College and Research Libraries as Rosenbach Fellow in Bibliography, which in turn were built from materials gathered by him for many years for a large folio vol- ume on the subject. The present book will be welcomed by many as a compact, handsomely printed and illustrated (and reasonably priced) introduction to the subject of papermaking in America. During the lifetime of Samuel Richardson there occurred another significant step in the growth of the printing press in the North American colonies: the beginning of printing in Canada, marked by the establishment in 1 7 5 1 of a small press in H a l i f a x by Bartholo- mew Green of Boston. From that time until the end of the 18th century, sixteen printing offices were operating in Canada, and of these nine were still functioning1 by 1800. A few years less than twenty years ago M a r i e T r e - maine started a study of Canadian life towards the end of the 18th century. T h e ultimate con- sequence of these interests lies now before us in the form of the most impressive A Bibli- ography of Canadian Imprints, 1751-1800. A brief, but skilfully written Introduction summarizes the nature of early Canadian printing; from which it becomes apparent "that the staple product of the earliest Canadian presses, as of colonial presses elsewhere, were newspapers, almanacs, law and legislative publications, handbills, printed forms, and those kinds of educational and religious publi- cations for which there was a substantial market." T h e Bibliography is organized in two groups, one of them "imprints," which includes books, pamphlets and broadsides, arranged chronologically by years, and alphabetically within each year. There are no less than 1204 items in this group, which includes not only publications now extant but also those which are recorded in some source as having been issued. The facts for their inclusion is always carefully explained. It will be inevitable that avid collectors of Canadiana will forever onward hope for the discovery and acquisition of some of these elusive items. T h e products of the periodical press, news- papers primarily, form the second (and much smaller) group in the Bibliography of Cana- dian Imprints. T h e items are described in great detail and with what appears to be admirable care. The bibliography of Ameri- cana has undoubtedly received a very signifi- cant addition through the publication of this important volume which was most certainly a labor of devoted love. In conclusion therefshould be a reference in this article to at least one publication deal- ing with current matters. It is easy to be en- thusiastic about Paul Bennett's Books and Printing: A Treasury for Typophiles, because this book, which appeared in 1 9 5 1 , has had time to prove its worth. It was reviewed at some length in the October 1952, issue of College and Research Libraries by Edward C. Lathem. In my own experience as a teacher of graphic arts I found it most useful in giving a lively, many-sided and colorful insight into the methods and processes not only, but also the thoughts and beliefs behind the procedures by which books are built today. T h e book is "simply" a collection of shorter articles or pamphlets, each of them by a different printer, designer, illustrator, commentator or historian or critic, whose piece attracted attention at the time of its first appearance and was judged fit to be reread by the editor. With very few exceptions his judgement was sound. Books and Printing, which looks very little like a textbook is, nevertheless, an excellent textbook in the good sense of the w o r d . — H e l l m u t Lehmann-Haupt, New York, N.Y. Militant Liberal R. R. Bowker: Militant Liberal. By E. M c - Clung Fleming. Introduction by Allan Nevins. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1952. xv, 395p. $5.00. When Richard Rogers Bowker died in 1933 at the age of 85, the editor of the American Book Collector wrote that Bowker's life was "perhaps more closely interwoven with books than anyone else's now living." In R. R. Bowker: Militant Liberal, E. McClung Fleming, dean of the College at Park College, Parkville, Missouri, has vividly portrayed the life of this man perhaps unknown to most reading Americans but to whom they are much indebted. Bowker was for 50 years the director of Publishers' Weekly; he was a founder of the American Library Association and the Library Journal. His work in the cause of international copyright is notable and his contributions to American bibliog- raphy of inestimable value. Librarians are much in Bowker's debt, and they particularly will find D r . Fleming's book of much interest. JULY, 1953 341 Bookman par excellence was Bowker. His other interests, however, were numerous and varied; and he used tiis facile pen to focus America's attention on those causes in which he believed so firmly. He was a strong ad- vocate of civil service reform, free trade, and anti-imperialism. He was a leader in the campaign of 1884 to elect Grover Cleveland President of the United States. He fought Tammany Hall in New York local politics with zeal and not a little success. In addition, Bowker was a successful industrial executive, serving as general manager and vice-president of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York from 1890 to 1898. Education and the role of libraries in the educative process were consuming interests of Bowker. On one occasion he declared, "The library and the school together make the safeguards of America." A graduate of the College of the City of New York, Bowker maintained an active interest in the life and affairs of this college after his graduation. He was once invited but declined to allow his name to be considered for the presidency of City College. Bowker's last 30 years were extremely ac- tive years, but they were conditioned by the hard fact of almost total blindness. From 1900 to 1933 he was without his eyesight, but "he rose above this handicap and determined to live out his life as though no defect were there." That he was able to do this to a large extent is evident in the pages of Dr. Fleming's very fine biography of this militant liberal who was poet, author, editor, publisher, "literary ambassador at the Court of Fleet Street," political reformer, business executive, inventor, and world traveler. "We have in this book," writes Allan Nevins in his Introduction, "much more than the portrait of an arresting per- sonality and the record of a noble career; we have a vigorous study of some of the principal strands of American liberalism in a period which needed all the liberalism that it could find."—John David Marshall, Clemson Col- lege. Financing College Libraries Financing Higher Education in the United States. By John D. Millett, New York, Co- lumbia University Press, for the Commis- sion on Financing Higher Education, 1952. x i x , 5 0 3 P . $ 5 . 0 0 . This volume, which is called "The Staff Report of the Commission on Financing Higher Education," supplements the general report of the Commission, Nature and Needs of Higher Education, by presenting a summary of the information, gathered through seven- - teen research projects undertaken by members of the Commission. The book is divided into four major sections, covering the objectives, costs, sources of income, and possibilities for the future financing of higher education. There can be no doubt of the importance of the information gathered here, although it might be questioned whether conclusions based largely on statistics covering a decade of de- pression and a decade of inflation (most of the 82 tables present comparative figures for 1930, 1940 and 1950) are sufficiently soundly estab- lished. But our concern here is particularly with the section devoted to library expenditures. These four pages (122 to 126) are perhaps not out of proportion to the space devoted to other aspects of college and university finances, but it is unfortunate that they are devoted almost wholly to consideration of the problem of the proper size of the book collections and are permeated by an apparent dislike of li- brarians, a scolding tone found nowhere else in the volume. From the first paragraph, which concludes "again and again at the insti- tutions we have visited we have found dissatis- faction with and confusion about the library services of higher education" to the last "it is safe to predict that library operating costs will grow as one of the important expense problems of both colleges and universities," there is hardly a word of recognition that librarians have been at all concerned with the costs of operation. Let us first consider the remarks on li- brarians. "Librarians constitutionally hate to throw anything away. . . . They are always chagrined when they cannot at once produce what is wanted." Since the two main purposes of a library are the preservation and the mak- ing available of books we may, for the mo- ment, allow this impeachment and admit that when we cannot do what we exist to do, we feel some chagrin. "Librarians rate the im- portance of their jobs and examine their salary scale in the light of the size of their book collections, the number of their employees and their total expenditures." (If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we 342 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES