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B y G . E . R A N D A L L 

Practicality of Coordinate Indexing 
Mr. Randall is AEDC librarian, ARO, 

Inc., Tullahoma, Tenn. 

COORDINATE INDEXING o b t a i n e d its f i r s t l a r g e s c a l e a u d i e n c e in F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 3 
w h e n t h e A S T I A r e p o r t c a t a l o g c a r d s l i s t -
i n g t h e U n i t e r m s o n t h e b a c k w e r e d i s -
t r i b u t e d . T h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f c o o r d i n a t e 
i n d e x i n g a r e r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e . T h e s y s t e m 
o f u s i n g s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s , as p r a c t i c e d b y 
l i b r a r i a n s a n d c o m m e r c i a l i n d e x e r s , is d i s -
c a r d e d . I n s t e a d , t h e s u b j e c t c o n t e n t o f t h e 
i t e m t o b e i n d e x e d is b r o k e n d o w n i n t o its 
m a j o r c o n c e p t s , a n d s i n g l e w o r d s , c a l l e d 
U n i t e r m s , a r e s e l e c t e d b y t h e i n d e x e r t o 
d e n o t e t h e c o n c e p t s . A s m a n y U n i t e r m s 
a r e u s e d as a r e n e c e s s a r y t o i n d e x a n y 
s i n g l e i t e m . I n t h e f i r s t 4 5 A S T I A c a r d s 
r e v i e w e d , t h e n u m b e r o f U n i t e r m s u s e d 
r a n g e d f r o m f o u r t o t w e l v e a n d a v e r a g e d 
e i g h t p e r r e p o r t . E a c h i t e m t o be i n d e x e d 
b y t h e s y s t e m is a s s i g n e d an a c c e s s i o n n u m -
b e r a n d e a c h U n i t e r m u s e d is r e c o r d e d o n 
a c a r d . A s a r e p o r t is i n d e x e d , its a c c e s s i o n 
n u m b e r is r e c o r d e d o n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e U n i -
t e r m c a r d s . T h e s e a r c h e r s e l e c t s t h e 
U n i t e r m s w h i c h d e s c r i b e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n 
f o r w h i c h he is l o o k i n g a n d c o m p a r e s t h e 
U n i t e r m c a r d s f o r c o m m o n a c c e s s i o n n u m -
b e r s . T h e r e p o r t s h a v i n g t h e c o m m o n a c -
c e s s i o n n u m b e r s c o n t a i n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 
p r o p o n e n t s o f t h e s y s t e m , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n 
d e s i r e d . 

T h e a d v o c a t e s o f c o o r d i n a t e i n d e x i n g 
c l a i m m a n y a d v a n t a g e s f o r t h e s y s t e m i n -
c l u d i n g a r e d u c t i o n in t h e e l e p h a n t i n e s i z e 
o f t h e c a r d c a t a l o g , a t e c h n i q u e w h i c h p e r -
m i t s t h e u s e r t o l o c a t e e a s i l y t h e s p e c i f i c 
i n f o r m a t i o n d e s i r e d , a n d a d e c r e a s e in t h e 
l i b r a r i a n ' s w o r k l o a d . 

A s m a l l r e p o r t c o l l e c t i o n o f 2 0 , 0 0 0 r e p o r t s 
m a y be i n d e x e d c o n v e n t i o n a l l y b y a p p r o x i -
m a t e l y 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 c a r d s as f o l l o w s : 2 0 , 0 0 0 r e -
p o r t n u m b e r c a r d s , 5 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n a l a n d c o r -
p o r a t e a u t h o r c a r d s , a n d 4 0 , 0 0 0 s u b j e c t 
c a r d s . I t is c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t c o o r d i n a t e i n -
d e x i n g t e c h n i q u e s m i g h t be a p p l i e d t o t h e 
a u t h o r file b u t t o d o so w o u l d p r o v o k e as 
m a n y p r o b l e m s as it w o u l d s o l v e . T h e c a r d 
c a t a l o g u t i l i z i n g t h e c o o r d i n a t e i n d e x i n g 
s y s t e m w o u l d p r o b a b l y i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w -
i n g : 2 0 , 0 0 0 a c c e s s i o n c a r d s , 2 0 , 0 0 0 r e p o r t 
n u m b e r c a r d s , 5 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n a l a n d c o r p o r -
ate a u t h o r c a r d s a n d 8 , 0 0 0 o r m o r e U n i t e r m 
c a r d s , a t o t a l o f 9 8 , 0 0 0 c a r d s w h i c h r e p r e -
s e n t s a r e d u c t i o n o f s l i g h t l y o v e r 1 0 % . 
A c a r e f u l c o u n t a n d s t u d y m i g h t j u s t i f y a 
s l i g h t l y l a r g e r r e d u c t i o n b u t t h e s a v i n g s in 
s i z e w o u l d r e m a i n in t h e 1 0 % c a t e g o r y 
a n d w o u l d n o t a p p r o a c h t h a t i m p l i e d b y t h e 
use o f a s i n g l e U n i t e r m c a r d t o r e p l a c e t w o 
h u n d r e d s u b j e c t c a r d s . 

