College and Research Libraries By J O H N B U E C H L E R The Roxburghe Club TH E Y E A R 1812 is significant because it saw N a p o l e o n in Russia a n d t h e u p s t a r t a n d y o u t h f u l U n i t e d States de- clare w a r o n G r e a t Britain. W h i l e na- tional armies were deploying o n t h r e e continents, a select g r o u p of a m i a b l e bibliophiles was g a t h e r i n g in a L o n d o n i n n . T h i s r a t h e r inconspicuous occasion was to have considerable consequence in the world of books, f o r f r o m it emerged an organization whose list of m e m b e r s reads like Burke's Peerage or a biblio- philic Who's Who. F o u n d e d in 1812 by the g a r r u l o u s a n d i n d e f a t i g a b l e T h o m a s F r o g n a l l D i b d i n (the club's first vice-president), the Rox- b u r g h e club takes its n a m e f r o m J o h n Ker, 3rd D u k e of R o x b u r g h e , w h o h a d g a t h e r e d together one of the finest li- braries of its time, i n c l u d i n g Boccaccio's Decameron p r i n t e d in 1471 by Valdar- fer, some C a x t o n s a n d W y n k y n de Wordes, a n d a first folio Shakespeare. T h i s v a l u a b l e library was p u t u p f o r a u c t i o n in 1812, eight years a f t e r the Duke's d e a t h , a n d the sale of the Val- d a r f e r Boccaccio was the i m m e d i a t e oc- casion for the f o u n d i n g of the club. T h e R o x b u r g h e sale proved t o be o n e of the most o u t s t a n d i n g b i b l i o p h i l i c events of the early n i n t e e n t h century. W i t h it began a new era in book collect- ing: for the first time in history a four- figure price was reached in a n a u c t i o n for a single p r i n t e d book; book collect- ing once again became a n avocation for affluent nobility; fine b i n d i n g s once m o r e became fashionable; a n d the pro- ceeds of the sale, £23,341, were a n ex- M r . Buechler is Librarian, English and Speech Graduate Library, Ohio State University. t r a o r d i n a r y total f o r the time. 1 T h e fif- teen Caxtons w h i c h w e r e a u c t i o n e d b r o u g h t record prices, a n d a first folio Shakespeare f o r which t h e D u k e p a i d £ 3 5 was sold for £ 1 0 0 (it is now in the H u n t i n g t o n Library). 2 A l t h o u g h collectors b i d record sums for Caxtons a n d W y n k y n de Wordes, it was the V a l d a r f e r Boccaccio (1471) t h a t c o m m a n d e d the highest price ever p a i d for a single p r i n t e d book u p to t h a t time. T h e chief bidders for the Boccac- cio were three n o b l e m e n — t h e 2 n d Earl Spencer, the 6th D u k e of Devonshire, a n d the M a r q u i s of B l a n d f o r d (later 5th D u k e of M a r l b o r o u g h ) , w h o finally pur- chased it for £2,260.3 W h e n the M a r q u i s m a d e the final bid, D i b d i n relates, " t h e spectators stood aghast!—and the s o u n d of M r . Evan's [the auctioneer] p r o s t r a t e sceptre of d o m i n i o n reached, a n d re- s o u n d e d f r o m , the u t m o s t shores of Italy. T h e echo of t h a t fallen h a m m e r was h e a r d in t h e libraries of R o m e , of M i l a n , a n d St. M a r k . Boccaccio himself startled [sic] f r o m his s l u m b e r of some five h u n d r e d years."4 A n d the British press followed the auction q u i t e closely. W h e n t h e M a r q u i s b i d t h e last £ 1 0 , L o r d S. said, " I b o w t o y o u . " T h e engage- m e n t was very fierce, a n d a t its t e r m i n a - t i o n t h e r e was a g e n e r a l " H u z z a ! " [ N o ! it was a q u i e t p l a u d i t of h a n d s ( D i b d i n ' s n o t e ) . ] P r e s e n t l y a f t e r , t h e M a r q u i s of- f e r e d his h a n d to L o r d S. saying, " W e a r e g o o d f r i e n d s still!" H i s L o r d s h i p r e p l i e d , 1 S e y m o u r de Ricci, English Collectors of Books and Manuscripts, 1530-1930 ( N e w Y o r k : Macmillan Company, 1930), pp. 7Iff. 2 A . S. W . Rosenbach, Books and Bidders: the Ad- ventures of a Bibliophile ( B o s t o n : Little, B r o w n and Company, 1 9 2 7 ) , p. 89. 3 T h o m a s F r o g n a l l Dibdin, The Bibliographical De- cameron; or, Ten Days Pleasant Discourse Upon Illuminated Manuscripts. . . ( L o n d o n : Shakespeare Press, 1 8 1 7 ) , I I I , pp. 63ff. 4 Ibid., pp. 63-65. JANUARY 1958 19 " P e r f e c t l y — i n d e e d , I a m o b l i g e d t o y o u . " "So a m I t o y o u , " said t h e M a r q u i s , " t h e r e - f o r e t h e o b l i g a t i o n is m u t u a l . " H e de- c l a r e d t h a t it was his i n t e n t i o n t o h a v e g o n e as f a r as £ 5 , 0 0 0 . B e f o r e , h e was pos- sessed of a copy of t h e same e d i t i o n , b u t it w a n t e d five leaves; " f o r w h i c h five leaves," as L o r d S. o b s e r v e d , " h e m i g h t b e said to h a v e given £ 2 , 2 6 0 . " 5 O n the day of the Boccaccio sale, J u n e 17, 1812, t h e R o x b u r g h e C l u b w a s f o u n d e d a n d held its first m e e t i n g at St. Albans T a v e r n . E i g h t e e n m e n d i n e d a t the St. A l b a n s t h a t evening w h e n D i b d i n suggested t h a t a c l u b be established a n d meet for d i n n e r o n each anniversary of the sale. T h e eighteen b i b l i o p h i l e s were also m e n active a n d p r o m i n e n t in m a n y phases of p u b l i c life. Earl Spencer, u n a n - imously elected the first president, h a d been First L o r d of the A d m i r a l t y , Am- bassador to V i e n n a , President of the Royal I n s t i t u t i o n , a n d a T r u s t e e of the British M u s e u m . Sir Samuel Brydges was the f o u n d e r in 1813 of the Lee Pri- ory Press, n o t e d f o r its typographical ex- cellence a n d books w i t h b e a u t i f u l illus- trations; a n d R i c h a r d H e b e r was the owner of eight houses—four in E n g l a n d , three in Belgium, a n d o n e in F r a n c e — all packed w i t h books.6 A t the m e e t i n g of 1812 it was pro- posed " f o r each m e m b e r , in t u r n , ac- cording to the o r d e r of his n a m e in the a l p h a b e t , to f u r n i s h the Society w i t h a reprint of some r a r e old tract, or com- position—chiefly of poetry." 7 Since only l i m i t e d editions were i n t e n d e d , some persons o b j e c t e d to the paucity of books to be issued.8 N o t h i n g was p r i n t e d , how- ever, u n t i l the c l u b h a d m e t f o r the t h i r d time, 1814. By then thirty-five copies of Surrey's t r a n s l a t i o n of the sec- 5 Ibid., p. 66; he quotes from the Morning Herald and British Press. 8 Clive Bigham, The Roxburghe Club: Its History and Its Members, 1812-1927 (Printed for the Rox- burghe Club, Oxford University Press, 1928), pp. 3, 21. 23, et passim. 7 Dibdin, op. cit., p. 72. 8 See The Gentleman's Magazine, L X X X I I I ( 1 8 1 3 ) , 211-212; replies to this objection appear in the same magazine, L X X X I I I (1813), 338-341. o n d a n d f o u r t h books of the Aeneid h a d been p r i n t e d for the m e m b e r s by Sir W i l l i a m Bolland, a n d the club h a d e x p a n d e d to a l i m i t of thirty-one mem- bers. A l t h o u g h some of the early Rox- b u r g h e C l u b p u b l i c a t i o n s are of little literary or scholarly merit, the m a n n e r in w h i c h some of t h e m were presented to the m e m b e r s is o f t e n amusing. At the anniversary d i n n e r of 1816 George H . Freeling, o n e of the original members, presented to his compeers a r e p r i n t of La Contenance de la Table. W i t h a his- trionic touch he concealed t h e small vol- umes in such a way t h a t w h e n his fel- low R o x b u r g h e r s u n r o l l e d their d i n n e r napkins, this F r e n c h morsel d r o p p e d i n t o