College and Research Libraries to express in terms of rules, language, a n d l e a r n i n g . S i n c e these a t t e m p t s have n o t been a n d are n o t likely to be successful, D r . T a u b e concludes that the m e c h a n i z a t i o n of language t r a n s l a t i o n a n d l e a r n i n g a n d (by i m p l i c a t i o n ) of abstracting a n d i n d e x i n g is n o t possible. T h e a u t h o r writes interest- ingly, o f t e n amusingly, b u t the t o n e of his a r g u m e n t raises some d o u b t as to the au- thor's d e t a c h m e n t , an essential characteristic of a critic. T h i s D r . T a u b e himself seems to sense when h e states in his i n t r o d u c t i o n that at times his a r g u m e n t becomes q u i t e devious a n d difficult to follow. " A f t e r a l l , " he tells us, " i f the f o x twists a n d turns, so must the h o u n d . " Briefly, h e r e are some of his a r g u m e n t s : F o r m a c h i n e translation of languages, lan- guage A has to be formally (mechanically) t r a n s l a t a b l e i n t o language B . T h i s presup- poses t h a t languages A a n d B can be trans- lated i n t o f o r m a l e l e m e n t s A a n d B a n d that there is a one-to-one r e l a t i o n s h i p be- tween e l e m e n t s A a n d B . D r . T a u b e claims that n e i t h e r supposition is true. Chess play- ing by c o m p u t e r is cited as the classic ex- a m p l e of m a c h i n e l e a r n i n g . D r . T a u b e dis- tinguishes b e t w e e n learning the rules of the game a n d learning to play the game. T h e l a t t e r l e a r n i n g process c a n n o t be mechan- ized. T h e rules of chess can be formalized, b u t at a cost. D r . T a u b e estimates that a forty-move g a m e requires 1 0 1 2 0 instructions. L e a r n i n g to play chess, a n d by analogy l e a r n i n g , is n o t a f o r m a l process a n d can, therefore, n o t b e mechanized. T h i s b o o k can b e read on at least two levels. O n a r a t h e r unsophisticated level, it reassures l i b r a r i a n s that t h e i r j o b s will n o t be taken over by computers. D r . T a u b e does m o r e t h a n this. H e questions the validity of t h e work of l e a d i n g researchers in the fields u n d e r discussion. A b o u t ten years ago, D r . T a u b e i n t r o d u c e d the U n i t e r m system of c o o r d i n a t e i n d e x i n g and a l o n g with it levelled some serious charges against tradi- t i o n a l indexes. T h i s is n o t the t i m e n o r the place t o discuss these charges. Suffice it to say that t h e questions are still u n d e r d e b a t e a n d t h a t D r . T a u b e ' s words and deeds have s t i m u l a t e d work in this field to the benefit of t h e profession. I n w r i t i n g this book D r . T a u b e has o n c e again put o n his armor, b u t this time against an army of o p p o n e n t s who are ahead of the times (in fact, way out ac- cording to D r . T a u b e ) instead of b e h i n d the times. T h e r e is n o d o u b t that this b o o k will stimulate thought a n d a c t i o n on these i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s . — G . Jahoda, Esso Re- search and Engineering Co. Photocopying Photocopying from Bound Volmnes. By W i l l i a m R . H a w k e n . C h i c a g o : A L A , 1962. xvi, 2 0 8 p . ( L T P P u b l i c a t i o n s , N o . 4) $ 5 . 0 0 . F o r the past several decades, libraries have acknowledged a responsibility n o t only for selecting, acquiring, a n d organizing books b u t also for t r a n s m i t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n by methods o t h e r t h a n c i r c u l a t i n g library ma- terials. S i n c e the 1930's, m i c r o p h o t o g r a p h y has b e e n the primary m e t h o d of intermed- iate transmission. A l t h o u g h full-size copying was first developed in 1839, it was n o t u n t i l 1950 that techniques were p e r f e c t e d (xer- ography, transfer reversal) which gave li- braries a tool f o r direct, full-size copying f r o m b o u n d volumes. S i n c e that time the m a r k e t has b e e n flooded with a bewildering variety of e q u i p m e n t , all of which seem to promise the ideal solution to the informa- t i o n transmission p r o b l e m . R e c o g n i z i n g the impossibility o f the aver- age l i b r a r i a n ' s e v a l u a t i n g the myriad claims of c o m p e t i n g types of e q u i p m e n t (one ma- c h i n e has b e e n m a r k e t e d by six c o m p a n i e s u n d e r six different trade names!) the L i b r a r y T e c h n o l o g y P r o j e c t , u n d e r a g r a n t from the C o u n c i l on L i b r a r y Resources, commissioned W i l l i a m H a w k e n to analyze a n d r e p o r t o n all varieties of b o o k copying devices, exclud- i n g microfilm. O v e