College and Research Libraries B y T H O M A S J . W H I T B Y Development of the System of Legal Deposit in the U.S.S.R. Mr. Whitby, formerly head, Editing and Typing Group, Cyrillic Union Catalog Section, is now subject cataloger, Subject Catalogiiig Division, Library of Congress. IN THE " s y s t e m of the o b l i g a t o r y c o p y , " 1 or l e g a l deposit, there has been established in the U n i o n of S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c s the l e g a l and p r a c t i c a l basis f o r c o l l e c t i n g , l i s t i n g , and d i s t r i b u t i n g a l l p r i n t e d m a t t e r . U n d o u b t e d l y m o r e c o m p l e x than the pro- visions f o r deposit e l s e w h e r e , say in the U n i t e d S t a t e s , F r a n c e , or G r e a t B r i t a i n , w h e r e the deposit of p u b l i c a t i o n s is a f o r - m a l i t y r e q u i r e d in consequence of the g r a n t - ing of c o p y r i g h t , the S o v i e t system, w h i c h has no connection w i t h c o p y r i g h t at a l l , has as its purpose the f u l f i l l m e n t of v a r i o u s li- b r a r y , b i b l i o g r a p h i c , a r c h i v a l , and statistical f u n c t i o n s . I t p u r p o r t s to g u a r a n t e e on a c o n t i n u i n g basis the collection of the entire mass of c u r r e n t p u b l i s h i n g t h r o u g h o u t the U . S . S . R . ; it a f f o r d s a solid basis f o r the c o m p i l a t i o n of a n a t i o n a l b i b l i o g r a p h y ; 2 in t h e o r y it ensures the s t e a d y f l o w of n e w p u b l i c a t i o n s to i m p o r t a n t l i b r a r i e s ; it pro- vides the o p p o r t u n i t y to assemble a complete a r c h i v e of S o v i e t p u b l i s h i n g ; and f i n a l l y , the c l a i m is m a d e that it enables the g o v e r n m e n t to compile complete statistics of p u b l i s h i n g . T h e system i n v o l v e s a n u m b e r of agencies, i n c l u d i n g p r i n t i n g establishments, publish- i n g houses, the A i l - U n i o n B o o k C h a m b e r 1 Sistema obyazatel'nogo ekzemplyara. 2 See the author's article, "National Bibliography in the U . S . S . R . , " describing the organs of national bibli- ography which list current Soviet publishing production, in the Library Quarterly, 23:16-22, January, 1953. and its affiliates, and l i b r a r i e s . E a c h of these g o v e r n m e n t a l agencies has by l a w its assigned role to p l a y in the system, ena- b l i n g it, at least t h e o r e t i c a l l y , to f u n c t i o n s m o o t h l y a c c o r d i n g t o p l a n . I t is the purpose of this p a p e r 3 to describe the d e v e l o p m e n t of this b r o a d concept of l e g a l deposit. W h i l e an e x a m i n a t i o n of the s h o r t c o m i n g s of the system in practice is beyond the intention a n d scope of this p a p e r , it is possible, by a j u d i c i o u s selection of source m a t e r i a l both l e g a l and d e s c r i p t i v e , to trace c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y the d e v e l o p m e n t of the system u n d e r the S o v i e t s a n d to present in g e n e r a l o u t l i n e the s t r u c t u r e of the sys- tem as it exists t o d a y . T h e i m p o r t a n c e of l e g a l deposit in S o v i e t R u s s i a is c l e a r l y seen in connection w i t h the g r o w t h of l i b r a r y h o l d i n g s . A l t h o u g h the increase in p u b l i s h i n g u n d e r the S o v i e t s p a r t i a l l y accounts f o r the l a r g e p r e s e n t - d a y collections in S o v i e t l i b r a r i e s , r a t i o n a l i z a - tion, n a m e l y , the system of l e g a l deposit, p l a y s a v i t a l role in the acquisition policies of l i b r a r i e s . T h e A l l - U n i o n L e n i n L i b r a r y , w i t h m o r e t h a n eleven m i l l i o n v o l u m e s at the present time, has a c q u i r e d nine-tenths of its book collection since 1 9 1 7 . O n the eve of the r e v o l u t i o n the S a r a t o v S t a t e U n i - v e r s i t y L i b r a r y h a d 5 8 , 0 0 0 v o l u m e s ; t o d a y its collection t o t a l s 1 , 2 2 7 , 0 0 0 v o l u m e s . 3 The material presented here is taken in large part from the following article: Yu. V. Grigor'ev, "Sistema obyazatel'nogo ekzemplyara v SSSR za 30 let," Sovets- kaya bibliografiya, IV:32'-49 (1947). An earlier article, giving much the same material, although in greater detail, up to 1940 is: M. A. Godkevich, "Sovetskoye zakonodatel'stvo ob obyazatel'nom ekzemplyare," So- vetskaya bibliografiya, 1:78-102 (1940). Data derived from other sources are fully documented. 398 1 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES T h e t o t a l size of l i b r a r y stocks in the U . S . S . R . is estimated at 5 0 0 m i l l i o n v o l - umes, and the a n n u a l acquisition b e f o r e W o r l d W a r I I is estimated at 3 5 - 4 0 m i l l i o n v o l u m e s . T h e r e l a t i v e w e i g h t of l e g a l de- posit in the total acquisition p i c t u r e m a y be j u d g e d f r o m the f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s : in 1 9 4 5 the A l l - U n i o n L e n i n L i b r a r y received 3 3 % of its books, 1 6 . 9 % of its m a g a z i n e s , and 7 3 . 5 % of its n e w s p a p e r s by m e a n s of l e g a l deposit. T h e S a r a t o v S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y L i - b r a r y in 1 9 4 6 received 4 0 % of its books on the same basis. E A R L Y L E G I S L A T I O N T h e decree of the C o u n c i l of P e o p l e ' s C o m m i s s a r s , " O n the T r a n s f e r of B i b l i o - g r a p h i c M a t t e r s in the R . S . F . S . R . to the P e o p l e ' s C o m m i s s a r i a t of E d u c a t i o n , " 4 dated J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 0 and signed by L e n i n , pro- v i d e d f o r the c o m p u l s o r y s u p p l y i n g of de- pository copies of p r i n t e d m a t t e r to the most i m p o r t a n t l i b r a r i e s . T h i s w a s the most i m p o r t a n t official p r o n o u n c e m e n t of the g o v e r n m e n t d e a l i n g w i t h the question of l e g a l deposit. A r t i c l e 4 of this decree r e a d s : T h e People's C o m m i s s a r i a t of Education w i l l issue compulsory regulations about the f r e e supply of newly issued publications to national and other libraries and will specify to which libraries the f r e e copies must be delivered. S h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s an e n a c t m e n t of the N a r k o m p r o s , 5 " O n the C o m p u l s o r y R e g i s - t r a t i o n of P u b l i c a t i o n s , " 6 dated A u g u s t 3 , 1 9 2 0 , w a s p r o m u l g a t e d . A r t i c l e 1 s t a t e s : Responsibility f o r carrying this enactment into effect rests with the State Publishing House, and a C e n t r a l Book C h a m b e r at- tached to the latter should be formed f o r its practical realization, the necessary cost 4 Isvestiya VTsIK, July 9, 1920, No. 149. 5 Abbreviated form of Narodnyy komissariat pros- veshcheniya (People's Commissariat of Education). 6 Isvestiya VTsIK, August 19, 1920, No. 183. being charged to the State Publishing House. A c c o r d i n g to this e n a c t m e n t the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the B o o k C h a m b e r applied o n l y to the R . S . F . S . R . 7 T h e e n a c t m e n t f u r t h e r p r o v i d e d that all p r i n t i n g and l i t h o g r a p h i c establishments should submit 2 5 copies of all " p u b l i c a t i o n s h a v i n g a l i t e r a r y c h a r a c t e r " 8 to c e r t a i n b r a n c h agencies a f f i l i a t e d w i t h the S t a t e P u b l i s h i n g H o u s e or T s e n t r o p e c h a t ' 9 and situated n e a r the p r i n t i n g establishments, and that these agencies, in t u r n , should f o r w a r d the copies to the B o o k C h a m b e r f o r l i s t i n g and distribution to the n a t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s . So, instead of l e g a l deposit being h a n d l e d by the censor as in T s a r i s t times, a special system, directed by the B o o k C h a m b e r , w a s f o u n d e d f o r this purpose. I n subsequent e n a c t m e n t s of N a r k o m - pros, the definitions of types of p u b l i c a t i o n s encompassed by the decree c o n c e r n i n g l e g a l deposit w a s m a d e m o r e precise than " p u b l i - cations h a v i n g a l i t e r a r y c h a r a c t e r . " T h e obvious kinds w e r e covered in the first enact- m e n t . I n the r u l i n g 1 0 of J a n u a r y 1 2 , 1 9 2 2 , the scope of l e g a l deposit w a s b r o a d e n e d to include appeals, mottoes, instructions, cir- c u l a r s , a d v e r t i s e m e n t s , bills, and e v e r y kind of l i t h o g r a p h i c p u b l i c a t i o n . I t stressed that p u b l i c a t i o n s " i n all l a n g u a g e s " m u s t be presented. I t m a y serve a u s e f u l purpose to state here that an e n a c t m e n t 1 1 of the S o v n a r k o m 1 2 of 7 Shortened name for Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federa- tivnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika (Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic), the name of the Soviet government from 1918 to 1922, when the U.S.S.R. was formed. The R.S.F.S.R. exists today as one of the constituent republics of the U.S.S.R. 8 The enactment itemized books, pamphlets, news- papers, magazines, posters, leaflets, proclamations, pic- tures, portraits, postcards, maps, drawings, music pub- lications, reports, orders, and questionnaires. 9 Central Press, created November 26, 1918, to dis- tribute periodical and non-periodical literature throughout the country. 10 Enactment of Narkompros, " O poryadke predstav- leniya obyazatel'nykh ekzemplyarov proizvedeniy pechati v Rossiyskuyu tsentral'nuyu knizhnuyu palatu," January 12, 1922. 1 1 L . G. Fogelevich. Osnovnye direktivy i zakonoda- tel'stvo o pechati: sistematicheskiy sbornik. 6th ed. Moskva. Sovetskoye zakonodatel'stvo, 1 9 3 7 . pp. 167-8. OCTOBER, 1954 38 7 t h e R . S . F . S . R . , d a t e d S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 1 9 2 5 , a b s o l v e d the B o o k C h a m b e r of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the r e c e i p t of d o c u m e n t s b e a r i n g s e c u r i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . A l t h o u g h the f i r s t e n a c t m e n t r e q u i r e d t h a t a l l p u b l i c a t i o n s i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y be s u p p l i e d in 2 5 copies, the n u m b e r of copies of a p a r t i c u l a r w o r k d e l i v e r e d in the de- p o s i t o r y m a n n e r c a m e to be d e t e r m i n e d b o t h by the t y p e of p u b l i c a t i o n a n d the q u a n t i t y r u n off on the* p r e s s . T h e a c c o m p a n y i n g t a b l e , i l l u s t r a t i v e of t h e p r a c t i c e f o r d e t e r - m i n i n g q u a n t i t y s t i p u l a t i o n s , g i v e s the n u m - b e r of p u b l i c a t i o n s of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s re- q u i r e d by l a w 1 3 to be d e l i v e r e d to the B o o k C h a m b e r in 1 9 2 4 . U n d e r t h e S o v i e t s the n u m b e r of b o o k s h a s been i n c r e a s e d f r o m a n o r i g i n a l 2 5 in 1 9 2 0 to 4 8 at t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . M o d i f i e d f r o m t i m e to t i m e , t h i s m e t h o d , b a s e d on f o r m a l a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e c r i t e r i a , s t i l l o b t a i n s . T h e g e o g r a p h i c c o m p a s s of t h e s y s t e m of l e g a l deposit a l s o w a s e s t a b l i s h e d in the e a r l y e n a c t m e n t s of the N a r k o m p r o s a n d in an e n a c t m e n t of the A l l - R u s s i a n C e n t r a l E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e . B y t h e l a t t e r , d a t e d J u l y 1 7 , 1 9 2 2 , the p r o v i s i o n s of the p r e v i o u s m e a s u r e s w e r e e x p a n d e d to a p p l y to a l l the a u t o n o m o u s r e p u b l i c s a n d a u t o n o m o u s re- g i o n s of the R . S . F . S . R . 