College and Research Libraries Library Support of Area Study Programs PARTICIPATION in two international wars and advancements in communication and transportation during the past half- century have made Americans increas- ingly aware of and curious about the rest of the world. In recent years the more remote and socio-economically un- derdeveloped countries have received most of this attention. Pioneering efforts have begun in colleges and universities in teaching the languages, political and economic development, and social and cultural characteristics of these non- western regions. While such efforts al- most invariably reflect the interes't of one or two members of the local faculty, the implementation and growth of these interests have been greatly fostered by support from the United States govern- ment and from educational foundations. Without this support, most of the pro- grams centered on the relatively un- known parts of Asia and Africa would today still be one- or two-man efforts, supplemented by small uncataloged col- lections of books in the faculty offices. The concept of area studies is a re- cent development in higher education. In an area program, the parts of various disciplines pertaining to a geographical area are studied together, in distinction from the traditional discipline-centered curriculum. Thus a class would study the languages and literature, the caste system, the political and economic his- tory, art, music, religion, and culture of India. Area studies draw from disci- plines in the humanities and social sci- ences, but exclude the natural sciences. The support of area studies by the library gives rise to special problems. In the first place, library collections are SEPTEMBER 1963 BY RO-LLAND E. STEVENS Dr. Stevens is Professor of Library Sci- ence in the University of Illinois. classified by subject and only secondarily, if at all, by geographical area. Should the titles pertaining to the area under study be brought together, regardless of subject and regardless of language? Sec- ondly, in the case of little-known lan- guages, and most current area programs involve languages seldom taught in the United States until recently, there is the problem of finding staff with ade- quate language ability and with library training. Again, there are problems with regard to cataloging. What translitera- tion system, classification scheme, and filing rules should be adopted? Should cards in Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Bur- mese be interfiled in the general card catalog? Finally, there are problems of acquisition. The book trade in under- developed areas is seldom as well or- ganized as the book trade to which we are accustomed in Europe and America. In addition, problems of securing books and journals published behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains must be solved. The purpose of this article is to de- scribe the practices of several research libraries in the eastern and midwestern United States with regard to area study programs. In 1962 and 1963 a faculty committee of the Ohio State University has been considering possible areas in which the university might profitably establish continuing study programs. Since the present resources and future needs of the library are acknowledged to be integral factors in the choice of areas for intensive study, the committee 383 wanted a librarian to visit universities having strong area programs, in order to study the effects of such programs on the library. In January 1963 therefore the author visited the University of Michigan, University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, and Indiana U ni- versity; in March, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, and Cornell University. The five areas that have been most developed at one or more of these institutions are Central and East Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East. At each library information was sought about the size of area collections, their relation to the rest of the collection, their rate of growth, book and periodical budget, size and experience of staff, or- ganization of staff, and general prob- lems of acquisition and cataloging aris- ing from the building of such special area collections. As yet, since the area program is a fairly recent phenomenon , there are no standard practices, no pat answers to the many problems encoun- tered in building a supporting librar y collection. Not only has each library applied itself to the solution of its own problems and found solutions different from those tried in other universities, but even within a single library different patterns have been applied to the sev- eral area programs. The number and seriousness of spe- cial problems imposed on the library by the area program are, with two excep- tions, functions of the languages in- volved. Much of the problem of acquir- ing material from underdeveloped coun- tries depends, of course, on the organiza- tion of the book trade and the avail- ability of publications. The question of providing separate facilities for the area collection is as much a matter of the curriculum, of class assignments, and of the relative service to be afforded dif- ferent student and faculty groups as it is a matter of the languages involved. But the integration of volumes in the gen- eral collection according to subject, the filing of cards in the general catalog, the acquisition of staff with requisite ability and training, the deployment of staff, and various problems of cataloging are clearly related to the languages involved. It can be readily understood that in an area program centered on Latin Amer- ica, for example, the library should have little or no difficulty in finding bibli- ographers and catalogers familiar with Spanish and Portuguese, in revising the cataloging of materials in these lan- guages, or in interfiling books and cards with those in other western languages. In a South Asia program, however, with materials written in Hindi, Urdu, Ben- gali, Marathi, and many other languages which are little known in the United States, these difficulties are intensified. Most area programs today are concerned with underdeveloped areas whose lan- guages of publication are relatively un- known in this country. EAST EUROPE Each of the nine libraries visited has a strong program on East Europe . Har- vard, with an estimated two hundred and fifty thousand volumes, and Colum- bia, with approximately two hundred thousand volumes, have the oldest and largest collections. Indiana (seventy thousand volumes), Michigan (sixty thousand volumes), and Illinois (sixty thousand volumes) have begun concen- trated programs more recently. Most of the libraries have integrated their Slavic language holdings with books and peri- odicals in other languages according to subject. Several either have, or plan to have when additional space is available, a Slavic or East European reading room into which are collected the reference works and major sets pertaining to the area, along with curr~t issues of news- papers and journals. The advantage of such a reading room is obvious in bring- ing together materials from various dis- 384 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ciplines which are studied simultane- ously. The disadvantage is equally ob- vious in separating titles from the other works in the same subject field, either causing inconvenience to readers who concentrate on the discipline rather than the area, or requiring duplication of titles. With increasing knowledge of Slavic languages, particularly Russian, among scholars in various fields, the separation of books in these languages from other books is a growing incon- venience to nonarea specialists. There- fore the wholesale separation of books in Slavic languages is considered as un- reasonable as would be the segregation of books in German or French. Yet a compromise may be achieved by setting up a reading room containing the most actively used books and journals on Slavic language and literature, history, government, sociology, and economics. Harvard has a working collection of 14,000 volumes in its Russian Research Center, outside the main library. All titles are duplicated in the main collec- tion, and only those works needed in current research projects are kept in the Center. Books in this collection do not circulate. An active program of selecting, acquir- ing, and cataloging books from East Europe requires a staff of from six to twelve persons, of whom about half are professional. One member of the staff is often designated to supervise the proj - ect; this is usually the person who has the major responsibility for selection. The supervisor maintains liaison with the teaching faculty and often teaches part time. He also generally decides on cataloging priorities, although the cata- logers are administratively in the cata- log department. Library school gradu- ates who speak and read Russian, Polish, and other languages of East Europe are, if not plentiful, at least not as scarce as those required in some of the other area programs. Man y are persons who have spent most of their lives in East SEPTEMBER 1963 Europe but who went to library school in this country. A fair number, however, are Americans or West Europeans who have acquired a strong knowledge of the language either in the home or in school. In the majority of cases it is such a per- son who is designated as supervisor of the project, while staff members who have recently arrived from East Europe are assigned to bibliographic searching and cataloging. Acquisition of material for an area program on East Europe is complicated by the difficulties of communicating free- ly and establishing sound business rela- tions with dealers and libraries behind the Iron Curtain. Compounding the problem is a publishing industry geared- primarily to domestic needs and provid- ing only incidentally for the export trade. Except for propaganda intended for foreign consumption, most titles are printed in· such small editions that it is necessary to check advance lists like Novye Knigi and order them before publication. Some of the libraries have placed blanket orders for all current publications of the USSR in designated subject fields. In these cases, Novye Knigi and other advance lists are still checked for titles which are not expected on the blanket order; these lists are then sent to the dealer with instructions to send if not supplied on blanket order. Other li- brarians feel strongly against blanket orders, believing that, no amount of care and instruction to the dealer can prevent excessive receipt of unwanted publica- tions. Whether or not the blanket order is used, regular checking of bibliogra- phies of current publications and book review sections of newspapers and learned journals is necessary to a good acquisition program, particularly for publications of academies and other non- trade institutions and for the smaller re- publics of the USSR. Acquisition of older publications (and here this means all publications more than two or three years old) is ex- 385 tremely difficult. One of the richest sourc- es of back titles and sets is the duplicate stock of several of the largest libraries in the USSR. Library duplicates, however, are not available by purchase, but only by exchange for desired western titles. Exchange with Russian libraries is not, as many an American librarian has learned, the relaxed matter to which he is accustomed. Specific titles are demand- ed by the Russian librarians, and a basis of exchange acceptable to both parties is not easily found. Some American li- brarians, not having university publica- tions of sufficient quality or quantity to satisfy these stringent demands, purchase trade books and subscriptions to be sent to the Russian libraries for exchange. Most librarians in the nine institutions deplore the work and expense involved in such exchanges but nevertheless use them in order to get certain needed back publications. One (perhaps . the only) bright spot in the acquisition of older publications is that no copyright restric- tion is recognized on Russian books; source publications, journals, and refer- ence sets that are in demand and are not available in the original format are be- ing reprinted or reproduced by Xerox and microform. If staff having both library training and appropriate language ability are found, there are no cataloging difficulties peculiar to Slavic materials. Transliter- ation from Cyrillic alphabet is standard. Library of Congress cards are available for a high percentage of both older and current publications. Interfiling of cards with those in other languages presents no problem. Russian and, to a lesser degree, Polish, Czech, and the other Slavic lan- guages are, in fact, next to the languages of West Europe in familiarity. At least one of the libraries visited, that of the University of Pennsylvania, assigns Slavic cataloging to three catalogers who also handle non-Slavic cataloging in their subject areas. EAsT AsiA The fascination of many centuries of Chinese civilization and the interest, par- ticularly since 1946, in Japan have con- tributed to the establishment of several strong Asian collections. One of the larg- est in the country, and the largest of those visited, is the Chinese-] apanese Li- brary of the Harvard-Yenching Institute. It was begun in 1927 and now contains about two hundred and seventy thousand volumes in the Chinese language, eighty- seven thousand in Japanese, eleven thou- sand five hundred in Western l.anguages, and a small number in Korean, Ti- betan, Manchu, and Mongolian. Oth- er outstanding collections are those at Columbia University (estimated two hundred and thirty-two thousand vol- umes), the University of Chicago (one hundred and forty-nine thousand vol- umes), Cornell University (one hundred and twenty thousand volumes, including material on Southeast as well as East Asia), Yale University (one hundred and one thousand volumes), and the Univer- sity of Michigan (seventy-four thousand volumes). The statistical count of vol- umes, a_lways hazardous, is especially doubtful when it includes Chinese books, which are traditionally bound in several parts, or ts' e~ to a volume. These large collections, except the one at Yale, are distinct from the library's general col- lection. Michigan, Chicago, al)d Cornell keep all books and periodicals in Chi- nese, Japanese, and other East Asian languages in a separate collection in the main library building. Harvard and Co- lumbia have· Asian collections in a sepa- rate building. A selected number of books and periodicals in Western lan- guages pertaining to East Asia are also kept in these separate libraries. At Yale University books and periodicals in Chi- nese and Japanese are classified and shelved by subject with other books, ex- cept that "traditional" books (i.e.~ those published before 1850), and modern crit- 386 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES icisms and books about these "tradition- al" books are classified as a group. Unlike the staff working in a Slavic area program, the East Asian staff is com- posed almost wholly of Orientals. Only one or two occidental librarians are to be seen in the libraries visited, and these usually in circulation work. The staff is organized into two general groups: those who select or catalog Chinese materials, and those who select or catalog Japanese materials. Although the procedures fol- lowed in acquisition and cataloging are those followed throughout the library, and although in about one-half of the libraries the bibliographers and catalog- ers are members of the acquisition and catalog departments respectively, the East Asia programs are in general more independent of the library administra- tion than are those on the other areas. At Michigan, Chicago, Harvard, and Co- lumbia, the staff is under the direct su- pervision of the head of the East Asia program. Another respect in which the Asian staff differs from that of the Slavic program is in the library training of its members. While the majority have train- ing in an American library school, each large staff has one or more members who received his training andjor experience in China or Japan, and these Asian li- brarians are usually senior members of the staff. As in other Asian area pro- grams, competent library personnel is difficult to find. Japanese bibliographer- catalogers are even more scarce than are their Chinese counterparts, probably be- cause of the demand for trained librari- ans in Japan, as compared with the lack of opportunity in Taiwan. Acquisition of Japanese material pre- sents no particular difficulties. The book trade is well organized for export as well as for local needs. Governmental, aca- demic, and other nontrade institutions are flattered to receive requests for their publications. Instead of driving a hard bargain for exchanges, these institutions SEPTEMBER 1963 are likely to respond generously to a po- lite and sincere request. None of the li- braries has a blanket order for Japanese current publications; instead, dealers' lists of current and out-of-print books are checked regularly. National bibli- ographies, journals, and lists of academy and government publications are also examined for all titles of interest. Ameri- can dealers in Japanese books are seldom or never used because of their relatively high prices. Getting books from main- land China is a different story. Most li- braries maintain a standing order for current publications in designated sub- jects of the social sciences and humani- ties with one of the large Hong Kong dealers. Coverage of the significant main- land publications seems to be fairly satis- . factory by this method. Several of the libraries also have exchange agreements with the National Library, Peking, but admit that receipts are not always com- plete. Acquisitions from Taiwan and South Korea are small but steady. Chinese and Japanese, unlike many other languages, cannot be transliter- ated. The conversion of characters into roman letters is instead called "roman- ization." The Wade-Giles scheme of ro- manization has been adopted widely in this country for Chinese, as has the Hep~ burn system for Japanese. The cataloging done by the majority of the libraries fol- lows closely the Library of Congress standard. It differs from cataloging of books in other languages most in the use of a different classification schedule and in the maintenance of unorthodox pub- lic catalogs. Although several of the li- braries follow the same classification used for their general collections, Harvard, Yale, Chicago, Columbia, and Cornell employ a four-digit system devised by Dr. A. Kaiming Chiu, librarian of the Chinese-] apanese Library of the Har- vard-Yenching Institute. The Harvard- Yenching Institute uses the Chiu classi- fication for all of its Asian books; Chi- 387 cago and Columbia, for their Chinese books; Yale, for Chinese and Japanese books published before 1850 and for modern critical works about these "tra- ditional" books; Cornell, for Chinese books published before 1949. Those li- braries having a separate collection of Asian materials have usually adapted their card catalogs to special needs of scholars using the collection. Instead of the usual dictionary catalog, most have a separate romanized author, or author- title catalog for each language. Interfil- ing of author cards of books in the differ- ent languages would lead to unnecessary confusion to the reader. The subject catalog is usually a classified catalog in which the books in different languages are interfiled. The library of the Har- vard-Yenching Institute, however, has for each of the three languages, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, a separate roman- ized author catalog, a romanized title catalog, a subject catalog filed b y Chiu classification, and a title catalog filed b y the Wang "four corner" system. The Wang system of filing cards that are not romanized is familiar to Chinese and Japanese scholars. Chicago maintains a file of uncataloged Chinese books ar- ranged by the K'ang-hsi key system. One of the filing difficulties encountered with romanized Chinese names is that the same romanization is used for different characters which are pronounced alike but in different tones. At Columbia, these similar names are distinguished by guide cards lettered with the romanized name followed by the appropriate Chi- nese character. In general, it appears that the oldest and largest Asian libraries still preserve certain aspects of organization and meth- ods familiar to Chinese and Japanese scholars. For example, in addition to romanized authors and titles, Harvard- Yenching and Chicago have catalogs in the characters of the original language; Columbia provides guide cards giving Chinese characters. Harvard-Yenching al- so gives titles in Chinese characters on the spines of books and periodicals bound in Cambridge. The newer collec- tions, however, make fewer concessions to the Oriental scholar; or perhaps it is more exact to say that more concessions are made to the occidental scholar. SouTHEAST AsiA This area, in which interest is much more recent and is evident in fewer li- braries than interest in East Europe and East Asia, includes Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Burma, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Only three of the librar- ies visited, Yale, Comell, and Indiana, have significant Southeast Asia programs. Indiana and Yale shelve publications from the region by subject, regardless of language, and file cards in the general card catalog. Cornell shelves its South- east Asian books with books from East Asia by subject. Cards are also filed in its public dictionary catalog, as well as in a reading room catalog. Finding staff members with the requisite language ability and with library training is quite difficult. In fact , the want of staff quali- fied in both respects has influenced li- brarians to employ persons having a good know ledge of the languages of the re- gion, even though they have no library training. If the university has a library school, the staff member may supple- ment his in-service training with formal courses. Some revision of the cataloging done by nonprofessional staff can he done by professional catalogers who have little or no knowledge of the language. Acquisition of materials from this area is more difficult than from any of the other areas studied. Two factors con- tribute most to this difficulty: the dearth of publication in the entire region, and the complete lack of an organized book trade. In certain countries of Southeast Asia, particularly Laos, north Vietnam, and Indonesia, these contributing factors are compounded by a third: government prohibitions against the exportation of books. In order to combat such obstacles, 388 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES librarians have resorted to ingenious and imaginative methods. One librarian, hav- ing established close relations with li- braries in Indonesia, purchases trade books and subscriptions in the United States requested by these libraries and exchanges them for Indonesian books which they have purchased for the ex- change. In Burma a bookdealer spon- sored by the local military government supplied Burmese publications success- fully for a time, but this source has dried up recently. A Hong Kong dealer and a Paris dealer have been used but with lit- tle success for books from north Vietnam. If a librarian or a faculty member has a friend living in one of the Southeast Asian countries, this person is ap- proached to act as an agent for regular procurement of local publications, either on the basis of a markup on individual books supplied or for a monthly fee. Exchange agreements are made when possible. Yale and Cornell hav e worked out a cooperative agreement by which Yale obtains and catalogs a duplicate copy of every Vietnamese publication it can obtain, and Cornell does the same for Thai publications. Because books are so difficult to obtain and because so few · American libraries are acquiring them from this area, the library pursuing this area program usually seeks every local publication it can get and does not con- cern itself about getting duplicates or publications which are not of scholarly quality. Buying trips to the area by fac- ulty or library members are important both in the immediate acquisition of books and especially in the establishment of continuing contacts. Even the librar- ians normally shunning the blanket or- der would be happy to set up such an arrangement for publications from Southeast Asia, if they could find a dealer or agent willing to supply ma- terials on this basis. Many of the books published in this area are in Dutch, French, or English. These give no particular difficulty in SEPTEMBER 1963 cataloging. The Tagalog, Indonesian, al}d Vietnamese languages are written in the roman alphabet. Transliteration of Thai is standard, but problems still exist in the adoption of uniform trans- literation schemes for Burmese, Cam- bodian, and Laotian. For these lan- guages, libraries have used transliter- ation that seems to be most reasonable, hoping that the future adoption of a different standard scheme will not force them to recatalog. Solution of this prob- lem may be imminent, with the great current interest of the Library of Con- gress and of the Descriptive Cataloging Committee of R TSD's Cataloging and Classification section. SouTH AsiA Collecting of current publications from India and Pakistan has received an impetus from the federal government's Public Law 480 project. This program uses foreign currencies owned by the United States, usually in underdeveloped countries, to obtain local publications having potential scientific or scholarly use and to catalog and send them to se- lected research libraries in this country. The Library of Congress, assisted by lo- cal staff in India and Pakistan, collects the publications. Each participating li- brary con~ributes to the cost of central- ized cataloging and receives sets of cards keyed to the publications. Although sev- en of the nine libraries participate in the Public Law 480 program for India and Pakistan, only two have significant area programs for Southeast Asia. The collec- tion of the University of Chicago is esti- mated at fifteen thousand volumes in vernacular languages; that at the U ni- versity of Pennsylvania is about twenty- five thousand volumes in vernacular and western languages. Both collections are housed separately from the main library buildings. Staff with library training and the ability to read any of the approximately fifteen languages currently used in this area is quite difficult to find. Persons 389 with language skill but without library training are pressed into service, often on a part-time basis. In-service training is provided by professional catalogers who know some Indic languages, and both universities are convenient to li- brary schools. The aim of the Public Law 480 pro- gram is to supply to each participating library a copy of every current publica- tion of potential value to research or se- rious study. In their zeal the agents sup- ply many books whose value to a par- ticular library may be dubious, along with numerous works of clear value to scholarship. Each library must screen carefully its receipts, in order to decide which are worth preserving. This is, of course, professional work of the highest order. The actual checking in of books and matching books to catalog cards can be done by a clerk, since books, receipt lists, and catalog cards are keyed numer- ically. Acquisition of older publications from South Asia, although now over- shadowed by the massive supplies of cur- rent publications, is necessary to most well developed area programs. The book trade of India, if not organized to the degree which we accept as normal, never- theless dq_~s function fairly well. Lists and catalogs of dealers in Bombay, New Delhi, and other centers, are checked regularly for older publications whicfi fit the program. &cept for the delay of about a year in receiving cards, the cataloging of current publications is greatly simplified by the centralized cataloging service of the Pub- lic Law 480 program. Books published before 1962, which are not included in the PL 480 plan, usually require original cataloging, creating the staffing difficul- ties discussed above. MIDDLE EAST The largest and most active programs on the Middle East among the nine li- braries are those at Columbia and Har- vard. There are also programs at Mich- igan, Chicago, Indiana, and Pennsyl- vania. The collections at Chicago and Pennsylvania have grown out of an early interest in the languages and archaeol- ogy of the region. The others are of more recent date and are somewhat wider in scope. The Public Law 480 program col- lects current publications of the United Arab Republic, as well as from India and Pakistan, and all of the libraries mentioned above except Pennsylvania have elected to participate in this pro- gram. The acquisition of current pub- lications from countries not in the UAR and of older publications from the area is extremely difficult. The problems are those already described for other areas: the scarcity of books, and the lack of an organized book trade. While lists from local bookdealers may be checked for current and older books of interest, the only satisfactory method of acquiring books (other than those supplied by PL 480) is to make periodic buying trips to the area. Such trips are valuable, not only for obtaining books but. also for es- tablishing and confirming good contacts with dealers, universities, and other aca- demic and scholarly institutions. Blanket orders with local dealers are almost never satisfactory, since it is more or less tra- ditional that the buyer not only pay per- sonal visits to book vendors but also bar- gain at length when he finds a book of some use. Successful acquisition therefore requires not only an occasional trip to the area but the attention of a person well acquainted with local attitudes and psychology. As in the two preceding area pro- grams, finding staff with both library training and requisite knowledge of the languages is extremely difficult. Each of the libraries supporting a program in this area employs one or more persons who know the languages, although they lack library school degrees. When pos- sible, such a staff member's in-service 390 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES training is supplemented by courses in a nearby library school. Several of the li- brarians in charge of the Middle East or other area program have advanced degrees in the history of the area in- volved. This degree and its attendant knowledge may be considered as valu- able as or even more important for the program than a library degree. Except for the problem of finding staff with adequate knowledge of Persian, . Turkish, or Arabic, the difficulties of cataloging are not great. Transliteration is standard, and cards with transliterated entries can be interfiled readily with cards in other languages. Harvard does not transliterate its cataloging entries; author-title files for each language in the vernacular alphabet are located adjacent to its general catalog. Subject cards for Arabic, Persian, and Old Turkish are in- terfiled in a separate card catalog. The PL 480 books from the UAR are cata- loged cooperatively, with each partici- pating library contributing to the cost. These cards are numerically keyed to the Arabic publications. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE No attempt is made here to give a complete list of readings on area pro- grams. Anyone interested in pursuing the subject further, however, should be aware of the following basic books and titles. A good account of the develop- ment of area programs in American uni- versities is given in Joseph Axelrod and Donald N. Bigelow, R esources for Lan- guage and Area Studies; a Report on an Inventory of the Language and Area Centers Supported by th e National D e- fense Education Act of 1958 (Washing- ton: American Council on Education, 1962), 96 pages. Another basic report of such programs is United States Bureau of Intelligence and Research, External Research Division, Language and A rea Study Programs in American Universi- ties (Washington: U.S. Department of SEPTEMBER 1963 State, 1962), 143 pages. The Public Law 480 program is described by Robert D. . Stevens, "The Library of Congress Pub- lic Law 480 Programs," Library Re- sources and Technical Services., VII (Spring 1963), 176-88. Melville Ruggles and Vaclav Mostecky give important and detailed information about programs on East Europe in their Russian and East European Publications in the Libraries of th e United States (New York: Co- lumbia University Press, 1960), 396 pages. The six articles in Library Re- sources and Technical Services., Winter. 1963, on area acquisitions contain much important information: Stanley West, "Acquisition of Library Materials from Latin America" (VII:7-12); Felix Reich- mann, "Acquisition of Library Materials from Southeast Asia" (VII:l3-21); Phil- ip J. McNiff, "Acquisition of Library Materials from the Middle East" (VII:- 22-27); Warren Tsuneishi, "Acquisition of Library Materials from China, Japan and Korea" (VII:28-33); Dorothy B. Kel- ler "Acquisition of Library Materials from East Europe" (VII:34-37); and Hans E. Panofsky, "Acquisition of Li- brary Materials from Africa" (VII: 38- 46). These papers were given at the meet- ing of the Acquisition section of the Re- sources and Technical Services Division held in Miami in June 1962. Another aid to acquisition is Philip J. McNiff, A List of Book Dealers in Underde- ve loped Countries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1963), 44 pages. An important paper on selection and acqui- sition from Japan is Yukihisa Suzuki, "The Role of a Bibliographer in a J ap- anese Collection," College and Research Libraries .. XXI (May 1960), 241-46. Fur- ther information on acquisition from Southeast Asia is given in Cecil Hobbs, South east Asia Publication Sources: an Account of a Field Trip.. 1958-1959 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, South- east Asia Program, Dept. of Far Eastern Studies, 1960), 145 pages. • • 391