College and Research Libraries B y F L E M I N G B E N N E T T Audio-Visual Services in Colleges and Universities in the United States Report of a Survey by the A C R L Committee on A u d i o V i s u a l W o r k Mr. Bennett is librarian, University of Ari- zona. THIS is a r e p o r t of a s u r v e y u n d e r t a k e n in M a r c h 1952 by t h e A C R L C o m m i t t e e on A u d i o - V i s u a l W o r k . T h e p u r p o s e of t h e s u r v e y w a s t o a s c e r t a i n t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h services w i t h e d u c a t i o n a l films, filmstrips, r e - c o r d i n g s and o t h e r a u d i o - v i s u a l m a t e r i a l s h a v e been developed in U . S . colleges a n d u n i v e r s i - ties a n d , m o r e specifically, t h e patterns of service w h i c h h a v e been evolved in m e e t i n g n e e d s f o r t h e s e m a t e r i a l s . I t w a s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e s w o u l d n o t be w h o l l y a p p r o p r i a t e in this s u r - vey. Since v i r t u a l l y n o t h i n g w a s k n o w n of e x i s t i n g p a t t e r n s of a u d i o - v i s u a l service in a c a d e m i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , t h e r e c o u l d be n o a s s u r - ance t h a t any r a n d o m l y selected s a m p l e w o u l d a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t U . S . colleges a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s in t e r m s of a u d i o - v i s u a l d e v e l o p - m e n t . A c c o r d i n g l y , it w a s decided t o c o n d u c t a c e n s u s - t y p e s u r v e y . A c a r e f u l l y - d e s i g n e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s sent t o t h e l i b r a r i a n s of 1726 colleges a n d u n i - v e r s i t i e s . T h e list of i n s t i t u t i o n s q u e r i e d c o m p r i s e d t h e e n t i r e college a n d u n i v e r s i t y m a i l i n g list of t h e A L A P u b l i c a t i o n s Office, w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n s l o c a t e d o u t s i d e t h e c o n t i - n e n t a l l i m i t s of t h e U . S . d e l e t e d . I n o r d e r to s e c u r e c o m p a r a b l e d a t a f r o m n o n - l i b r a r y agencies, t h e r e w a s i n c l u d e d w i t h each q u e s - t i o n n a i r e a d a t a sheet to be filled o u t by t h e d i r e c t o r of any s e p a r a t e a u d i o - v i s u a l agency in t h e i n s t i t u t i o n . O f t h e 1726 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s m a i l e d , 41 w e r e r e t u r n e d b e c a u s e an i n s t i t u t i o n w a s no l o n g e r in e x i s t e n c e o r b e c a u s e a revised c u r r i c u l a r p r o g r a m no l o n g e r e n t i t l e d an i n s t i t u t i o n t o s t a t u s as a college o r u n i v e r s i t y . O f t h e 1685 r e m a i n i n g q u e s t i o n n a i r e s m a i l e d , 575 u s a b l e r e s p o n s e s ( 3 4 % ) w e r e received. I t is r e c o g - nized t h a t b e c a u s e of this r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l r e t u r n , t h e findings p r e s e n t e d b e l o w m a y n o t a c c u r a t e l y reflect c o n d i t i o n s g e n e r a l l y . I t m i g h t logically be s u p p o s e d t h a t t h e r e w o u l d be a g r e a t e r t e n d e n c y f o r i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v i n g A V services t o r e s p o n d t h a n f o r t h o s e h a v i n g 110 such services, and t h a t this w o u l d r e s u l t in s k e w e d a n a l y s e s . T h a t s u p p o s i t i o n is a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y d i s p r o v e d by t h e f a c t t h a t 6 5 % of all r e s p o n s e s w e r e f r o m i n s t i t u t i o n s in w h i c h t h e r e w a s e i t h e r no A V service o r only a v e r y s m a l l one. A l t h o u g h it is believed t h a t t h e " s a m p l e " s e c u r e d may be f a i r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , it s h o u l d be u n d e r s t o o d t h a t all a n a l y t i c a l findings p r e s e n t e d in this r e p o r t apply only t o t h e g r o u p of i n s t i t u t i o n s f r o m w h i c h r e s p o n s e s w e r e r e c e i v e d . P A T T E R N S OF S E R V I C E T h e s u r v e y r e v e a l e d t h a t 8 4 % of t h e r e - p o r t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s h a d an A V service of s o m e kind. E i g h t y - n i n e i n s t i t u t i o n s ( 1 5 % ) r e p o r t e d a c e n t r a l i z e d A V service in t h e l i b r a r y , a n d 93 ( 1 6 % ) r e p o r t e d a c e n t r a l i z e d s e r v i c e in a s e p a r a t e n o n - l i b r a r y agency. D e c e n t r a l i z e d services w e r e r e p o r t e d in 302 ( 5 3 % ) of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s . I n 22 ( 5 % ) of t h e r e p o r t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , t h e l i b r a r y o p e r a t e d t h e l a r g e s t A V service on t h e c a m p u s , w h i l e in 2 3 6 ( 4 1 % ) an i n s t r u c t i o n a l d e p a r t m e n t ( m o s t o f t e n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of e d u c a t i o n ) m a i n t a i n e d a service l a r g e r t h a n t h a t m a i n t a i n e d by t h e l i b r a r y . A n o t h e r 4 4 ( 7 % ) r e p o r t e d a s m a l l A V service o f f e r e d by an i n s t r u c t i o n a l de- p a r t m e n t as t h e only one on t h e c a m p u s . T h e d a t a r e l a t i n g t o p a t t e r n s of service in 575 i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v e been a n a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h r e e m a i n v a r i a b l e s ; ( 1 ) r e g i o n ; ( 2 ) type T A B L E I Pattern of Audio-Visual Service, By Type of Curricular Program in Institution Type of Program P a t t e r n of Service Junior Under- Grad- Teacher- Sinele- Total College grad. uate Tng. Subject V /o) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Centralized AV Service in the Li- brary 23 17 8 18 22 IS Centralized AV Service in a Sepa- rate Agency 11 6 28 22 5 16 Decentralized AV Service; Library has more than other(s) 2 3 5 7 6 4 Decentralized AV Service; Library 7 has less than other(s) 36 48 41 32 28 41 Decentralized AV Service; Library has no service 8 7 7 8 11 8 No AV Service on Campus 20 19 11 13 28 16 Total No. of Institutions ( N = 100%) 97 202 190 68 18 575 of c u r r i c u l a r p r o g r a m ; and ( 3 ) size of en- r o l l m e n t . W i t h one exception, r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s a r e not statistically significant. A l t h o u g h t h e n u m - b e r of cases is small, it w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n s in the S o u t h w e s t h a v e tended to c e n t r a l i z e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e i r A V services m o r e t h a n those in o t h e r regions. F o r t y - f o u r p e r c e n t of the r e p o r t i n g colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s in t h a t region h a v e e i t h e r a c e n t r a l A V service in the l i b r a r y ( 1 8 % ) or in a s e p a r a t e n o n - l i b r a r y agency ( 2 6 % ) , in con- t r a s t to 3 4 % in t h e M i d w e s t , 3 3 % in t h e S o u t h e a s t , 3 1 % in t h e N o r t h w e s t , 2 8 % in the F a r W e s t , and 2 6 % in the N o r t h e a s t . D i f f e r e n c e s of g r e a t e r significance a r e re- vealed w h e n t h e d a t a a r e a n a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e type of c u r r i c u l a r p r o g r a m in t h e r e p o r t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n . T a b l e I s h o w s t h a t a m o n g i n s t i t u t i o n s r e p o r t i n g centralized A V services, the j u n i o r colleges, u n d e r g r a d u a t e colleges and s i n g l e - s u b j e c t i n s t i t u t i o n s (schools of l a w , medicine or theology p r i n c i p a l l y ) h a v e tended t o develop t h a t service in t h e l i b r a r y , w h e r e a s t e a c h e r - t r a i n i n g and g r a d u a t e insti- t u t i o n s have t e n d e d to develop t h e i r s in s e p a r a t e agencies. S i n g l e - s u b j e c t i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v e t e n d e d m o r e t h a n o t h e r s to h a v e no A V service at all. T h e principle of c e n t r a l i z a t i o n is s h o w n to h a v e been e m b r a c e d m o r e g e n e r a l l y in t e a c h e r - t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s ( 4 0 % ) t h a n in o t h e r s . U n d e r g r a d u a t e colleges a r e s h o w n to T A B L E I I Pattern of Audio-Visual Service, By Size of Enrollment Pattern of Service 1000 or less (%) Size of Enrollment 1001- 5000 (%) Over <;ooo (%) Total (%) Centralized AV Service in the Library 19 11 4 15 Centralized AV Service in a Separate Agency 6 32 44 16 Decentralized AV Service; Library has more 32 44 than other(s) 4 3 4 4 Decentralized AV Service; Library has less than other(s) • 43 8 37 8 40 41 Decentralized AV Service; Library has no service 43 8 37 8 2 8 No AV Service on Campus 20 9 6 16 Total No. Institutions ( N = i o o % ) 366 159 5° 575 12 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES h a v e t e n d e d m o r e t h a n o t h e r s t o d e c e n t r a l i z e t h e i r A V services w i t h r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l li- b r a r y p a r t i c i p a t i o n . T h e m o s t s h a r p l y d i s t i n g u i s h i n g v a r i a b l e is t h e size of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n in t e r m s of e n r o l l - m e n t . T h e r e s u l t s of an a n a l y s i s a l o n g this v a r i a b l e a r e s h o w n in T a b l e I I . T h e l a r g e r t h e i n s t i t u t i o n , t h e m o r e likely it is t o h a v e d e v e l o p e d a c e n t r a l i z e d A V service. F o r t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t of t h e r e p o r t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v i n g an e n r o l l m e n t of o v e r 5000 h a d cen- t r a l i z e d services, w h i l e only 2 5 % of t h o s e h a v i n g an e n r o l l m e n t of IOOO o r less h a d cen- t r a l i z e d services. I n t h e s m a l l e r colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s , t h e c e n t r a l i z e d service h a d g e n - e r a l l y been d e v e l o p e d in t h e l i b r a r y , b u t in t h o s e h a v i n g an e n r o l l m e n t of m o r e t h a n 1000, s e p a r a t e A V services h a d m o r e o f t e n been e s t a b l i s h e d . T h i r t y - t w o p e r c e n t of t h e insti- t u t i o n s h a v i n g an e n r o l l m e n t of 1001 t o 5000, a n d 4 4 % of t h o s e h a v i n g an e n r o l l m e n t of o v e r 5000 r e p o r t e d c e n t r a l n o n - l i b r a r y agencies, w h e r e a s only 6 % w h o s e e n r o l l m e n t is 1000 o r less h a d e s t a b l i s h e d s e p a r a t e c e n t e r s . By c r o s s - t a b u l a t i n g t h e d a t a a l o n g b o t h v a r i a b l e s , type of c u r r i c u l a r p r o g r a m and size of e n r o l l m e n t , it w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e l a t t e r is t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t one. F o r e x a m p l e , in t h e g r o u p of g r a d u a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t r e p o r t e d , only 8 % of t h e t o t a l h a d c e n t r a l i z e d t h e i r A V services in t h e l i b r a r y , b u t 1 8 % of t h o s e g r a d u - a t e schools h a v i n g an e n r o l l m e n t of 1000 o r less h a d developed a l i b r a r y - c e n t e r e d service. I n all c a t e g o r i e s except t h e s i n g l e - s u b j e c t i n s t i t u t i o n , a n a l y s i s r e v e a l s t h a t t h o s e h a v i n g e n r o l l m e n t s of o v e r 1000 t e n d e d m o r e t h a n t h o s e h a v i n g s m a l l e r e n r o l l m e n t s t o h a v e a c e n t r a l i z e d service, a n d t h a t it h a d been d e - veloped in a s e p a r a t e agency m o r e o f t e n t h a n in t h e l i b r a r y . I t is of s o m e significance to n o t e also t h a t a m o n g g r a d u a t e and t e a c h e r - t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e p e r - c e n t a g e of t h e s m a l l e r ones m a i n t a i n e d no A V service a t all on t h e i r c a m p u s e s . O P I N I O N S OF L I B R A R I A N S T h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n c l u d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g opinion q u e s t i o n : " D o you believe t h e l i b r a r y s h o u l d a d m i n i s t e r and service all m a t e r i a l s of c o m m u n i c a t i o n f o r a college o r u n i v e r s i t y , i n c l u d i n g a u d i o - v i s u a l m a t e r i a l s ? " L i b r a r i a n s w e r e asked t o r e s p o n d w i t h a simple a f f i r m a - tive o r n e g a t i v e a n s w e r , a n d w e r e given an o p p o r t u n i t y t o s u p p o r t t h e i r opinions w i t h r e a s o n s . F i f t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t of t h o s e w h o r e - sponded w e r e of t h e opinion t h a t t h e l i b r a r y should a d m i n i s t e r a u d i o - v i s u a l services, 3 