1 4 T h i s w a s in- t e n d e d to e n s u r e c o m p l e t e n e s s in the c o l l e c - tion of a l l p u b l i c a t i o n s issued w i t h i n the R . S . F . S . R . A f u r t h e r t i g h t e n i n g of the n e t w o r k in t h e R . S . F . S . R . w a s s e c u r e d by the e n a c t m e n t of N a r k o m p r o s of A u g u s t The libraries specified as depositories of classified ma- terial included: i ) Lenin Public Library, Moscow; 2) Archive of the October Revolution, Moscow; 3) State Public Library, Leningrad; 4) Library of the Commu- nist Academy, Moscow; and 5) National Library of the Ukraine, Kiev. 12 The shortened name for Sovet narodnykh komis- sarov (Council of People's Commissars). Its name was changed to Council of Ministers in 1946. 13 Enactment of Narkompros, " O predstavlenii ekzem- plyarov proizveoeniy pechati v Rossiyskuyu tsentral'nuyu knizhnuyu palatu," Sobraniye uzakoneniya, 1924, No. 88, Art. 891. 14 The Soviet administrative divisions differed in 1922 from their present configuration. The R.S.F.S.R. at that time embraced areas, such as Kazakh A.S.S.R. and Kirgiz A.S.S.R., which are now full-fledged repub- lics. T A B L E I Publications Required by Law to be Presented to the Book Chamber in 1924 by T y p e and Quantity Deposited Number for Press T y p e of Publication of Runs Deposit Under 500 Copies (Per Cent) Books and magazines (i.e. all literary editions over two pages) 3 1 Maps 3 1 Music publications 1 1 Moscow and Leningrad news- papers 1 1 Provincial newspapers 8 Graphics (i.e. posters, plans, schemes), diagrams, illus- trations, portraits, wall ta- bles, etc., also advertise- ments and bills with artis- tic illustrations 6 Sheets (i.e. editions in 1-1 pages: advertisements, bills, leaflets, appeals) . . . . 3 * But not less than three copies. 2 3 , 1 9 2 3 , w h i c h c o m p e l l e d p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e s of the R . S . F . S . R . i s s u i n g p u b l i c a t i o n s o u t - side the R . S . F . S . R . to s u b m i t copies of those w o r k s to the R u s s i a n C e n t r a l B o o k C h a m - b e r . I t m a y be a d d e d h e r e t h a t by this e n a c t m e n t t h e p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e s r a t h e r t h a n the p r i n t i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e m a d e re- s p o n s i b l e f o r d e l i v e r y . I t w a s a l r e a d y the p r a c t i c e , e s t a b l i s h e d b y l a w , f o r p u b l i s h i n g houses to s u b m i t m o n t h l y lists of p u b l i c a - t i o n s to the B o o k C h a m b e r , e n a b l i n g it to m a i n t a i n close w a t c h o v e r c u r r e n t p r o d u c - t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , n o p u b l i c a t i o n c o u l d be r e l e a s e d f o r s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n by p u b - l i s h i n g h o u s e s u n t i l the B o o k C h a m b e r h a d r e c e i v e d its d e p o s i t o r y copies. O t h e r r e p u b l i c s f o l l o w e d the e x a m p l e of the R . S . F . S . R . in e s t a b l i s h i n g the l e g a l d e p o s i t s y s t e m : the U k r a i n i a n S . S . R . , M a r c h 2 5 , 1 9 2 1 ; t h e B e l o r u s s i a n S . S . R . , S e p t e m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 2 2 ; the A r m e n i a n S . S . R . , D e c e m b e r 2 7 , 1 9 2 2 ; a n d the A z e r b a i d z h a n S . S . R . , J a n u a r y 1 7 , 1 9 2 3 . I n e a c h case the 400 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES L e n i n decree of J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 2 0 , w a s used as the model f o r the legislation p r o v i d i n g f o r the depository copies. B e c a u s e no cen- t r a l a g e n c y c o m p a r a b l e to the B o o k C h a m - ber existed in any of the republics, publi- cations had to be sent direct to the R u s s i a n C e n t r a l B o o k C h a m b e r in the R . S . F . S . R . T h i s system contained i n h e r e n t w e a k n e s s e s w h i c h p r e c l u d e d a d e q u a t e c o n t r o l o v e r the d e l i v e r y of the depository copies to the B o o k C h a m b e r , and not u n t i l 1 9 3 4 , by w h i c h time an o r g a n i z a t i o n a l n e t w o r k of book c h a m b e r s became established, w a s complete d e l i v e r y a p p a r e n t l y a c h i e v e d . A N A L L - U N I O N S Y S T E M T h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r an all-union system w a s l a i d by the s t a t e m e n t of the B o a r d of N a r k o m p r o s , A u g u s t 1 4 , 1 9 2 4 , e n t i t l e d " S t a t u t e on the R u s s i a n C e n t r a l B o o k C h a m b e r . " I t s t a t e s : T h e receipt of the deposit copies of all publications issued in the territory of the U . S . S . R . should be in accordance with the corresponding decrees of the government of the R . S . F . S . R . and also on the basis of con- tractual agreements between the Russian C e n t r a l Book C h a m b e r and the book cham- bers ( o r substitute institutions) of the union republics. T h e system of e x c h a n g e , of " s p e c i a l agree- m e n t s , " b e t w e e n the R u s s i a n C e n t r a l B o o k C h a m b e r and the book c h a m b e r s in the republics obtained u n t i l M a y 2 6 , 1 9 2 8 , w h e n the S o v n a r k o m of the U . S . S . R . issued a r e s o l u t i o n , 1 5 e n t i t l e d " O n S u p p l y i n g the M o s t I m p o r t a n t N a t i o n a l L i b r a r i e s w i t h A l l P u b l i c a t i o n s I s s u e d in the T e r r i t o r y of the U . S . S . R . " T h i s e n a c t m e n t , the f i r s t h a v i n g a l l - u n i o n a p p l i c a t i o n , signified a b r o a d e n i n g of legislation p e r t a i n i n g to the s u p p l y of depository copies to the book c h a m b e r s and their d i s t r i b u t i o n to l i b r a r i e s . 