Vallmitjana.indd


               

          

 

 

 
         

 
 

 

        
      

      
       
       

      
      

     
    
      

     
    

  

      
      

      

     
     

    
     

    

Citation Analysis of Ph.D. 
Dissertation References as a Tool 
for Collection Management in an 
Academic Chemistry Library 

Núria Vallmitjana and L. G. Sabaté 

A bibliometric study was carried out on the citations within the chemis-
try field Ph.D. dissertations to ascertain what types of documents are 
the most frequently used in the research process, the most frequently 
consulted journals and obsolescence rate of the journals. The analysis 
covered 46 doctoral theses presented at the Institut Químic de Sarriá 
(IQS) from 1995 to 2003. The results obtained from the 4,203 citations 
revealed that the most frequently used documents were scientific papers, 
which accounted for 79 percent of the total; 33 journals met 50 percent 
of the informational needs; and the age of 50 percent of the citations was 
no older than 9 years. Finally, the results can be used as a tool for the 
collection management of the library. 

About the IQS Introduction 
The Institut Químic de Sarriá (IQS) of the It seems paradoxical that, in the informa-
Universitat Ramon Llull is an academic tion age, it could be so difficult to have 
centre founded by the “Compañía de all the journals published in a specific 
Jesús” in 1905 and located in Barcelona, scientific field available. Some of the main 
Spain. In the last hundred years, teaching reasons are: the great number of scientific 
and research in Chemistry and Chemical journals published, their high subscrip-
Engineering has been its main interest. tion cost, with yearly price increases that 
Its Chemical Engineering course has are significantly higher than the standard 
been ABET-accredited since September of living increase, and the budgetary 
2004. Its Ph.D. courses in Chemistry restraints of academic libraries. These 
and Chemical Engineering received the reasons force the libraries to establish 
Quality Mention from Spanish Govern- priorities in their collection acquisitions 
ment in 2003. and maintenance policy in accordance 

Núria Vallmitjana is associated with the Library at the Institut Químic de Sarriá (Universitat Ramon Llull); 
e-mail: nuria.vallmitjana@iqs.edu. L. G. Sabaté works in the Department of Applied Statistics, Facultat 
d’Economia IQS (Universitat Ramon Llull); e-mail: lgsab@iqs.edu. The authors would like to thank the 
students of the 2001–2005 Business Administration and Management at the IQS for analyzing most of the 
theses as part of a joint practical work for both “Information Management” and “Statistics” courses. Our 
thanks also go to Martí G. Gatell, who developed the database that was used in this educational activity, 
and X. Tomás for his useful comments. 

72 

mailto:lgsab@iqs.edu
mailto:nuria.vallmitjana@iqs.edu


      
       

    

      
     

   
     

    
     

    

      

      
     

     

    

      

      

       
       
       
     

         
       
     

     

      

 
      

     

     
     

 

   

 

        

     
      
     

    
     

    

      
      

       

 

    

     

       
     

      
     

     
    

Citation Analysis of Ph.D. Dissertation References as a Tool 73 

with the users’ needs. The users’ needs 
can be identified by the analysis of the 
scientific literature usage of students, 
teachers, and researchers.1 

Journal usage can be estimated by the 
number of citations contained in the docu-
ments published by researchers as the 
articles in scientific journals, conference 
papers or postgraduate dissertations. 
These documents contain a great num-
ber of bibliographical citations because 
“students tend to be exhaustive and 
chronologically complete in the review 
of the literature.”2 

The analysis of the Ph.D. dissertation 
citations constitutes a good method for 
the evaluation of journal usage, because it 
is the best way of identifying the sources 
of information looked up by the research-
ers and, therefore, justifies the investment 
devoted to the subscriptions.3 

This work studies the bibliographical 
references of the Ph.D. dissertations in 
Chemistry, as a source of information to 
manage the scientific journal collection 
in the academic library. The analysis an-
swers the following questions: 

• What is the proportion of journals 
cited? 

• What are the most cited journals? 
• Is there any relationship between 

the top journals’ rank and their impact 
factor? 

• How old are the cited articles? 
• How much is the cost per cita-

tion? 
The results can be used as management 

criteria for the literature collection of a 
library. The results let us decide about re-
newals, subscriptions, and cancellations of 
the journals. It will also help us to manage 
the situation of the journals in the avail-
able space by their obsolescence rate. 

The revision of the literature we 
present shows that there are few works 
published in this field and all have been 
carried out in libraries of the United 
States, and this is the first and only work 
that refers to a European centre. 

The bibliometric analysis carried out 
in this study uses a methodology similar 

to the one used by Chrzastowski4 in 1991 
and by Gooden5 ten years later. Both 
works are centered on Chemistry and 
come from data obtained in a local-use 
study. Nevertheless, the first study uses 
four parameters (the reshelving of all 
journals picked up throughout the library 
each day, use through in-house circula-
tion, journal lending and borrowing, and 
through interlibrary loan). On the other 
hand, the second study uses the citations 
of the Ph.D. dissertations as a frequency 
indicator of journal use. 

Literature Review 
The analysis of the citations cited in the 
Ph.D. dissertations has been the tool to 
evaluate the researchers’ information 
needs and the role of libraries to satisfy 
those needs. Kushkowski6 organizes in a 
table some of the most important works 
published in the last years in different ar-
eas of knowledge. In all of the works there 
is an increase of citations as time goes by, 
although the number of citations changes 
in each discipline, and it is recommended 
to study monographically this trend in 
each of these areas. 

The bibliometric study of Buchanan 
and Herubel7 in Political Science con-
cludes that scientific journals represent 
the biggest proportion of materials cited 
in the dissertations and that the materials 
cited in these documents and the analysis 
of them allow the library a be er manage-
ment of the collection. 

Sylvia and Lesher8 apply the method 
of analysis of citations from theses and 
dissertations to the field of Psychology. 
Their study evaluates two parameters 
that are complementary: the number of 
journals that are most frequently cited 
and their cost-per-use. 

Zipp9 not only analyzes the citations of 
the dissertations to evaluate the collection 
of the library specialized in Geology, but 
also studies the citations of the articles 
published by the researchers and com-
pares both results. 

Bu lar10 analyses the citations of Ph.D. 
dissertations on Library Science and 



 

    

     
       

 

     
     

      

     
      

     

    
    

     
    

      
      

    

 

     
      

      

      

 

    

    

     

     

     
     

      

    

       

    

   

    
    

      
   

      

    

    

     
     

   
     

      

74 College & Research Libraries January 2008 

Information Science for the evaluation 
of the nature of material cited most, the 
authors, the countries of origin of pub-
lications cited, the journals cited, their 
range of topics and how current is the 
literature cited. 

Smith11 studies the results of the cita-
tions analysis of a sample of theses from 
2001 about several different topics and 
compares them with the analysis realized 
ten years before. He evaluates the useful-
ness of the library collection and investi-
gates its evolution through time, in accor-
dance with the introduction of electronic 
information sources and with the massive 
increase in the cost of subscriptions to 
scientific journals. Arts and Humanities 
tend to depend more on monographs; 
meanwhile, Science and Technology use 
mostly scientific journals. The age of the 
cited materials also establishes several 
differences: Science and Technology seem 
not to be interested in old material like 
Arts and Humanities. 

Haycock12 analyzes the citations in dis-
sertations on Education Sciences, finished 
between 2000 and 2002 to establish which 
are the journals that were most frequently 
used as well as the relationship between 
monographs and articles of scientific 
journals. 

Gooden13 analyzes the Ph.D. disserta-
tions of the Ohio State University Chem-
istry Department between 1996 and 2000. 
The conclusion reached is that only 12 
journals are necessary to cover 50 percent 
of the references and demonstrates that 
most of the citations correspond to articles 
published in scientific journals. 

Another work in the Chemistry field 
is one of Chrzastowski14 that also studies 
the use of journals in the library of the 
University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham-
paign (UIUC). She calculates the cost-ef-
fectiveness of the collection to establish 
which subscriptions should be cancelled 
considering that the relationship price/ 
use is too high. In comparison with the 
aforementioned works, the use of the 
collection is measured with four indica-
tors (the reshelving count of all journals 

picked up throughout the library each 
day, the number of issues used through 
in-house circulation, the lending and bor-
rowing journal count and also through 
interlibrary loan). In this work, the journal 
usage is not measured by means of the 
citations contained in the Ph.D. disserta-
tions. Chrzastowski and Olesko15 con-
tinue with the former study and analyze 
the trends of use and cost of the journals 
in the UIUC Chemistry Library. 

Methodology 
The starting material for this work is the 
front page of each thesis and the literature 
cited. 

The information registered for each 
thesis is: 

• identification data, including the 
year; 

• the number of documents cited: 
monographs, theses and academic disser-
tations, articles, and other documents; 

• for each cited article there is an 
identification code (theses-article), the 
journal title and the publication year. 

Data has been processed in the fol-
lowing way: 

• citation analysis according to docu-
ment type; 

• bibliometric analysis of the cited 
journals: frequency distribution and im-
pact factor; 

• description of the citation age dis-
tribution; 

• cost per citation study. 

Results 
From 1995 to 2003, 68 Ph.D. theses were 
presented in the Institut Químic de 
Sarrià (IQS), in Chemistry or Chemical 
Engineering fields. Twenty-two theses 
were put aside because they presented 
the bibliography in chapters or because 
they were not available. The results ob-
tained from the 46 theses analyzed are 
as follows: 

What is the Proportion of Journals Cited? 
According to the document type, 79 per-
cent are articles in scientific journals, 12 



     
        

 
     

       

     
      

     

   

     

       
    

      

        
      

        
      

         
      
     

    
     

      

       
    

 

 

  

 
 

Citation Analysis of Ph.D. Dissertation References as a Tool 75 

percent are monographs, and 2 percent 
are theses or academic dissertations. 

Citations numbering 4,203 are articles 
published in 593 journals. The relation-
ship between the number of cited articles 
and the number of cited journals is 7.1. 
The average number of scientific articles 
cited per theses is 91. 

What are the Most Cited Journals? 
In accordance with Bradford’s16 Law, most 
of the articles on a certain subject are pub-
lished in a reduced number of journals. 
The analysis of the studied references 
reveals that a core formed by 33 journals 
satisfies 50 percent of the informational 
needs and that 150 journals are needed 
to reach 80 percent of the informational 
necessities as shown in Figure 1. 

Table 1 lists the 33 journal titles needed 
to satisfy 50 percent of the journal cita-
tions in this study. 

From the 33 titles that constitute 
the core journals, 14 belong to Organic 
Chemistry and Biochemistry, 9 to Gen-
eral Chemistry; meanwhile, the rest are 
distributed in several areas such as Envi-
ronmental Science, Electrochemistry, and 
Corrosion among others. 

Taking into account the publisher of 
this core journal, 58 percent of titles come 
from three publishing firms: 

• 9 belong to Elsevier (27%); 
• 6 belong to the American Chemical 

Society (18%); 
• 4 belong to Wiley-VCH (12%). 
For the rest of the journals, 12 have 

been published by different scientific 
societies and only 2 belong to commercial 
publishing firms (Nature Publishing and 
Thieme). 

Is There Any Relationship Between the Top 
Journals’ Rank and Their Impact Factor? 
The impact factor for 2003 of the top jour-
nals obtained from Journal Citation Reports 
varies from 0.157 to 30.979. Figure 2 shows 
that there exists a moderate association be-
tween the position of a core journal and its 
impact factor rank measured with the cor-
relation coefficient of Spearman (rs=0.5194; 
p-value=0.0033). This possible association 
must be studied more in-depth. 

How Old are the Cited Articles? 
The reference age is defined as the time 
passed between the publication year of an 
article and the thesis reading year where 
this paper is cited. Figure 3 shows the 
frequency distribution of citation ages. 
The mean is 14 years with a median of 9 
years, while 90 percent of citations are 31 
years old or fewer; however, the range is 
145 years. 

FIGURE 1 
Citations Accumulated According to the Number of Journals 

that Included Them 

Bradford's Law 

0 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 

Number of journals 

%
 c
it
a
ti
o
n
s

 (
a
c
c
u
m
) 

650 



 

 
 

 

76 College & Research Libraries January 2008 

TABLE 1 
Top 33 Core Journals Cited 

Rank
 Core 
Journal 

Citations 
(%) 

Accum. 
Citations 
(%) 

Journal Title Impact 
Factor 
2003 

Rank 
Impact 
Factor 
2003 

Cost per 
Citation 
(€) 

1 6.87 6.87 Journal of the American 
Chemical Society 

6.516 4 0.20 

2 5.28 12.15 Journal of Organic 
Chemistry 

3.297 9 0.18 

3 4.60 16.75 Tetrahedron Letters 2.326 15 1.09 
4 2.52 19.27 Tetrahedron 2.641 12 2.27 
5 2.03 21.30 Angewandte Chemie. 

International Edition in 
English 

8.427 3 0.85 

6 1.78 23.08 Chemosphere 1.904 22 1.08 
7 1.47 24.55 Biochemistry 3.922 7 1.05 
8 1.43 25.98 Journal of Medicinal 

Chemistry 
4.820 5 0.55 

9 1.36 27.34 Journal of the 
Electrochemical 
Society 

2.361 13 0.26 

10 1.31 28.65 Afinidad 0.157 31 0.01 
11 1.26 29.91 Tetrahedron: 

Asymmetry 
2.178 16 0.90 

12 1.24 31.15 Environmental Science 
& Technology 

3.592 8 0.51 

13 1.21 32.36 Helvetica Chimica Acta 1.861 23 0.69 
14 1.21 33.57 Journal of Biological 

Chemistry 
2.361 14 0.71 

15 1.14 34.71 Carbohydrate Research 1.533 26 2.71 
16 1.12 35.83 Nature 30.979 1 0.60 
17 1.07 36.90 Chemical Reviews 21.036 2 0.38 
18 1.07 37.97 Journal of 

Chromatography 
2.922 11 5.22 

19 0.96 38.93 Journal Chemical 
Society. Perkin 
Transactions I 

1.948 21 ——— 

20 0.93 39.86 Syntheses 2.074 18 0.62 
21 0.91 40.77 Biotechnology and 

Bioengineering 
2.173 17 2.31 

22 0.91 41.68 Electrochimica Acta 1.996 20 2.10 
23 0.91 42.59 Heterocycles 1.082 29 2.02 



       
         

       
        

     

       

       

       
     

       
      

     
    

     
       
        

     
     

     
     
      

      
     

       
     

      
 

 
 

 

Citation Analysis of Ph.D. Dissertation References as a Tool 77 

TABLE 1 
Top 33 Core Journals Cited 

Rank
 Core 
Journal 

24 

Citations 
(%) 

0.91 

Accum. 
Citations 
(%) 

43.50 

Journal Title 

Journal Chemical 
Society 

Impact 
Factor 
2003 

—— 

Rank 
Impact 
Factor 
2003 

32 

Cost per 
Citation 
(€) 

—— 

25 0.91 44.41 Journal Chemical 
Society. Chemical 
Communications 

4.031 6 0.80 

26 0.86 45.27 Chemistry Letters 1.579 24 0.20 
27 0.84 46.11 Chemical Engineering 

Science 
1.562 25 2.66 

28 0.84 46.95 Corrosion 0.774 30 0.17 
29 0.77 47.72 Journal of 

Organometallic 
Chemistry 

2.042 19 6.21 

30 0.75 48.47 Bulletin of the 
Chemical Society of 
Japan 

1.237 27 0.45 

31 0.75 49.22 Chemische Berichte —— 33 —— 
32 0.75 49.97 Journal of Chemical 

Physics 
2.950 10 3.47 

33 0.65 50.62 Canadian Journal of 
Chemistry 

1.157 28 0.68 

How Much is the Cost Per Citation? 
The last aspect considered is the economic 
cost of the core journals. If we take the 
subscription cost for 2004, the library must 
have spent about 100,000 € to maintain the 
subscriptions of the core journals. 

At the same time, considering the 46 
theses studied, the subscription price of 
the core journals and the number of cita-
tions for each journal, the average cost is 
about 1 € / citation; 57 percent of the jour-
nals have a cost lower than 1.00 €/citation; 
meanwhile, 14 percent have a cost higher 
than 3.00 €/citation (see table 1). 

Discussion 
As highlighted in table 2, the results ob-
tained in this work (Vallmitjana column) 
are comparable to the ones of other works 
cited before. 

All the works included in the table 
were published by different authors 
between the years of 1994 and 2004. 
The methodology used is based on 
the bibliometric analysis of the ref-
e r e n c e s c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n d o c t o r a l 
theses from different universities in 
the United States. Most of the studies 
are centered in the thesis of an specific 
subject except for the multidisciplinary 
studies of Kushkowski and Smith.17 
The chronological timeframe is also 
variable; some studies cover Ph.D. dis-
sertations from a specific year, whereas 
other ones cover theses from several 
years. The proportion of references 
analyzed also varies; in some cases, all 
the references are analyzed, whereas 
in others only a representative sample 
is studied. 

http:Smith.17


 

    
     

   
    

    
      

     
    

     
     

   
     

    
     

   
     

      
      
     

     
   

   
    

       
      

       
      
        

     
      

   

 
      

      
      
      

     
     

Frequency Distribution of Citation Ages

 

   

  

 
 

  

  

 
 

78 College & Research Libraries 

In the mentioned works, 
one can conclude that the 
number of references con-
tained within doctoral theses 
increases with time; the au-
thors a ribute this to the fact 
that information is more and 
more easily accessible. Also, 
they conclude that the average 
number of references by thesis 
varies between subjects. So-
cial Sciences and Arts and Hu-
manities use fewer references 
than those of Natural Sciences 
(Kushkowski, Smith18). These 
facts are reflected in the com-
parison of results in table 2. 
The work of Gooden,19 in the 
field of Chemistry, states that 
86 percent of references were 
scientific papers published 
in journals. Kushkowski 2 0 
indicates that the percentage 
of journals used in Biology and Physics 
also surpassed 80 percent. For Smith,21 
in the field of Sciences, the percentage 
was also 80 percent; Arts and Humani-
ties are those that use 20 percent fewer 
journals, whereas the percentage in 
Social Sciences is situated between 40 
and 60 percent. 

January 2008 

FIGURE 2
	
Relationship Between the Core Journals’
	
Rank and their Impact Factor Rank
	

Relationship between ranks 
40
 

35
 

30
 

25
 

Im
p
a
c
t 
F
a
c
to
r 
R
a
n
k

 
20
 

15
 

10
 

5 

0 
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Core Journal Rank 

Since only the work of Gooden22 is in 
the area of Chemistry, we compared in 
table 3 some relevant results of her work 
and ours. 

It is important to mention that the 
number of journals needed to cover 50 
percent of journal citations is very dif-
ferent between the Gooden study and 
our study. Gooden establishes a group 

FIGURE 3 

Distribution of citation ages 
350
 

300
 

250
 

200
 
n 
150
 

100
 

50
 

0
 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Age (years) 



      
     

     

     
    

 

    
       

       
      

      

 

     
      

    
    

      

     

 
     

       
    

    

 

 
 

Citation Analysis of Ph.D. Dissertation References as a Tool 79 

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59

3 

of 12 titles; meanwhile, in our study the 
core journals is composed of 33 titles. 
Gooden determined that 20 titles included 
61 percent of the journal references, 
whereas in our study the 20 most used 
titles cover only 40 percent of the journal 
references. 

Comparing the titles of the core jour-
nals of both studies, it has been observed 
that: 

• 8 titles appear in both lists: Journal 
of the American Chemical Society, Journal 
of Chemical Physics, Tetrahedron Letters, 
Biochemistry, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 
Journal of Biological Chemistry, Nature, and 
Journal of the Chemical Society. 

• Journal of the American Chemical 
Society is the most cited in both cases 
and has been cited 11.45 percent in the 
Gooden’s study and 6.87 percent in the 
present study. 

With regard to the age of the cited 
documents, the mean age was 14 years 
with a median value of 9; meanwhile, 
in the multidisciplinary study of Kush-
kowski,23 the mean was 12 years and the 
median value 8. 

Citation costs obtained in this study 
are not comparable with the ones of 
Chrzastowski and Olesko,24 because of 
the differences in the methodologies 
employed. 

On average, 91 papers are cited in 
each thesis, the cost per thesis amounts 
to approximately 90 €. In contrast, if all 
articles had been acquired through one 
of the main document suppliers, this 
would represent a cost of nearly 1,200 € 
per thesis. 

Conclusions 
A bibliometric study was designed in ac-
cordance with scientific literature to study 
the information needs of Ph.D. students. 

A total of 4,203 citations in 593 journals 
were analysed. The analysis accounted 
for approximately 79 percent of the total 
citations that were made in 46 of the 68 
Ph.D. dissertations accepted by the IQS 
(Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat 
Ramon Llull) from 1995 to 2003. 



 

    
     

    

        
         
      

      
       

      

        

       
       

     
     

      

  

     

       
       

    
       

    
    

     
     

     
      

      
      

         
 

            

80 College & Research Libraries January 2008 

TABLE 3 
Comparison of Results 

Results Gooden Vallmitjana 
(this paper) 

Journals 86% 79% 
Type of document Monographs 8% 12% 

Theses 6% 2% 
Total journal citations (A) 3,178 4,203 
Number of different journals (B) 441 593 
Ratio A/B 7.2 7.1 
Number of Theses (C) 30 46 
Mean = A/C 106 91 
Number of journals needed to cover 50% of journal citations 12 33 
Percentage of the journal citations covered by the first 20 61% 40% 
titles (Note: we use 20 titles to compare with Gooden’s paper) 

From the analysis, we conclude that: 
• Scientific journals are the most 

frequently used document type in IQS 
chemistry Ph.D. dissertations. On aver-
age, 91 articles were cited in each thesis. 

• 50 percent of the citations come from 
33 core journals, which is less than 6 percent 
of the total number of journals cited. 

• A large proportion of the most cited 
journals come from a small set of publish-
ing companies. Nearly 60 percent of the 
core journals belong to 3 publishers. 

• There is some evidence of a rela-
tionship between the impact factor rank 
and the rank of the journal in terms of 
citation frequency. This possible relation 
must be studied more in-depth. 

• The age of 50 percent of the citations 
is no higher than 9 years, although the 
mean age is 14 years. 

No library has unlimited resources al-
lowing it to subscribe to all the journals 
that their users request. Therefore, the 
library must draw up an acquisitions 
policy that concurs with the real pos-
sibilities and priorities in research areas. 

We propose three criteria that a library 
may use in deciding which subscriptions 
to cancel and which to keep. The criteria 
concludes the following: 

• In agreement with the titles rank-
ing, core journals must have priority 
because they are the most cited. 

• The citation cost indicator will let 
us establish a second level of priorities. 
Subscriptions with a lower cost-per-cita-
tion may have preference to maximize the 
resources assigned to journal acquisition. 

