College and Research Libraries 184 College & Reseai".ch Libraries political changes, so that ~'Germany'' in- cludes articles on the two separate states and an appendix on events since unifica- tion. Affairs in eastern Europe sometimes moved too fast for the edUors. The 1986 articles on Yugoslavia and the USSR are reprinted without change, although arti- cles on two Baltic republics and Ukraine did arrive in time to be added. Indexing has been a concern in all edi- tions of this complex work. The brief descriptions of indexed terms have been dropped in this edition to allow a reduc- tion in index pages together with a slight increase in index terms. Access to the contents of the articles is improved, but still inadequate for many purposes. For example, the index entry "Periodicals" now refers to the article on "Indexing," but still not to the article on "Serials"; NOTIS and OCLC are there, but not the innovative PICA system in "Nether- lands"; Enoch Pratt Free Library is missing, although half the article on Joseph Wheeler discusses his work there. Entries that simply duplicate titles of encyclopedia entries might be cut, and replacing the six. long lists of countries with a standard reference to those arti- cles would free three to four pages for more index terms. Despite the title change in this edition, the tension between the ALA and the world as defining elements of the Ency- clopedia continues. A sampling suggests that the United States and the rest of the world each account for about half the biographical entries. Of the general arti- cles, a very few take an integrated, inter- national approach; others describe the situation in the United States and then briefly survey other countries; still others make no reference to develop- ments outside North America. When other countries are mentioned, they are most often wealthy, English-speaking nations. A major reason for this bias is the choice of authors. With few excep- tions (notably "School Libraries," a model for writing about international librarianship), authors from outside North America write only about foreign countries, foreign people, or inter- national organizations, and only one March 1994 contributor to a general article is not from an English-speaking country. Diffi- culties identifying contributors and translation costs undoubtedly played a role in this decision, but a return to the international advisory board of the sec- ond edition and some use of volunteer translators (Could ACRL's international sections help?) might make this more truly a world reference work. The original editions had a thematic as well as an alphabetic approach. A table of contents provided access to articles on each of five broad areas, making it possible to use the work as an intro- ductory reader as well as a reference book. The table of contents is gone in this edition, but many of the articles still seem more appropriate to an introductory anthology. They coexist strangely with the more factually oriented surveys of countries and the biographies. Perhaps ALA should consider dividing The World Encyclopedia into three volumes, the country articles, the surveys of libraries and librarianship, and the biographies. That would allow libraries to acquire those volumes that are most important to their mission and would allow a more flexible update schedule. A paperback edition of the thematic articles would be a wonderful addition to the available textbooks for survey courses in library schools. The World Encyclopedia has been my leisure reading on and off for several months, and it's met Horace's require- ment for literature by being both delight- ful and instructive. As it is, those with a strong interest in international librarian- ship and information policy or in staff development or support of library school students will find the updated articles useful, but someone looking for a ready-reference work with many articles on individual topics will be disappointed.-James McLean Camp- bell, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Representations, no. 42 (Spring 1993). "Special Issue: Future Libraries." $7.50. This special issue of the journal Repre- sentations, titled "Future Libraries," con- sists of nine articles, preceded by a sum- mary introduction written by the edi- tors, R. Howard Bloch and Carla Hesse, both of whom are faculty members at the University of California, Berkeley. The impetus for this special issue was the recent conference held at Berkeley on the implications of-and controversies sur- rounding-the planning for the new French national library, the Bibliotheque de France, and most of the essays in this collection were, in fact, delivered as papers at the conference. Supplemented by two others, they will appear as a sep- arate monograph, to be published in 1994 by the University of California Press. The quality and content of the nine articles vary widely. The lead article, "The Places of Books in the Age of Elec- tronic Reproduction" by Geoffrey Nun- berg, a · researcher at Xerox and a consulting professor of linguistics at Stanford, is perhaps the most challeng- ing and intriguing piece in the collection; it alone makes the issue worth tracking down. Nunberg's thesis is that "it is pre- cisely because ... [information] technolo- gies transcend the material limitations of the book that they will have trouble assuming its role." Online sources, in other words, will not soon replace the book, but will rather supplement it as a new form of access. Especially useful is his discussion of what he calls the "mod- ularity" of documentation-the need to divide information into discrete, bounded units, and the effects of differ- ent units on each other by virtue of their relative physical location. Nunberg is sensitive to the implications of an infor- mation environment that can be per- sonally customized, and he suggests we are returning to an online form of the medieval scriptorium, in which every- one "copies" the documents he or she intends to use, and where each copy is potentially different from any other. My only disagreement with this very in- sightful essay is its occasional reference to the "immateriality" (pp. 15 and 21) of online information. Information can only be transferred, of course, by some material means, and it is precisely that Book Reviews 185 means of transfer which has been and will remain the primary focus and re- sponsibility of the library. Online infor- mation is · as material as print information-but the matter of which it is composed is indeed of a very different order, and the challenge to libraries is to learn and to understand how that matter can be managed. To imply, as Nunberg occasionally seems to do, that online in- formation is somehow "immaterial" dis- tracts us from that fundamental task. Roger Chartier's "Libraries without Walls" (translated by Lydia Cochrane) is an excerpt from his L'Ordre des livres, in which he traces and compares some of the milestones of sixteenth- and seven- teenth-century enumerative bibliogra- phy. Chartier considers the relationships between libraries, collections, catalogs, and bibliographies, all of which were referred to in the seventeenth century by the single term bibliotheque. The essay "Copyright without Walls? Speculations on Literary Property in the Library of the Future" by Jane C. Gins- burg, a copyright specialist at the Colum- bia Law School, is certainly one of the best explanations yet published on the thorny issue of the ownership of online publications. Ginsburg anticipates, as do many other legal scholars, that copyright will likely be replaced in an online en- vironment by contractual agreements be- tween publishers and libraries or users, and she adds her voice to those that are warning us that the provisions of "fair use," so important to access in the print environment, will be jeopardized. Ginsburg also suggests that, in order to counteract the overcharging by pub- lishers that could well result from such a shift from copyright to contracts, we might consider the possibility of a return to some of the provisions of the original protocopyright law, the 1710 English Statute of Queen Anne, according to which anyone who thought that prices charged by publishers were too high had the right to appeal those prices to a cen- tral authority, which had in turn the power to question and presumably to require publishers to make price adjust- ments.-Dream on. 186 College & Research Libraries Dominique Jamet and Helene Ways- bord provide a short piece-one as- sumes, the "official" statement--on the background and aspirations of the Bibli- otheque de France. This is followed by a much more detailed essay by Gerald Grunberg, the head librarian of the Bib- liotheque de France, and Alain Gifford, the head of information services, on the projected service and collection policies of the new library. In a short piece en- titled "My Everydays," Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, the chief administrator of the Bibliotheque Nationale talks about how he spends his time. The scene shifts from France to Eastern Europe in the next essay, in which Prosser Gifford of the Library of Congress describes the efforts and plans to assist Eastern European countries in developing parliamentary libraries. Networking among Eastern European libraries, and between those libraries and the libraries in Western countries, is seen, of course, as a primary means of establishing open and effective information services. The final two articles are on library architecture. The first is a straightfor.:.. ward description by architect Cathy Simon of the design of the San Francisco Public Library, and the final article is a highly energetic discussion by Anthony Vidler, a professor of architecture at Princeton, of the controversies sur- rounding the selection of Dominique Perrault's design for the Bibliotheque de France. Vidler concludes that "rarely has architecture been so fundamentally re- duced to the status of an ideological sign." Anyone at all interested in library architecture will find Vidler's essay well worth perusing. Few librarians will want to read through this collection from beginning to end, but most will find one or two of the essays relevant and refreshing. These are voices we seldom hear: European librarians as well as American scholars who have taken the trouble to famili- arize themselves with some key library issues. The stated purpose of the collec- tion is to place the debate over the future of scholarly communication and librar- ies "within some significant historical March 1994 and social perspective, to burrow beneath its terms in order to identify and to contex- tualize its stakes and motivations" -and it is in a way the very disjointedness of these essays, the range of knowledge and authority they exhibit, that con- tribute most to the fulfillment of that pur- pose. Many vocal stakeholders and many conflicting motivations will influence and drive the transformation of the research library, and those of us responsible for managing that transition do well to heed as many opinions, theories, and gripes about the future evolution of the library as we can find-especially those emanating from the professional users of our services. This special issue of Representations pro- vides an appropriately diverse sample of such visions and values.-Ross Atkinson, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Carlson, David R. English Humanist Books: Writers and Patrons, Manuscript and Print,1475-1525. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Pr., 1993. 275p. $50 (ISBN 0- 9020-2911-6). ''This is a book about books: why they were made the way they were and how they were used, in England, during an important period in their history," begins David Carlson, a member of the Department of English at the University of Ottawa. The developing professionalization of humanistic scholarship during the reign of Henry VII and the early years of Henry VIII emerges clearly from Carl- son's seven case studies of the private, semiprivate, and public appearances of particular works. He analyzes lavish presentation manuscripts that either succeeded or failed to elicit patronage; deliberate fashioning of the authorial image through choice of material; reuse of the same material in different formats and for differing audiences; the issue of both impressing and benefiting from one's peers; the role of the printer in ·establishing reputations and in reach- ing markets; the uses and impact of single and multiple copies, manuscript and print distribution; and the mean- ings of manuscripts' nonverbal elements and their graphic presentations.