15 " O snabzhenii vazhneyshikh gosudarstvennykh knigokhranilishch vsemi izdaniyami vykhodyashchimi na territorii Soyuza S S R , " Sobraniye zakonov, 1928, No. 36, Art. 324. I n addition to legislation issued by the g o v e r n m e n t of the U . S . S . R . , there w o u l d , t h e n c e f o r t h , be legislation at the l e v e l of the republics in c o m f o r m i t y w i t h the basic l a w . L i b r a r i e s p r o v i d e d f o r in the a l l - u n i o n legis- lation w o u l d also be c o v e r e d by local enact- m e n t s . T h i s p a r a l l e l legislation m a y seem c o m p l i c a t e d , but if it is borne in m i n d that the p r i n c i p a l n a t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s are p r o v i d e d f o r by the g o v e r n m e n t of the U . S . S . R . w h i l e l i b r a r i e s i m p o r t a n t f r o m the s t a n d p o i n t of the republics, as w e l l as the l i b r a r i e s of all- u n i o n significance, are c a r e d f o r by local l e g i s l a t i o n , then the o v e r - a l l system can be c l e a r l y discerned. A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t dis- tinction to be kept in m i n d relates to the s t a t e m e n t about the n u m b e r of depository copies allocated to the l i b r a r i e s of the U . S . S . R . at a g i v e n time. T h e a l l - u n i o n legislation is f o r the benefit of the " m o s t i m p o r t a n t n a t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s " ; it does not designate the a l l o t m e n t of all the deposi- t o r y copies. A l l o c a t i o n of d e p o s i t o r y cop- ies to other l i b r a r i e s is d e t e r m i n e d by legis- lation in the republics. I n the r e m a i n d e r of this paper e n a c t m e n t s both of the U . S . S . R . and the R . S . F . S . R . w i l l be discussed side by side. L e g i s l a t i o n of o t h e r union republics w i l l be omitted as c o n t r i b u t i n g n o t h i n g essential to the discussion. T Y P E S O F D E P O S I T O R Y C O P Y T h e e x t e n s i v e g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the depository copies, s u p p l y i n g both g e n e r a l and special l i b r a r i e s in the most distant regions of the S o v i e t U n i o n , ne- cessitated the creation of s e v e r a l n e w cata- gories of depository copies. U p to 1 9 2 8 a l l l i b r a r i e s designated as recipients of the depository copies received e v e r y t h i n g that w a s published w i t h o u t due r e g a r d f o r the c h a r a c t e r of i n d i v i d u a l collections. T h i s w a s accomplished by means of that type of depository copy t e r m e d by the S o v i e t s " f r e e OCTOBER, 1954 38 7 complete o b l i g a t o r y c o p y . " 1 6 T h i s m e a n s that l i b r a r i e s received gratis sets of a l l pub- lications in a l l s u b j e c t s listed in the o f f i c i a l classification scheme of the B o o k C h a m b e r . 1 7 I n time, o v e r and above the depository cop- ies d i s t r i b u t e d to l i b r a r i e s f r e e of c h a r g e in all b r a n c h e s of k n o w l e d g e , a d d i t i o n a l deposi- t o r y copies w e r e set aside f o r the f o l l o w i n g p u r p o s e s : i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x c h a n g e , s t o c k i n g of special l i b r a r i e s , p u r c h a s e , r e g i o n a l s t u d y , and r e p l e n i s h m e n t of the collections of w a r - d a m a g e d l i b r a r i e s . T h e s e n e w categories f o r deposit w i l l be e x p l a i n e d in the f o l l o w i n g discussion of the e n a b l i n g l e g i s l a t i o n . O n J u n e 2 9 , 1 9 2 5 an e n a c t m e n t of the S o v n a r k o m of the R . S . F . S . R . 1 8 established a n e w type of d e p o s i t o r y copy f o r the p u r - pose of i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x c h a n g e . B y its p r o v i s i o n s p u b l i s h i n g houses w e r e directed to keep on r e s e r v e f o r one y e a r a n u m b e r of depository copies and to d e l i v e r them on request to the B u r e a u of I n t e r n a t i o n a l B o o k E x c h a n g e of the R u s s i a n C e n t r a l B o o k C h a m b e r . L a t e r , in 1 9 3 9 , the A l l - U n i o n L e n i n L i b r a r y , in lieu of the B o o k C h a m b e r , became the recipient of three depository copies of each p u b l i c a t i o n issued in the U . S . S . R . f o r the purpose of i n t e r n a - t i o n a l e x c h a n g e . T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t is in e f f e c t t o d a y , and f o r e i g n l i b r a r i e s interested in p r o c u r i n g S o v i e t p u b l i c a t i o n s are com- pelled to deal w i t h the A l l - U n i o n L e n i n L i b r a r y . 1 9 T h e 1 9 2 8 e n a c t m e n t r e f e r r e d to pre- v i o u s l y w a s of special i m p o r t a n c e because it had a l l - u n i o n s i g n i f i c a n c e . I n it w e r e listed 16 "besplatnyy polnyy obyazatel'nyy ekzemplyar." 17 At the present time this universal classification con- sists of 31 classes; it is used for the arrangement of bibliographic entries in the several organs of national bibliography published by the Book Chamber. 18 " O snabzhenii literaturoy Rossiyskoy knizhnoy palaty," Sobraniye uzakoneniya, 1925, No. 54, Art. 399. 19 In this connection see the revealing account of the dealings of the representative of the United States Embassy in Moscow with the officials of the All-Union Lenin Library in the following publication: U.S. Dept. of State. Cultural Relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, Pub. No. 3488, International Information and Cultural Series 4 (Washington: Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1949), p. 22. 1 7 n a t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s located in 1 4 cities. 2 0 D e p o s i t o r y copies on special s u b j e c t s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d f o r the I n s t i t u t e of V . I . L e n i n and the I n s t i t u t e of K . M a r x and F . E n g e l s . T h u s e m e r g e d a n e w type of de- pository copy, a p p l y i n g to l i t e r a t u r e in spe- cial s u b j e c t f i e l d s . P r e v i o u s l y , l i b r a r i e s w h i c h w e r e recipients of the depository copies h a d received the copies in a l l the b r a n c h e s of k n o w l e d g e as d e s i g n a t e d in the classification scheme of the B o o k C h a m b e r . T h e n c e f o r t h l i b r a r i e s c o u l d choose the publi- cations f a l l i n g w i t h i n their l e g i t i m a t e field f r o m p a r t s of the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n scheme. T h e expression o r i g i n a t e d by the S o v i e t bibliog- r a p h e r s to designate this c a t e g o r y of de- pository copy is " p a r t i a l depository c o p y . " T h i s i n n o v a t i o n had considerable e f f e c t upon the f r e e depository copy, w h i c h n o w con- sisted of t w o k i n d s , the complete and the p a r t i a l . I n g e n e r a l , the n a t i o n a l depository l i b r a r i e s received copies of p u b l i c a t i o n s in a l l s u b j e c t fields, wThereas the special li- braries, being interested in o n l y c e r t a i n branches of k n o w l e d g e , received the p a r t i a l sets. T h e n in 1 9 3 1 still a n o t h e r type of de- pository copy, the p u r c h a s a b l e copy ( p l a t n y y o b y a z a t e l ' n y y e k z e m p l y a r ) , w a s i n t r o d u c e d . A n e n a c t m e n t d a t e d A u g u s t 2 3 , 1 9 3 1 , of the C e n t r a l E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e and the S o v n a r k o m of the U . S . S . R . , s t a t e s : T h e compulsory supply of the leading libraries with copies of books, pamphlets, magazines, bulletins, metropolitan news- papers, music publications, maps, and plans coming out in the territory of the U . S . S . R . is w o r k e d out along lines of a purchasable as w e l l as a f r e e depository copy. 2 1 T h i s e n a c t m e n t m e a n t t h a t c e r t a i n l i b r a r i e s c o u l d p u r c h a s e depository copies at their o w n 20 Moscow (3), Leningrad ( 2 ) , Kiev, Kharkov, Ash- khabad, Minsk, Baku, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Irkutsk, Tomsk, and Tashkent. 21 " 0 snabzhenii vazhneyshikh gosudarstvennykh knigokhranilishch vsemi izdaniyami, vykhodyashchimi na territorii Soyuza S S R , " Sobraniye zakonov, 1931, No. SS, Art. 356, and No. 58, Art. 372. 402 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES expense. T h e types of l i b r a r i e s i n c l u d e d u n d e r this e n a c t m e n t w e r e g e n e r a l l i b r a r i e s not included in the list of l i b r a r i e s supplied gratis and special l i b r a r i e s of an a l l - u n i o n c h a r a c t e r . F o r the p r a c t i c a l r e a l i z a t i o n of this type of depository copy, special col- l e c t o r s , 2 2 a f f i l i a t e d w i t h the state p u b l i s h i n g houses, w e r e established. T h i s system en- abled l i b r a r i e s to s u p p l e m e n t their acquisi- tion t h r o u g h other channels w i t h m a t e r i a l s d i s t r i b u t e d by the collectors. T h e publish- ing houses held the p u r c h a s a b l e depository copies on reserve f o r three m o n t h s f o r the c o l l e c t o r s . A decree of the S o v n a r k o m of the U . S . S . R . , dated S e p t e m b e r 1 3 , 1 9 3 3 , 2 3 men- tions 1 4 n a t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s as recipients of f r e e complete depository sets and three li- b r a r i e s designated to receive depository copies in special s u b j e c t fields. T h e enact- m e n t also stated t h a t the A l l - U n i o n L e n i n L i b r a r y and the G o v e r n m e n t L i b r a r y of the R . S . F . S . R . and the U . S . S . R . w e r e to re- ceive, t h r o u g h the book c h a m b e r s of the union republics, f r o m all institutions and o r g a n i z a t i o n s of the U . S . S . R . w h i c h use d u p l i c a t i n g a p p a r a t u s and w h i c h p r i n t " o n e - sided r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l ( i n c l u d i n g c a r d in- d e x e s ) , " one copy each of those m a t e r i a l s if they w e r e not a l r e a d y p r o v i d e d by e a r l i e r e n a c t m e n t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , the A l l - U n i o n L e n i n L i b r a r y and the Salt)^kov-Shchedrin S t a t e L i b r a r y w e r e to be supplied w i t h pub- lications not i n c l u d e d a m o n g the s t a n d a r d types of p u b l i c a t i o n s s u b j e c t to deposit by e x i s t i n g l a w s . T h e s e i n c l u d e d a l l r e m a i n - i n g n e w s p a p e r s , posters, g r a p h i c publica- tions, and p u b l i c a t i o n s f o r the b l i n d . T h e s e t w o l i b r a r i e s and the press a r c h i v e s of the book c h a m b e r s p r o b a b l y h a v e the most com- plete collections of p r i n t e d m a t t e r in the S o v i e t U n i o n . 22 Tsentral'nyy kollektor nauchnykh bibliotek Kogiza. 