that allows the immediate creation of the alphabetic viewer for a language, simplifying the search process; as can be seen later, this does not provides a big over­ head in load time. In addition, if no alphabetic viewer and search are needed, this structure can be removed without affecting the hierarchical viewer. This solution has proven to be useful to manage the kind of thesauri we use (they do not sur­ pass 50,000 concepts and about 330,000 properties), loading them to memory in an average com­ puter in a reasonable time, and allowing immediate navigation and search (see section 6). Interrelation of thesauri The vast choice of thesauri that are available nowadays implies an undesired effect of content heterogeneity. Although a the­ saurus is usually created for a specific application domain, some of the concepts defined in thesauri from different applica­Figure �. Persistence Model …… Relations URI 3URI 3 Relations URI 2URI 2 Relations URI 1URI 1 ValueKey …… Relations URI 3URI 3 Relations URI 2URI 2 Relations URI 1URI 1 ValueKey <> Concepts URIprefSymbol List altSymbol List notation StringprefLabel_[lang] List altLabel_[lang] List definition_[lang] List scopeNote_[lang] List example_[lang] List related List broader List narrower ValueKey URIprefSymbol List altSymbol List notation StringprefLabel_[lang] List altLabel_[lang] List definition_[lang] List scopeNote_[lang] List example_[lang] List related List broader List narrower ValueKey <> Relations -Type : URI -Value : String Notation …… List narrower ValueKey …… List narrower ValueKey <> Relations … URI 390 URI 27 URI 3 … URI 390 URI 27 URI 3 <> TopConcepts … -Concept : URI -Label : String TranslationTerm …… Listfr Listes Listen ValueKey …… Listfr Listes Listen ValueKey <> Translations ARTICLE TITLE | AUTHOR �5THMANAGER | LACASTA, NOGUERAS-ISO, LÓpEz-pELLICER, MURO-MEDRANO, AND zARAzAGA-SORIA �5 tions domains may be equivalent. In order to facilitate cross­domain classification of resources, users would benefit from the possibility of knowing the connections of a thesaurus in their application domain to thesauri used in other domains. However, it is difficult to manually detect the implicit links between those different thesauri. Therefore, in order to automatically facilitate these interthesaurus connections, the persistence layer of ThManager tool provides an interrelation function that relates a thesaurus with respect to an upper­level lexical database (the concept core displayed in figure 2). The interrelation mechanism is based on the method presented in Nogueras­Iso, Zarazaga­Soria, and Muro­ Medrano (2005). It is an unsupervised disambiguation method that uses the relations between concepts as disam­ biguation context. It applies a heuristic voting algorithm to select the most adequate sense of the used concept core for each thesaurus concept. At the moment, the concept core is the WordNet lexical database. WordNet is a large English lexical database that groups nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept. Those synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual­semantic and lexical relations. The interrelation component has been conceived as an independent module that receives a thesaurus as input in SKOS and returns the relation respect to concept core using an extended version of the SKOS Mapping model (Miles and Brickley 2004). This model, as commented before, is a part of SKOS that allows describing exact, major, and minor mappings between concepts of two different KOS (in this case between a thesaurus and the common core). SKOS Mapping is still in an early stage of development and has been extended in order to provide the needed functionality. The base SKOS Mapping provides the map:exactMatch, map:majorMatch, and map:minorMatch relations to indicate the degree of relation between two concepts. Given that the interrelation algorithm cannot ensure that a mapping is 100 percent exact, only the major and minor match properties are used. The algorithm returns a list of pos­ sible mappings with the lexical database for each concept: the one with the highest probability is assigned as major match, and the rest are assigned as minor matches. To store the interrelation probability, SKOS mapping has been extended by adding a blank node with the liability of the mapping. Also, to be able to know which concepts of which thesauri are equivalents to one of the common core, the inverse relations of map:majorMatch and map:minorMatch have been created. An example of SKOS mapping can be seen in figure 5. There, the concept 340 of GEMET thesaurus (alloy) is correctly mapped to the WordNet concept number 13751474 (alloy, metal) with a probability of 91.007 percent, an unrelated minor mapping also is found, but it is given a low probability (8.992 percent). Reusability of ThManager components On top of the API layer, the GUI layer has been con­ structed. This layer contains several graphical interfaces to provide different types of viewers, searchers, and edi­ tors for thesauri. This layer is used as base for the con­ struction of the ThManager tool. The tool groups a subset of the provided components, relating them to obtain a final user application that allows the management of the stored thesauri, their visualization (navigation by the concept relations), their edition, and their importation and exportation using SKOS format. The ThManager tool not only has been created as an independent