Book Reviews 775 The dynamic relationship between memory and archives has occupied a significant place in the contemporary archival discourses. In the final section, memory, the authors share how social memory can be created and performed in ways different from what have been conventionally observed. Janet Ceja Alcalá details how commissioned fiesta videos of a small Mexican town construct social memory and identity of the community members. Using the case of African American land ownership, Tonia Sutherland attests the need to recognize the value of orality and not only the traditional textual records in protecting the memory and rights of the marginalized. Jeannette A. Bastian presents the changing role and performance of memory in various contexts, especially in this era in which various technologies can easily create instant and individual memories. In his commentary, Joel Blanco-Rivera stresses the need for archivists to accept new views and reconceptualizations of archival concepts and practices, mainly those concerning the creation of memories. Finally, as the discipline moves forward, James O’Toole recounts the contributions of Cox and his generation. The book stays true to its overall intent: to honor Cox and to define the archival discipline by responding to his call and vision toward the emergence of new and progressive ideas and discovering the role and potential of archives within and outside the field. The essays are particularly helpful for those who are planning to join and stay in the archives and record- keeping profession, as they contemplate the social, cultural, and ethical dimensions of their responsibilities. Aside from the writings, the inclusion of Cox’s paintings that were outcomes of his hobby adds a human touch to the book and its themes. The entire constitution of this volume therefore echoes an important invitation: to continuously define, explore, and hu- manize the archival discipline.—Iyra S. Buenrostro, School of Library and Information Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman Yarden Katz. Artificial Whiteness: Politics and Ideology in Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2020. 352p. Paperback, $28.00 (ISBN: 9780231194907). In Artificial Whiteness: Politics and Ideology in Artificial Intelligence, Yarden Katz encourages the reader to step away from discourse that frames Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a purely technological develop- ment. Instead, the reader is guided through AI’s epistemological roots, the espoused values and priorities of its progenitors, its sources of research funding, and the marriage among academia, industry, and the American military that birthed it. By providing this context, Katz is able to more thoroughly examine and interrogate AI’s prin- cipal service to structural white supremacy and imperialism, as well as how that service has been masked by a “progressive veneer” in recent years. Katz opens the book with AI’s formal birth in 1950s academe and its struggle to disambiguate itself from other forms of computing and automation like neural networks, machine learning, and cyber- netics. Readers familiar with these various forms of computing will find this portion of the book valuable as it illustrates that, in some cases, the core differences among them are less epistemological than political. This is explicitly illustrated when Katz describes the financial relationship between early AI practitioners (academics in higher education) and the Pentagon and how this cemented AI’s role as a tool for American military and industry. The book fol- 776 College & Research Libraries July 2021 lows the ebbs and flows of AI’s relevance throughout the decades, as well as its rebranding and evolution as it began to disambiguate itself from the various forms of computing that practitioners had worked so hard to distinguish it from in its early days. In this context, Katz successfully situates AI’s reputation and perceived value within American society’s changing views of industry and the military. White supremacy, imperialism, and neo-liberal ethics are all discussed with practical examples provided, like the anti-Japanese sentiment present in United States industry during the 1980s (specific publications, businesses, and a testimony to Congress are discussed). There is no room for confusion or vagueness in the use of these terms, making it easy for the reader to engage with Katz’s assertions. The transition into neo-liberal attitudes toward corporations and the military in the United States is an important one in the world of tech and computing. Katz does a good job noting the purposeful shift in AI’s image to better suit this transition. He illustrates how AI practitioners have moved away from overt ties to the military and, instead, moved toward supporting a “progressive veneer” that frames AI as a tool for social progress. It is at this point that AI’s links to the interests of large corporations like Microsoft and Google are laid out. Katz also addresses racialized problems such as the role algorithm-based policing plays in harming Black communities. Katz also describes the ways colonialism and capitalism act as the foundation of white supremacy. A key takeaway from this book is how fundamental the academic community was—and continues to be—to AI’s ethical shortcomings. A consistent theme is how scholars looking to make a name for themselves, coupled with university research centers looking to secure funding, display only performative concerns around ethics to fuel an environment in which AI is pushed forward with naive enthusiasm around its potential good. Higher education actors pay little attention to well-established precedent around the ways technological innovations have previously exacerbated and upheld structural inequality. Katz also addresses the overwhelming whiteness of AI experts, the attempts to address this with calls for increasing diverse representation among AI practitioners, and the ways that exist- ing ethical critiques of AI often end up replicating the very systems they claim to want to fix. As a Black woman working in digital scholarship, I see scholars replicating many of the uninterrogated problems this book highlights. Katz offers a strong introduction to the structural inequalities academia contributes to and simultaneously denies. Those familiar with ethical problems in tech will recognize that many of the issues raised in this book are representative of shortcomings that extend well beyond AI. Katz’s writing is straightforward and manages to cover a very broad set of complex topics in a concise, organized fashion. Readers with little familiarity with AI will be able to take away plenty from this book. AI is pervasive across dis- ciplines, with applications to criminology, economics, computer science, the social sciences, and digital humanities among others. Any librarian who will support research and projects around AI, or with an interest in technology and ethics, would find value in this publication. It’s a fairly short, easy read at 234 pages (excluding the acknowledgments, notes, bibliography, and index), and those looking for more in-depth reading on the subject will find the notes and bibliography to be very extensive. The dialog this book introduces is one worth having; I recommend the read.— Jasmine Clark, Temple University Libraries Student Wellness & Academic Libraries: Case Studies and Activities for Promoting Health and Success. Sara Holder and Amber Lannon, eds. Chicago, IL: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2020. 292p. Paper, $86.00 (ISBN 978-0838948644).