their laps in lieu of a d i n n e r roll. 9 As interesting as the early years of the club may be to a g o u r m e t , they were n o t distinguished by m u c h literary or schol- a r l y a c t i v i t y . P e r h a p s t h e g r e a t e s t achievements of the club were its gas- t r o n o m i c a l adventures. P a t r o n i z i n g a va- riety of L o n d o n inns, such as the St. Albans, the Prince's R e s t a u r a n t , Willis's Rooms, the A l b i o n T a v e r n , the Claren- d o n , a n d the Crown a n d Sceptre I n n at Greenwich, the R o x b u r g h e C l u b gradu- ally e a r n e d the r e p u t a t i o n of b e i n g a so- ciety of a m i a b l e a n d i m b i b i n g g o u r m e t s r a t h e r t h a n one of e r u d i t e a n d serious bibliophiles, ". . . a n d it was sarcastically r e m a r k e d t h a t the club h a d spent a f u l l t h o u s a n d p o u n d s in guzzling b e f o r e it h a d p r o d u c e d a single v a l u a b l e vol- u m e . " 1 0 W h e n o n e considers the n u m - ber of the toasts d r u n k at each anniver- sary d i n n e r , he is n o t surprised at the notoriety which the club received; at the second m e e t i n g a n d t h e r e a f t e r u n t i l a r o u n d the 1880's the following individ- ual toasts were d r u n k : 1. T h e i m m o r t a l m e m o r y of J o h n D u k e of R o x b u r g h e ; 9 John Hill Burton, The Book-hunter, Ed. by J. Herbert Slater (London: George Routledge and Sons [ 1 9 0 8 ] ) , p. 174. 10 Ibid., p. 172. 20 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 2. of C h r i s t o p h e r V a l d a r f e r , P r i n t e r of the Decameron; 3. of G u t e n b e r g , Fust, a n d Schoeffer, t h e i n v e n t o r s of t h e A r t of P r i n t i n g ; 4. of W i l l i a m C a x t o n , t h e F a t h e r of t h e British Press; 5. of D a m e J u l i a B e r n e r s a n d t h e St. A l b a n ' s Press; 6. of W y n k y n d e W o r d e a n d R i c h a r d P y n s o n , t h e i l l u s t r i o u s successors of W i l l i a m C a x t o n ; 7. of t h e A l d i n e F a m i l y a t Venice; 8. of t h e G i u n t a F a m i l y a t F l o r e n c e ; 9. of W a l t e r C h a p m a n , t h e earliest Scot- tish P r i n t e r ( a d d e d in 1900); 10. T h e Society of B i b l i o p h i l e s a t Paris; 11. T h e P r o s p e r i t y of t h e R o x b u r g h e C l u b ; 12. T h e cause of B i b l i o m a n i a all o v e r t h e w o r l d . 1 1 Is it any w o n d e r t h a t m a n y of the early anniversary celebrations lasted u n t i l three a n d f o u r o'clock in the m o r n i n g ? O n e of the original m e m b e r s a n d a close f r i e n d of D i b d i n , a certain J o s e p h Haslewood, h a d k e p t i n f o r m a l notes of the anniversary meetings. A f t e r his d e a t h in 1833 they were sold w i t h his o t h e r possessions, a n d p a r t of t h e m ap- peared in the Athenaeum in J a n u a r y , 1834. According to Haslewood's account of the 1818 a n n u a l gathering, fifteen m e m b e r s (none of t h e m of the nobility) consumed £ 8 4 9s. 6d. w o r t h of f o o d a n d potables. T h e s e b i b l i o p h i l i c bons vi- vants celebrated w i t h eleven different wines, paying £ 1 1 4s. Od. for claret, £ 3 3s. Od. f o r M a d e i r a , £ 2 l i s . Od. for c h a m p a g n e , ad finitum, a n d 5s. 6d. for b r o k e n glasses.12 B u t their wine m e n u is no m o r e magnificent t h a n the cuisine. T h e first course consisted of t u r t l e cut- lets, boiled chickens, saute of haddock, t e n d r o n s of lamb, h a m , tongue, t u r b o t , filets of whitings, f r i c a n d e a u of turtles, chartreuse, a n d J o h n Dory (an edible salt-water fish); the second course was 11 Bigham, op. cit., pp. 14-15. 12 The Athenaeum, no. 323 (January 4. 1834). 1-6. a mere two h a u n c h e s of venison; the t h i r d course consisted of l a r d e d poults, artichoke bottoms, cheese cakes, jelly, quails, salad italienne, peas, cabinet p u d d i n g , goose, creme italienne, prawns, t o u r t , a n d tart. 1 3 But, alas, the poor D i b d i n was n o t in L o n d o n f o r this fes- tive event. H e was in Paris celebrating w i t h some French bibliophiles, a n d a f t e r the evening was d o n e a n d all the toasts d r u n k , he g a t h e r e d u p all t h e b o t t l e corks to carry w i t h h i m to Lon- d o n as m e m e n t o s of his "biblio-vinic" tour. 1 4 N o w it may seem t h a t the first d u t y of a f a i t h f u l R o x b u r g h e r was to demon- strate his gastronomical capacity; cer- tainly the anniversary d i n n e r s were no- table accomplishments, b u t in its first ten years the club h a d rescued from ob- livion some thirty-six books a n d m a n u - scripts which m i g h t otherwise have b e e n lost. By 1820 the club was flourishing a n d g a i n i n g the r e p u t a t i o n of exclusive- ness: it was once said of the R o x b u r g h e C l u b t h a t it was m o r e difficult to e n t e r t h a n the Peerage or the Privy Council. 1 5 O n F e b r u a r y 22, 1823, D i b d i n , still vice- president, wrote the following letter to Sir W a l t e r Scott, whose novels h a d ap- peared anonymously: My D e a r S i r , — T h e D e a t h of Sir M . M . Sykes, Bart., h a v i n g occasioned a vacancy i n o u r R O X B U R G H E C L U B , I a m d e s i r e d t o r e q u e s t t h a t you will h a v e t h e g o o d n e s s to m a k e t h a t fact k n o w n t o t h e A U T H O R OF WAVERLEY, w h o . . . seems d i s p o s e d t o b e c o m e o n e of t h e m e m b e r s t h e r e o f ; a n d I a m f u r t h e r d e s i r e d t o express t h e wishes of t h e said C L U B t h a t t h e said A U T H O R m a y succeed t h e said B a r o n e t . — I a m ever most sincerely yours, T . F. D i b d i n , v.p. 1 6 T o this missive Scott replied t h a t he 13 Ibid., p. 4. 14The Gentleman's Magazine, L X X X I I I ( 1 8 1 8 ) , 5-6. 15 Burton, op. cit., p. 170. 10 Quoted in John G. Lockhart, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart. ( B o s t o n : Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1 9 0 1 ) , V I I , p. 96. JANUARY 1958 21 w o u l d f o r w a r d the i n v i t a t i o n to the " a u t h o r of Waverley," 1 7 a n d o n A p r i l 21, D i b d i n again wrote Sir W a l t e r an- n o u n c i n g his f o r m a l election to t h e C l u b a n d r e q u e s t i n g h i m to "Come, a n d talk of C a x t o n s a n d W y n k y n s w i t h us, at o u r n e x t a n n i v e r s a r y m e r r y m a k i n g . " 1 8 Scott accepted t h e i n v i t a t i o n to j o i n the club, b u t he was never very active in it, a t t e n d i n g only o n e of the a n n u a l fetes, that h e l d in May, 1828.19 H e did, how- ever, present to the c l u b a p r i n t i n g of Proceedings in the Court Martial held upon John, Master of Smclair in 1828. A l t h o u g h Scott once said of t h e Rox- b u r g h e C l u b t h a t his m e m b e r s h i p was a n " h o n o u r w h i c h I value m o r e t h a n I do t h a t w h i c h has b e e n bestowed o n m e by the credit of h a v i n g w r i t t e n any of his [Scott's own] novels."2 0 H e was m o r e concerned w i t h a society of w h i c h h e was the first p r e s i d e n t — t h e B a n n a t y n e C l u b f o u n d e d in 1823 for the preserva- tion a n d p u b l i c a t i o n of Scottish docu- ments a n d l i t e r a t u r e . B u t Scott was n o t the only e m i n e n t figure elected to t h e august body of Rox- b u r g h e r s at this time. A year before, the Rev. Francis W r a n g h a m was p e r m i t t e d to e n t e r the sacrosanct assemblies of the club. W r a n g h a m h a d b e e n c h a p l a i n to the A r c h b i s h o p of York, P r e b e n d a r y of York a n d of Chester, a r c h d e a c o n of Cleveland, a scholar a n d t r a n s l a t o r of classical poets, a n d , of course, a n avid b i b l i o p h i l e . By the time of his election to the club he h a d collected a library of some 15,000 books a n d 10,000 pam- phlets. 2 1 Even t h o u g h the club c o n t i n u e d to replace deceased m e m b e r s by o t h e r m e n of h i g h r e p u t e , m a n y R o x b u r g h e r s were 17 Ibid., pp. 97-98. 18 Sir Walter Scott, The Letters of Sir Walter Scott, 1787-1832, Ed. by H. J. C. Grierson ( L o n d o n : Constable and Company, 1932), V I I . pp. 382-3; notice of Scott's election appeared in The Gentleman's Maga- zine, X C I I I ( 1 8 2 3 ) , 353. 19 The Athenaeum, no. 326 (January 25, 1834), 60-64. 20 Scott, op. cit., p. 383. 21 Bigham, op. cit., p. 37. remiss i n p r e s e n t i n g books at their own expense to the c l u b members. I n 1827 therefore the club a d o p t e d a resolution t h a t as a body it w o u l d b e a r the cost of p r i n t i n g some works. Since the scholarly value of previous p u b l i c a t i o n s was n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y high, the club selected a n o n - m e m b e r a n d scholar to edit a n im- p o r t a n t work. I n 1828 a p p e a r e d the Romance of Havelock the Dane edited by Sir Frederick M a d d e n ; w i t h this vol- u m e the scholarly r e p u t a t i o n of the so- ciety was established. However, D i b d i n a n d Haslewood objected to a non- m e m b e r ' s e d i t i n g a c l u b p u b l i c a t i o n , a n d f r o m this time o n D i b d i n ' s interest in the R o x b u r g h e club b e g a n to wane. T h r o u g h o u t the early a n d mid-Vic- t o r i a n p e r i o d the club u n d e r w e n t a de- cline even t h o u g h in 1839 t h e member- ship l i m i t was increased to forty. Earl Spencer, the club's first president, died, a n d in 1843 D i b d i n resigned as vice- president, dying soon a f t e r w a r d s in pov- erty. B u t new vitality was i n j e c t e d i n t o the g r o u p by the election of its first foreign m e m b e r , Sylvain V a n de Weyer, the Belgian envoy.2 2 However, by 1884 the society h a d d e t e r i o r a t e d to such a n e x t e n t t h a t a m e m o r a n d u m was circu- lated a m o n g the m e m b e r s to ascertain if t h e club s h o u l d c o n t i n u e in existence. A t a m e e t i n g a t t e n d e d by only n i n e m e m b e r s it was decided by a vote of seven to two to c o n t i n u e . 2 3 I t was in this year t h a t the first A m e r i c a n was ad- m i t t e d to the c h a m b e r s of t h e club, J a m e s Russell Lowell, t h e n the Ameri- can envoy to t h e c o u r t of St. James, w h o records in a letter to his d a u g h t e r t h a t h e a t t e n d e d t h e anniversary d i n n e r of 1887.24 Also in 1884 two f u t u r e p r i m e ministers were selected to m e m b e r s h i p , R o b e r t , the 3rd M a r q u i s of Salisbury 22 Ibid., pp. 8-9. 23 Ibid., p. 10. 24 James Russell Lowell, New Letters of lames Russell Lowell, Ed. by M. A. De Wolfe Howe ( N e w York: Harper and Brothers, 1932), p. 310. 22 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES a n d A r c h i b a l d , the 5th Earl of Rose- bery.2 5 T h e p e r i o d 1892-1902 showed a n in- crease in the activity of the club: mem- bers c o n t r i b u t e d eighteen books; dues were increased f r o m five to six guineas, there was now a list of m e n w a i t i n g to join, a n d in this decade the t h i r d p r i m e m i n i s t e r e n t e r e d the club, A r t h u r James, 1st E a r l of B a l f o u r . 2 6 T h e list of schol- ars w h o have edited R o x b u r g h e C l u b p u b l i c a t i o n s was e x t e n d e d a n d now in- cludes such o u t s t a n d i n g figures as F. J . F u r n i v a l l , Falconer M a d a n , A l f r e d W . Pollard, a n d recently H e l e n Darbishire. N o longer is the g r a n d f a t h e r of all book clubs f a m o u s f o r its a n n u a l e p i c u r e a n fetes; the club is now r e n o w n e d a m o n g bibliophiles f o r its excellent reproduc- tions of medieval m a n u s c r i p t s such as the Metz Pontifical a n d Le Pelerinaige [sic] de Vie Humaine. A roll call n o longer reveals a n ex- clusively English m e m b e r s h i p ; n i n e for- eign b o o k m e n have b e e n elected to the r a n k of a R o x b u r g h e r — f i v e Americans (J. R . Lowell, W h i t e l a w R e i d , J o h n P i e r p o n t M o r g a n a n d his son J o h n , Jr., a n d Chester Beatty), two F r e n c h m e n , one Belgian, a n d o n e Spaniard, the D u k e of Alba. 2 7 A l o n g w i t h these illus- trious collectors are the owners of those great libraries which still b e a r their names: H e n r y H u t h w h o b e g a n t h e great H u t h Collection a n d his son w h o completed its catalog; W i l l i a m H . Mil- ler, Samuel Christie-Miller, Wakefield Christie-Miller a n d Sydney Christie- Miller all of w h o m have possessed at various times the well-known Britwell L i b r a r y w h i c h was sold in t h e twenties p r i n c i p a l l y to H e n r y E. H u n t i n g t o n a n d A. S. W . R o s e n b a c h . Charles H o r n b y , f o u n d e r of the A s h e n d e n e Press, a n d Sir W i l l i a m Osier, as well as the no- torious T h o m a s J . Wise—-usually re- 25 Bigham, op. cit., pp. 10-11. 28 Ibid., p. 11. 27 Ibid., p. 13. m e m b e r e d for his literary forgeries in- stead of his fine b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l achieve- ments—were also R o x b u r g h e r s . I n its 145 years of activity the Rox- b u r g h e C l u b has d o n e great service to the w o r l d of books. N o t only has it p u b - lished obscure a n d inaccessible works, b u t it has generally m a i n t a i n e d a typo- g r a p h i c a l excellence in most of its vol- umes. A Book of Old Testament Illus- trations . . . Sent by Cardinal Bernard Maciljowski to Shah Abbas the Great, King of Persia, a g i f t of M r . M o r g a n , Sr., to the club members, is a n o u t s t a n d - ing e x a m p l e of m o d e r n t y p o g r a p h i c a l art. T h e influence of the club o n col- lectors has given i m p e t u s to the f o u n d - ing of o t h e r b i b l i o p h i l i c a n d scholarly societies. I t has inspired the Percy So- ciety (1840), established f o r the p u r p o s e of p u b l i s h i n g ballads a n d o t h e r fugitive pieces of l i t e r a t u r e , the H a k l u y t Society (1846), for the p u b l i c a t i o n of r a r e travel a n d geographical works, the B a n n a t y n e C l u b (1823), f o r the p u b l i c a t i o n of Scottish verse a n d documents, a n d the Early English T e x t Society (1864), still a s t a n d a r d source of scholarly editions of Anglo-Saxon a n d medieval litera- ture. 2 8 A l t h o u g h R o x b u r g h e p u b l i c a t i o n s now n u m b e r a b o u t 200 a n d t h e club is still active in publishing, there are few complete collections of its works since all its titles were issued in l i m i t e d edi- tions of thirty-two to 100 copies. Seldom d o they a p p e a r o n the a u c t i o n block in America. American Book Prices Current lists one R o x b u r g h e p u b l i c a t i o n f o r t h e 1942-43 season a n d n o n e since. I n Amer- ica few libraries possess extensive hold- ings: H a r v a r d , L i b r a r y of Congress, N e w b e r r y , Boston A t h e n a e u m , a n d O h i o State are some of the larger li- braries o w n i n g a sizable n u m b e r of t h e publications. 28 Ruth Granniss, "What Bibliography Owes to Pri- vate Book Clubs," Papers of the Bibliographical So- ciety of America, X X I V (1930), 14-33. JANUARY 1958 23