23 " O snabzhenii vazhneyshikh gosudarstvennykh knigokhranilishch izdaniyami, vykhodyashchimi na ter- ritorii Soyuza S S R , " Sobraniye zakonov i rasporyazhenii S.S.S.R., 1933, no. 59, Art. 355. U n d e r the impetus supplied by the cul- t u r a l p r o g r a m of the S e c o n d F i v e - Y e a r P l a n , w h i c h called f o r increased book pro- duction and m o r e l i b r a r i e s and r e a d i n g ac- c o m m o d a t i o n s , the n u m b e r of depository copies w a s raised f r o m 3 9 to 4 5 in the R . S . F . S . R . by an e n a c t m e n t of the S o v - n a r k o m R . S . F . S . R . , dated N o v e m b e r 2 0 , J 9 3 3- 2 4 T h i s e n a c t m e n t , w h i c h applied to the R . S . F . S . R . alone, w a s in c o n f o r m i t y w i t h the a l l - u n i o n legislation of S e p t e m b e r 1 3 , 1 9 3 3 . T h u s , in addition to p r o v i d i n g f o r the n a t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s listed in the all- union e n a c t m e n t , it s t i p u l a t e d the q u a n t i t y of depository copies to be distributed a m o n g v a r i o u s l i b r a r i e s w i t h i n the R . S . F . S . R . T h e t e x t of the e n a c t m e n t states that 4 5 copies of a l l " b o o k s , p a m p h l e t s , bulletins, and o t h e r l i t e r a r y p u b l i c a t i o n s o v e r t w o pages in l e n g t h , and also g e o g r a p h i c and t o p o g r a p h i c m a p s and p l a n s , " and 2 0 copies of the same p u b l i c a t i o n s , if less than 5 0 0 copies are p r i n t e d , m u s t be d e l i v e r e d to the B o o k C h a m b e r . D i f f e r e n t quantities w e r e stip- u l a t e d f o r other types of p u b l i c a t i o n s : n e w s - papers, music publications, g r a p h i c publica- tions, leaflet publications, p u b l i c a t i o n s f o r the blind, and processed m a t e r i a l s . I t s h o u l d be pointed out that these specifica- tions, so f a r as method of d e t e r m i n a t i o n is concerned, w e r e m u c h the same as those established back in 1 9 2 4 , d i f f e r i n g o n l y in scope and q u a n t i t y . O t h e r republics, too, developed their o w n l e g i s l a t i o n in line w i t h the all-union enact- m e n t . W h i l e p r o v i d i n g the B o o k C h a m b e r w i t h the r e q u i r e d n u m b e r of publications f o r distribution to the n a t i o n a l l i b r a r i e s , the legislation contained, as in the case of the R . S . F . S . R . above, stipulations as to the n u m b e r of publications to be d i s t r i b u t e d to l i b r a r i e s in the republics. 21 " O b obyazatel'nykh ekzemplyarakh proizvedeniy pechati, podlezhashchikh predstavleniyu v Gosudarstven- nuyu tsentral'nuyu knizhnuyu palatu R S F S R , " Sobra- niye uzakonenii i rasporyazhenii RSFSR/' 1933, No. 58, Art. 269. OCTOBER, 1954 38 7 D E C R E E O F 1 9 3 9 I n 1 9 3 5 the S t a t e C e n t r a l B o o k C h a m b e r w a s r e o r g a n i z e d into the A l l - U n i o n B o o k C h a m b e r . T h i s m e a n t a s t r e n g t h e n i n g of the o r g a n i z a t i o n of the book c h a m b e r net- w o r k t h r o u g h o u t the u n i o n ; closer coopera- tion w a s established b e t w e e n the book c h a m - bers, r e s u l t i n g in m o r e efficient d e l i v e r y and d i s t r i b u t i o n of the d e p o s i t o r y copies. F u r t h e r m o r e , in 1 9 3 6 , the n u m b e r of ad- m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s — r e g i o n s ( o b l a s t i ) and a u t o n o m o u s r e p u b l i c s — i n c r e a s e d ; and t w o union r e p u b l i c s — K a z a k h S . S . R . a n d K i r g i z S . S . R . — w e r e f o r m e d . T h i s re- q u i r e d a revision of the list of n a t i o n a l de- pository l i b r a r i e s and a n e w a l l o c a t i o n of the depository copies. T h e n e w conditions f o u n d reflection in the e n a c t m e n t of the S o v n a r k o m of the U . S . S . R . of N o v e m b e r IO> I 9 3 9 - 2 5 T h e salient f e a t u r e s of this e n a c t m e n t , w h i c h is in e f f e c t at the present time, a r e : ( I ) d e l i v e r y of the depository copies d i r e c t to the A l l - U n i o n B o o k C h a m - ber not o n l y f r o m the p r i n t i n g houses of the R . S . F . S . R . , b u t also f r o m the p r i n t i n g houses of the u n i o n r e p u b l i c s ; ( 2 ) inclusion of l o c a l m i n o r p u b l i c a t i o n s in the set of de- pository copies supplied to the B o o k C h a m - b e r ; ( 3 ) increase in the q u a n t i t y of music p u b l i c a t i o n s , p i c t o r i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s , republi- can and r e g i o n a l n e w s p a p e r s d e l i v e r e d as depository c o p i e s ; ( 4 ) d e l i v e r y of three copies of a l l p u b l i c a t i o n s issued by publish- i n g houses to the A l l - U n i o n L e n i n L i b r a r y f o r the purpose of e x c h a n g e a b r o a d ; ( 5 ) f r e e s u p p l y by p u b l i s h i n g houses of 1 4 copies of a l l p u b l i c a t i o n s to the book office of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ; ( 6 ) the d e l i v e r y of " s i g n a l " 2 6 copies to o r g a n s of G l a v l i t , p a r t y 25 " O snabzhenii vazhneyshikh gosudarstvennykh knigokhranilishch SSSR izdaniyami, vykhodyashchimi na territorii Soyuza SSR i o dostavke obyazatel'nykh i signal'nykh ekzemplyarov proizvedeniy pechati," Sob- raniye postanovleniy i rasproyasheniy praviltel'stva SSSR, 1939, No. 57, Art. 589. 26 Although the enactment is silent as regards a defi- nition of "signal copy" (signal'nyy ekzemplyar), the expression refers to advance copies of specially desig- nated publications. In Supplement 2 of the enactment o r g a n i z a t i o n s , and o t h e r s ; and ( 7 ) d i s t r i b u - tion of the depository copy to f i f t e e n n a t i o n a l depository l i b r a r i e s . T h e revised list of n a t i o n a l d e p o s i t o r y l i b r a r i e s i n c l u d e d in the e n a c t m e n t f o l l o w s : A l l - U n i o n B o o k C h a m b e r , M o s c o w Lenin A l l - U n i o n L i b r a r y , M o s c o w Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public L i b r a r y , L e n i n g r a d L i b r a r y of the Academy of Sciences of the U . S . S . R . , L e n i n g r a d L i b r a r y of the C e n t r a l Committee of the Communist P a r t y , M o s c o w State L i b r a r y of the U k r a i n i a n S . S . R . , K i e v State L i b r a r y of the Belorussian S . S . R . , M i n s k State L i b r a r y of the A z e