C o o r d i n a t e i n d e x i n g d o e s p e r m i t a 
s e a r c h e r t o l i m i t t h e s u b j e c t a r e a o f t h e 
s e a r c h b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u m b e r o f U n i -
t e r m s he c o m b i n e s in his s e a r c h f o r c o m m o n 
a c c e s s i o n n u m b e r s . B y c o m p a r i n g five o r 
s i x U n i t e r m c a r d s , t h e u s e r c o u l d e s t a b l i s h 
t h a t " r e p o r t 1 8 , 7 3 5 " c o v e r s t h e " m e t a l -
l u r g i c a l a n a l y s i s o f h i g h c a r b o n s t e e l b e a r -
i n g s . " U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e s e a r c h e r w h o is 
i n t e r e s t e d o n l y in t h e s u b j e c t o f s t e e l 
m e t a l l u r g y w o u l d a l s o b e r e f e r r e d t o t h e 
s a m e r e p o r t . U n i t e r m s p e r m i t a fineness 
o f s u b j e c t s e a r c h i n g u s u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e 
u n d e r t h e n o r m a l s u b j e c t h e a d i n g a p p r o a c h ; 
h o w e v e r , t h e s y s t e m m a y p r o v e m o r e o f a 
h i n d r a n c e t h a n a h e l p t o o n e in q u e s t o f 
g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n . 

O n e m a j o r d i s a d v a n t a g e i n h e r e n t in t h e 

OCTOBER, 1954 417. 



s y s t e m is t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h U n i -
t e r m s u s e d t o i n d e x a r e p o r t m a y b e c o m -
b i n e d t o i n d i c a t e a s u b j e c t c o n t e n t n o t 
w a r r a n t e d b y t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a p p e a r i n g in 
t h e r e p o r t . E v e n in r e p o r t s o n a f a i r l y 
l i m i t e d s u b j e c t it w a s f o u n d , in t h e i n s p e c -
t i o n o f t h e first 4 5 A S T I A U n i t e r m c a r d s 
r e c e i v e d , t h a t an a v e r a g e o f n e a r l y o n e f a l s e 
l e a d p e r r e p o r t c o u l d b e c o n s t r u c t e d . A 
r e p o r t o n a s u b j e c t s u c h as " F r i c t i o n w e a r 
o f s t e e l b e a r i n g s in a b r o n z e h o u s i n g " w o u l d 
be i n d e x e d w i t h s u c h U n i t e r m s a s : S t e e l , 
B e a r i n g s , F r i c t i o n , a n d B r o n z e . A s e a r c h e r 
i n t e r e s t e d in b r o n z e b e a r i n g s w o u l d b e r e -
f e r r e d t o this r e p o r t . T h e e x p e r i e n c e d l i -
b r a r y u s e r e x p e c t s o n l y a f e w r e f e r e n c e s , 
p e r h a p s o n l y o n e , t o c o n t a i n t h e e x a c t i n -
f o r m a t i o n h e d e s i r e s ; b u t he has a r i g h t t o 
e x p e c t t h a t t h e r e f e r e n c e s h e is g i v e n w i l l 
c o n t a i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n d i c a t e d b y t h e 
s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s h e u s e d . I f , h o w T e v e r , h e 
finds o n l y i n f o r m a t i o n o n s t e e l b e a r i n g s 
w h e n t h e s y s t e m p r o m i s i n g s e l e c t i v i t y i n d i -
c a t e s he m a y e x p e c t i n f o r m a t i o n o n b r o n z e 
b e a r i n g s , h e m a y b e e x c u s e d f o r l o s i n g f a i t h 
in t h e c a t a l o g . A v e r y e f f e c t i v e c a m p a i g n 
t o c r e a t e g o o d - w i l l a m o n g l i b r a r y u s e r s m a y 
b e c o m p l e t e l y d e s t r o y e d b y s u c h r e a c t i o n s 
as t h i s t o t h e l i b r a r y ' s p r i m a r y t o o l . 

T h e p r o c e s s o f l o c a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n in 
a c o o r d i n a t e - i n d e x e d file is u s u a l l y d e p i c t e d 
as c o m p a r i n g a s i n g l e c a r d f o r e a c h o f t w o 
o r t h r e e U n i t e r m s f o r c o m m o n a c c e s s i o n 
n u m b e r s . I n a l a r g e s p e c i a l i z e d c o l l e c t i o n 
it m a y n o t b e n e a r l y as s i m p l e as t h a t . I n 
a n a e r o n a u t i c a l l i b r a r y o f less t h a n 2 5 , 0 0 0 
r e p o r t s t h e r e a r e o v e r 1 , 5 0 0 s u b j e c t c a r d s 
filed b e h i n d " W i n g s " ; t h e r e a r e n e a r l y as 
m a n y c a r d s w h i c h w o u l d r e q u i r e l i s t i n g o n 
t h e U n i t e r m c a r d " S u p e r s o n i c . " I t w o u l d 
r e q u i r e a l a r g e t a b l e j u s t t o l a y o u t a l l o f 
t h e U n i t e r m c a r d s n e c e s s a r y t o find i n -
f o r m a t i o n o n t h e e f f e c t o f w i n g flutter o n 
t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t a b i l i t y o f s u p e r s o n i c a i r -
c r a f t . W i t h at l e a s t e i g h t d i f f e r e n t U n i -

t e r m c a r d s f o r " w i n g s " a n d e i g h t f o r 
" s u p e r s o n i c , " p l u s o n e e a c h f o r " f l u t t e r " 
a n d f o r " s t a b i l i t y , " t h e s e a r c h w o u l d r e -
q u i r e t h a t t h e u s e r h a v e p e r s i s t e n c e , p a t i e n c e 
a n d s t r o n g e y e s . T h e e n d r e s u l t o f t h e 
c o m p a r i s o n w o u l d b e m e r e l y a list o f n u m -
b e r s ; t h e r e is n o o p p o r t u n i t y f o r m a k i n g a 
p r e l i m i n a r y s c a n n i n g a n d s e l e c t i o n , as is 
p o s s i b l e in t h e c o m m o n s u b j e c t h e a d i n g 
c a t a l o g . 

I t m i g h t be w e l l t o l o o k at c o o r d i n a t e i n -
d e x i n g f r o m t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s p o i n t o f v i e w 
as w e l l as f r o m t h a t o f t h e u s e r . O n e o f 
t h e b i g c r i t i c i s m s o f t h e v a r i o u s d o c u m e n t 
c a t a l o g i n g s y s t e m s h a s b e e n t h e t i m e c o s t in 
e s t a b l i s h i n g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g a c a r d c a t a l o g 
f o r u s e . W i l l t h e s y s t e m o f c o o r d i n a t e 
i n d e x i n g d i m i n i s h t h i s b u r d e n o n t h e l i -
b r a r i a n s ? U n f o r t u n a t e l y , n o . T h e r e v i e w 
o f t h e first s e v e r a l b a t c h e s o f t h e U n i t e r m -
i n d e x e d A S T I A c a r d s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a p -
p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r t i m e s as m a n y U n i t e r m s 
as s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s w e r e u s e d f o r i n d e x i n g 
t h e c o v e r e d r e p o r t s . T h e first b a t c h o f 4 5 
r e p o r t s r e q u i r e d 8 8 s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s a n d 
3 5 5 U n i t e r m s . 

S u b j e c t h e a d i n g c a r d s c a n b e p r o c e s s e d 
f o r filing a n d filed at a r a t e o f 6 0 c a r d s o r 
m o r e p e r h o u r . T h e s e c a r d s l e n d t h e m -
s e l v e s t o p r o c e s s i n g b y m a s s p r o d u c t i o n 
t e c h n i q u e s . E a c h s u b j e c t c a r d in a set 
c a n be a p p r o p r i a t e l y c h e c k e d o r u n d e r s c o r e d 
as a g u i d e f o r filing. A s t h e c a r d s a r e 
m a r k e d t h e y c a n be s o r t e d i n t o f o u r o r six 
p i l e s f o r ease in s u b s e q u e n t a l p h a b e t i z i n g . 
A f t e r t h e c a r d s a r e c o m p l e t e l y a r r a n g e d 
t h e y a r e i n t e r f i l e d in t h e s u b j e c t file. A t 
t h e r a t e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h e 8 8 c a r d s f o r 
t h e 4 5 r e p o r t s c o u l d be p r o c e s s e d a n d filed 
in an h o u r a n d a h a l f . 