2 % r e s p o n d e d n e g a t i v e l y , a n d 1 0 % f a i l e d t o s t a t e an u n q u a l i f i e d opinion. T A B L E I I I Librarians' Opinions, By Size of Enrollment Opinion Small 1000 or Less (%) Medium 1001- 5000 (%) Large Over 5000 ( % ) Total (%) Yes 62 54 4 4 58 No 27 38 4 4 32 No Answer 11 8 12 10 Total No. of Librarians (N = 100%) 366 159 50 575 O p i n i o n s of l i b r a r i a n s w e r e f o u n d to v a r y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e size of t h e i r i n s t i t u t i o n s . ( S e e T a b l e I I I . ) S i x t y - t w o p e r c e n t of t h o s e in t h e s m a l l e r i n s t i t u t i o n s believed t h a t t h e l i b r a r y s h o u l d be a c o m p l e t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s c e n t e r and include a u d i o - v i s u a l m a t e r i a l s in t h e i r service p a t t e r n s , w h i l e opinion a m o n g l i b r a r i a n s in i n s t i t u t i o n s h a v i n g e n r o l l m e n t of o v e r 5000 w a s split evenly. A n a l y s i s by r e g i o n a l b r e a k d o w n s and by type of c u r r i c u l a r p r o g r a m r e v e a l e d no signifi- c a n t d e v i a t i o n s f r o m o v e r - a l l p a t t e r n s of opinion. T h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t l i b r a r i a n s ' opinions w e r e influenced p r i n c i p a l l y by t h e i r o w n ex- p e r i e n c e in h a n d l i n g a u d i o - v i s u a l m a t e r i a l s w a s t e s t e d by m a k i n g an a n a l y s i s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a t t e r n of A V service t h a t h a d been de- veloped in i n d i v i d u a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e p e r - c e n t a g e figures in T a b l e I V r e v e a l t h a t in those i n s t i t u t i o n s in w h i c h t h e l i b r a r y h a d p a r - t i c i p a t e d in A V service, t h e tide of l i b r a r i a n s ' opinions r a n s t r o n g l y in f a v o r of t h e l i b r a r y ' s a d m i n i s t e r i n g such services. E i g h t y - f i v e p e r - c e n t of t h e l i b r a r i a n s a d m i n i s t e r i n g a c e n t r a l A V service, and 6 5 % of t h o s e w h o s e l i b r a r y A V service w a s t h e l a r g e s t on t h e c a m p u s , r e s p o n d e d a f f i r m a t i v e l y . E v e n in t h o s e i n s t i - t u t i o n s in w h i c h s e p a r a t e agencies h a d been d e v e l o p e d to m e e t n e e d s f o r a u d i o - v i s u a l m a - t e r i a l s , n e a r l y half of t h e l i b r a r i a n s ( 4 4 % in colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v i n g a c e n t r a l n o n - l i b r a r y agency, a n d 4 8 % in t h o s e h a v i n g d e c e n t r a l i z e d services o u t s i d e t h e l i b r a r y ) JANUARY, 1955 13 T A B L E I V Librarians' Opinions, By Degree of Library Participation in Audio-Visual Service Opinion Library Participation Library Non-Participation Total (%) Opinion Library-cen- Library has Library has tered AV M a j o r AV Minor AV Service Service Service ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) n 1 a tt Decentral-Lentral AV • , A ,r c • lzed AV Service c • c Services in oep. • c » • in Sep. Agencies A • (07 \ Agencies (/o) ( % ) Total (%) Yes No No Answer 85 65 59 12 23 31 3 *3 !o 44 48 43 • 38 13 14 58 32 10 T o t a l No. of Librar- ians ( N = 100%) 89 22 236 93 134 575 favored central administration of such serv- ices in the library. Sixty-one percent of the librarians w h o re- sponded to the opinion question submitted one or more reasons in support of their opinions. It is of interest to note that 7 1 % of those w h o held an affirmative opinion gave reasons, whereas only 4 1 % of those w h o held a nega- tive opinion supported their position with reasons.* T h i s would appear to indicate that librarians f a v o r i n g central library administra- tion of A V services w e r e better prepared (or at any rate more w i l l i n g ) to cite reasons supporting their opinions than w e r e those w h o believed that the library should not administer such services. K I N D S O F M A T E R I A L S S E R V I C E D In shaping the questionnaire for this survey, the Committee defined "audio-visual ma- terials" by listing six categories only: ( 1 ) films; ( 2 ) filmstrips; ( 3 ) slides; (4) re- cordings ( d i s c s ) ; ( 5 ) maps; and (6) pic- tures, including photographs. It w a s recognized that other materials could be in- cluded {e.g., tape and w i r e recordings), but it w a s thought advisable to limit the investi- gation to the six categories cited. A l l respondents, including directors of separate A V agencies, w e r e asked to check which materials they serviced, and the size of the collection in each case. T a b l e V shows the proportions of library and non-library agencies in the reporting institutions which gave service in the various categories of materials. * R e a s o n s g i v e n by respondents h a v e been a n a l y z e d by C a r l W . H i n t z in a separate paper, as y e t un- published. In institutions having centralized A V serv- ices, 9 9 % of the separate agencies and 8 7 % of the library centers give service with films. Ninety-three percent of the separate agencies and 9 0 % of the library centers give service with filmstrips. Eighty-nine percent of the library centers include recordings in their service patterns, while only 7 0 % of the separate agencies give service with recordings. A majority of each type of center handle slides, T A B L E V Proportion of Libraries and Non-Library Audio- Visual Agencies Giving Service with Specified Types of Materials Materials Serviced Lib. Cent. ( % ) Sep. Cent. ( % ) Decentral. Lib. Other (%) (%) Other Minor (%) Films 87 99 26 94 94 Filmstrips 90 93 37 84 81 Slides 6 5 72 3i 64 44 Recordings 89 70 63 47 5o M a p s 62 26 72 20 19 Pictures 73 32 64 21 6 No. of Insti- tutions ( N = 100%) 89 90 256 86 16 but whereas approximately two-thirds of the library centers render service with maps and pictures, only a little over one-fourth of the separate agencies service these materials. It would appear that separate A V agencies have tended to concentrate on service with films and filmstrips, and largely to ignore maps 14 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES T A B L E V I Overlapping Services with Specified Audio-Visual Materials in Institutions Having Decentralized Audio-Visual Services A u d i 0 - V i s u a M a t e r i a s Overlap Status Films (%) Film- strips ( % ) Slides (%) Record- ings (%) Maps (%) Pictures (%) Overlapping Service No Overlapping Service 9 9i 13 87 15 85 J a 4J CO -O ' J O _c 0 'hJ a u C/D -Q J -C 4-J O O J 0, OJ m J 3 J -C 0 0 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 100 or less 88 67 95 88 IOO 63 40 94 58 75 O x4 I O O 15 0 101- 500 12 24 5 8 0 31 40 6 16 0 50 14 O 29 0 501-1000 0 0 0 4 0 6 I I 0 I I 25 50 9 O 7 0 1001-3000 0 9 0 0 0 O 9 0 I O 0 O 36 O 42 0 Over 3000 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 5 0 O 27 O 7 0 Total No. of Agencies ( N = 100%) 59 21 43 49 I I 16 47 17 19 4 2 22 9 14 0 whelming majority of the collections in small institutions fall into the t w o smallest size- categories, and that in the larger institutions the collections, although still concentrated in the smaller size-categories, tend to be larger. It is of some significance to note that, in the case of films and filmstrips, the collections in separate agencies tend to be larger than those in library-centered A V services, but that, in the case of recordings, the reverse is true. A scrutiny of these tables clearly reveals that the development of audio-visual collec- tions is still in its early stages. Relatively f e w libraries or separate A V agencies,- have acquired large collections of films, filmstrips or recordings. T h e same is true of the other three categories of A V materials, although comparable tabulations of data are not pre- sented here. T h e one exception indicated by an examination of the data is maps, of which several libraries reported sizable collections. M o s t of these are probably libraries in which the U . S. A r m y M a p Service has deposited maps since W o r l d W a r I I . V i r t u a l l y no separate A V agencies have collected maps in great numbers. T A B L E I X Size of Collections of Recordings, By Size of Enrollment and P a t t e r n of Audio-Visual Service Size of Collections of Recordings Small: 1000 or Less M e d i u m : 1001-5000 Large: Over 5000 Size of Collections of Recordings . IH w £! c c s U u H -C O (%) Ih >H & £ a c u H > Ih . 2 j j -S 2 0 (%) (%) IH O c § IH -C O (%) Ih >H & £ a c u ut Ih 4J Decentral- ized Serv. IH O c Services Available c s Ih ID c > IH ts IH CL) § Ih U a V V e u U >> IH ' CS IH V § Ih 3 5o IOO 59 45 50 0 Projectionists 59 81 11 81 75 83 91 8 84 26 50 IOO 100 18 86 0 Listening Rooms 48 48 31 43 33 61 70 36 84 26 50 100 5o 32 36 0 Viewing Rooms 57 86 15 87 5« 78 94 16 26 75 IOO 95 18 86 0 Recording Serv. 41 81 10 57 33 33 74 6 63 5o IOO 64 23 57 0 Photographic Pro- duction 9 29 6 3 ° 8 17 55 I I 53 50 0 5o 27 29 0 Instruction in Use of Equip. 58 81 18 87 83 78 94 13 79 5o 50 91 27 7i 0 Reference and Con- sultation 55 67 39 56 42 83 91 34 68 5° IOO 86 55 7 1 0 Other Services 6 5 7 4 0 22 9 2 21 0 50 23 9 21 0 Total No. of Agencies ( N = 100%) 69 21 170 54 12 18 47 64 19 4 2 22 22 14 0 JANUARY, 1955 17 restricted in separate agencies than in library- centered A V services. A U D I O - V I S U A L S E R V I C E S O F F E R E D A checklist of equipment, facilities and services w a s provided in the questionnaire, in an attempt to secure data about services other than loans of materials given by library and non-library A V agencies. T h e results of an analysis of these data are shown in T a b l e X I . T h e pattern of percentages in this respect parallel closely those of T a b l e V . T h e li- braries which give service with films and filmstrips usually provide service w i t h p r o j e c t o r s ; projectionist service is given less frequently, and viewing rooms are also less offer services other than circulation of ma- terials. H o w e v e r , the fact that responses from a majority of non-library agencies in this group w e r e not received makes it impossi- ble to d r a w that conclusion. W h e r e a s 256 of the 258 libraries in institutions having de- centralized A V service submitted data, replies f r o m only 87 of the non-library A V agencies in those same institutions w e r e received, and the proportions shown in both T a b l e s V and X I are based upon the number of agencies which reported. T h e picture becomes a little clearer by scrutinizing the r a w figures f o r the columns in T a b l e X I under " D e c e n t r a l i z e d Service" f o r each size-category, which are shown below. T h e s e figures reveal that in the small-enroll- Small: 1000 or Less M e d i u m : 1001-5000 Large: Over 5000 Services Available 1001-5000 Large: Over 5000 Services Available Lib. Other Lib. Other Lib. Other Projectors 40 72 5i 1 7 1 9 7 1 4 Record Players 40 72 40 26 12 10 7 Projectionist Service 18 4 4 5 16 4 12 Listening Rooms 53 23 23 5 7 5 Viewing Rooms 25 4 7 10 15 4 12 Recording Service 17 3i 4 12 5 8 Photographic Production 10 16 7 10 6 4 Instruction 30 4 7 8 15 6 10 Reference and Consultation 66 3 ° 22 !3 12 10 Other Services 12 2 1 4 2 3 frequently available. T h e separate agencies are more likely than libraries are to provide projectors and projectionists, and to have facilities f o r viewing films. A l t h o u g h a large proportion of A V agencies have record players available f o r their patrons, a f a r smaller proportion have special listening rooms. It is probable that many of these A V agencies have earphone attachments for record players located in public or semi-public areas. A comparison of T a b l e s V and X I reveals the quite unexpected finding that although only three-fifths of the separate A V centers give service with recordings or have any collec- tions of them, approximately 8 2 % of them have record players for the use of students and other patrons. T h e r e is no ready expla- nation f o r this phenomenon. In the institutions reporting decentralized A V services, it w o u l d appear that, whether large or small, the non-library A V agencies are more likely than library A V agencies to ment group, 40 of the libraries ( 2 4 % of 170) reported service w i t h projectors, and 51 of the non-library agencies ( 9 4 % of 54, but only 3 0 % of 170) reported this service. In the case of service w i t h record players in the same size-category, 72 of the libraries ( 4 2 % of 170) reported service, w h e r e a s only 40 of the non-library agencies ( 7 4 % of 54, but only 2 4 % of 170) reported giving this service. Examples of the same kind can be cited in the larger size-categories to illustrate the fallacy of basing an analysis on the percentage figures in T a b l e X I alone. P E R S O N N E L , B U D G E T S , A N D S T A T I S T I C S OF U S E A n effort w a s made in the survey to secure data from librarians and directors of separate A V agencies on ( 1 ) the number of persons engaged in audio-visual w o r k at various levels; ( 2 ) the amounts budgeted during the previous year f o r materials, equipment and personnel; and ( 3 ) statistics of use of audio-visual ma- terials over a four-year period. U n f o r t u - 18 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES nately, only a very small number of respondents submitted f u l l or reliable d a t a ; hence, no analysis on these points can be pre- sented here. S U M M A R Y A m o n g the 575 institutions f r o m which data w e r e secured in this survey, it is clear that needs for audio-visual materials have been recognized and steps taken in a large majority ( 8 4 % ) of them to meet those needs. It is not known how adequate the services in indi- vidual institutions are, since needs un- doubtedly vary widely according to patterns of instruction and size of enrollments, but the reported size of collections and extent of services provided indicate that probably in only a very f e w U . S . colleges and universities have adequate A V services been developed. A l t h o u g h the theoretical advantages of cen- tralizing A V services appear to be great, this survey reveals that in less than one-third of the reporting institutions have these services been centralized. T h e larger institutions have embraced the principle of centralization more often than the smaller institutions, and have tended to set up separate A V agencies, whereas among the smaller institutions the central A V services have been developed more often in the library. Librarians in the 575 institutions generally believed that the library should incorporate audio-visual materials into their service patterns. T h o s e in smaller institutions and those w h o had administered A V services tended to express this opinion more often than those in larger institutions or those in whose libraries no A V services had been developed. C e n t r a l i z e d non-library A V agencies have tended to develop service with films and film- strips and to ignore other A V materials such as maps and pictures, whereas library-centered A V services have tended to include all the recognized materials in this area. In those institutions where A V services' have been de- veloped on a decentralized basis, the libraries have concentrated on services with recordings, maps and pictures, while the non-library agencies have concentrated on service with films, filmstrips and slides. T h e amount of overlap between the services of library and non-library agencies has been small, but has occurred principally in the smaller institutions w h e r e the budgetary implications of overlap- ping services are probably more serious than in larger institutions. T h e statistical tabulations included in this report reveal that there has not yet been any extensive development of A V services in U . S . colleges and universities, but there is reason to believe that the rate of development w i l l become greatly accelerated within the next f e w years. M a n y librarians, in annotating their questionnaires or in w r i t i n g letters, asserted that A V services w e r e shortly to be inaugu- rated in their institutions or that existing serv- ices w e r e soon to be expanded. T h e y indicated that the development of A V services on their campuses had been hampered by difficulties in allocating space in outmoded buildings and in securing adequate budgetary support, but that solutions f o r these problems w e r e being found. It may be that this survey w a s taken at or near a turning point in the development of A V services in colleges and universities, and that a survey taken five years hence might re- veal many significant changes. Drexel Scholarships T h r e e f u l l tuition scholarships are being offered at the D r e x e l School of L i b r a r y Science for the academic year 1955-56. T h e s e are available to students matriculating in the f u l l time course leading to the M a s t e r ' s degree. Applicants must be American citizens, w h o give evidence of high academic records at approved colleges or universities, and w h o have need for financial aid. Applicants should apply to the dean of the School of L i b r a r y Science, D r e x e l Institute of Technology, 32nd and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania before A p r i l 1, 1955. Scholarship information for foreign students w i l l also be obtainable f r o m the dean. JANUARY, 1955 19