College and Research Libraries COMPILED BY SIGNE OTTERSEN A Bibliography on Standards for Evaluating Libraries THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 138 references is the r esult of a search of the literature for informative statements which might be helpful in determining guidelines for the evaluation of subject collections in fed- eral government libraries. It was com- piled as Part II of "A Critique on Stan- dards for Evaluating Library Collec- tions" which was prepared for members of the Federal Library Committee's Task Force on Acquisition of Library Ma- terials and Correia tion of Federal Li- brary Resources. Much has been written on standards but there is less in the nature of sig- nificant facts based on actual experience in developing and applying criteria. Ac- cordingly, the references included are only those which have been selected be- cause of their contribution to ( 1) an un- derstanding of the elements of library standards and criteria necessary for sub- ject evaluation, and ( 2) methodology suitable for application to the evaluation task. A few references were not avail- able for examination. The arrangement is alphab etical by author, and each entry includes a de- scriptive annotation or an abstract from the contents of the article or book cited in order to call attention to a significant portion of it. Miss Otter sen is Research Bibliographer, Biological Sciences Communication Project, The George Washington University Medi- cal Center. This study was supported by OE Contract no. OEC-0-8080310-3742 (095). A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING LIBRARIES Adams, Velma Lee. "Growth of a Li- brary," Arkansas Libraries 12:7-9 (Oc- tober 1955). In seeking accreditation by the North Central Association, Southern State Col- lege, Magnolia, Arkansas, made a study of the library and its collection. Faculty ex- perts made recommendations for additions and discards, and library holdings were compared with appropriate lists. Adelman, George. "Ask the Men Who Know; the Neurosciences Research Pro- gram Goes to the Best People in the Field and Asks Them," Library ] our- nal94:1413- 15 (1 April1969). Specialists in the neurosciences will have to be consulted in their field since the lit- erature is too great for a librarian to cope with. American Library Association. Standards for College Libraries. Chicago, Ill. , Amer- ican Library Association, 1959. American Library Association. Public Li- braries Division. Coordinating Commit- tee on Revision of Public Library Stan- dards . Public Library Service-A Guide to Evaluation with Minimum Standards. Chicago, American Library Association, 1954. Specific standards, defining minimum adequacy rather than goals, are based on best professional opinion checked by sta- tistical study where needed and possible. Among standards applicable to collections are: ( 1) Library program is focused upon clear and specific objectives; (2) materials are selected, retained, and discarded in I 127 128 I College & Research Libraries • March 1971 light of conscious objectives and written policy statement covers selection, main- tenance of material; ( 3) systematic re- moval of nonuseful material. · Asheim, Lester, and others. The Human- ities and the Library; Problems in the Interpretation, Evaluation and Use of Library Materials. Chicago, American Li- brary Association, 1957. 304p. A textbook about the contents of books and the criteria for evaluating them. Association of College and Research Li- braries. Quantitative Criteria for Ade- quacy of Academic Library Collections. Chicago, American Library Association, 1965. 12p. Association of College and Research Li- braries. Committee on Liaison with Ac- crediting Agencies. "Guide to Methods of Library Evaluation," College and Re- search Libraries News 9:293-99 (Oc- tober 1968). The following evaluation methods are offered as aids in judging the adequacy of an academic library: use of selected lists, consultation with specialists, and sampling of students about ease in obtaining sources. The coverage must be adequate for courses offered and research in progress. Association of College and Research Li- braries. Committee on Standards. "'Stan- dards for College Libraries," College and Research Libraries 20:27 4-83 (July 1959). Ibid., Drexel Library Quarterly 2:251- 63 (July 1966). A summary of the standards for the book and periodical collection follows: ( 1) The collection should meet full curriculum needs of the undergraduate and graduate and support faculty in keeping abreast of advances, or for independent study; ( 2) the collection should contain "standard works which represent the heritage of civi-:- lization"; ( 3) there should be a strong and up-to-date reference collection in all major fields of knowledge-and not restrict- ed to curriculum; ( 4) periodical collec- tions should meet requirements of collater- al reading of undergraduates and in some measure meet research needs of advanced students and faculty; ( 5) "Printed manu- script, and archival materials pertaining to the institutions of which the library is a part should be collected and preserved"; ( 6) no censorship of librarian's selection on all sides of a controversial issue; (7) quality of collection should not be sacri- ficed to unnecessary duplication; (8) ob- solete materials should be weeded with advice from faculty members; ( 9) library holdings should be checked frequently against standard bibliographies; ( 10) the size is determined by an analysis of col- lege statistics-curriculum, number of stu- dents, faculty, etc. Association of College and Research Li- braries. Standards Committee. College and University Library Accreditation Standards-1957; comp. by Eli M. Obol- er and others. Chicago: American Li- brmy Association, 1958. 46p. (ACRL Monograph No. 20). "This monograph is the first publication in one place of all the requirements for li- braries and institutions of higher education specified by the twenty-one professional and six regional accrediting associations recognized by the National Commission on Accrediting." Bach, Harry. "Evaluation of the University Library Collection," Library Resources & Technical Services 2:24-29 (Winter 1958). The two methods most commonly em- ployed to appraise the adequacy of an academic library are faculty opinion and bibliographic checking. Comparison with other institutions, availability checks, and sampling techniques are other procedures. There is a useful bibliography. Bailey, George M. "The Role of the Stan- dards," Drexel Library Quarterly 2:207- 12 (July 1966). A general paper on the "Standards for College Libraries." Blanchard, J. Richard. "Planning the Con- version of a College to a University Li- brary," College & Research Libraries 29:297-302 (July 1968). Abstract: "Many new university librar- Standards for Evaluating Libraries /129 ies are being rapidly developed out of old- er, small college collections. Methods and standards available for the planning of such libraries include the Clapp-Jordan formula for book collections and standards for buildings and book collections used by the State of California. Professor Robert Hayes of the School of Library Service, UCLA, is preparing a formula for the de- velopment of collections in University of California libraries. Methods used in plan- ning for the development of the Univer- sity of California Library, Davis, are de- scribed." Bloomquist, Harold. "The Status and Needs of Medical Libraries in the United States/' Journal of Medical Education 38: 145-63 (March 1963) . No standards for medical libraries have been developed but three medical librar- ians, Rogers, Esterquist, and Meyerhoff, suggest collections of 100,000 volumes. Brown, Helen M. "The Standards and the College Library in 1965," Drexel Li- brary Quarterly 2:202-06 (July 1966). The mushrooming of college enrollment indicates that some changes in the "Stan- dards" may be required. The author quotes the following: "Emery M. Foster, Con- sultant for the Library Services Division of the United States Office of Education, has recently presented to the ACRL Standards Committee a proposal to analyze the Stan- dards by using the statistics now available at USOE. "In order to reflect quality in the quan- tity standards, the analysis must include only the statistical characteristics of gen- erally acknowledged good institutions · known to have good library services. If the standards can be statistically shown to be the practice of publicly recognized quality libraries, it will be accepted as a valid standard for that type and size of institu- tion." Buck, Paul Herman. Libraries and Univer- sities, Addresses and Reports; edited by Edwin E. Williams. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964. 172p. ''. . . The value of Harvard's great col- lection can be ascribed in large part to the fact that it has been built up to serve schol- ars; much of it, indeed has been selected by members of the Faculties .... Selection of books for a library like this calls for an attempt to foresee the future courses of re- search and to obtain publications that, though they seem insignificant today, will be wanted by scholars tomorrow. The rich- ness of Harvard's holdings is a product of the joint effort of professors and librarians over many generations, and no other li- brary today has the assistance of a commu- nity equally well qualified to help build it for the future." Burdick, Charles. "Library and the Aca- demic Community," Library Resources & Technical Services 8:157-60 (Spring 1964). "In recent years the entire concept of a library's collection has changed from quan- tity to quality. While a library containing several million volumes has unquestioned merit, its mere size is not positive proof of competence. With care and proper selec- tion, a library can build a superb collec- tion in a given study area. The Hoover In- stitution at Stanford University with fewer than 200,000 volumes, ranks as a world leader in its fields of endeavor. No longer need a library hide its collective head be- cause of the limited number of books on its shelves." Burns, Norman. "Accrediting Procedures with Special Reference to Libraries," College & Research Libraries 10:155-58 (April 1949). The author writes: "It is clear, then, that in appraising the worth of an institution it is essential that one begin with the pur- poses of the institution and proceed from there to examine its program-the curricu- lum, the faculty, the student, personnel services, the library-in the light of the particular goals which the institution has set for itself. Implicit in this approach is the concept of a qualitative approach rather than reliance on merely quantitative mea- sures. " Burns, R. Vv. Evaluation of the Holdings in Science/Technology in the Universi- ty of Idaho Library. Moscow: Universi- 130 I College & Research Libraries • March 1971 ty of Idaho Library, 1968. 52p. Mimeo- graphed. Among . the criteria against which the li- brary was measured were lists of materials published by professional societies, basic lists in various disciplines, holdings of oth- er libraries, availability of indexing and abstracting services, and serials covered therein. Camovsky, Leon. "Evaluation of Library Services," UNESCO Bulletin for Librar- ies 13:221-25 (October 1959). In evaluating a collection attention should be paid not merely to the size but to the quality and relation to the purpose of the library. Camovsky, Leon. "Measurement of Public Library Book Collections," Library Trends 1:462-70 (April 1953). The quality of the book collection can be tested by checking against booklists or bibliographies. Carnovsky, Leon. "Public Library Surveys and Evaluation," Library Quarterly 25 (1) :23-36 (January 1955). ALA's Post-War Standards for Public Libraries ( 1943) states: "Only to a limited and somewhat mechanical extent can the result of the intricate process of book se- lection in terms of an actual collection of books be measured by any system of stan- dards." Appraisals can be made by quan- titative measures (numbers of books and their distribution by subject or type, or by sample checks against lists of titles-or bibliographies. Although the checklist method is time-consuming the author con- siders it more desirable than a report on numbers. Carnovsky, Leon. "Self-evaluation; or How Good Is My Library?," College & Re- search Libraries 3:304-10 (September 1942). The author says " ... a college library is good or not in the degree to which it is equipped to aid in achieving the aims of the college." Many accrediting agencies arbitrarily define the book content of the library. Lists such as Shaw's and Mohr- hardt's are comprehensive for colleges and junior colleges but become obsolete quick- ly. Carnovsky, Leon. "Standards for Special Libraries; Possibilities and Limitations," Library Quarterly 29:168-73 (July 1959). By the very nature of the "special" li- brary it is difficult to assign standards. Be- ing special, or unique, one can but ask the question as to whether the library supplies the information required by the parent in- stitution. Carter, Mary D. and Bonk, W. J. Building Library Collections. N.Y., Scarecrow Press, 1964, 2d ed. 287p. The three important factors in evaluat- ing a collection are ( 1) what kinds of books are in the collection and how val- uable each is in relation to other books on the subject which are not in the library; ( 2) are the books in the collection ap- propriate for the community to be served regardless of how valuable the books may be in an abstract evaluation of their worth; and ( 3) what are the purposes which this particular collection is supposed to accom- plish? Chicorel, Marietta. "Statistics and Stan- dards for College and University Librar- ies," College & Research Libraries 27: 19-22, 51 (January 1966). Standards for college library book col- lections are based on the numbers of stu- dents and the numbers of courses given and the amount and kind of research be- ing performed. That there are no standards for university libraries "may be in part due to the fact minimum standards may be in- terpreted to be maximum standards, and that increases due to population and knowl- edge explosions cannot be built in." In uni- versity libraries the strength of library ser- vices is not indicated by numbers of books. Clapp, Verner W. and Jordan, R. T. "Quantitative Criteria for Adequacy of Academic Library Collections," College & Research Libraries 26: 371-80 ( Sep- tember 1965). ---. "Corrigenda, College & Research Libraries 27:72 (January 1966) . New formulas are developed for estimat- Standards for Evaluating Libraries I 131 ing the number of volumes required for minimum adequacy by academic libraries of widely differing characteristics. Coale, Robert P. "Evaluation of a Re- search Library Collection: Latin-Ameri- can Colonial History at the Newberry," Library Quarterly 35:173-84 (July 1965). " . . . bibliographic checking seems to be most feasible way to evaluate its hold- ings .... " Community Studies, Inc. Libraries in Me- tropolis; a Study of Public Library Ser- vices in the Kansas City and St. Louis Metropolitan Areas. Kansas City, Com- munity Studies, Inc., 1966. The Enoch Pratt Free Library list was used in sampling the quality of the refer- ence collections. Cooper, Marianne. "Criteria for Weeding of Collections," Library Resources & Technical Services 12:339-51 (Summer 1968). Criteria for weeding and storage were determined based on age and usage. They were related to goals, resources, organiza- tion, and administration of the library. Covey, Alan Dale. "Evaluation of College Libraries for Accreditation Purposes," Dissertation Abstracts 15(10) :1863 ( 1955). " ... Library literature was surveyed for criteria, and Schedule C was tested at a number of accredited California teacher's colleges. Among conclusions presented are the following: an institution should be ap- praised in terms of its success in achieving its own stated objectives and in relation to its social patterns as an agency of higher education; a combination of quantitative and qualitative criteria is necessary, but quantitative are to be used only as discus- sion points rather than as fixed minimal standards; the ALA service load formula appears to be the most satisfactory quanti- tative Standard; and the quality of a li- brary staff is indicated by its status within the college." Thesis for Ed.D., Stanford University, 1955. Danton, J. Periam. "The Selection of Books for College Libraries: An Examination of Certain Factors Which Affect Excel- lence of Selection," Ph.D. thesis, Uni- versity of Chicago, 1935. "Attempts to determine effect of librar- ians, faculty, and book fund policies on quality of book selection for liberal arts college libraries. Charles B. Shaw's A List of Books for College Libraries was used as basis for formulation of a book-collection quality index ... " (quoted from Cohen's Library Science Dissertations) . Danton, J. Periam. "The Subject Specialist in National and University Libraries, with Special Reference to Book Selec- tion," Libri 17 ( 1) :42-58 ( 1967) . "Of the world's numerous kinds of li- braries, the national and the university may be properly characterized as having respon- sibilities for both general and universal or nearly universal collecting in the realm of scholarship. That is, these two, and only these two, commonly collect over a very broad spectrum, and in depth, material which makes possible the creation of new knowledge .... " Quality of selection is the truest test of the value of a collection. Downs, R. B. "Doctoral Degrees and Li- brary Resources," College & Research Libraries 30:417-21 (September 1969). This paper updates a similar report pub- lished in 1966 showing the relationship be- tween library holdings and the number of doctoral degrees granted in several Amer- ican universities. Downs, Robert B. "Doctoral Programs and Library Resources," College & Research Libraries 27:123-29, 141 (March 1966). "The chief purpose of the present inves- tigation is to determine whether there exists any direct correlation between the number and variety of doctoral degrees awarded and the strength of library re- sources in individual institutions." The au- thor states that high-level doctoral work in a variety of fields requires 500,000 vol- umes. An institution outstanding for its graduate offerings is almost invariably equally notable for the strength of its li- brary resources. 132 I College & Research Libraries • March 1971 Downs, Robert B. "Research in Problems of Resources," Library Trends 6:147-59 (Octo her 1957) . "Techniques for describing and evaluat- ing library facilities on the research level are still experimental. No generally accept- ed standards have been accepted." Some advocate a specialist's point of view, some the librarian's broader view of library's to- tal resources. Should surveys be restricted to a narrow subject? Quantitative or qual- itative? Downs, Robert B. and Heussman, John W. "Standards for University Libraries," C allege & Research Libraries 31: 28-35 (January 1970). The Committee on University Library Standards of the Association of College and Research Libraries and the Association of Research Libraries, in an attempt to formu- late standards chose fifty U.S. and Cana- dian institutions as a control group for study. The tables presented here concerned with the book collection are: ( 1) Relationships of Total Library Expenditures to Salaries· and Wages; Books, Periodicals, and Bind- ing; General Expenses, ( 2) Student Per Capita Expenditures for Books, Periodicals, and Binding, and for Total Library Ex- penditures, ( 3) Resources: Volumes Add- ed, Current Periodicals, and Microforms, ( 4) Relationship of Enrollment to Number of Volumes and to Number of Current Journals. Downs, Robert B. "Uniform Statistics for Library Holdings," Library Quarterly 16: 63-69 (January 1946) . Several possible methods for measuring holdings are described. Reporting biblio- graphical units rather than accessioned vol- umes is recommended. Linear measure- ment has its adherents but a report of bulk gives no idea of numbers of volumes. Eells, Walter C. "Measurement of the Ade- quacy of a Secondary School Library: A Report on One Phase of the Co-Opera- tive Study of Secondary School Stan- dards," ALA Bulletin 32:160 (March 1938). "Other factors being equal, a library which has the largest percentage of recent- ly published titles in certain fields is prob- ably superior to one with only a small per- centage of recent titles .... " Eells, Walter C. "Recency as a Measure of Book Collection," Junior College Jour- nal 8:308-10 (March 1938). An analysis of recency in Mohrhardt's A List of Books for Junior College Librar- ies ( 1937). Emerson, W. L. "Adequacy of Engineer- ing Resources for Doctoral Research in a University Library," College & Re- search Libraries 18 ( 6) :455-60, 504 (1957). A study of the literature cited in disser- tations of doctoral candidates in engineer- ing at Columbia University to determine whether the university libraries could sup- ply these sources. Falk, Leslie K. and Lazerow, Samuel. "Com- prehensive Collecting-Then and Now," Medical Library Association, Bulletin 49: 432-42 (July 1961). What is meant by "comprehensive" col- lection? It should acquire a copy of every procurable "publication" in (a) core sub- ject areas, (b) immediately supporting dis- ciplines, (c) nonstandard as well as stan- dard explanations, (d) publications written for laymen as well as practitioners, and (e) value criteria should not intrude. Why collect comprehensively? (a) "If one library collects and preserves fully in a well-defined field, other libraries, regard- less of size, can accordingly adjust their collecting and withdrawal activities. (b) The indexing and cataloging of medical literature is most effectively accomplished by one institution having the literature closely under its control. (c) Comprehen- sive collecting is a requirement for the preservation of the history of civilization." Frodin, Reuben. "Finance and the College Library," Library Quarterly 24:374-81 (Octo her 1954) . The kind of educational institution de- termines the character of the library. The author lists about twenty kinds of materi- al which should be in a college library and suggests per capita expenditures. Standards for Evaluating Libraries I 133 Fussier, Herman H. "Acquisition Policy; Larger University Library," College & Research Libraries 14:363-67 (October 1953). Enlarging upon his theory that a research collection often has books for which there are no current specific needs, the author says: ". . . most of the books in a large re- search library are subjected to an extreme- ly low, almost negligible amount of use. The use of a large research library is clear- ly concentrated at any one point in time over a small percentage of its total hold- ings. It is, of course, the balance of the li- brary's holdings which are so infrequently used that in part distinguishes a research library from a college or reference li- brary .... " Fussier, Herman H. and Simon, J. L. Pat- terns in the Use of Books in Large Re- search Libraries. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1969. 210p. Suggest devising formulas in terms of a variety of predictor variables relative to use, e.g., Subject + Time elapsed since last use + Language. Gelfand, Morris A. "A Historical Study of the Evaluation of Libraries in Higher In- stitutions by the Middle States Associa- tion .of Colleges and Secondary Schools," Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 1960. "Chiefly accreditation policies but analy- sis practices and results of library evalua- tions undertaken by A.L.A. after 1946." Gelfand, Morris A. "Techniques of Library Evaluation in the Middle States Asso- ciation," College & Research Libraries 19:305-20 (July 1958). Chiefly quotes from Middle States Asso- ciation of Colleges and Secondary Schools, Commission on Institutions of Higher Edu- cation. ~~The Get-'Em-All Theory of Book Buy- ing," Library I ournal 85: 3387-93 ( Oc- tober 1960). Views of six librarians on "bloc-buying" and "get-'em-all" theory. The consensus is that the professional responsibility of a li- brarian is in book selection. Gormley, Mark M. Academic Libraries, in Maurice M. Tauber and Irlene R. Ste- phens, eds., Library Surveys, p.169-79 New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. "It is true that a small liberal arts col- lege could admirably serve its purpose if it has a large percentage of the items listed in the Shaw, Lamont, and Michigan lists, a generous input from such a current aid as Choice, and additional items to satisfy unique demands .... " Development of a university library requires more compre- hensive study of many subject fields. Gosnell, Charles F. "The Rate of Obsoles- cence in College Library Book Collec- tions as Determined by an Analysis of Three Select Lists of Books for College Libraries," Ph.D. thesis, New York Uni- versity, 1943. Information was derived from a litera- ture review and an analysis of Mohrhardt's, A List of Books for Junior College Librar- ies, 1937, and the 1931 and 1940 editions of Shaw's, A List of Books for College Li- braries. Gosnell, Charles F. "Systematic Weeding," College & Research Libraries 11:137-38 (April1950). The author gives the following reasons for weeding: ( ~) the size of the library should depend on the objectives of the li- brary and the demands of it; ( 2) there is a definite relationship between the age of the book and the likelihood that it will be used. Gosnell, Charles F. "Values and Dangers of Standard Book and Periodical Lists for College Libraries," College & Re- search Libraries 2:216-20 (June 1941). Chiefly a study of the Shaw, Mohrhardt, and Shaw Supplement lists, and obsoles- cence and mortality of such lists. Harley, J. "Quality Versus Quantity," Li- brary Review 109:284-86 (Spring 1954). A somewhat amusing article on book se- lection-on understanding of what consti- tutes value and the ability to recognize it. The author thinks there are few librar- 134 I College & Research Libraries • March 1971 ies which would not profit by a little "spring cleaning." Harlow, Neal. "Levels of Need for Li- brary Service in Academic Institutions," College & Research Libraries 24:359-64 (September 1963). "It is the hypothesis of this paper that there are distinctive levels of academic and research need in respect to library ser- vice within institutions of college and uni- versity rank, and if this be true, individual library pr~grams can be designed to satisfy them .... The depth of these library collections . varies with need. Haro, R. P. "Some Problems in the Con- version of a College to a University Li- brary," College & Research Libraries 30:260-64 (May 1969). Instead of conforming to purely statis- tical considerations concerning size of en- rollment or research and teaching programs the author makes a plea for quality of li- brary materials and a need for selectivity. No one list or combination of lists can be safely used as a purchasing guide with- out the talents of a subject specialist or subject bibliographer. Hart, James D. "Search and Research: The Librarian and the Scholar," CoUege & Research Libraries 19: 365-7 4 ( Sep- tember 1958). Referring to the learned academic schol- ar he says; "Such a scholar must have an enormous accumulation of books, journals, and all the ancillary materials of a great library. This is the stuff of his research. Here is contained the expression of man's intellectual history. The scholar needs not only what Matthew Arnold called 'The best that has been known and said,' but the commonplace as well, for the mediocre is often quite as valuable as the great in providing an understanding of the climate of opinion out of which grew-or against which rebelled-a Milton, a Moliere, or a Goethe. For this reason, 'a man will,' as Dr. Johnson said, 'turn over half a library to make one book. ... '" Hawkins, Miriam. "Questionable Medical Literature and the Library: A Symposi- urn. The National Library of Medicine," Medical Library Association. Bulletin 51: 475-79 (October 1963). Since National Library of Medicine's pol- icy is to collect comprehensively it does collect such material. Hirsch, Felix E. "How Good Are Our Col- lege Libraries?," New Jersey Education Association Review 32:442-43 (June 1959). A general article. College library stan- dards say the library should be "the most important intellectual resource of the aca- demic community." Hirsch, Felix E. "New College Library Standards," Library Journal 84:1994-96 (15 June 1959). The new standards aim to overcome the traditional variations in type of college- public, private, denominational, etc.-and in regional differences in excellence. "The standards are more concerned with excel- lence and instructional usefulness of the holdings than with numbers .... " Hirsch, Felix E. "New Standards to Strengthen College Libraries," ALA Bul- letin 53:679-82 (September 1959). Important features of the standards for book collections are: ( 1) "Any attempt at censorship from whatever sources or for whatever reasons must be resisted; ( 2) First among the factors affecting the size of the collections and the rate of growth are the nature of the curriculum, number of courses, methods of instruction, and number and character of graduate pro- grams. The size of the student body is the fourth important point to consider; ( 3) . . . The Standards for College Libraries emphasize the role which outstanding re- cent subject bibliographies and authorita- tive general lists should play in ascertain- ing the high caliber of book holdings and periodical subscriptions." Hirsch, Felix E., ed. "Raising the Stan- dards: College Libraries," Drexel Li- brary Quarterly 2:199-291 (July 1966). A collection of papers. Partial contents: Hirsch, F. E.-"What Is Past Is Prologue"; Brown, H. M.-"The Standards and the Standards for Evaluating Libraries I 135 College Library in 1965"; Bailey, G. M .- "The Role of the Standards"; Meder, A. E. -"Accrediting Agencies and the Stan- dards"; McComb, R. W.-"The Problems of Extension Centers"; Tanis, N. W. and Jacobs, K. ].-"Strengthening the College Library." Hirsch, Felix E. "What Is Past Is Pro- logue," Drexel Library Quarterly 2 ( 3) : 199-201 (July 1966). Chiefly an introduction to a discussion of the "Standards for College Libraries" and "Standards for Junior College Libraries." Hirsch, Rudolph. "Evaluation of Book Col- lections," in Wayne S. Yenawine, Li- brary Evaluation, p.7-20, Syracuse, N.Y., Syracuse University, 1959. Four methods of evaluating a library collection are described: ( 1) by librarians, scholars, or laymen in terms of library's policies and purposes; ( 2) by checking against standard or specially compiled lists; ( 3) by data on use; and ( 4) by compari- son of expenditures against other institu- tions. Hodgson, James G. The Literature of Li- brary Standards. Third Military Librar- ians' \Vorkshop. Monterey, Calif., U.S. Navy Postgraduate School, 1959. (AD 479447). Discusses the development of library standards. A basic criterion is whether the library is adequate for its purpose. The bookstock is adequate only when it fills user needs in the m ost economical man- ner, considering costs to user and to li- brary. A formula is provided which in- dicates when too large a proportion of ma- terial is borrowed from other libraries which it would have been cheaper to own. Holley, E d ward C. and Hendricks, Don- ald D. Resources of Texas Libraries. Austin, Texas State Library, 1968. 352p. Includes lists of 100 basic books and 257 basic reference books used to check hold- ings in the various libraries. Humphreys, K. W. "National Library Functions," UNESCO Bulletin for Li- braries 20:158-69 (July-August 1966). Includes some discussion of the depth of national library collections. Hurt, Peyton. "Principles and Standards' for Surveying a College Library," Col- lege & Research Libraries 2:110- 16 (March 1941). The purpose of a survey is to study the performance of the library as an integral ·part of the whole college. It is aided by standard bibliographical aids provided by experts and accrediting agencies. International Federation of Library Asso- ciations. Libraries of the World: A Long- term Programme for the International Federation of Library Associations. The Hague, Nijhoff, 1963. 62p. Because of the avalanche of literature it is impossible to pursue the ideal of com- pleteness. Even national libraries, after meeting their national obligations, have to satisfy themselves with a selection from scholarly works published abroad. Jenkins, Frances B. "The Acquisition of Scientific and Technological Material," Library Trends 3:414-22 (April 1955). "The development of a library acquisi- tions program which will ensure a collec- tion of materials in the field of science and technology adequate to meet the demands placed upon a library depends basically on the answer to such questions as: Who will use the collection? What materials are necessary to provide good service to these users? How can the . materials be made available? ... Complete sets of all the serials which are of potential value to the users constitute the ideal resources of the library; incomplete files of periodicals are almost valueless for the particular issue needed is not usually available." Johnson, Robert K. "Resources of Selected Military Libraries," Library ·Quarterly · 32: 40-50 (January 1962) . Eighteen military libraries are surveyed. Author says these should not be compared with large civilian colleges and universi- ties. " ... The importance of a library col- lection depends on other factors as well as 136 I College & Research Libraries • March 1971 size. The distinction of important military libraries lies in their subject specialization more than in the number of items collect- ed." Jones, F. Taylor. "The Regional Accrediting Association and the Standard for Col- lege Libraries," College & Research Li- braries 22:271-74 (July 1961). A discussion of quantitative standards vs qualitative and how ALA Standards will be implemented by the regional associa- tion. In the modem concept of accreditation there are three fundamental questions: ( 1) Are this institution's objectives clearly de- fined, appropriate, and controlling in its de- velopment?; ( 2) has it established the con- ditions under which it can achieve its ob- jectives?; ( 3) is it in fact achieving them? Kebabian, Paul B. "The Distance to a Star: Subject Measurement of the Library of Congress and University of Florida Col- lections," College & Research Libraries 27:267-70 (July 1969). LC catalog is used gS"' measurement for Florida collections. Kraft, Margit. "Argument for Selectivity in the Acquisitions of Materials for Re- search Libraries," Library Quarterly 37:284-95 (July 1967). "Comment by H. Henneberg," Library Quarterly 38: 286--90 (July 1968). This author is trying to make a case for selectivity in research libraries and that subject-specialist librarians must be trained. However, much of the paper is devoted to the three arguments generally defended by librarians: ( 1 ) The ideal of the re- search collection is completeness, past, present, and future; ( 2) The library col- lects not only for the present but for the future; ( 3) A research library never be- comes obsolete. Krikelas, James. "Library Statistics and the Measurement of Library Services," ALA Bulletin 60:494-99 (May 1966) . ". . . There is no known evidence to demonstrate that size is correlated to qual- ity or service in any way .... " Kuhlman, A. F. "Report of the Library Committee; Development of Sound and Practical Criteria for Measuring the Ade- quacy of the College Library; A Pre- liminary Statement," Southern Associa- tion Quarterly 4:298-302 (May 1940). Criteria for measuring resources are: ( 1) A select list of reference books grouped by subjects; ( 2) a select list of periodicals (Lyle's list); (3) as a measuring rod to book holdings Mohrhardt's, List of Books for Junior College Libraries and Shaw's, Supplement of Books for College Librar- ies; ( 4) money spent for books and peri- odicals during last five years; ( 5) titles held published during last five years; ( 6) relation to curriculum. Kuhlman, A. F. "Two ARL Approaches to Counting Holdings of Research Librar- ies," College & Research Libraries 21: 207-11 (May 1960). Standards for statistics are necessary for an accurate reporting of library holdings. The merits of reporting titles rather than volumes, processed volumes, number of volumes organized and ready for use, or bibliographical items are discussed. Lane, D. 0. "Selection of Academic Li- brary Materials. A Literature Survey," College & Research Libraries 29:364-72 (September 1968). "The purpose of this paper is to survey the professional literature as it pertains to the selection of materials for academic li- braries, and especially selection with re- spect to who chooses titles for a collection and the criteria, guidelines, and tools uti- lized." This pertains to selection policy rather than standards for a collection. Lazerow, Samuel. "The National Medical Library: Acquisition Program," Medical Library Association, Bulletin 42:447-55 (October 1954). The subjects collected at Research or Exhaustive level are listed together with NML's definitions of these terms. In sur- veying the Library, the Survey Committee checked against the Quarterly Cumulative Index M edicus. Leigh, Robert D. "The Public Library In- Standards for Evaluating Libraries I 137 qmry s Sampling of Library Holdings of Books and Periodicals," Library Quar- terly 21:157-72 (July 1951). ". . . The sample lists of new and stan- dard works, periodicals, government docu- ments, music materials, and films were all made up in such a way as to give some indication of the nature and extent of li- brary holdings of these materials .... " "Library Association Recommends Stan- dards for College Libraries," Library Journal 89:4492 ( 15 November 1964). "Basic initial bookstock for a college without degree work, according to the L.A. should be not less than 10,000 titles, and not less than 15,000 titles for a college with degree and specialized advanced courses. The number of periodicals should range from 100 for a small college of fur- ther education to a minimum of 600 for a college with substantial advanced work." Lombardi, John. "Standards at the Grass Roots," ALA Bulletin 60:377-79 (April 1966). The author is referring to standards de- veloped by the college personnel, a re- gional accrediting agency, and the Amer- ican Library Association. Since the paper is addressed to an audience interested in junior colleges, its chief concern is how ap- plication of standards affects their accredi- tation. Ludington, Flora B. "Evaluating the Ade- quacy of the Book Collection," College & Research Libraries 1:305-13 ( Sep- tember 1940) . This is a report of a survey of Mount Holyoke College Library made by the fac- ulty and library staff, not outside experts. In addition to a "common sense" evalua- tion, the faculty answered questionnaires about adequacy. Selected bibliographies were used for checking together with gen- eral lists. Lyle, Guy R. The Administration of the College Library. 3d ed. New York: Wil- son Co., 1961. 419p. "The adequacy of the college library's collection cannot be measured in quantita- tive terms .... To judge a collection su- perior or inferior on the. basis of the vol- ume holdings is as absurd as rating a col- lege on the basis of its enrollment." Lyle, Guy R. "Counting Library Holdings," College & Research Libraries 11:69-71 (January 1950). Includes "outline of a method of count- ing by physical volume." ARL Committee on the Count of Li- brary Holdings, appointed in January 1948, recommended its preference for the physical count rather than physical volume. "Since the rates between the number of physical volumes and the number of titles in a library is to some extent indicative of the research character of a library, The Committee recommended that university and large research libraries should also keep a count of acquisition by title." McComb, Ralph W. "The Problems of Ex- tension Centers," Drexel Library Quar- terly 2:220-23 (July 1966). Standards for Junior Colleges are appli- cable but development for the specific ob- jective of the center is the aim. McCrum, Blanche P. "Book Selection in Relation to the Optimum Size of a Col- lege Library," College & Research Li- braries 11:138-42 (April 1950). The author concludes her paper with these words: "Let us use with care criteria derived from frequency of circulation, re- cency of publication, and a bright new look." The selection of the best books rath- er than "total coverage, inclusive listings and nondiscriminating completeness" are advocated. McCrum, Blanche P. "A College Library Makes Its Own Survey Plan," ALA Bul- letin 31:947-52 (1937). The plan included a questionnaire for faculty use for estimating adequacy of the collection, and checking against Shaw's A List of Books for College Libraries, Lyle's and Litchfield's periodical lists, Mudge, Publishers' Weekly, etc. McEwen, Robert W. "The North Central 138 I College & Research Libraries • March 1971 Association's 1943 Survey of College and University Libraries," College & Re- search Libraries 4: 253- 56 (June 1943) . " ... The North Central Association took an important step some few years ago in deciding to base its accreditation on the acknowledged aims and curricular objec- tives of each institution. " ... The assumption of the 1934 North Central checklist that there would be a high correlation between holdings in the reference collection and library book hold- ings in general was statistically estab- lished." Mohrhardt and Shaw lists, Shaw supple- ment, Mudge-Winchell lists, and Lyle list of periodicals were used. McGrath, W. E.; Huntsinger, R. C.; and Barber, G. R. "An Allocation Formula Derived from a Factor Analysis of Aca- demic Departments," College & Research Libraries 30:51-62 (January 1969). Tallied books published in the U.S.-de- rived from several American book publish- ing records. Maizell, R. E. "Standards for Measuring the Effectiveness of Technical Library Performance," IRE Transactions on En- gineering Management EM7:69-72 (June 1960). Quality of collection: compare with pub- lished lists of key literature or citations in library's most used journals. Note records on library's ability to fill users' requests. Meder, Albert E. "Accrediting Agencies and the Standards," Drexel Library Quarterly 2:213- 19 (July 1966). "In summary, the influence of profes- sional librarianship upon college evaluation has been more effective and more per- vasive through creation of the Standards than would have been possible through di- rect accreditation of college · libraries by the profession. In a sense, professional li- brarianship has found its life by losing it and achieved true success by emphasizing the spirit of quality and service rather than the letter of quantitative measures." Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Commission on In- stitutions of Higher Education. Evaluat- ing the Library: Suggestions for the Use of Faculties and Evaluation Teams. The Association, 1957. 2p. Evaluation should be made in relation to the institution's own mission and re- quirements. These facts having been estab- lished it should be determined to what ex- tent the necessary resources are available and accessible. Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Commission on In- stitutions of Higher Learning. "What to Consider in Evaluating the Library," Library I ournal 83: 1656-58 ( 1 June 1958). A library evaluation prerequisite is an exact description of the institution's mis- sion and the means by which the institu- tion proposes to fulfill it. Use of the li- brary by students is the ultimate test of its effectiveness. Questions for evaluating the library include the following. Is the library collection (a) broad, var- ied, authoritative, up-to-date; (b) supple- mented by source, monographic, and peri- odical material for advanced study /re- search; (c) sufficient for specialized and technical fields offered by the institution;. (d) being expanded so as to fill in gaps; (e) weeded efficiently to keep it solid and current; (f) supplemented but not re- placed by interlibrary loans; (g) such as to facilitate advanced study and research by the faculty; and (h) buying enough new books to keep abreast of advances in the fields of instruction and research of the institution. Miles, Ida R. "Scientific Collections in the University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge Area," College & Research Libraries 19: 19:223-26 (May 1958). Evaluation based on C. H. Brown's Scientific Serials, 1956. Moon, E. E. ~