r the p e r i o d of a year, M r . H a w k e n tested twenty different copying machines. T h e r e p o r t thoroughly covers the g e n e r i c types of copying methods so that the reader is familiarized with the basic differences be- tween c o n t a c t reflex (diffusion-transfer-re- versal, t h e r m o g r a p h i c , gelatin-dye-transfer) a n d o p t i c a l copying methods. E a c h type has c e r t a i n problems as well as advantages, which are well summarized, a n d the a u t h o r evaluates t h e p e r m a n e n c e of the copy pro- duced by each m e t h o d . O f p a r t i c u l a r value is the detailed analysis of each m a c h i n e tested. T h e a u t h o r has given m a c h i n e specifications, price, exposure S E P T E M B E R 1 9 6 2 453 area, possible damage to the b o o k b e i n g copied, a n d a c r i t i q u e o f the advantages a n d disadvantages of each piece of e q u i p m e n t tested. D e t a i l e d unit-cost studies are given f o r supplies a n d o p e r a t o r ' s time, with the l a t t e r r e p o r t e d in t a b u l a r f o r m according to hourly rates r a n g i n g f r o m 90 cents to $ 2 . 4 0 per h o u r . A step-by-step o p e r a t i o n a l analysis gives t h e r e a d e r a basis f o r com- p a r i n g the relative c o m p l e x i t y o f o p e r a t i o n between various types of machines. Difficulty of o p e r a t i o n is reflected in the u n i t costs, a n d q u a l i t y of results is stated. T h e a u t h o r admits that the waste f a c t o r is o n e of the i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t s in e v a l u a t i n g the p e r f o r m a n c e of a given type of c o p i e r but, as this is d e p e n d e n t on the skill a n d e x p e r i e n c e of t h e o p e r a t o r , the v a r i a b l e is too u n c e r t a i n to be i n c l u d e d in the u n i t cost figures. T h e r e is, however, a t a b l e showing u n i t costs assuming 10 p e r cent, 25 per cent, 5 0 p e r cent, a n d 100 per c e n t remakes. As a result of the tests, a variety of tech- n i q u e s were discovered which avoid damage to the b o u n d v o l u m e while m a k i n g the copying o p e r a t i o n easier. T h e s e t e c h n i q u e s will also result in a b e t t e r finished product. W i t h their f o u r t h p u b l i c a t i o n , the L i b r a r y T e c h n o l o g y P r o j e c t has p e r f o r m e d a real service f o r the profession. M r . H a w k e n has d o n e an e x c e l l e n t j o b of listing copying ma- chines available, their purchase price, cap- abilities a n d l i m i t a t i o n s , p e r m a n e n c e of copy a n d the u n i t costs of o p e r a t i o n . T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n will b e v a l u a b l e to use n o t only in selecting e q u i p m e n t to be pur- chased but also in providing an e x c e l l e n t operator's h a n d b o o k f o r libraries which have already a c q u i r e d a copying m a c h i n e . A c o m p l e m e n t a r y p u b l i c a t i o n surveying the l i t e r a t u r e of b o o k copying methods is t h e a u t h o r ' s Production of Full-Size Copies, which a p p e a r e d in 1960 as V o l u m e 5, P a r t 3 of The State of the Library Art, p u b l i s h e d by the R u t g e r s University G r a d u a t e School of L i b r a r y Service. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n should be called to t h e q u a l i t y of design, layout, typography a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n which distinguishes this r e p o r t f r o m most similar p u b l i c a t i o n s b e i n g issued t o d a y . — J a m e s E. Skipper, University of Con- necticut Libraries. Empire State Historical Publications Series Outstanding Reprints History of the State of N e w Y o r k . edit, by A. C. F l i c k ( E S H P X V I I I ) 10 vols, in 5 (1933-1937) 1963 L i m i t e d to 300 sets (orders now taken f o r J a n u a r y delivery) $ 9 0 . 0 0 History of the Adirondacks. by A l f r e d C. D o n a l d s o n ( E S H P X I I ) 2 vols (1921) 1962 L i m i t e d to 300 sets $ 1 9 . 5 0 C o l o n i a l Days in O l d New Y o r k , by A l i c e M o r s e E a r l e ( E S H P X V I ) ( 1 8 9 8 ) 1962 $ 6 . 0 0 De W i t t C l i n t o n , by D o r o t h i e B o b b e . New E d i t i o n with i n t r o d u c t i o n by H e n r y Steele C o m m a g e r ( E S H P X I ) 1962 $ 7 . 5 0 Reprints of two extremely scarce books by JAMES TRUSLOW ADAMS M e m o r i a l s of B r i d g e h a m p t o n ( L . I . ) E S H P X I I I (1916) 1962 History of the T o w n of S o u t h a m p t o n ( L . I . ) E S H P X I V (1918) 1962 $ 1 2 . 5 0 $ 1 5 . 0 0 Published by and Available Only From IRA J. FRIEDMAN, Inc. B o o k s e l l e r s — P u b l i s h e r s — I m p o r t e r s P o r t Washington, Long Island, N. Y .