tool to facilitate thesauri management, but also to allow easy integration in tools that need to use thesauri. It has been done by combining the informa­ tion management with specific graphical interfaces in different black­box components. Between the provided components, there is a hierarchical viewer, an alphabetic viewer, a list viewer, a searcher, and an editor, but more components can be constructed if needed. The use of the GUI layer as a library of reusable graphical components makes it possible to create different tools that are able to manage thesauri with different user requirements with minimum effort, allowing also the integration of this technology in other applications that need controlled vocabularies to improve their functionality. For example, in a metadata creation tool, it can be used to provide the graphical component to select controlled values from thesauri and automatically insert them in the metadata. It also can be used to provide the list of possible values to use in a Web search system, or to provide a thesaurus­ based navigation of a collection of resources in an explor­ atory search system. Figure 6 shows the integration process of a thesau­ rus visualization component in an external tool. The provided thesaurus components have been constructed following the Java Beans philosophy (reusable software components that can be manipulated visually in a builder tool), where a component is a black box with methods to read and change its state that can be reused when needed. Here, each thesaurus component is a ThesaurusBean that can be directly inserted in a graphical application to use its functionality (visualize or edit thesauri) in a very simple way. The ThesaurusBeans are provided by the ThesaurusBeanManager that, given the parameters of the thesaurus to visualize and the type of visualization, returns the most adequate component to use. ■ Description of ThManager functionality ThManager tool is a desktop application that is able to manage thesauri stored in SKOS. As regards to the instal­ �6 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007�6 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007 lation requirements, the application requires 100 MBs of free space on the hard disk. With respect to RAM and CPU requirements, they depend greatly on the size and the number of thesauri loaded in the tool. Considering the number and size of thesauri used as testbed in section 6, RAM consumption ranges from 256 to 512 MBs, and with a 3Ghz CPU (for example, Pentium IV), the load times for the bigger thesauri are acceptable. However, if the size of thesauri is smaller, RAM and CPU requirements decrease, being able to operate on a computer with just a 1 Ghz CPU (for example, Pentium III) and 128 MBs of RAM. Given that the management of ThManager is meta­ data oriented, the first window in the application shows a table including the metadata records describing all the thesauri stored in the system (figure 7). The selection of a record in this table indicates to the rest of the compo­ nents the selected thesaurus. The creation or deletion of thesauri also is provided here. The only operation that can be performed when no record is selected is to import a new thesaurus stored in SKOS. To import it, the name of the SKOS file must be provided. The import tool also contains the option to interrelate the imported thesaurus to the concept core. The metadata of the thesaurus are extracted from inside of the SKOS if they are available, or they can be provided in an associated XML metadata file. If no metadata record is provided, the application generates a new one with minimum information, using as base the name of the SKOS file. Once the user has selected a thesaurus, it can visualize and modify its metadata or content, export it to SKOS, or, as commented before, delete it. With respect to the metadata describing a thesaurus, a metadata viewer visualizes the metadata in HTML and a metadata editor allows the editing of metadata following the thesaurus metadata profile described in the metadata­driven design section (figure 8 shows a screenshot of the metadata edi­ tor). Different HTML views can be provided by adding more CSS files to the application. The metadata editor is customiz­ able. To add or delete metadata elements to the metadata edi­ tor window, it is only neces­ sary to modify the description of the IEMSR profile for thesauri included in the application. The main functionality of the tool is to visualize the thesaurus structure, showing all proper­ ties of concepts and allowing the navigation by relations (see figure 9). Here, different read­only viewers are provided. There is an alphabetic viewer that shows all the concepts ordered by the preferred label in one language. A hierar­ chical viewer provides navigation by broader and nar­ rower relations. Additionally, a hypertext viewer shows all properties of a concept and provides navigation by all its relations (broader, narrower, and related) via hyper­ links. Finally, there also is a search system that allows the typical searches needed for thesauri (equals, starts with, contains). Currently, search is limited to preferred labels in the selected language, but it could be extended to allow searches by other properties, such as synonyms, defini­ tions, or scope notes. Figure 5. SKOS Mapping extension alloy ... 