U n i t e r m c a r d s c a n n o t be p r o c e s s e d as 
e a s i l y o r as q u i c k l y . T h e U n i t e r m c a r d s 
f o r a n y o n e r e p o r t m u s t be first p u l l e d f r o m 
t h e c a t a l o g . I n s t e a d o f s i m p l e c h e c k i n g o r 
u n d e r s c o r i n g , t h e a c c e s s i o n n u m b e r f o r t h e 

.418 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 



r e p o r t i n d e x e d m u s t be t y p e d o r c a r e f u l l y 
w r i t t e n in t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o l u m n . T h e 
U n i t e r m c a r d s a r e t h e n refilled in t h e c a t a -
l o g . T h e s y s t e m d o e s n o t l e n d itself t o 
m a s s p r o d u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a n d o n l y t h e 
U n i t e r m c a r d s f o r a n y o n e r e p o r t s h o u l d 
be p u l l e d at a t i m e . T h i s r e q u i r e s t h e 
p u l l e r t o w o r k t h e e n t i r e s u b j e c t c a t a l o g 
f r o m A t o Z f o r e a c h r e p o r t . T h e e m -
p l o y e e w h o c a n p r o c e s s a set o f s t a n d a r d 
s u b j e c t h e a d i n g c a r d s at 6 0 c a r d s p e r h o u r 
w o u l d , i n d e e d , b e f o r t u n a t e t o h a n d l e 4 5 
U n i t e r m c a r d s f o r a n y o n e r e p o r t s h o u l d 
c e s s i n g t h e U n i t e r m c a r d s f o r t h e 4 5 r e -
p o r t s w o u l d r e q u i r e n e a r l y e i g h t h o u r s as 
c o m p a r e d t o t h e n i n e t y m i n u t e s r e q u i r e d 
f o r t h e s u b j e c t h e a d i n g c a r d s f o r t h e s a m e 
r e p o r t s . 

Comments on "Practicality 
D o c u m e n t a t i o n , I n c o r p o r a t e d is g r a t e f u l 

t o t h e e d i t o r o f C O L L E G E A N D R E S E A R C H 

LIBRARIES f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o m m e n t 
o n M r . R a n d a l l ' s a r t i c l e , " P r a c t i c a l i t y o f 
C o o r d i n a t e I n d e x i n g . " W e h a v e p r e p a r e d 
o u r a n s w e r as a series o f p o i n t s r a t h e r t h a n 
as a c o n t i n u o u s d i s c u s s i o n . 

1 ) M r . R a n d a l l fails t o distinguish b e -
t w e e n c o o r d i n a t e i n d e x i n g as a g e n e r a l 
m e t h o d and the U n i t e r m S y s t e m as a p a r t i c u -
l a r m a n u a l application o f c o o r d i n a t e i n d e x -
ing. 

2 ) M r . R a n d a l l ' s d e s c r i p t i o n o f c o o r d i n a t e 
i n d e x i n g is n o t f u l l o r c o m p l e t e . W e can 
r e f e r those interested t o the n u m e r o u s p u b -
lished p a p e r s o n the U n i t e r m S y s t e m . 

3 ) T h e U n i t e r m S y s t e m as a system of 
s u b j e c t c o n t r o l is c o m p a r a b l e in size t o a 
s t a n d a r d s u b j e c t h e a d i n g system. M r . R a n -
dall's c o m p a r i s o n of the U n i t e r m System t o a 
f u l l system i n v o l v i n g a u t h o r c a r d s , c o r p o r a t e 
entry c a r d s , etc., is j u s t n o t t o the point. W e 
h a v e , h o w e v e r , r e c e n t l y p r e p a r e d a U n i t e r m 
i n d e x in w h i c h c o r p o r a t e a u t h o r s a r e t r e a t e d 
as U n i t e r m s f o r d i r e c t c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h 
s u b j e c t s . W h e t h e r a s t a n d a r d system needs 
an accession n u m b e r file d e p e n d s o n e x t r a n e -

A l t h o u g h it is t o o e a r l y t o e v a l u a t e p r o p -
e r l y t h e s y s t e m o f c o o r d i n a t e i n d e x i n g 
a f t e r t h e l i m i t e d r e v i e w m a d e p o s s i b l e b y 
t h e r e c e i p t o f t h e first f e w b a t c h e s o f t h e 
A S T I A U n i t e r m c a r d s , t h e r e v i e w d o e s 
i n d i c a t e t h a t it is p r o b a b l y t o o e a r l y f o r 
t h e o r i g i n a t o r s t o r e l e a s e t h e s y s t e m t o t h e 
p u b l i c . S o m e d e v i c e o r t e c h n i q u e m u s t be 
e v o l v e d w h i c h w i l l m a k e i m p o s s i b l e t h e 
c o m b i n a t i o n o f U n i t e r m s w h i c h p r o v i d e 
f a l s e l e a d s . A l s o n e c e s s a r y w i l l b e s o m e d e -
v i c e t o m i n i m i z e t h e p o s t i n g t i m e w h i c h 
n o w r e q u i r e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y five t i m e s as 
m u c h t i m e as t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f s t a n d a r d 
s u b j e c t h e a d i n g c a r d s . T h e s a m e d e v i c e 
m i g h t c o n c e i v a b l y be u t i l i z e d f o r r a p i d a n d 
e x a c t s c a n n i n g o f U n i t e r m c a r d s f o r c o m -
m o n a c c e s s i o n n u m b e r s . 

of Coordinate Indexing" 
o u s f a c t o r s , e.g., h o w m a t e r i a l is cited and 
w h a t o t h e r b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l t o o l s are a v a i l a -
ble. 

4 ) W e h a v e a l w a y s r e c o g n i z e d the t h e o r e -
tical p r o b l e m o f false c o o r d i n a t i o n and h a v e 
p u b l i s h e d an a c c o u n t o f o n e m e t h o d of a v o i d -
ing it. H o w e v e r , o u r o w n studies h a v e indi-
c a t e d that, as a m a t t e r o f f a c t , f a l s e c o o r d i -
n a t i o n d o e s n o t o c c u r o f t e n e n o u g h t o c o n -
stitute a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m . If it did, n o t o n l y 
the U n i t e r m System, b u t all m e c h a n i z e d 
systems of " c o o r d i n a t i n g " i n f o r m a t i o n w o u l d 
s u f f e r t h e r e b y . I t is t o o bad that M r . R a n -
dall d o e s n o t give the e x a m p l e s w h i c h he 
f o u n d o n the A S T I A U n i t e r m c a r d s . I t is 
c u r i o u s that h a v i n g f o u n d so m a n y e x a m p l e s 
o f f a l s e c o o r d i n a t i o n , he gives n o r e f e r e n c e to 
t h e m , b u t instead c o n s t r u c t s a h y p o t h e t i c a l 
e x a m p l e . A t least, w i t h o u t a r e f e r e n c e , w e 
h a v e n o t been able t o find a c a r d i n d e x e d by 
the U n i t e r m s in his e x a m p l e . 

5 ) M r . R a n d a l l assumes that a U n i t e r m 
c a r d o n l y h o l d s 2 0 0 n u m b e r s . T h e c a r d s 
n o r m a l l y used ( 5 " x 8 " ) c o n t a i n p o s i t i o n s 
f o r 5 0 0 n u m b e r s . 

6 ) In the e x a m p l e o f a l a b o r i o u s search 
w h i c h M r . R a n d a l l uses, n a m e l y a s e a r c h f o r 
i n f o r m a t i o n o n " t h e e f f e c t of w i n g flutter ,on 
the l o n g i t u d i n a l stability of s u p e r s o n i c a i r -

OCTOBER, 1954 419. 



c r a f t , " he omits the f a c t that there w o u l d be a 
U n i t e r m card f o r longitudinal. H e also o v e r -
l o o k s the statement w h i c h w e have m a d e o v e r 
and o v e r again, to the effect that c o o r d i n a t i o n 
is a l w a y s c a r r i e d o u t b e t w e e n t w o terms, and 
that the results of the first c o o r d i n a t i o n are 
then c a r r i e d o v e r to a c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h a 
third term, etc. T h e attempt to c o o r d i n a t e 
f o u r t e r m s at once indicates a lack of f a -
miliarity w i t h the theory and practice of n a r -
r o w i n g a search. 

7 ) W e have a l w a y s r e c o g n i z e d the b u r d e n 
of posting and have continued research on 
this subject. W e have been able so f a r to 
describe partially ten d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s of 
posting. T h e best of these m e t h o d s makes 
it possible to post a U n i t e r m index t w o o r 
three times as rapidly as filing in a standard 
c a t a l o g , and w e m e a n here total time and not 

unit time. W e have published reports w h i c h 
indicate that U n i t e r m indexing reduces the 
time required f o r s u b j e c t analysis of m a -
terial f r o m 200 to 3 0 0 % . O u r m e t h o d s of 
posting also reduce c a t a l o g maintenance by the 
same d r a m a t i c p e r c e n t a g e . 

8 ) O n the m a t t e r of w h e t h e r it is t o o 
early t o release the system, w e can only say 
that this is a decision m a d e by the agencies f o r 
w h o m w e w o r k . M r . R a n d a l l has based his 
j u d g m e n t on 45 cards. W e have already in-
d e x e d o v e r 20,000 d o c u m e n t s using the U n i -
t e r m System. W e have also published t w o 
U n i t e r m indexes in b o o k f o r m . I t w o u l d 
seem that j u d g m e n t on the U n i t e r m System 
o r its practicality should be based on an e x -
ample of m o r e than 45 c a r d s . — M o r t i m e r 
Taube, Documentation, Inc., W ashington, 
D.C. 

Financial Problems 01 
(Continued fr 

n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l , at a c o s t o f $ 8 1 4 , 3 6 8 . 
C a l i f o r n i a ( B e r k e l e y ) has 2 9 7 ^ , o f w h o m 
1 2 4 are p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d 1 7 3 ^ n o n p r o f e s -
s i o n a l w i t h a b u d g e t f o r salaries o f 
$ 1 , 0 7 9 , 3 8 6 . 

T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n lists s o m e o f the 
u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s c u r r e n t l y o p e r a t i n g w i t h 
a p p r o x i m a t e l y the staff r e l a t i o n s h i p p r o p o s e d 
in the p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h . 

S u c h o p e r a t i o n s s h o u l d p r o v i d e a b e t t e r 
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d u t i e s , a m o r e e f f i c i e n t o p e r a -
t i o n , a n d g r e a t e r e c o n o m y . I t m a y o f f e r o n e 
w a y o f g e t t i n g m o r e o u t o f the salaries 
b u d g e t w i t h o u t l o w e r i n g t h e p e r c e n t a g e used 
f o r b o o k s , p e r i o d i c a l s a n d b i n d i n g . 

I n s u m m a r y , it m a y be said t h a t a n y 
a p p r o a c h t o the financial p r o b l e m s o f the u n i -
v e r s i t y l i b r a r y s h o u l d be m a d e w i t h o u t 
a p o l o g y f o r p r e s e n t d e m a n d s o n t h e u n i v e r -
sity b u d g e t , since 1 9 5 0 figures i n d i c a t e o n l y 
o n e - h a l f o f o n e p e r c e n t c h a n g e f r o m 1 9 3 0 . 

T h e m e t h o d s c o n s i d e r e d in this a p p r o a c h 

University Libraries 
m page 410) 

T A B L E I I 

Prof. Non-Prof. Total 

Brown 22 36 58 
Cincinnati 16 29 45 
Columbia 95 225 3 2 0 
Fordham 13 2 1 ' 34 
Iowa 3 ° l 47 111 
Iowa State 19 27 46 
Massachusetts 4 9 13 
Miami 19 34? 53! 
Missouri 26 36 62 
New York 43 1 1 6 159 
Pennsylvania 55* 9 8 ! I 541 
Princeton 4 7 ! 67 I i 4 f 
Purdue 23 30 53 
South Carolina I 2 § 2 1 33e 
St. Louis 15 20 35 
Tennessee 22 36 <8 
Utah 20§ 30 5 ° f 
Virginia 29 39* 68* 
Wayne 22 3 8 ! 6 o | 

t o the p r o b l e m i n c l u d e the p o s s i b i l i t y o f 
g r e a t e r c o o p e r a t i o n in a c q u i s i t i o n a n d use o f 
m a t e r i a l s , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f m o r e f u n d s 
f r o m s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h c o n t r a c t s , a n d the 
p o s s i b i l i t y o f m o r e e f f i c i e n t use o f s t a f f . 

420 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES