College and Research Libraries By J E A N E. M E Y E R Sociology Terminology Especially as Represented in L.C. Subject Headings and in the Yale Catalog1 Miss Meyer, formerly senior cataloger at Yale, is now in the Descriptive Cataloging Division, Library of Congress. TH E P R O B L E M of adequate representation of sociological concepts through the sub- ject headings adopted for use in the Public Catalogue has stimulated continuing inter- est and study on the part of Yale University Library catalogers working in this field. T h e present investigation, however, will attempt only general exploration of some fundamental points and detailed appraisal of a few important concepts. T h e difficulty for the cataloger is greatly augmented by the loose use of terminology still commo^y found among sociologists and in the social sciences as a whole. Theorists in these disciplines have long recognized the need for uniformity and exactness. They have realized that most of the subject mat- ter of sociology is close to common everyday life, and that most of its ideas are capable of being expressed with reasonable clarity in ordinary language. They have pointed out the alternatives of drawing words from popular speech and trying to restrict their meanings or of inventing new words to desig- nate particular concepts precisely. Through the years concern for accuracy has grown, and classified lists of terms, detailed glos- saries and recently an extensive sociological 1 This paper was prepared in M a y 1 9 4 9 , for a Yale University Graduate School course, Introduction to Cultural Sociology. It was brought up to date in March 1 9 5 0 , abridged a n d revised for publication. dictionary2 have been produced. Such re- sults present a hopeful prospect; only as so- ciologists begin to agree among themselves is it possible for librarians and others to standardize and integrate their handling of sociological terminology. Subject Heading Theory It is a generally accepted principle that the scholar who is thoroughly acquainted with the literature of his field usually con- sults the catalog to find a specific title which he knows contains the material he wants. His needs are thus adequately met by the author card with a call number to supply location in the stacks. But this direct ap- proach is not possible for the student at the elementary and intermediate level of bibli- ographical knowledge of a discipline; for the lay public; or for the expert, either, when he must stray slightly from his own bailiwick. For these categories of patrons the library must provide subject entries. T h e cataloger is then immediately con- fronted with the problem of determining how the catalog user will translate his sometimes carefully delimited, more often vague ideas into words. W h a t verbal con- cept will come most naturally and often to the largest number of potential readers, and what clues must be supplied to lead the atypical thinker to it? If the library specializes in a restricted 2 Fairchild, Henry P., ed. Dictionary of Sociology. New York, Philosophical Library, 1 9 4 4 . APRIL, 1951 10 7 field of interest where the experts are in reasonable agreement as to terminology, the development of adequate subject headings is relatively simple. It is a question of assimilating and organizing concepts from the literature of a single discipline into a balanced and inclusive list; and adding to it such general terms as may be needed for peripheral areas, expressed in language com- prehensible to the selected, homogeneous group. But as the collection seeks to become all things to all men, the difficulties increase in geometric progression. T h e users now approach the catalog with every sort of point of view and with subject familiarity ranging anywhere from ignorance to wis- dom in all areas of knowledge. Further- more, appropriate words and phrases from one field, after they have been determined, must be integrated with those of every other, and differences in scope and meaning recon- ciled, so that one guide may attempt to lead all searchers on their diverse quests. While the university library may assume a fairly high level of general education on the part of all of its patrons who have any real claim on its services, rather than having to cope with the completely heterogeneous clientele that besieges the public library, there are few subject fields which it dares or cares to ignore, and requirements of the beginning student as well as the fully qualified spe- cialist ranging in unknown territory must always be considered. T o meet these needs, catalogers long ago3 laid down the rule of specific entry: pre- scribing selection of the subject heading which most closely fits the contents of the book, rather than grouping under broad topics. Recent studies in the use of the catalog, however, give indication that this principle is not known or is not understood 3 Cutter, Charles _ A . Rules for a Dictionary Cata- logue. 3d ed. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1 8 9 1 . ( U . S . Bureau of Education. Special Report on Public Libraries, Part II.) p . 4 6 - 4 7 . by a large proportion of both undergradu- ates4 and graduate students5 who search for topics there. Nor is the system of see also references, which aims to tie all special as- pects to the more general term, more skil- fully utilized for the most part.6 These references are reciprocal only horizontally between related headings of relatively equal complexity. In a vertical plane they con- stitute a one-way road, leading always from inclusive heading to its parts but supposedly never vice versa. T h u s they tacitly recog- nize the public's unwillingness to particu- larize and suggest the extent to which it may be appropriate. Employed in this fash- ion they may even penalize the experienced catalog user who does turn first to the most specific wording. If the library has no ma- terial on that aspect alone, he will find no clue there. He is not only required to realize the possibility that there may be use- ful material under a larger subject, but must also be capable of assigning his small topic to the correct comprehensive category one or more steps up in the hierarchy and know how to select helpful titles there. Moreover, the question of exactly how specific headings can be without scattering material more than the size of the collection and catalog7 and the needs of patrons8 war- rant must be faced by every library. Another difficulty is introduced when the topic in the catalog user's mind, though a valid and definite concept, has no precise name. Under such circumstances it is not possible to group such material as a unit in the catalog.9 T h i s is paradoxically both akin to and the reverse of the situation 4 Knapp, Patricia B. " T h e Subject Catalog in the College Library. A n Investigation of Terminology." Library Quarterly, 1 4 : 2 2 3 , 2 2 5 , July 1 9 4 4 . 5 Brown, Margaret C. "The Graduate Student's Use of the Subject Catalog." College and Research Li- braries, 8 : 2 0 7 , July 1 9 4 7 . 6 Ibid., p.205, 207-08. 7 Gull, C. D. "Some Remarks on Subject Headings." Special Libraries, 4 0 : 8 3 , March 1 9 4 9 . 8 Pettee, Julia. Subject Headings; the History and Theory of the Alphabetical Subject Approach to Books. New York, Wilson, 1 9 4 6 . p . 8 0 - 8 1 . 9 Ibid., p.60-61. 146 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES when the cataloger has a book in hand with vague or assorted contents that defy pigeon- holing under any meaningful subject. T h e name is not only a fundamental prerequisite for entry, but it may serve as a focal point where aspects, uses and connotations from various fields meet, as they cannot in a logi- cal classification.10 T h e cataloger must also cope with the problem of keeping subject headings up to date. N e w ideas and objects come into being constantly and receive sometimes a variety of names, one of which must be selected for catalog use and linked with its closest relatives through references. Old terms, moreover, acquire altered meanings or become obsolete, and the subject list must follow along as best it can. If a new head- ing is adopted too rapidly, choice may fall on a form which does not gain general ac- ceptance. If caution delays decisions too long, a just complaint of antiquated ter- minology is raised. It has been claimed, however, that leaving older material under the popular catchword of that moment is a comparatively innocuous practice that may even "serve to collect books on a particular phase of public opinion."11 Some necessity for change may be averted, too, "by avoid- ing popular terminology in favor of an ex- act if slightly broader meaning."12 Because library staffs usually do not have the resources of money, time and personnel sufficiently qualified in all fields that the establishing and constant refurbishing of their own files of subject headings would require, adoption of the standard Library of Congress list has been general practice. Ordinarily there are at least a few variations to suit the local scene, but administrative economy prescribes that these be kept to a minimum.13 Y e t in some areas this list, 10 Ibid., p.57-60. 11 Ibid., p . S i . 12 Knapp, Patricia B. "The Subject Catalog in the College Library. The Background of Subject Catalog- ing." Library Quarterly, 14:111, April 1944. 1 3 Pettee, op.cit., p.82. as its latest introduction admits,14 has just evolved without rational planning to meet each need as encountered and without much concern for integration and consistency. There has always been criticism, now of this feature, now of that; the investigation of college student use of subject headings men- tioned above makes several recommenda- tions for revolutionary changes in certain basic principles, for which its findings indi- cate some need.15 Another recent critic16 condemns inconsistency in the handling of compound adjective-and-noun headings, where the approved entry in some cases is under the adjective, and in others under noun with modifier appended. She pro- poses a major upset of tradition by which such subjects would be treated as personal names (always inverted) with consistent entry under the noun, very much as titles are handled in German trade bibliography. T h e catalog user would then be drilled not merely to seek a specific concept, but, more definitely, a specific noun, and then a spe- cific aspect as a subdivision under it. For subject headings in the fields of science and technology, however, a Library of Congress expert has just last year expressed a prefer- ence for the direct adjective-noun ap- proach.17 A l l such suggestions show at least a healthy concern with a vital problem area. Current Interpretations of Certain Socio- logical Concepts. A t this point it is proposed to examine a few significant terms and ideas from the field of sociology to see how certain authori- ties have defined them and to consider how 11 U.S. Library of Congress. Subject Cataloging Di- v i s i o n . Subject Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogs of the Library of Congress. 5 t h e d . W a s h - ington, 1948. p.iii. 15 Knapp, Patricia B. "The Subject Catalog in the College Library: An Investigation of Terminology." Library Quarterly, 14:225-27, July 1944. 16 Prevost, Marie Louise. "An Approach to Theory and Method in General Subject Heading." Library Quarterly, 16:140-51, April 1946. 17 Gull, op.cit., p.83-87. APRIL, 1951 10 7 they are treated in the catalog. As a be- ginning the word sociology itself seems ap- propriate. E. E. Eubank, perhaps the lead- ing semanticist of the discipline, rejects "the scientific study of society" as entirely too broad, analyzes the pronouncements of a dozen experts and summarizes in a vein of discouragement: Thus, according to the several viewpoints obtaining in these definitions, from standard sources, Sociology is variously conceived of as having as its basic idea association, or process, or processes, or contact, or interests, or relation, or forces, or group, or achieve- ment, or structure, or control. Of course these definitions are not necessarily contra- dictory; but certainly one who is not suf- ficiently familiar with sociological theory to reconcile the various approaches has ample ground for feeling that he is confronting a hopeless confusion!18 Y e t at the end of his volume he has reached this conclusion: Sociology may be defined as the science of the associated life of men, considered with ex- plicit or implicit reference to these seven major categories [i.e., The Single Human Being, The Human Plurel, Societary Energy, Societary Control, Societary Action, Societary Relationship, and Culture]19 T h e glossary in C . M . Panunzio's text- book supplies etymology followed by the explanation: The science or discipline which deals with the collective, unspecialized aspects of human behavior; particularly with the phenomena of the origins, structures, changes, functions, adjustments, maladjustments, and similar phases of human society.20 Included are statements from Edwin R. A . Seligman and Russell Gordon Smith, as 15 Eubank, Earle E. The Concepts of Sociology; a Treatise Presenting a Suggested Organization of Socio- logical Theory in Terms of its Major Concepts. B o s - ton, Heath, 1932'. p. 47. ™Ibid., p. 3 8 6 . 2 0 P a n u n z i o , C o n s t a n t i n e M . Major Social Institu- tions; an Introduction. N e w York, Macmillan, 1939. P-563. 148 • CO well as cross references to and from the entry for the "science of society," where an almost identical definition is given.21 E. B. Reuter proposes: The discipline that undertakes to isolate and define the processes of social interaction that result in human personality and social organi- zation. It seeks to formulate natural laws and generalizations in regard to human nature and society that are of universal validity.22 Fairchild's Dictionary of Sociology, finally, recognizes various schools of thought and attempts reconciliation in " T h e scientific study of the phenomena arising out of the group relations of human beings. T h e study of man and his human environ- ment in their relations to each other."23 Like Panunzio, he lists science of society as well, delimiting it thus: " T h e body of knowledge derived from the systematic ob- servation and conceptualization of those so- cial relationships and social processes which exist as a result of human association."24 For material covering these general con- cepts both Library of Congress and Yale University Library catalogs use only the heading SOCIOLOGY. Social change is a valid and independent concept in sociological thinking. Eubank distinguishes between the connotation given in Ogburn's work,25 where it is confined to the development of human culture, and his own use of the term as a "generic designa- tion for all societary modification," in- cluding "any alteration that occurs in ( I ) the position or (2) the condition of any- thing from a state previously existent," both as action and as a series of relationships.26 Panunzio supplies a reference to change 21 Ibid., p. 5 5 7. 22 Reuter, Edward B. Handbook of Sociology. N e w York, Dryden Press, 1941. (Dryden Press Hand- books) p. 157- 23 Fairchild, op.cit., p.302. 24 Ibid., p.268. 2 5 O g b u r n , W i l l i a m F . Social Change with Respect to- Culture and Original Nature. N e w Y o r k , H u e b s c h , 1922. 26 Eubank, op.cit., p.261, 264. LLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES from cultural change but not from social change, and defines the first as the process by which a pre-existing culture trait or complex undergoes alteration as a re- sult of its coming into contact with another culture or as a result of discovery, invention, or other cause.27 Ogburn's remarks on cultural change, in the same work Eubank mentions, are cited as an example. Reuter lumps definitions of both aspects under change: "Any altera- tion of a pre-existing element or complex. Culture change is any alteration of a cul- ture trait or complex; social change refers to an alteration in social relations."28 References are supplied from both cultural change and social change. Fairchild de- fines change in general, plus nine special varieties, including a very comprehensive social change—"variations or modifications in any aspect of social process, pattern, or form"2 9—and cultural change—"modifica- tions in the civilization of a people, i.e., in the man-made environment, occurring either automatically or by design."30 In spite of the specific entry principle, the subject head- ing authorized by both Library of Con- gress and Yale is again SOCIOLOGY, with a second entry under C I V I L I Z A T I O N , or C I V I L I Z A T I O N — H I S T . , in certain cases. Social control is another aspect of sociol- ogy which neither Yale nor Library of Con- gress has conceded an independent existence in the catalog. Again one must search through the SOCIOLOGY file for apt titles, most of which have additional entry under S O C I A L P S Y C H O L O G Y . T h e Public Affairs Information Service index also tosses social control in with sociology without reference. Eubank finds that the majority of "exist- ing definitions of this concept are incom- plete or ambiguous."31 Again he construes 27 Panunzio, op.cit., p.527. , 28 Reuter, op.cit., p.90. 29 Fairchild, op.cit., p.277. 30 Ibid., p.8o. c 31 Eubank, op.cit., p.216. APRIL, 1951 broadly, including in what he calls societary control, "whatever way any person or group exercises influence or constraint which modifies the behavior, thought, or feeling of any other person or group."32 Panunzio has a double-barreled definition of control, referred to from social control: (1) The process by which society guides or forces its members to conform to established modes of group behavior and by which it punishes departures from the regulations it establishes; (2) the attempt to subject the social processes to more conscious guidance.33 Reuter gives a lengthy explanation under control, socialwhich incorporates quota- tions from four other sociological writers (none of whom were cited in Eubank's sur- vey) and careful distinguishing of social control from control in general and other special types of control.34 Fairchild's vol- ume again is most specific, with explana- tions for control per se and for 14 varieties of it, including control, culture; social con- trol; societal control; control, subsocial; control, super-social; and social constraint — a l l separately described.35 Social con- trol, moreover, shades off into the concept of leadership, separately treated in all four of the works just mentioned and also ac- corded independent entry in the library catalog. Off on further tangents are au- thority and dictators, also utilized as sub- ject headings. According to Eubank: Conflict has for its immediate objective the elimination of one's opponent from the con- test, either by getting rid of him entirely, or by reducing him to a status of subordination where he must acknowledge his conqueror's supremacy in the particular issue in which they are engaged.36 T h i s same explanation is quoted as the sec- ond part of the definition in Panunzio's 32 Ibid., p. 219. 33 Panunzio, op.cit., p.532. 34 Reuter, op.cit., p.102-03. 35 Fairchild, op.cit., p.66-67, 279, 299. 36 Eubank, op.cit., p.293. 10 7 glossary.37 Reuter, however, grants sepa- rate consideration to conflict; groups, con- flict; conflict, mental; conflict mind-set; and conflict of values.38 Here again Fair- child's dictionary discusses the general term and also various phases, one of them being social conflict.39 In spite of such common acceptance of the concept as an entity by so- ciologists, it is almost impossible to track down this material in the catalog. One follows a devious trail leading through E V I L , N O N - R E S I S T A N C E T O ; E V I L , P R O B - L E M O F ; A N T I P A T H I E S A N D P R E J U D I C E S ; B A T T L E S ; C O M B A T ; W A R ; F I G H T I N G ( P S Y C H O L O G Y ) ; F I G H T I N G , H A N D - T O - H A N D ; A G G R E S S I O N ( I N T E R N A T I O N A L LAW). But it is all a wild goose chase as far as locating any substantial amount of literature with sociological implications. Even when one tries individual books deal- ing with the topic, they turn up classified as psychology, political science or sociology, and entered in the catalog under such vague labels as S O C I A L P S Y C H O L O G Y ; P S Y C H O L - O G Y , P A T H O L O G I C A L ; or just plain S O C I O L - O G Y . Other perfectly legitimate sociological concepts which cause difficulty because the catalog does not recognize them specifically might be briefly mentioned. One is In- dustrial Sociology, for which, in addi- tion to consulting the few cards under the new heading P S Y C H O L O G Y , I N D U S T R I A L , combing lengthy files under S O C I O L O G Y ; L A B O R A N D L A B O R I N G C L A S S E S ; a n d I N D U S T R I A L R E L A T I O N S seems to be the only resort. It should be noted here that the Public Affairs Information Service in- dex, usually more ready to adopt new terminology than the Library of Congress, also clings to sociology for industrial so- ciology, without benefit of reference either. 37 Panunzio, op.cit., p.531. 38 Reuter, op.cit., p.98-99, 122. 39 Fairchild, op.cit., p.58-59, 278. Communication in the sociological sense may seem elusive too, since it has been scat- tered through the heterogeneous file under the double heading C O M M U N I C A T I O N A N D T R A F F I C . There is also sociology of knowledge, for which one may try I D E O L - O G Y , S O C I A L P S Y C H O L O G Y , a n d t h e 8 0 0 cards under K N O W L E D G E , T H E O R Y O F , most of which represent philosophical treatises; or somewhat more efficiently, consult the shelf list under S O C I O L O G Y : P H I L O S O P H Y , T H E O R Y , M E T H O D , where this topic is mixed in with statistical methods of social investigation. For those seeking what has sometimes been known as "social anthro- pology" E T H N O L O G Y A N D S O C I E T Y , P R I M I - T I V E , appear to be the "Open, Sesame," although no reference reveals it. Finally, material on social theory and groups as such (unless definitely from the social work point of view) is also to be dug out from the comprehensive S O C I O L O G Y catchall, although the group concept usually is brought out un- der S O C I A L P S Y C H O L O G Y as well. Specific Sociological Subject Headings It now seems profitable to reverse the procedure just followed and to consider what the sociologist may expect to find when he seeks under certain subject headings in the catalog. Again S O C I O L O G Y is the start- ing point. If one may assume for these pur- poses that the title accurately indicates the scope of the book (admitting, of course, that it in many instances may not), the cards filed under this word in the Yale Uni- versity Library Public Catalogue represent all treatises on the whole field of sociology and the science of society (if there is any real difference) ; such aspects as social con- trol, social theory, industrial sociology, groups, general applied sociology; odd titles on leadership, ecology, historical sociology; and some material quite outside the field where the approach is stftmgly sociological, 150 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES o r t h e r e l a t i o n t o s o c i o l o g y is s t r e s s e d . S u c h s u b d i v i s i o n s a s ADDRESSES, ESSAYS, LEC- T U R E S ; B I B L I O G R A P H Y ; B IO-BIBLIOGRA- P H Y ; C L A S S I F I C A T I O N ; DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS; H I S T O R Y ; I N D E X E S ; M E T H O D O L O G Y ; O U T L I N E S , SYLLABI, E T C . ; SOCIETIES; S T U D Y AND T E A C H I N G ; T E R - MINOLOGY; T E X T - B O O K S ; a n d Y E A R - B O O K S a r e a l s o u s e d . I n v e r t e d h e a d i n g s SOCIOL- OGY, C H R I S T I A N ; SOCIOLOGY, J E W I S H ; SO- CIOLOGY, R U R A L ; a n d SOCIOLOGY, U R B A N f o l l o w a f t e r . T h e l a s t is a Y a l e i n n o v a t i o n , w h i c h s u b s t i t u t e s f o r L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s ' s C I T Y AND TOWN LIFE ; i t w a s p r e f e r r e d b e - c a u s e a n a l o g o u s t o SOCIOLOGY, R U R A L , w h i c h b o t h l i b r a r i e s u s e . See also r e f e r - e n c e s , f i l e d b e f o r e t h e SOCIOLOGY s u b j e c t c a r d s , l e a d t o a m u l t i t u d e of r e l a t e d a n d s u b o r d i n a t e t o p i c s ; t h o s e e m p l o y e d a t Y a l e , h o w e v e r , d i f f e r r a t h e r w i d e l y f r o m t h e o n e s s u g g e s t e d i n t h e L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s c u r - r e n t l i s t . B o t h Y a l e a n d L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s o m i t e i t h e r e n t r y o r r e f e r e n c e u n d e r t h e w o r d SOCIETY s t a n d i n g a l o n e , b u t e a c h u s e s SO- CIETIES f o r m a t e r i a l o n v o l u n t a r y o r g a n - i z e d g r o u p s . D i s t i n c t i o n s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d , f u r t h e r m o r e , b e t w e e n SOCIETIES a n d ASSO- CIATION AND ASSOCIATIONS, a s w e l l a s b e - t w e e n SOCIETIES ( i n g e n e r a l ) a n d v a r i o u s s p e c i a l t y p e s , s u c h a s L E A R N E D SOCIETIES, SECRET SOCIETIES, COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES, e t c . I n t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e c a t a l o g , h o w e v e r , o n e e n c o u n t e r s t h e i n v e r t e d , a n t h r o p o l o g i - c a l s u b j e c t SOCIETY, PRIMITIVE. T h e Y a l e c a t a l o g h a s s o m e 2 0 0 e n t r i e s h e r e , f o r t h o s e t i t l e s w h i c h c o v e r m a n y f a c e t s of l i f e i n a n u m b e r of p r i m i t i v e g r o u p s , a n d f o r s o m e w h i c h a r e s t u d i e s of i n d i v i d u a l t r i b e s . T r e a t i s e s o n p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t s s u c h a s t h e f a m i l y , e d u c a t i o n , p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , d a n c i n g , p h i l o s o p h y , a n d e v e n u s e of a l c o - h o l c o m m o n l y h a v e a d d i t i o n a l e n t r y h e r e , s u p p l e m e n t i n g t h a t u n d e r t h e s p e c i a l t o p i c . SOCIETY, PRIMITIVE is t h e s p e c i f i c e n t r y a u t h o r i z e d f o r g e n e r a l w o r k s o n t h e e c o - n o m i c l i f e of p r e h i s t o r i c m a n a n d of o t h e r p r i m i t i v e g r o u p s , a l t h o u g h m u c h of t h i s m a t e r i a l is d u p l i c a t e d u n d e r INDUSTRIES, PRIMITIVE. Y a l e d i r e c t s t h e r e a d e r t o s e e k f u r t h e r u n d e r C L A N S AND C L A N SYSTEM ; G I P S I E S ; I N D I A N S — S O C I A L LIFE AND CUS- T O M S ; M A N , PREHISTORIC; N O M A D S ; R E - LIGION, P R I M I T I V E ; T R I B E S AND TRIBAL SYSTEM ; a n d V I L L A G E COMMUNITIES. T h e L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s l i s t s A G R I C U L T U R E , P R I M I T I V E ; A R T , P R I M I T I V E ; C A N N I B A L - I S M ; INDUSTRIES, P R I M I T I V E ; L A W , P R I M I - T I V E ; M U S I C , P R I M I T I V E ; T A B O O ; a n d T O T E M I S M b e s i d e s . T h e r e is a n i n t e r e s t i n g h i s t o r y b e h i n d C O M M U N I C A T I O N AND TRAFFIC, a d o u b l e h e a d i n g of t h e t y p e c o n d e m n e d b y s o m e of t h e e x p e r t s , 4 0 w h e r e s e v e r a l a r e a s of k n o w l - e d g e c o m e t o g e t h e r a n d o v e r l a p a l i t t l e . A b o u t t w o y e a r s a g o t h e L i b r a r y of C o n - g r e s s f i n a l l y p l u c k e d o u t t i t l e s o n T R A F F I C ENGINEERING a n d T R A F F I C SURVEYS, a n d s e t u p t h e s e l a s t a s i n d e p e n d e n t h e a d i n g s . Y a l e d i d l i k e w i s e , a n d i n s e r t e d t h e f o l l o w - i n g e x p l a n a t i o n a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e f i l e , s t i l l f o l l o w i n g L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s : H e r e a r e entered w o r k s on c o m m u n i c a t i o n in its w i d e s t sense, including the w r i t t e n and spoken w o r d . W o r k s on a p a r t i c u l a r m e d i u m of c o m m u n i c a t i o n a r e entered u n d e r its name, e.g. Shipping, T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n , R a d i o b r o a d c a s t i n g , etc. C o m m u n i c a t i o n in the sense of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of persons or goods is entered u n d e r the h e a d i n g T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . H o w e v e r , l a t e i n 1 9 4 9 , t h e L i b r a r y of C o n - g r e s s y i e l d e d t o t h e i n e v i t a b l e a n d f i n a l l y p r o d u c e d a c o m p l e t e l y s e p a r a t e h e a d i n g C O M M U N I C A T I O N , t h u s d e l i m i t e d : H e r e a r e entered w o r k s on h u m a n c o m m u n i - cation, including both the p r i m a r y techniques of l a n g u a g e , pictures, etc., and the s e c o n d a r y techniques w h i c h f a c i l i t a t e the process, such as the press and radio. W o r k s d e a l i n g w i t h indi- v i d u a l m e a n s of c o m m u n i c a t i o n a r e entered 40 For one denunciation see Prevost, op.cit., p.i4S- APRIL, 1951 15 7 10 7 u n d e r the headings L a n g u a g e and l a n g u a g e s , Printing, T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n , etc. W o r k s d e a l i n g c o l l e c t i v e l y w i t h the industries con- cerned a r e entered u n d e r the h e a d i n g C o m - m u n i c a t i o n and traffic. A see r e f e r e n c e is p r o v i d e d f r o m M A S S C O M M U N I C A T I O N , a n d a see also f r o m SO- CIOLOGY, a s w e l l a s r e f e r e n c e s i n b o t h d i r e c - t i o n s f o r L A N G U A G E AND LANGUAGES. A r e f e r e n c e is a l s o i n d i c a t e d t o t h e o l d f o r m C O M M U N I C A T I O N AND TRAFFIC, w h e r e a n e w e x p l a n a t i o n n o w a p p e a r s : H e r e a r e e n t e r e d w o r k s d e a l i n g c o l l e c t i v e l y w i t h the c o m m u n i c a t i o n industries. W o r k s d e a l i n g w i t h individual m e a n s of c o m m u n i c a - tion a r e entered u n d e r the h e a d i n g s R a d i o b r o a d c a s t i n g , Shipping, T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n , etc. Y a l e a p p r o v e s t h i s m o s t r e c e n t d i s t i n c t i o n a n d w i l l f o l l o w a l o n g i n i t s c a t a l o g w i t h a p r o j e c t f o r t h e i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e of c o m b i n g e n t r i e s u n d e r C O M M U N I C A T I O N AND TRAF- FIC f o r d e s i r a b l e t r a n s f e r s t o t h e n e w h e a d - i n g . T h e l a t t e r w i l l t h e n h a v e s o c i o l o g i c a l a n d l a n g u a g e s i g n i f i c a n c e , w h i l e t h e f o r m e r w i l l b e c o m e p r i m a r i l y a n e c o n o m i c t o p i c . M e a n w h i l e m u c h t e c h n i c a l m a t e r i a l s t i l l r e m a i n s t h e r e , a s w e l l a s t r e a t i s e s , d i s c u s - s i o n s , c o l l e c t i o n s o n b o t h h a l v e s of t h e h e a d - i n g f r o m p s y c h o l o g i c a l , l e g a l , b u s i n e s s , h i s - t o r i c a l , g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l p o i n t s of v i e w . T h e r e is m u c h g o l d f o r s o c i o l o g i s t s u n d e r SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, t o o , b u t i t m u s t b e e x t r a c t e d f r o m a f i l e of s o m e 4 0 0 c a r d s f o r g e n e r a l w o r k s , p l u s 5 0 m o r e u n d e r t h e s u b - d i v i s i o n T