r b a i d z h a n S . S . R . , B a k u State L i b r a r y of the G e o r g i a n S . S . R . , T b i l i s i State L i b r a r y of the A r m e n i a n S . S . R . , Y e r e v a n State L i b r a r y of the U z b e k S . S . R . , T a s h - kent State L i b r a r y of the T a d z h i k S . S . R . , S t a l - inabad State L i b r a r y of the T u r k m e n S . S . R . , Ashkhabad State L i b r a r y of the K a z a k h S . S . R . , A l m a - A t a State L i b r a r y of the K i r g i z S . S . R . , F r u n z e T h i s e n a c t m e n t i n t r o d u c e d still a n o t h e r type of d e p o s i t o r y c o p y — t h e r e g i o n a l copy. I t w a s designed to s t r e n g t h e n b i b l i o g r a p h y and the l i b r a r i e s d e v o t e d to the collection of local a n d r e g i o n a l m a t e r i a l s , and w a s estab- lished f o r the purpose of c r e a t i n g f a v o r a b l e conditions f o r scientific w o r k in distant re- gions. I t stated t h a t all p r i n t i n g establish- m e n t s in a g i v e n t e r r i t o r y ( k r a y ) , r e g i o n are listed the institutions and organizations which are recipients of the "signal" copy. Here are mentioned the Head of Glavlit R.S.F.S.R. (authorized to safeguard military secrets in the press), the Publishing Section of the Administration of Propaganda and Agitation, the People's Commissariat of the Interior, and the People's Commissariat of Defense. Presumably these copies are for review and censorship purposes, but whether all or only part of the printed production is included, and just when, before or after publication, the items are pre- sented—these matters are not clear from even a close reading of the enactment. It is known that "secret" documents are not registered by the Book Chamber, or even sent to it, and it is possible that this type of document is covered by the provision for "signal copies." 404 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ( o b l a s t ' ) , or district ( r a y o n ) should s u p p l y one copy of all p u b l i c a t i o n s issued by them to the l i b r a r y h a v i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r the a r e a . T h i s , of course, w a s in addition to the depository copies sent to the book c h a m - bers. T h i s e n a c t m e n t e m p o w e r e d the C o u n - cils of P e o p l e ' s C o m m i s s a r s of the union and a u t o n o m o u s republics to establish de- l i v e r y of the l o c a l o b l i g a t o r y copies. I n r e g a r d to the p u r c h a s a b l e type of de- pository copy, by an e n a c t m e n t of the S o v n a r k o m of the U . S . S . R . , dated M a y 9, 1 9 4 0 , and entitled " O n the P r o v i s i o n of S c i e n t i f i c L i b r a r i e s w i t h P u r c h a s a b l e C o p i e s of L i t e r a t u r e , " a l l p u b l i s h i n g houses and o r g a n i z a t i o n s issuing l i t e r a t u r e w e r e each constrained to s u r r e n d e r to O G I Z 2 7 of the R . S . F . S . R . 1 5 0 copies of publications f r o m a l l l a r g e p r i n t i n g s . F o r p r i n t i n g s u n d e r 1 0 0 0 copies o n l y 5 0 copies w e r e r e q u i r e d . T h i s e n a c t m e n t lists the l i b r a r i e s to be supplied w i t h the p u r c h a s a b l e copies. I n 1 9 4 7 , 2 7 6 copies w e r e r e q u i r e d to s u p p l y scientific l i b r a r i e s in this m a n n e r . T H E W A R YEARS, 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 4 5 T h e n u m b e r of the f r e e depository copies b e f o r e W o r l d W a r I I totaled 3 9 in the R . S . F . S . R . D u r i n g the w a r the system of d e l i v e r y w a s a d j u s t e d to w a r t i m e conditions. D e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n w a s deemed i m p e r a t i v e , and by o r d e r of G l a v l i t of the R . S . F . S . R . , A u g u s t 9, 1 9 4 1 , the disposition of the 3 9 depository copies w a s as f o l l o w s : 1 2 to the A l l - U n i o n B o o k C h a m b e r , 1 9 direct to designated l i b r a r i e s , and 8 copies to r e m a i n on reserve at the p r i n t i n g houses f o r the l i b r a r i e s occupied by the i n v a d e r s . I n 1 9 4 3 n o r m a l d e l i v e r y and c e n t r a l i z e d distribution t h r o u g h the a p p a r a t u s of the A l l - U n i o n B o o k C h a m b e r w e r e restored. E v e n d u r i n g the w a r the n u m b e r of depository copies in- creased, so that in 1 9 4 5 it came to 4 6 copies. 27 " O b yedeneniye gosudarstvennykh izdatel'stv" (Union of State Publishing Houses). T h e n u m b e r of depository copies increased to 48 a f t e r the w a r . T h e N a t i o n a l F u n d of L i t e r a t u r e ( G o s - f o n d l i t e r a t u r y ) , attached to the N a r k o m - pros of the R . S . F . S . R . , w a s o r g a n i z e d in 1 9 4 3 in o r d e r to restore l i b r a r y collections demolished d u r i n g the w a r . F i f t y - t w o de- pository copies of books, p a m p h l e t s , and m a g a z i n e s in the R u s s i a n , U r k r a i n i a n , and B e l o r u s s i a n l a n g u a g e s w e r e a l l o c a t e d to the f u n d . O f the 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 books collected f o r the f u n d in v a r i o u s w a y s , 1 , 0 5 8 , 0 0 0 w e r e p r o v i d e d by means of depository copies. B y m e a n s of the f r e e ( c o m p l e t e and par- t i a l ) depository copy, the p u r c h a s a b l e copy, and the copies supplied by G o s f o n d , a total of 3 7 6 depository copies are reported t o be distributed to l i b r a r i e s t h r o u g h o u t the union. A l a r g e r f i g u r e m a y be obtained if to this are added the local and special deposi- tory copies f o r v a r i o u s purposes. S U M M A R Y T h i s a r t i c l e has dealt w i t h the develop- ment of the system of l e g a l deposit as the basis f o r c o l l e c t i n g , d i s t r i b u t i n g , and pre- s e r v i n g a l l types of p r i n t e d m a t t e r in the S o v i e t U n i o n . T h e system of l e g a l de- posit is a c o m p r e h e n s i v e system designed to p r o v i d e f o r the complete collection of all S o v i e t publications in the press a r c h i v e s of the B o o k C h a m b e r , the continuous s u p p l y of publications to a n u m b e r of depository l i b r a r i e s situated in d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of the c o u n t r y , and the c o m p i l a t i o n of a com- plete n a t i o n a l b i b l i o g r a p h y . I t represents one approach to a c o m p l e x b i b l i o g r a p h i c problem w h i c h has not been s a t i s f a c t o r i l y solved in other countries. I n this a r t i c l e the most i m p o r t a n t docu- ments p e r t a i n i n g to the system of l e g a l de- posit h a v e been discussed. L e g i s l a t i o n com- p e l l i n g the d e l i v e r y of publications to a cen- t r a l office existed b e f o r e 1 9 2 0 , but f o r a v a r i e t y of reasons it w a s i n e f f e c t i v e . T h e OCTOBER, 1954 38 7 first i m p o r t a n t p r o n o u n c e m e n t d e a l i n g w i t h the question of the l e g a l deposit of p u b l i c a - tions w a s the L e n i n decree of 1 9 2 0 . A l l subsequent l e g i s l a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m this f u n - d a m e n t a l decree issued by the highest g o v - e r n m e n t a l body in the S o v i e t U n i o n , the C o u n c i l of P e o p l e ' s C o m m i s s a r s ( n o w the C o u n c i l of M i n i s t e r s ) . T h e e n a c t m e n t s that f o l l o w e d w e r e issued by the P e o p l e ' s C o m m i s s a r i a t of E d u c a t i o n and had applica- tion o n l y in the R . S . F . S . R . T h e collection of p u b l i c a t i o n s f r o m o t h e r union r e p u b l i c s w a s secured by c o n t r a c t s e n t e r e d into by the B o o k C h a m b e r in M o s c o w a n d the book c h a m b e r s o r substitute o r g a n i z a t i o n s located in the s e v e r a l republics. T h e e n a c t m e n t s of the N a r k o m p r o s per- tained to a l l aspects of the d e p o s i t o r y s y s t e m : the p r i n t i n g establishments c o n s t r a i n e d to s u b m i t p u b l i c a t i o n s , the type and q u a n t i t y of p u b l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r e d , the l i b r a r i e s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s to w h i c h the p u b l i c a t i o n s m u s t be d e l i v e r e d , the m o m e n t w h e n d e l i v e r y w a s r e q u i r e d , and the l e g a l steps that w o u l d be t a k e n f o r v i o l a t i o n of the i n s t r u c t i o n s . S o m e e n a c t m e n t s w e r e v e r y c o m p r e h e n s i v e and w e n t into a l l aspects of the d e l i v e r y of the depository c o p i e s ; others w e r e o n l y m o d i f i c a t i o n s of e a r l i e r e n a c t m e n t s . I n d i v i d u a l r e p u b l i c s took i n d e p e n d e n t approaches t o the depository copy t h r o u g h e n a c t m e n t s issued by their o w n g o v e r n - m e n t a l bodies. I n these instances the l a w s w e r e closely p a t t e r n e d a f t e r the l e g i s l a t i o n in the R . S . F . S . R . T h e r e w e r e inherent w e a k n e s s e s h o w e v e r w h i c h a d v e r s e l y a f - f e c t e d the d e l i v e r y of p u b l i c a t i o n s to the B o o k C h a m b e r in M o s c o w . I n 1 9 2 8 an a l l - union system w a s established w h e n the S o v n a r k o m of the U . S . S . R . issued a resolu- tion on the s u p p l y of the most i m p o r t a n t l i b r a r i e s w i t h a l l p u b l i c a t i o n s issued in the U . S . S . R . T h e r e a f t e r , in a d d i t i o n to the e n a c t m e n t s of the g o v e r n m e n t of the U . S . S . R . , there w o u l d be c o r r e s p o n d i n g l e g i s l a t i o n by the republics based on the o v e r - a l l e n a c t m e n t s . T h e a l l - u n i o n l e g i s l a - tion took care of the n a t i o n a l l i b r a r y cen- ters w h i l e the l e g i s l a t i o n of the republics had m o r e l i m i t e d applications. T h i s is the system of l e g i s l a t i o n w h i c h obtains t o d a y . S e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t types of depository copy h a v e been developed in the l e g i s l a t i o n of the g o v e r n m e n t of the U . S . S . R . T h e most im- p o r t a n t are the f r e e complete depository copy of w h i c h the n a t i o n a l depository l i b r a r i e s a r e the r e c i p i e n t s ; the " p a r t i a l " depository copy designed f o r l i b r a r i e s w i t h special s u b j e c t in- terests ; a n d the p u r c h a s a b l e depository copy w h i c h p e r m i t s c e r t a i n l i b r a r i e s to a c q u i r e w h a t e v e r p u b l i c a t i o n s are needed. T w o s i g n i f i c a n t results seem to h a v e been a t t a i n e d t h r o u g h the i n s t r u m e n t a l i t y of the system of l e g a l d e p o s i t : 1 ) the establishment of s e v e r a l c h a n n e l s f o r the distribution of p u b l i c a t i o n s to l i b r a r i e s — c e n t r a l l y t h r o u g h the B o o k C h a m b e r a n d O G I Z and l o c a l l y by direct deposit in l i b r a r i e s ; and 2 ) the establishment of n a t i o n a l depositories s e r v - ing as research centers in w i d e l y separated p a r t s of the l a n d . T h e last c o m p r e h e n s i v e decree of a l l - union s i g n i f i c a n c e w a s issued in 1 9 3 9 . I t p r o v i d e s f o r the s u p p l y of 1 5 depository li- b r a r i e s w i t h the f r e e complete depository copy. A s a r e s u l t of the a l l - u n i o n legisla- tion and the l e g i s l a t i o n of the R . S . F . S . R . the n u m b e r of books d e l i v e r e d to the B o o k C h a m b e r in M o s c o w is 48 at the present time. 406 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES