College and Research Libraries Nontraditional Students and the Library: Opinions, Preferences, and Behaviors Carol Hammond The population of nontraditional students in higher education is increasing rapidly, and academic libraries should examine whether additional or alternate services are needed to accommodate this growing user group. To gather data about nontraditional students for program planning and evaluation, a survey was designed that considered age, gender, and status as a full-time or part-time student as factors that defined nontraditional students, and which gathered student opinion in four areas: how these students used the library, when they wanted to use the library, which library services they felt were important, and how they evaluated some present library services. Group comparisons were then made for each question on the survey. The differences suggest possible market- ing strategies, including matching some programs with particular groups of nontraditional students, and some service adjustments that libraries could consider to better accommodate all nontraditional students. D t has been projected that within the next ten years the student population at colleges and - universities will change pro- foundly. Enrollments will increase dra- matically, but the majority of students will not be the eighteen- to twenty-four-year- olds who come to higher education di- rectly from high schools. Instead, the largest group will be students who are older and attend school on a part-time rather than full-time basis. Recent studies show that not only is there a shrinking pool of students between the ages of eight- een to twenty-one years and a rapid ex- pansion of the older population but also that part-time students are the fastest growing population in higher education.1 Many of these students will be returning to school after an interruption of some years. More students will be seeking ad- vanced degrees that will afford them greater opportunity for career advance- ment and a wider range of life choices. Higher education will be recruiting stu- dents not just from secondary schools but from community colleges, local businesses, and the community at large. The student population will include more women and more minorities. The change in the kind of student that higher education seeks to serve will make new and different de- mands on academic libraries and the serv- ices they provide.2 Definitions of nontraditional students are elusive, since they comprise so di- verse a group. Brian Nordstrom de- scribes them as "adults in transition" who "differ from traditional students in significant ways, including their stages Carol Hammond is Head of LibrnnJ Research, Deoelopment and External Relations, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85069-7100. The author wishes to acknowledge the funding for this project prol.tided btJ a grant from ASUW Academic Affairs. 323 324 College & Research Libraries of development in life, their value sys- tems, their outside responsibilities, and their learning characteristics."3 Jeanie Roundtree-Wylie defines them as "indi- viduals who have attained the age of 25 and have not completed his or her educa- tional goals."4 The factors singularly or in combination that define nontraditional students for educators, including librari- ans, are: gender, age, enrollment status as full-time or part-time, race, marital status, the presence of dependents, and employ- ment status, which may be full-time or part-time. While nonresidential students, married students, minority students, and women students may be" different," they are not "new'' groups on most cam- puses. The presence of older students, working adults, and women with chil- dren is, however, a change in the makeup of the student population, and the proportion of the total they comprise is increasing rapidly. Questions arise about this group of users, their characteristics, and what special needs they may have. In general, the learning activities of nontraditional students are secondary to other social or economic roles.5 These students are pres- sured because the demands of home, work, and school are often in conflict. Job and employment responsibilities, child care arrangements, and transportation considerations are problems for this group of students; these problems are rare among younger residential students. Anxiety created by these pressures, along with the changes brought about by tech- nology, the desire to succeed, and compe- tition from younger students are cited as problems for nontraditional students.6 There are also factors that contribute to the potential for academic success. Nontra- ditional students are described as self- directed, resourceful, responsive, and motiva ted.7 This study was developed to determine which attitudes nontradi- tional students have about using the li- brary, which behaviors they exhibit in library use, and what some of their opin- ions are about the library. The informa- tion could be applied to developing a range of services appropriate to the needs of this user group. July 1994 Arizona State University West (ASUW) is a new campus in the Phoenix metropoli- . tan area. With a high percentage of non- traditional students and a library with alternative and innovative programs, it serves as an. excellent laboratory to in- vestigate the library use patterns and behaviors of nontraditional students. At the same time, opinions from those users on how well some of the existing library service programs are meeting their needs could be collected as addi- tional data. The study provided an op- portunity to test some assumptions librarians have made about the priori- ties, needs, and habits of this group of users. It would giv,_e some indication of student preferences, and provide data to help the library in planning and devel- oping effective programs or changing existing programs to accommodate this large group of students. LITERATURE REVIEW By far the majority of what has been published about nontraditional stu- dents and libraries has to do with adult students, bibliographic instruction, and learning styles. Virtually all of it has been published in the last ten years, when the growth in this population be- gan to have a noticeable impact. Mal- ·9olm Knowles, who began writing on adult education in the 1960s, discusses the concept of andragogy, or the art of teaching adults.8 Knowles' work on the learning styles of adults is the most often cited study by librarians who teach non- traditional students. Jean Sheridan pre- sented Knowles' ideas as "a new concept for librarians," and her 1986 article pre- sents a review of the debate on teaching styles and adult students, and the impli- cations for librarians who teach classes for this population.9 Mary Ellen Ken- nedy, in her study of adult students and bibliographic instruction, also looked to Knowles for teaching strategies and of- fers practical suggestions for librarians to apply in structuring library instruc- tion sessions for ad ults.10 Susan Swords Steffens reports on a program developed at the Chicago Campus of Northwestern University, which ~nrolls adult students almost exclusively and has experi- mented with library services for the adult learner. She identifies five princi- ples for planning effective instruction for adult students.11 Sheila Howard has also linked the characteristics of adult students with Bibliographic Instruction, as has Jacquelyn Coughlan.12·13 Andrea Wyman, Jean Sheridan, and Nicholas Tomaiuolo have also written about as- pects of library instruction and the adult student and offer practical advice for librarians who teach.14-16 Betsey Hine looks not only at instruction for adult students, but briefly considers other li- brary services, such as hours of opera- tion.17 Colette Wagner and Augusta Kapper provide one of the few studies that looks at a variety of academic li- brary services and how the programs affect the nontraditional student. 18 The typical student is a part-time, degree-seeking undergraduate female, twenty-seven years of age, who transferred from a community college and who resides on the west side of the metropolitan area. In addition to librarians, academics from other disciplines have also contrib- uted extensively to the education litera- ture on nontraditional students. VIrtually none of the work, even a lengthy bibliog- raphy such as the one by Cheryl Polson on the adult learner, appears to address li- brary use or needs.19 1t also differs from the library literature in the number of actual studies it includes. These studies can be useful in identifying student needs and expectations, and as such can be helpful in developing library pro- grams. These works often define the nontraditional student more broadly, considering more than just age as factors that define this group, and look at some of the issues beyond learning styles. Eric Iovacchini gathered data to look at four aspects that differentiate adult and tra- ditional students: demographics, moti- vation, academic characteristics, and perceptions of various aspects of the Nontraditional Students 325 university. This study provides some in- teresting facts based on survey data that may be helpful in planning library pro- grams, and that were not reported else- where; for example, traditional and older students both report they average the same amount of study time per week, about fifteen hours.20 Donna Queeney examines marketing aimed at the adult learner as well as some of the problems adult learners face, includ- ing time-management and inflexible policies of colleges and universities that create particular difficulties for nontraditional students.21 Michael Hu conducted a study in 1985 to determine the needs and attitudes of nontradi- tional students, primarily for marketing purposes, but also for designing pro- grams to meet the requirements and ex- pectations of these potential enrollees. His study identifies career change/ ca- reer advancement as the major reason why these prospective students seek to return to school. His study also docu- ments the "lack of time" problem iden- tified as a common characteristic of the nontraditional popwation.22 Nordstrom's work, previously mentioned, addresses a number of issues related to the under- graduate education of adults, and urges college faculty, administrators and stu- dent services staff to reevaluate how they relate to the increasing numbers of non- traditional students on campus.23 . INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Phoenix, the location of Arizona State University West, is the ninth largest city in the United States; the population of Maricopa County, which includes the city of Phoenix, exceeds two million. The Census Bureau projects that Arizona will be the fastest growing state in the 1990s.24 ASUW is just ten years old; as an upper-level institution it offers courses at the junior, senior, and master's level in four academic degree programs: Busi- ness, Education, Arts and Sciences, and Human Services. The student population at ASUW can be defined as primarily nontraditional, and includes a large number of working 326 College & Research Libraries adults who attend classes on a part-time basis. The typical student is a part-time, degree-seeking undergraduate, female, twenty-seven years of age, who trans- ferred from a community college and who resides on the west side of the metropoli- tan area. Of the students at ASUW, 67 percent are over twenty-five years of age; 7 4 percent are enrolled part-time; more than 50 percent are married, and 63 per- cent are women.25 Total enrollment is ap- proaching five thousand. Most courses are scheduled during late afternoon and evening hours, or on weekends. The library is also nontraditional in a number of ways. The concept of access has been exploited in the most positive sense of the word to provide both infor- mation and resources. A rapid document delivery system provides approximately fifteen thousand items a year from the collections of the University Ubraries at ASU Main. The reference collection was built around sources in CD-ROM format, and the ASU Online Catalog also provides access to a variety of databases. Journals are primarily on fiche, and a substantial media collection, including interactive products, is available. A number of programs have already been designed with the nontraditional student in mind. For example, a photo- copy service that will pull and copy ar- ticles and documents for students for a nominal fee was set up in order to help students save time. Research assistance by appointment has been widely pro- moted and encouraged so that students would be assured of individual consult- ation with a librarian at the time most convenient for them. One-hour sessions on using electronic sources are offered at a wide range of different times, includ- ing evenings, weekends, and usual meal times, to accommodate students who are on campus at less conventional hours. The library maintains its regularly scheduled hours, including nights and ·weekends, during spring break, many holidays, and other times when libraries traditionally reduce hours because of low use. While some of these services designed for nontraditional students have been very successful, other have re- July1994 ceived low use. Most were set up in re- sponse to what we assumed was needed. THE SURVEY The survey method was selected as the best way to gather information from students. In defining who would be con- sidered nontraditional for the purposes of the survey, three categories were se- lected: age, gender, and status as a full- time or part-time student. So that a comparison could be made between the traditional and nontraditional student by all three categories, three age groups were established for the study: 18-25 years of age, 26-33 years, and 34-41. years. Six hundred surveys were sent by mail, with the sample evenly divided among the three age groups. Students were also asked to identify their major, gender, and status as part time or full time. The respondents were also asked to indicate how often they used the li- brary. Two hundred ninety-nine sur- veys, or 49.8 percent of the sample were returned. These were almost exactly di- vided between full-time and part-time students, with 150 and 149 in each re- spective group. The sample included 101 Business majors, 75 Education ma- jors, 52 Arts and Sciences majors, and 39 who were undeclared or undecided. This roughly reflects the enrollment dis- tribution among the academic units at ASUW. Almost half, or 141 of the respon- dents, indicated that they used the li- brary occasionally; 83 said they used it often, while 75 said they used it rarely. The students who used the library at least occasionally far outnumbered those who used it rarely or not at all. Women students in the survey outnum- bered men by two to one. This reflected the general makeup of the student popu- lation at ASUW. A summary of there- spondents in this sample is shown in figure 1. A survey instrument was designed to gather information about student be- havior and opinion in four areas: The behaviors and use patterns exhibited in using the library; preferences in library hours; the library services and kinds of Nontraditional Students 327 STATUS / Full-time 150 ./ Part-time 149 0 40 80 120 160 200 GENDER Male 100 Female 199 0 40 80 120 160 200 AGE 18-25 yrs. 81 26-33 yrs. 101 34-41 yrs. 117 0 40 80 120 160 200 MAJOR Business 101 Education 75 Arts & Sciences 52 Human Services 32 Undeclared/other 39 0 40 80 120 160 200 FREQUENCY OF LffiRARYUSE often 83 occasionally 141 rarely 75 0 40 80 120 160 200 FIGURE I Summary of Survey Sample by Status, Gender, Age, Major, and Frequency of Library Use support identified as important; and an evaluation of how well some selected library services were meeting their needs. Ubrary instruction was included but not emphasized in the survey be- cause it is already evaluated by students in a number of different ways.26 The sur- veys returned were anonymous, and the project was conducted with approval from the university for research involving human subjects. The twenty-eight ques- tions were formatted using a Uckert- type scale ranging from 1 to 5, with "1" representing ''least" and "5" repre- senting "most."27 SECTION 1: STUDENT LffiRARY USE BEHAVIORS The first section of the survey was designed to gather information on how students used the library. Respondents were asked to rate ten questions on a 328 College & Research Libraries TABLEl LIBRARY USE BEHAVIORS Significant Interactions Found with Overall Mean and Standard Deviation (S.D.) for Each. Item Interactions Mean 1. When I use the library, I have very No significant 3.97 little time and need to complete my interactions. work as fast as I can. 2. When I have to go to the library, I Significant main 2.69 put it off as long as possible. effect for gender. 3. I prefer to collect materials in the Significant main 3.87 library and take them home to use. effect for gender. 4. Learning how to find information Significant main 3.96 will help me in my career. effects for gender and status. 5. I can pretty much find on my own No significant 3.29 whatever I need in the library. interactions. 6. Using the computers instead of Significant main 4.08 paper indexes or a card catalog effects for saves me time. gender and status. 7. I would pay for some library Significant main 3.12 services if they really saved effect for gender. me time. 8. I own a computer, and I use the Significant main 1.56 libary catalog at home to do my effect for gender. research. 9. My schedule makes it difficult to Significant main 3.37 find time to come to the library. effect for status. 10. I would rather have something I Significant main effect for 3.03 could check out and use at home to status. learn how to use the library, such as a video, instead of a lecture during class. July 1994 S.D. (1.10) (1.21) (1.23) (1.14) (1.13) (1 .17) (1.40) (1 .18) (1.31) (1.54) five-point scale ranging from 1 = "Does not apply to me" to 5 = "Applies to me." An examination of group differ- ences on each question was conducted using an Analysis of Variance procedure (ANOVA). The dependent variable was the score from the question scale. The independent variables were status (full- time or part-time student) gender (male or female) and age (18-25 years, 26-33 years, or 34-41 years). The level of sig- nificance was set at alpha = .05. the items. Table 1 shows the questions, the overall mean response for all . stu- dents, and the significant interactions found. No significant three-way interactions were found in any section of this survey. No two-way interactions were found in the first section on student library use be- haviors. Significant main effects were found for eight of the ten items. There were no significant interactions for two of Items 1 and 5 showed no significant in- teractions among age, gender, and status, indicating there was no significant differ- ence between the responses from tradi- tional and nontraditional students. Responses to item 1 indicate that all students, regardless of circumstances, feel pressed for time when they come to the library. The supposition that nontra- ditional students with family and work obligations feel they are under greater stress from lack of time than traditional students was not supported. The overall mean response to this item from all stu- dents was among the strongest in this section at 3. 97 on a scale of 5. The reasons for this sense of pressure from not hav- ing enough time are not clear from the survey. Library staff almost always indi- cate that procrastination makes using the library for research more stressful for students. However, item 2, which poses the situation of putting off going to the library for a project as long as possible, showed a score of 2.69 out of a possible 5. This moderately low response indi- cates that procrastination is not a strong pattern that most students felt described them or that most identified as typical. This may have been seen as a value judg- ment, and although the responses were anonymous, students may have been unwilling to admit to what is probably perceived as "bad" behavior, or at least a poor study habit. A partial answer may be provided by item 9, where a signifi- cant main effect for status as a full-time or part-time student exists, and a mean score of 3.37 was given for "My schedule makes it difficult to find time to come to the library." The response to item 1 sug- gests that library programs, systems, and services designed to facilitate effi- cient, time-saving use of the library are likely to be viewed as enhancements and ad vantages by all students. The support for Information Literacy from all students shown by responses to item 4, "Learning how to find informa- tion will help me in my career," is encour- aging, and may indicate a change from past attitudes about the value of library skills. An overall mean score of 3.96 may be viewed as moderately strong recogni- tion of the fact that "In the information age, adults find they must know how to locate and use knowledge."28 This re- sponse is evidence that students do indeed see a link between information-finding skills and career success. This item also showed significant differences between groups for gender and status, which is discussed later in this section. Item 5, "I can pretty much find on my own whatever I need in the library," also had no significant interactions. This would indicate an equal level of confi- dence among both traditional and non- traditional students in using the library Nontraditional Students 329 for finding information and materials. Students at ASUW use a highly elec- tronic library and are accustomed to us- ing a document delivery system as a routine way of obtaining materials. This response stands in contrast to what other authors, especially librarians, have indicated about nontraditional stu- dents.29 Those who have looked at non- traditional students have found a lack of confidence in their abilities and fear of technology among the most commonly identified problems for this group of us- ers.30 With an overall mean score of 3.29, respondents, while not claiming to have exceptional skills in using the library and locating what they needed, did not think they had serious deficiencies. This may indicate the success of the bibliographic instruction and information services pro- grams, or may reflect library skills gained somewhere else in the students' academic experience before reaching ASUW. It does raise the question, however, about the ever-increasing numbers of ques- tions answered and the amount of assis- tance provided at the reference desk when students demonstrate this level of self-sufficiency in using the library. The supposition that nontraditional students with family and work obligations feel they are under greater stress from lack of time than traditional students was not supported. Two items, numbers 6 and 8, also stand out as the strongest responses in the section. Both concern technology and computers, two areas that have been iden- tified as potential problem areas for non- traditional students, and the responses are, curiously, at opposite ends of the scale. Item six, ''Using computers instead of pa- per indexes or a card catalog saves me time," was given a 4.08 overall mean score, which was the highest score for any item in this section. This strong approval and enthusiasm for electronic resources also implies a level of expertise in library skills, since students would not identify library 330 College & Research Libraries computer catalogs and electronic in- dexes as time savers if they found them to be harder to use than the paper ver- sions. It is also noteworthy that signifi- cant main effects for gender and status exist for this item, but not for age. Gen- erally most nontraditional students, de- fined by age, would be more familiar and comfortable with paper sources and not as familiar with recent innovations in electronic tools. The very low use made of home computers for library research shown in this survey, in spite of the available access, indicates that much more needs to be done in marketing and teaching the electronic library if the virtual library concept is to be realized. Item 8 received the lowest score for any item in this section and in fact, in the whole survey. "I own a computer and I use the library catalog at home to do my research" earned only a 1.56 overall mean score. This stands in conflict with assumptions about the availability and use of home computers among the gen- eral student population and has implica- tions for marketing the library as well. The ASU Online Catalog prov~des dial- in access at no cost for any registered user with a computer, a modem, a tele- phone line, and communications soft- ware. It . provides access to the 2.8-million-volume collections of both li- braries, a full-text encyclopedia, six dif- ferent journal indexes, and a range of ASU-specific databases. Given the pref- erence that was indicated in item 3 for doing work at home rather than in the library when possible, and the relatively strong belief that electronic sources are time savers (item 6) it is curious that so few students take advantage of the op- portunity to do their research in the con- venience of their own homes. It is even more puzzling, considering that all stu- dents are highly motivated to save time. In a recent editorial, a librarian noted, "Acc~s to personal computers by stu- July 1994 dents and faculty have encouraged the assumption that information-based ac- tivity can happen any place at any time with the use of telephone lines." 31 The response to this item from library users may serve as a cautionary note in assum- ing that significant numbers of students have access to a home computer and/or the necessary equipment and support for communications, or if they do, that they are aware of the availability of re- mote access to library resources. It may show that they do not perceive any ad- vantage in identifying materials before attempting to obtain the actual items. The very low use made of home comput- ers for library research shown in this survey, in spite of the available access, indicates that much more needs to be done in marketing and teaching the elec- tronic library if the virtual library con- cept is to be realized. A final observation about the re- sponses to this section of the survey, before analyzing the variables and differ- ences betw~n traditional and nontradi- tional students in greater depth, is the willingness to pay for services as shown in item 7. The main effect for gender, indi- cating a significant difference between the responses from men and women, is interesting and will be discussed later. As previously noted, there were no three-way interactions produced in this study. To look more closely at the inter- actions of gender and status, see table 2. · This shows the overall mean, factor mean, standard deviation (S.D.), n, F val- ues, and homogeneity of variance p val-· ues for the items that had significant main effects for gender or status, or for both gender and status. All F values in the F column are at p < .05. The numbers in the left-hand column correspond to the numbers of the survey items as listed in table 1. Since all groups had an un- equal n, a homogeneity of variance test for groups was performed, using a Co- chrans C test. The Cp column shows the p value for the Cochrans C test; all values of p > .05 indicate equivalent variance for the comparison groups. From this analysis, we can see a sig- nificant main effect for gender between Nontraditional Students 331 TABLE2 LIBRARY USE BEHAVIORS Significant Interactions for Gender and Status Gender Status Male Female Full Part Mean F F Item (overall N = 299) (S.D.) N=lOO N=199 <e> <ce> N= 150 N=149 <e> ce 2. When I go to the 2.69 2.48 2.80 4.93 .123 No effect library, I put it off as (1.21) (1.11) (1.25) (.027) long as possible. 3. I prefer to collect 3.87 3.48 4.07 15.20 .344 No effect materials in the (3.87) (1.27) (1.17) (.000) library and take them home to use. 4. Learning how to 3.96 3.65 4.11 8.25 .015 4.19 3.72 10.68 .018 find information will (1.14) (1.27) (1.04) (.004) (1.00) (1.23) (.001) help me in my career. 6. Using computers 4.09 4.27 3.99 4.54 .035 4.27 3.90 5.69 .025 instead of paper (1.17) (1.03) (1.23) (.034) (1.05) (1.26) (.018) indexes or a card catalog saves me time. 7. I would pay for 3.12 2.72 3.32 13.75 .881 No effect some library services (1.40) (1.39) (1.37) (.000) if they really saved me time. 8. I own a computer 1.56 1.82 1.43 7.12 .001 No effect and I use the library (1.18) (1.37) (1.06) (.008) catalog at home to do my research. 9. My schedule makes 3.37 No effect 3.14 3.59 10.23 .112 it difficult to find (1.31) (1.37) (1.21) (.002) time to come to the library. 10. I would rather have 3.03 No effect 2.89 3.17 4.46 .673 something I could (1.55) check out and use at home to learn how to use the library, such as a video, instead of a lecture during class. Mean, S.D., N, F values, (p), and Cochrans Cp values the male and female responses on six of the ten questions from Section I of the survey. Female students indicated a stronger response and felt more strongly inclined toward the behavior as one that "applies to me" for items 2, 3, 4, and 7. Females, then, indicated a stronger incli- nation than males to put off going to the library for as long as possible, a stronger preference than males for collecting ma- terials in the library and taking them (1.57) (1.51) (.036) home to use, a stronger sense than males that learning how to find information would help them in their careers, and a stronger willingness than males to pay for library services if they would. really save time. Males, on the other hand, had a stronger response than females to items 6 and 8, which are the items that relate to computers and technology. Males felt more strongly than females that using computers instead of paper 332 College & Research Libraries indexes or a card catalog would save time, and a stronger indication than fe- males to own a computer and conduct library research at home. Status as a part-time or full-time stu- dent yielded significant main effects in four of the ten items: 4, 6, 9 and 10. Full-time students felt more strongly than part-time students that learning how to find information would help them in their careers (item 4), and that using computers instead of paper sources would save them time (item 6). Not surprisingly, part-time students in- dicated more strongly than full-time stu- dents that their schedules made it difficult to find time to come to the li- brary (item 9-note that there was no effect for gender for this item), and that they had a stronger preference for hav- ing something they could check out and use at home for learning how to use the library, such as a video, instead of a lec- ture during class (item 10). Again, the survey does not provide specific data on why the different groups responded differently, although assumptions might be made about the reasons. The implications these data suggest for library services are various and depend on creativity for identifying possible programmatic solutions to bet- ter meet the needs of these students. For example, women and part-time students show a significantly stronger difference than other students in their preference to work at home, as shown by responses to items 2 and 10. Library instruction of- fered via educational TV and home de- livery of materials might be appropriate services for institutions with large num- bers of students in these categories. Women and full-time students believe more strongly than men and part-time students that finding information will be helpful to them in their careers. Perhaps better marketing to the latter two groups on the benefits of information literacy would be both a recruitment tool for an institution and an aid in bringing those users to library instruction classes more often. In ASUW programs, such as the MBA, which have a high enrollment of male students, selling this group on tak- July 1994 ing a course in using the library for find- ing business information as a good ca- reer move is a strategy that might be utilized. Women, who have less earning power and are traditionally viewed as having less discretionary funds to spend, are more willing than men to pay for library services that would save them time. The willingness of this particular set of nontraditional students, who are usually perceived as under financial constraint, to pay for services in order to save time may strike some librarians as unexpected and a typical. Such an as- sumption may indicate that we have been guilty of stereotyping, and that we might do well to change how we market and pay for services such as copying, document delivery, and online search- ing, especially for women students·. The willingness of women to pay for services that save time may also be a truer indi- cation of which group of students most genuinely needs to solve that problem. SECfiON II: LIBRARY HOURS An often noted library issue especially important to nontraditional students is the hours of service. Market studies which surveyed prospective students as well as data on current students at ASUW showed a strong preference for evening classes.32 Given this indication of when they prefer to attend classes, can · we infer anything about when they wanted to use the library? Would it be near the same times as they indicated for classes, or different times? Section II of the survey was designed to find out when it is most convenient for students to come to the library. Choices ranged from a low of 1 = 11least convenient" to a high of 5 = 11most convenient." Table 3 shows the results of the survey for section II. In keeping with what we already know about library use patterns from statistics collected at library service points at ASUW, Saturdays, Sundays, and evenings after 5 p.m. are identified as the most convenient hours for stu- dents to come to the library. Table 4 shows the significant interactions by gender and status. Table 5 shows the Nontraditional Students 333 TABLE3 LIBRARY HOURS Significant Interactions Found with Overall Mean and S.D. for Each Item Interactions · Mean S.D. 11. It is most convenient for me to come to the Significant main effect 3.82 (1.40) library on Saturday. for status. 12. It is most convenient for me to come to the Significant two-way 3.81 (1.48) library on Sunday. interaction for gender by age. 13. It is most convenient for me to come to Significant two-way 3.86 (1.29) the library on evenings after 5 p.m. interaction for gender by age. 14. It is most convenient for me to come to the Significant main for 2.09 (1.44) library on weekdays before noon. gender and status. 15. It is most convenient for me to come to the Significant main 2.35 (1.54) library on weekdays between noon and 5 p.m. effects for status. TABLE4 LffiRARY HOURS Significant Interactions by Gender and Status Gender Status Male Female Full Part Mean F F Item (overall N = 299) (S.D. N=lOO N=199 <e> ce N= 150 N= 149 <e> ce 11. It is most convenient for 3.82 No effect 3.52 4.13 11.72 .035 me to come to the (1.41) (1.49) (1.25) (.001) library on Saturday. 14. It is most convenient 2.09 1.77 2.24 4.70 .009 2.52 1.66 23.75 .004 for me to come to the (1.44) (1.22) (1.51) (.031) (1.53) (1.21) (.000) library on weekdays before noon. 15. It is most convenient 2.35 No effect 2.93 1.67 43.40 .002 for me to come to the (1.54) (1.60) (1.23) (.000) library on weekdays between noon and 5 p.m. Mean, S.D. , N, F values, (p), and Cochrans Cp values data for responses in which age had a significant main effect. Item5 11 and 14, on Saturday and weekday morning preferences, showed a main effect for status only, with part- time students indicating a significantly stronger convenience preference for Saturdays than full-time students, and full-time students indicating a stronger convenience preference for weekday mornings than part-time students. If, for example, employment is the reason for part-time status, most likely these stu- dents are at work during weekday hours. A programmatic response for in- stitutions with a large enrollment of part- time students might be to preserve and perhaps even expand Saturday hours. A possible trade-off could be to reduce tradi- tional weekday daytime hours. Items 12 and 13, on Sunday hours and evening hours, are among the few items on the survey that had significant two- way interaction, in this case by both 334 College & Research Libraries July 1994 TABLES LlliRARY HOURS Significant Interactions by Gender and Age Item 12. It is most convenient for me to come to the hbnuy on Sunday. M(S.D.) 3.81 (1.48) F (p) 3.74 (.025) Male N=26 N=38 18-25 26-33 years years 3.61 4.18 (1.44) (1.20) Female N=36 N=55 N=63 N=81 34-41 18-25 26-33 34-41 years years years years 4.05 3.96 3.37 3.84 (1.17) (1.40) (1.73) (1.53) 13. It is most convenient 3.86 4.39 3.38 4.47 4.17 3.73 3.68 3.81 for me to come to the (1.29) (.013) (1.44) (0.73) (1.08) (1.34) (1.34) (1.35) library on evenings after 5 p.m. Means, S.D., F values, p, N gender and age. Males in the 26-33-year- old age group and females in the tradi- tional student age group of 18-25 years both indicate a stronger convenience preference for Sunday than other stu- dents of the same gender but in different age groups. Females in the 34-41-year- old age group and again males aged 26- 33 years showed a stronger convenience preference for evening hours than did other students of the same gender but of different ages. Complaints about library hours, while not great in number, appear with regu- larity in the ASUW suggestion box. However, the survey data on library hours showed that the hours are not a serious problem for most students. Item 22 (table 8), which asks if the library hours are a problem, earned an overall mean score of 2.69, which is moderately low, with no interactions to indicate a difference in opinion between the tradi- tional and nontraditional students. The survey confirmed what was already known about use patterns and library hours, and did not provide any new in- sights or information in this area. In fact, the analysis showed no consistent pat- tern based on student age, status, or gen- der that would be of help in determining library hours. Questions that would de- termine how early or late the library should be open and who would be ac- commodated by such a schedule, and those which might identify such pat- terns as the tendency to come to the library before or after class rather than on a different day than the class meets, might have been more useful. Making effective program changes to match user needs in this area remains problematic because the individual circumstances, needs, and preferences of students are inconsistent and highly variable, and there appear to be no discernible group tendencies to consider in planning and scheduling hours. The library already provides hours of service during the days and times identified as most con- venient for students.33 Adjusting staffing to accommodate demand during these known time periods has already been done, and this study failed to produce information that would indicate what changes, if any, are needed. SECTION III: PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE OF SELECTED LIBRARY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Table 6 shows responses to survey items 16-21, which asked students to identify how important various services were to them. The responses range from a low of 1 = "not important" to a high of 5 = "very important." Of the six items in this section, there were no significant interactions for two items, numbers 18 and 19, indicating no significant difference in the student re- sponses based on gender, age, or status. Item 18 additionally received the highest Nontraditional Students 335 TABLE6 IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT LIBRARY SERVICES Significant Interactions Found with Overall Mean and S.d. for Each Item 16. A quiet place in the library to study is important to me. 17. It is important to me to have a space in the library for groups to meet and work on class projects. 18. It is important to me to have access in the library to books and magazines. 19. It is important to me for the library to have classes in how to use elec- tronic sources. 20. It is important to me to have library assistance with using specific sources. 21. It is important to me for someone in the library to provide advice on how to do research. overall mean score, at 4.34, of any item in the whole survey. This strong re- sponse to "how important to you is ac- cess to books and magazines" may indicate that libraries are perceived as filling a very traditional role, that of warehouse, for traditional library mate- rials, and that it is the most important service that the library provides. ASUW, however, has made a commitment to ac- cess as a viable alternative to ownership, and has developed a delivery system from the main campus that makes this an attractive alternative that students have used since the library opened. An- other interpretation of this response may be that students see the library as the agency that will get the material they need, regardless of where it is, and having it on the shelf just in case some- one needs it may not be as important as getting it only when someone needs it. Because of the established tradition in the ASUW library of relying on remote resources, the latter case may be most significant. The next strongest response in Section III was an overall mean score of 4.02, also among the highest scores in the survey, for item 16, "How important is the li- Interactions Mean S.D. Significant main 4.02 (1.30) effect for status. Significant main 3.68 (1.34) effect for status. No significant 4.34 (0.93) interaction. No significant 2.84 (1.30) interaction. Significant main 3.85 (1.07) effect for gender. Significant main 3.52 (1.30) effect for gender. brary as a quiet place to study." Students again selected a very traditional library role, that of study hall, as important. This response disproved one of our as- sumptions, that adult students would prefer to study at home rather than on campus. The assumption was based on the fact that ASUW is a nonresidential campus, with just over half (55 percent) of the students in the sample indicating they were on campus two to four times a week and about half (49.8 percent) of the respondents indicating they attend part-time, presumably with work and family responsibilities taking major parts of their available time. A possible consideration is that it may be precisely these factors that motivate so many stu- dents to seek quiet space in the library. However, the data show no main effect for gender, and the effect for status indi- cates it is the full-time students who ex- pressed a stronger need for quiet study space in the library (see table 7). The noise level, primarily from students talking in all areas of the building, is a problem in the library at ASUW. Because of the strong rating this item received, quiet study areas were established and enforced. This accommodation, how- 336 College & Research Libraries July 1994 TABLE7 IMPORTANCE OF SELECTED LIBRARY SERVICES Significant Interactions by Gender and Status Gender Status Male Female Full Part Mean F F Item (overall N = 299) (S.D.) N=lOO N=199 (p) Cp N=ISO N=149 (p) Cp 16. A quiet place in the library to study is important to me. 17. It is important to me to have a space in the library for groups to meet and work on · class projects. 4.02 No effect (1.30) 3.68 No effect (3.96) 4.25 3.79 5.67 .001 (1.09) (1.45) (.018) 3.97 3.40 10.89 .124 (1.23) (1.40) (.001) 20. It is important to me to 3.85 3.54 4.00 11.01 .468 No interaction have library assistance (1.07) (1.10) (1.03) (.001) with using specific sources. 21. It is important to me 3.52 3.16 3.70 10.26 .325 No interaction for someone in the (1.29) (1.34) (1.23) (.002) library to provide advice on how to do research. Mean, S.D., N, F values, p, and Cochrans Cp values ever, was not strongly demanded by nontraditional students. Responses from Section III also show a moderately strong, or overall mean of 3.68, response to item 17 indicating a need for space in the library for groups to meet was important, and significantly so for full-time students. Classes in how to use electronic sources earned an over- all mean score of2.84, or a moderately low response. Again, the assumption that part-time students would have a greater need for the group study rooms, because of conflicts with schedules and supposedly more limited time options to meet classmates, was not supported. Neither was the need, from the student perspective, for instruction in using elec- tronic resources. It may be that students prefer to get help at the Reference Desk at the time they need it, since it is readily available and they would not have to commit additional time to attend a class. This conclusion appears to be supported by the response to item 20. Or, they have more confidence, comfort, and ability with computers than we assume. The perva- sive presence of computers in so many · aspects of life may be making them much more familiar to everyone, including adults, and the notion that computers are a continuing source of anxiety to nontra- ditional students may be changing. Other differences in this section are gender-based and evident in the analy- sis of items 20 and 21 (table 7). Female students indicated that assistance, bOth in using specific sources and in doing research, was important to them, more so that it was to male students. This dif- ference may be due either to weaker li- brary skills or to a stronger tendency among women to ask for help. In the budget-conscious environment of higher education today, it would have been useful to have expanded this sec- tion of the survey to include a wider range of services. The ones selected relate pri- marily to space, reference and research support services, and access. While the data gathered in these areas were both interesting and useful, a wider range of Nontraditional Students 337 TABLES EVALUATION OF SELECfED LIBRARY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Significant Interactions Found with Overall Mean and S.d. for Each Item Interactions Mean S.D. 22. A problem for me is that library No significant interactions. 2.69 (1.38) hours are not long enough. 23. A problem for me is that research Significant two-way inter- 2.83 (1.18) takes too much time. action for gender by age. 24. A problem for me is that there are No significant interaction. 3.04 (1.34) not enough books and periodicals. 25. A problem for me is that there are Significant two-way inter- 3.10 (1.34) too few terminals. action for status by gender. 26. A problem for me is that there is Significant main effects for 2.48 (1.14) not enough assistance available. gender and status. 27. A problem for me is that I am Significant main effects 2.53 (1.28) unfamiliar with this library. for status and gender. 28. A problem for me is that it takes Significant main effects 2.90 (1.37) too long to get materials from for age. Tempe. programs and services which students could evaluate and rate to indicate those of lesser importance would be of great help in budget planning, particularly in times of retrenchment. SECTION IV: EVALUATION OF SELECTED LIBRARY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES The final section of the survey, items 22 to 28, asked students to rate which of seven library programs and services were perceived to be problems, or not problems in using the library. For this section, a low score of 1 = "not a serious problem" and a high of 5 = "very serious problem." Results are shown in table 8. Item 22, the question of hours, has been addressed earlier in Section II. The question in this section, "A problem for me is that library hours are not long enough," ha~. no significant interactions. Collections, reflected by item 24, at an over- all mean of 3.04 received a moderate score, with no significant differences shown be- tween responses from traditional and nontraditional students. For interactions by gender and status to items 26 and 27, see table 9. Item 26, ''There is not enough assistance avail- able," cmd item 27 "I am unfamiliar with this library," both had moderately low scores at an overall mean of 2.48 and 2.53. Significant interactions for status and gender are present for both items. Women and part-time students were sig- nificantly different in responding to both of these items. Both groups indicated that a lack of assistance and less familiarity with this library were stronger problems for them than for men and full-time stu- dents. This inay underscore the need for targeting these two groups for more orien- tation and instruction, or to bring to their attention some of the services available to assist them, such as the consultation by appointment the librarians provide. The only item in the survey for which a significant main effect was found solely for age was number 28, "It takes too long to get materials from Tempe," although with a mean score of 2.90 this could be seen as only a moderate prob- lem, or only a serious problem to a few and not to many. However, it is interest- ing to note that the group expressing the stronger concern that this is a prob- lem is the traditional 18-25-year-old group rather than the older students (see table 10). Since item 28 had three levels, a Tukey procedure was per- formed to determine which age group ~------------------------------------------------------------------ - 338 College & Research Libraries July 1994 TABLE9 EVALUATION OF SELECfED LIBRARY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Significant Interactions by Gender and Status Gender Status Male Female Full Part Mean F F Item (overall N = 299) (S.D. N=100 N = 199 (p) Cp N=150 N=149 (p) Cp 26. A problem for me is that 2.47 2.29 2.57 4.79 .112 2.40 2.55 4.28 .452 there is not assistance (1.14) (1.04) (1.18) (.029) (1.18) (1.10) (.039) available. 27. A problem for me is that 2.53 2.29 2.64 7.21 .008 2.35 2.70 10.24 .974 I am unfamiliar with this (1.28) (1.09) (1.35) (.008) (1.27) (1.27) (.002) library. Mean, S.D., N, F values, (p) and Cochrans Cp values TABLElO ITEM 28: INTERACfiONS BY AGE Age N=81 N= 101 N=117 Item (overall N = 299) Mean (S.D.) 18-25 Years 26-33 Years 34-41 Years F(p) Cp 28. A problem for me is that it takes too long to get materials from Tempe. 2.91 (1.37) 3.27 (1.24 Mean, (S.D.), N, F values, (p) and Cochrans Cp values 2.73 (1.36) 2.80 (1.43) 5.00 (.007) .376 TABLEll EVALUATION OF SELECfED LIBRARY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES Item 23: Significant Interaction by Gender and Age N=26 Mean 18-25 Item (S.D.) F (p) Years 23. A problem for me is 2.83 4.11 3.00 that research takes (1.18) (.017) (1.10) too much time. Mean, (S.D.) F values, p means were significantly different at the alpha = .05 level. A Cochrans C homoge- neity of variance test showed the groups were homogeneous (p = .376, not rejecting the hypothesis that the variances are equal) at alpha= .05. The Tukey procedure showed the 18-25-year-old group to be significantly different (p = < .05) from both the 26-33-year-old group and the 34--41- year-old group. Although the overall mean was moderate for item 28, the mean of 3.27 for 18-25-year-olds indicates a stronger Male Female N=38 N=36 N=55 N=63 N=81 26-33 34-41 18-25 26-33 34-41 Years Years Years Years Years 2.92 2.25 3.24 2.57 2.91 (1.12) (0.94) (1.20) (1.17) (1.21) belief in this age group that it takes too long to get materials from Tempe. The significance of this finding is that it shows a greater level of comfort and acceptance among older students for li- brary models such as the one used at ASUW that feature enhanced access as an answer to reduced ownership of ma- terials. These models require users to plan ahead, even if just for forty-eight hours, to receive selected items. The ad- vantage for users is savings in time that would otherwise be needed for collect- ing materials from the shelves and pho- tocopying articles. Older students have adapted more effectively to this model, which is becoming increasingly more common among academic libraries. The final analysis of this section covers item 23 and is shown in table 11. Analy- sis by gender and age of responses to item 23, "A problem for me is that library research takes too much time," shows that there is a significant difference in the scores of both older men and older women. The older group of males found this less of a problem than either of the younger groups of males. The older women also found this less of a problem than did the younger women. More ma- ture students are either better able to make use of what time they have, or more accepting of the amount of time library research takes. CONCLUSIONS This survey showed no significant dif- ferences between the responses of tradi- tional and nontraditional students in six areas. These included the pressure felt from lack of time, their ability to find what they need in the library on their own, the importance of instruction on using electronic sources, and concerns about library hours, the adequacy of col- lections, and the role of the library in providing access to materials. Greater differences were identified in areas relat- ing to technology, perceived value of in- formation literacy and library skills, the willingness to pay for services, and the use of the library as a study space. More differences were found because of gen- der and status as a part-time or full-time student than were found in the age of the students, although this was a relevant factor in questions about hours and use of remote access for obtaining library materials. Data were collected on the subject major of students in this survey, primarily as a check on the validity of the sample. Student majors were not considered as a variable in defining non- traditional students in this study. An Nontraditional Students 339 area for further study might be the vari- ations in responses and the relationship, if any, to the student's area of study. The extremely low use of home com- puters for research by all students, and especially by those who are considered nontraditional, indicates a strong need for marketing and training to help stu- dents take better ad vantage of emerging technologies to solve some library-tise and time-management problems. It may also be true that fewer students have access to home computers than we as- sume. If that is the case, the solution may require an institutional response to as- sist students in acquiring equipment. However, the data from tables 10 and 11 show a significant difference in nontra- ditional students who have adapted bet- ter to a library model that relies heavily on access as an alternative to ownership. Nontraditional students also indicate a stronger enthusiasm for and comfort with using electronic systems and more confi- dence in their ability to use the library than was expected, based on previously pub- lished literature. Services that save time, as well as instruction designed for and mar- keted to women and part-time students, should be considered. More mature students are either better able to make use of what time they have, or more accepting of the amount of time library research takes. The survey met several of the goals we had set out to accomplish. It provided a better and more accurate picture of the nontraditional student, tested some as- sumptions, and gave us a student per- spective. The survey told us a good deal about all of the students at ASUW, not just those we consider to be nontradi- tional, and how they view and use the library. Some services have already been adjusted to reflect the insights gained, and discussion needs to take place about how to address other issues arising from this study. 340 College & Research Libraries July 1994 REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. For statistical projections of enrollments, see William J. Hussar, Projections of Education Statistics to 2003. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1993). For an analysis and explanation of higher education enrollment projections and the potential impacts, see John M. Budd and David G. Robinson ''Enrollment and the Future of Academic Libraries," Library Journal111 (Sept. 15, 1986): 43-46. 2. Noah J. Brown, "Lifelong Learning Trends: A Profile of Continuing Higher Education," National University Continuing Education Association (Bethesda, Md.: ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 319 961, 1990). 3. Brian H. Nordstrom, ''Non-Traditional Students: Adults in Transition" (Bethesda, Md.: ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 310 689, 1989). 4. Jeanie Rountree-Wyly, Susan Frusher, and Tim Ficklin, "A Comparison of Learning Styles in Traditional and Non-Traditional Students" (Bethesda, Md.: ERIC Document Reproduc- tion Service No. ED 310 689, 1988). 5. Brian Nordstrom, ''Non-Traditional Students: Adults in Transition," 4. 6. Ibid., 16. 7. Jean Sheridan, "Andragogy: ANew Concept for Academic Librarians," Research Strategies 4 (Fall1986): 156-67. 8. Malcolm S. Knowles," Andragogy, Not Pedagogy!" Adult Leadership 16 (Apr. 1968): 351; The Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980); The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (Houston, Tex.: Gulf Pub- lishing Company, 1984). 9. Jean Sheridan, "Andragogy: ANew Concept for Academic Librarians." 10. Mary Kennedy, "Bibliographic Instruction in the Academic Library: Looking at the Adult Student," Reference Librarian 10 (Spring/Summer 1984): 205-13. 11. Susan Swords Steffen, "Designing Bibliographic Instruction Programs for Adult Students: The Schaffner Library Experience," fllinois Libraries 70 (Dec. 1988): 644-49. 12. Sheila Howard, "Library Use Education for Adult University Students," Canadian Library Journal40 (June 1983): 149-55. 13. Jacquelyn Coughlan, ''The BI Librarian's New Constituency: Adult Independent Learners," Reference Librarian 24 (1989): 159-73. . 14. Andrea Wyman, ''Working with Nontraditional Students in the Academic Library," Journal of Academic Librarianship 14 (Mar. 1988): 32-33. 15. Jean Sheridan, ''Teaching Part-time MBAs to Use a Library," Research Strategies 3 (Fal11985): 184-90. 16. Nicholas G. Tomaiuolo, "Reconsidering Bibliographic Instruction for Adult Reentry Stu- dents: Emphasizing the Practical," Reference Services Review (Spring 1990): 49-54. 17. Betsy N. Hine, Janet Meek, and Ruth H. Miller, "Bibliographic Instruction for the Adult Student in an Academic Library," Journal of Continuing Higher Education 37 (Spring 1989): 20-24. 18. Colette A. Wagner and Augusta S. Kappner, ''The Academic Library and the Nontraditional Student" (Bethesda, Md.: ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 284 589, 1987). 19. Cheryl Polson, "Adult Learners: Characteristics, Concerns, and Challenges to Higher Educa- tion: A Bibliography," National Academic Advising Journal9 (Fal11989): 8~112. This bibliog- raphy includes over 850 citations. See also Sharon Merriam, "Finding Your Way through the Maze: A Guide to the Literature on Adult Learning," Lifelong Learning 11 (Apr. 1988): 4-7. 20. Eric V. Iovacchini, Linda M. Hall, and Dennis D. Hengstler, "Going Back to College: Some Differences between Adult Students and Traditional Students," College and University 61 (Fal11985): 43-54. 21. DonnaS. Queeney, "Adult Learners: A Focus on Who They Are, What They Need, and the Problems They Face," Journal of Continuing Higher Education 32 (Spring 1984): 2-6. 22. Michael Hu, "Determining the Need and Attitudes of Non-Traditional Students," College and University 60 (Spring 1985): 201-9. 23. Brian Nordstrom, ''Non-Traditional Students: Adults in Transition." 24. Arizona State University West, Office of Institutional Planning and Research, "Environ- mental Conditions Abstract Update," September 1990. Nontraditional Students 341 25. Arizona State University West, Office of Institutional Planning and Research, "Enrollment and Student Characteristics Summary Abstract," Jan. 1993. 26. Dennis Isbell and Lisa Kammerlocher, "Participatory Evaluation: Alternatives for Library Instruction Evaluation." Mapping the Future: Contributed Papers. · (Paper presented at the ASLA-AEMAJoint Conference, Phoenix, Ariz., 1992): 1-18. 27. The form of some of the questions was suggested by a survey conducted by Leon A. Joakobovits and Diane Nahl-Jokobovits in "Measuring Information Searching Compe- tence," College & Research Libraries 51 (Sept. 1990): 448-62. Used with permission of the authors. 28. Susan Swords Steffen, "Designing Bibliographic Instruction Programs for Adult Students: The Schaffner Library Experience," 645; Sheila Howard, "Library Use Education for Adult University Students," 151. 29. Susan Swords Steffen, "Designing Bibliographic Instruction Programs for Adult Students: The Schaffner Library Experience," 646. 30. Althea H. Jenkins, "Guest Editorial: Surviving the Flood," College & Research Libraries 53 (July 1992): 281-82. 31. Brian Nordstrom, ''Non-Traditional Students: Adults in Transition," 15. 32. Arizona State University West, Office of Institutional Planning and Research, ''Market Study" (Spring 1991), 45. 33. The ASUW Library is at present open 87 hours a week. Library hours are Monday to Thursday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m.; Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; and Sunday, 11 a.m. to 9 p.m.