• A reduced number of companies 
publish a high number of journals. Gath-
ering the titles per publisher is a means 
of assessing the financial viability of sub-
scribing to individual titles or packages, 
in either printed or electronic format. 

Last, having already developed an 
analysis model, we can continue moni-
toring the situation merely by updat-
ing the data contained in forthcoming 
Ph.D. theses. Discovering trends in how 
specific academic journals are used can 
help the library to get the most out of 
its budget. 

Notes 

1. J. Thomson and R. Carr, An Introduction to University Library Administration (London: 
Bingley, 1987). 



 

          
 

 
           

 

 
 

             

 
 

 

 

          

 
 

 
 

           

           

 
 
 
 
 
 

Citation Analysis of Ph.D. Dissertation References as a Tool 81 

2. C.A. Barry, “Information Skills for an Electronic World: Training Doctoral Research Stu-
dents,” Journal of Information Science 23, no. 3 (1997): 225–38. 

3. T.E. Chrzastowski, “Journal Collection Cost-Effectiveness in an Academic Library: Results 
of a Cost/Use Survey at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,” Collection Management 
14, no. 1/2 (1991): 85–98. 

4. Ibid. 
5. A.M. Gooden, “Citation Analysis of Chemistry Doctoral Dissertations: An Ohio State 

University Case Study,” Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship no. 32 (Fall) (2001). 
6. J.D. Kushkowski, K.A. Parsons, and W.H. Wiese, “Master’s and Doctoral Theses Citations: 

Analysis and Trands of a Longitudinal Study,” Libraries and the Academy 3, no. 3 (2003): 459–79. 
7. A.L. Buchanan and J.P.V.M. Herubel, “Profiling Phd Dissertation Bibliographies: Serials 

and Collection Development in Political-Science,” Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 13, no. 1 
(1994): 1–10. 

8. M. Sylvia and M. Lesher, “What Journals Do Psychology Graduate-Students Need: A 
Citation Analysis of Theses References,” College & Research Libraries 56, no. 4 (1995): 313–18. 

9. L.S. Zipp, “Theses and Dissertation Citations As Indicators of Faculty Research Use of 
University Library Journal Collections,” Library Resources & Technical Services 40, no. 4 (1996): 
335–42. 

10. L. Bu lar, “Information Sources in Library and Information Science Doctoral Research,” 
Library & Information Science Research 21, no. 2 (1999): 227–45. 

11. E.T. Smith, “Assessing Collection Usefulness: An Investigation of Library Ownership of 
the Resources Graduate Students Use,” College & Research Libraries 64, no. 5 (2003): 344–55. 

12. L.A. Haycock, “Citation Analysis of Education Dissertations for Collection Development,” 
Library Resources & Technical Services 48, no. 2 (2004): 102–06. 

13. Gooden, “Citation Analysis.” 
14. T.E. Chrzastowski and B.M. Olesko, “Chemistry Journal Use and Cost: Results of a Lon-

gitudinal Study,” Library Resources & Technical Services 41, no. 2 (1997): 101–11. 
15. Ibid. 
16. B.C. Brookes, “Bradford’s Law and the Bibliography of Science,” Nature 22 (2006): 953– 

56. 
17. Kushkowski et al., “Master’s and Doctoral Theses Citations”; Smith, “Assessing Collection 

Usefulness.” 
18. Kushkowski et al., “Master’s and Doctoral Theses Citations”; Smith, “Assessing Collection 

Usefulness.” 
19. Gooden, “Citation Analysis.” 
20. Kushkowski et al., “Master’s and Doctoral Theses Citations.” 
21. Smith, “Assessing Collection Usefulness.” 
22. Gooden, “Citation Analysis.” 
23. Kushkowski et al., “Master’s and Doctoral Theses Citations.’ 
24. Chrzastowski and Olesko, “Chemistry Journal Use and Cost.”