91.00727 alloy, metal … … 91.00727 map:majorMatch iaaa:probability map:majorMatch iaaa:hasMajorMatch iaaa:hasMajorMatch Resource Property alloy, metal a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten; "brass is an alloy of zinc and copper" skos:definition map:minorMatch iaaa:hasMinorMatch admixture, alloy map:minorMatch iaaa:hasMinorMatch http://www.eionet.eu.int/ gemet/concept/340 rdf:about A28660 rdf:nodeID A2821 8.992731 iaaa:probability rdf:nodeID http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ Wordnet_2.0/13751474 rdf:about skos:prefLabel alloy skos:prefLabel http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ Wordnet_2.0/13664144 the state of impairing the quality or reducing the value of something skos:prefLabel skos:definition rdf:about Any of a large number of substances having metallic properties and consisting of two or more elements; with few exceptions, the components are usually metallic elements. (Source: MGH) skos:definition Figure 6. GUI component integration Desktop Tool ThesaurusBeanManager Type: Tree, Thesaurus: GEMET ThesaurusBean ARTICLE TITLE | AUTHOR �7THMANAGER | LACASTA, NOGUERAS-ISO, LÓpEz-pELLICER, MURO-MEDRANO, AND zARAzAGA-SORIA �7 All of these viewers are synchronized, so the selec­ tion of a concept in one of them produces the selection of the same concept in the others. The layered architec­ ture described previously allows these viewers to be reused in many situations, including other parts of the ThManager tool. For example, in the thesaurus metadata editor described before, the thesaurus viewer is used to facilitate the selection of values for the subject section of metadata. Also, in the thesaurus editor shown later, the thesaurus viewer simplifies the selection of a concept related (by some kind of relation) to the selected, and provides a preview of the hierarchical viewer to help to detect wrong relations. The third available operation is to edit the thesaurus structure. Here, to create a thesaurus following the SKOS model, an edition component is provided (see figure 10). The graphical interface shows a list with all the concepts created in the selected thesaurus, allowing the creation of new ones (providing their URIs) or deletion of selected ones. Once a concept has been selected, its properties and relations to other concepts are shown, allowing the creation of new ones and the deletion of others. To facili­ tate the creation of relations between concepts, a selector of concepts (based in the thesaurus viewer) is provided, allowing the user to add related concepts without manu­ ally typing the URI of the associated concept. Also, to see if the created thesaurus is correct, a preview of the hier­ archical viewer can be shown, allowing the user to easily detect problems in the broader and narrower relations. With respect to the interrelation functionality, at the moment the mapping obtained is shown in the thesaurus viewers, but the navigation between equivalent concepts of two thesauri must be be done manually by the user. However, a navigation component still under develop­ ment will allow the user to jump from a concept in a the­ saurus to concepts in others that are mapped to the same concept in the common core. As mentioned before, for efficiency, the format used to store the thesauri in the repository is binary, but the inter­ change format used is SKOS. So a module for thesauri importation and exportation is provided. This module is able to import from and export to SKOS. In addition, if the thesaurus has been interrelated with respect to the concept core, it is able to export its mapping to the con­ cept core using the extended version of SKOS mapping above. ■ Results of the work This section shows some experiments performed with the ThManager tool for the storage and management of a selected set of thesauri. In particular, this set of thesauri is relevant in the context of the geographic information community. The increasing relevance of geographic infor­ mation for decision­making and resource management in different areas of government has promoted the cre­ ation of geo­libraries and spatial data infrastructures to facilitate distribution and access of geographic informa­ tion (Nogueras­Iso, Zarazaga­Soria, and Muro­Medrano, 2005). In this context, complex metadata schemes, such as ISO­19115, have been proposed for a full­detail descrip­ tion of resources. Many of the metadata elements in these schemes are either constrained to a selected vocabulary (ISO­639 for language encoding, ISO­3166 for country codes, and so on), or the user is told to pick a term from the most suitable thesaurus. The problems with this sec­ ond case are that typically the choice for thesauri is quite open, the thesauri are frequently large, and the exchange format of available thesauri is quite heterogeneous. In such a context, the ThManager tool has proven to be very useful to simplify the management of the used thesauri. At the moment, eighty KOS between thesauri and other types of controlled vocabulary have been cre­ ated or transformed to SKOS and managed through this tool. Table 1 shows some of them, indicating their names (Name column), the number of concepts (NC column), their total number of properties and relations (NP and NR columns), and the number of languages in which concept properties are provided (NL column). To give an idea of the cost of loading these structures, the sizes of SKOS and binary files (SS and SB columns) are provided in kilobytes (KB). Additionally, table 1 compares the performance time of ThManager with respect to other tools that load the Figure 7. Thesaurus Selector Figure �. Thesaurus Metadata Editor �� INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007�� INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007 thesauri directly from an RDF file using the Jena library (time performance has been obtained using a 3Ghz Pentium IV processor). For this purpose, three different load times (in seconds) have been computed. The BT column contains the load time of binary files without the cost of creating the GUI for the thesauri viewers. The LT column contains the total load time of binary files (including the time of GUI creation and drawing). The JT column contains the time spent by a hypothetical RDF­ based editor tool to invoke Jena and load in its memory model the RDF SKOS files (it does not include GUI cre­ ation) containing the thesauri. The difference between the BT and LT column shows the time used to draw the GUI once the thesauri have been loaded in memory. The difference between BT and JT columns shows the gain in terms of time of using a binary storage instead of a RDF based one. The thesauri shown in the table are the ADL Feature Types Thesaurus (ADL FTT), the ISOC Thesaurus of Geography (ISOC­G), the ISO­639, the UNESCO Thesaurus (UNESCO 1995), the OGP Surveying and Positioning Committee Code Lists (EPSG) (OGP 2006), the Multilingual Agricultural Thesaurus (AGROVOC), the European Vocabulary Thesaurus (EUROVOC) (EUPO 2005), the European Territorial Units (Spain and France) (ETU), and the General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus (GEMET). They have been selected because they have different sizes and can be used to show how the load time evolves with the thesaurus size. Among them, GEMET and AGROVOC can be high­ lighted. Although they are provided as SKOS, they include nonstandard extensions that we have transformed to standard SKOS relations and properties. EUROVOC and UNESCO are examples of thesauri provided in formats different than SKOS that we have completely transformed into SKOS. The former one was in an XML­based format, and the latter used a plain­text format. Another thesaurus transformed to SKOS is the European Territorial Units, which contains the administrative political units in Spain and France. Here, the original source was a collection of heterogeneous documents that contained parts of the needed information and have been processed to generate a SKOS file. Some classification schemes also have been trans­ formed to SKOS, such as the ISO­639 and the different EPSG codes for coordinate reference systems (includ­ ing datums, ellipsoids, and projections). With respect to controlled vocabularies created (by the authors) in SKOS using the ThManager tool, there is an extended version of the ADL Feature Types that includes a more detailed clas­ sification of features types and different glossaries used for resource classification. Figure 11 depicts the comparison of the different load times shown in table 1 with respect to the size of the RDF SKOS files. The order of the thesauri in the figure is the same as in the table 1. It can be seen that the time to con­ struct the model using a binary format is almost half the time spent to create the model using a RDF file. In addi­ tion, once the binary model is loaded, the time to generate the GUI is not very dependent on thesaurus size. This is possible thanks to the redundant information added to facilitate the access to top concepts and to speed up load­ ing of the alphabetic viewer. This redundant informa­ tion produces an overhead in the load of the model, but without it the drawing time would be much worse, as it would have to generate it on the fly. However, in spite of the improvements, for the larger thesauri considered, the load time starts to be long, given that it includes the load time of all the structure of the thesaurus in memory and the creation of the objects used to manage it quickly when loaded. But, once it is loaded, future accesses are immediate (quicker than 0.5 seconds). These accesses include opening it again, navigating by Figure 9. Thesaurus Concept Selector Figure 10. Thesaurus Concept Editor ARTICLE TITLE | AUTHOR �9THMANAGER | LACASTA, NOGUERAS-ISO, LÓpEz-pELLICER, MURO-MEDRANO, AND zARAzAGA-SORIA �9 thesaurus relations, changing the visualization language, and searching concepts by their preferred labels. To minimize the load time, thesauri can be loaded in the background when the application is launched, reducing, in that way, the user perception of the load time. Another interesting aspect in figure 11 is the peak of the third element. It corresponds with the ISO­639 classifica­ tion scheme. It has the special characteristic of not having hierarchy and having many notations. These two character­ istics produce a little increase in the model load time, given that the top concepts list contains all the concepts and the notations are more complex than other relations. But most of the time is used to generate the GUI of the tree viewer. The tree viewer gets all the concepts that are top terms, and for each one it asks for their preferred labels in the selected language and sorts them alphabetically to show the first level of the tree. This is fast for a few hundred concepts, but not for the 7,599 in the ISO­639. However, this problem could be easily solved if the metadata contained a descrip­ tion of the type of KOS to visualize. If the tool knew that the KOS does not have broader and narrower relations, it could use the structures used to visualize the alphabetic list, which are optimized to show all of the KOS concepts rapidly, instead of trying to load it as a tree. The persistence approach used has the advantage of not requiring external persistence systems, such as a DBMS, and providing rapid access after loading, but it has the drawback of loading all thesauri in memory (in time and space). So, for much bigger thesauri, the use of some kind of DBMS would be necessary. If this change were necessary, minimum modifications would be needed (one class). However, if not all the concepts are loaded, the alphabetic viewer (shows all the concepts) would have to be updated (for example, showing the concepts by pages) or it would become too slow to work with it. ■ Conclusions This article has presented a tool for managing the the­ sauri needed in a digital library, for creating metadata, and for running search processes using SKOS as the interchange format. This work revises the tools that are available to edit thesauri, highlighting the lack of a formalized way to exchange thesauri and the difficulty of integrating those tools in other environments. This work selects SKOS from the available interchange formats for thesauri as the most promising format to become a standard for SKOS repre­ sentation, and highlights the lack of tools that are able to manage it properly. The ThManager tool is offered as the solution to these problems. It is an open source tool that can manage the­ sauri stored in SKOS, allowing their visualization and editing. Thanks to the layered architecture, its components can be easily integrated in other applications that need to use thesauri or other controlled vocabularies. Additionally, the components can be used to control the possible values used in a Web search service to facilitate traditional or exploratory searches based on a controlled vocabulary. The performance of the tool is proved through a series of experiments on the management of a selected set of thesauri. This work analyzes the features of this selected set of thesauri and compares the efficiency of this tool with respect to other tools that load the thesauri directly from a RDF file. In particular, it is shown that the internal representation used by ThManager helps to decrease the time spent for the graphical loading of thesauri, facilitating navigation of the thesaurus contents as well as other typical operations, such as sorting or change of visual­ ization language. Additionally, it is worth noting that the tool can be used as a library of components to simplify the integration of the­ sauri in other applications that require the use of controlled vocabularies. ThManager has been integrated within the open source CatMDEdit tool Table 1. Sizes of some thesauri and other types of vocabularies Name NC NP NR NL LT BT JT SS SB ADL FTT 210 210 408 1 0.4 0.047 0.062 103 41 ISOC­G 5,136 5,136 1,026 1 2.4 1.063 1.797 2,796 1,332 ISO­639 7,599 16,247 0 6 5.1 1.969 2.89 3,870 3,017 UNESCO 8,600 13,281 21,681 3 2.1 1.406 2.984 4,034 2,135 EPSG 4,772 9,544 0 1 1.8 0.969 1.796 2,935 1,682 AGROVOC 16,896 103,484 30,361 3 7.5 4.953 14.75 15,859 5,089 EUROVOC 6,649 196,391 20,861 15 11.1 9.266 15.828 18,442 11,483 ETU 44,991 89,980 89,976 2 13.3 10.625 17.844 23,828 10,412 GEMET 5,244 326,602 12,750 21 13.7 11.828 25.61 28,010 15,048 50 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 200750 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES | SEpTEMBER 2007 (Zarazaga­Soria et al. 2003), a metadata editor tool for the documentation of geographic information resources (metadata compliant with ISO19115 geographic informa­ tion metadata standard). The ThesaurusBeans provided in ThManager library have been used to facilitate keyword selection for some metadata elements. The ThManager component library also has contributed to the develop­ ment of catalog search systems guided by controlled vocabularies. For instance, it has been used to build a thematic catalog in the SDIGER project (Zarazaga­Soria 2007). SDIGER is a pilot project on the implementa­ tion of the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) for the development of a spatial data infrastructure to support access to geographic infor­ mation resources concerned with the European Water Framework Directive. Thanks to the ThManager compo­ nents, the thematic catalog allows browsing of resources by means of several multilingual thesauri, including GEMET, UNESCO, AGROVOC, and EUROVOC. Future work will enhance the functionalities provided by ThManager. First, the ergonomics will be improved to show connections between different thesauri. Currently, these connections can be computed and annotated, but the GUI does not allow the user to navigate them. As the base technology already has been developed, only a graphical interface is needed. Second, the tool will be enhanced to support data types different from texts (for example, images, documents, or other multimedia sources) for the encoding of concepts’ property values. Third, it has been noted that the thesauri concepts can evolve with time. Thus, a mechanism for the managing the different ver­ sions of thesauri will be necessary in the future. Finally, improvements in usability also are expected. 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