E X T - B O O K S . T h e r a n g e of t h i s s u b j e c t is v e r y c l o s e t o a n d o v e r l a p s a l i t t l e w i t h t h o s e of b o t h PERSONALITY a n d P S Y - CHOLOGY, A P P L I E D ; i t i n c l u d e s m a t e r i a l o n s o c i a l c o n t r o l a n d o n c o n f l i c t a s w e l l . F r o m SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY a w e b of r e f e r e n c e s r e a c h o u t t o o t h e r t o p i c s o n t h e s o c i o l o g y - p s y c h o l o g y b o r d e r l i n e : A C C U L T U R A T I O N ; A T T I T U D E ( P S Y C H O L O G Y ) ; C L A S S DISTINC- T I O N ; C R O W D S ; E T H N O P S Y C H O L O G Y ; G R O U P S ; INTERVIEWING ; LEADERSHIP ; M O R A L E ; N A T I O N A L -CHARACTERISTICS ; PRISON P S Y C H O L O G Y ; P R O P A G A N D A ; P S Y - C H O A N A L Y S I S ; PSYCHOLOGICAL W A R F A R E ; PSYCHOLOGY, A P P L I E D ; PSYCHOLOGY, FOR- E N S I C ; P U B L I C O P I N I O N ; R E V O L U T I O N ; S O C I O M E T R Y ; STEREOTYPE ( P S Y C H O L O G Y ) . T h e L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s , h o w e v e r , d i f f e r s s l i g h t l y f r o m Y a l e i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s i t r e c o g n i z e s h e r e ; i t s l i s t o m i t s A C C U L T U R A - TION ; C L A S S DISTINCTION ; PROPAGANDA ; P S Y C H O A N A L Y S I S ; a n d R E V O L U T I O N , b u t s u g g e s t s t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s A N O M Y a n d PRESTIGE. A n a p p r a i s a l of s o m e of t h e s e r e l a t e d s u b - j e c t s m a y h a v e i n t e r e s t a n d v a l u e . L E A D - ERSHIP, b e s i d e s c o n s t i t u t i n g o n e of t h e a p p r o a c h e s t o w o r k s o n s o c i a l c o n t r o l , c o l - l e c t s m a t e r i a l c o n c e r n e d w i t h s u c h d i v e r s e t o p i c s a s p r i n c i p l e s of c o m m a n d i n t h e A r m y a n d N a v y , t h e c o n d u c t of m e e t i n g s a n d d i s c u s s i o n g r o u p s , t h e o r i e s of t h e f u n c - t i o n s of t h e n o b i l i t y a n d t h e p h i l o s o p h y of n a t i o n a l s o c i a l i s m . I t r e p r e s e n t s o n e a s p e c t of c e r t a i n t i t l e s i n t h e a r e a s of n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c s , l a b o r r e l a t i o n s , e m - p l o y m e n t m a n a g e m e n t a n d r e l i g i o u s e d u - c a t i o n , a s w e l l a s i n p u r e p s y c h o l o g y . Y a l e o f f e r s n o c l u e s t o f u r t h e r s e a r c h i n g h e r e , t h o u g h t h e L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s l i s t p r o - v i d e s f o r a r e f e r e n c e t o D I S C U S S I O N . O n e is l e d o n t o L Y N C H LAW ; M O B S a n d RIOTS, h o w e v e r , f r o m t h e h e a d i n g CROWDS. T h e c a r d s h e r e d e a l w i t h p o l i t i c s , s t r i k e s a n d r e v o l u t i o n s , a n d t h e r e is u s u a l l y a n o t h e r e n - t r y u n d e r SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. N o m a t e r i a l is e n t e r e d i n t h e c a t a l o g u n - d e r C L A S S o r C L A S S E S , b u t Y a l e h a s e l e c t e d t o i n t e r p r e t C L A S S DISTINCTION b r o a d l y a n d t o a t t r a c t t h e r e M A R X I S T CLASS STRUG- GLE, t o w h i c h t h e L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s h a s g r a n t e d a n i n d e p e n d e n t e x i s t e n c e . C L A S S DISTINCTION a t Y a l e a l s o c o v e r s t i t l e s d e a l - i n g w i t h v a r i o u s f o r m s of a n t a g o n i s m a n d 152 • COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES of social cleavage, in both primitive and ad- vanced societies, including even w o r k s w h e r e the legal aspect is stressed. T h e catalog user is sent elsewhere, however, f o r specific i n f o r m a t i o n on A R I S T O C R A C Y ; C A S T E ; E Q U A L I T Y ; L E I S U R E C L A S S ; M I D D L E C L A S S E S ; N O B I L I T Y ; P R E C E D E N C E ; S E R F - D O M ; and S L A V E R Y . T h e L i b r a r y of C o n - gress is less generous w i t h suggested a l t e r n a - tives, but, interestingly enough, prescribes a reference f r o m , r a t h e r t h a n to, E Q U A L I T Y . U n d e r M A N — I N F L U E N C E OF E N V I R O N - M E N T Y a l e has again deliberately cast a d r i f t f r o m L i b r a r y of Congress policy. A c c o r d i n g to the l a t t e r , ethnological, psy- chological and sociological w o r k s are all at- tracted here, but references lead on to AC- C L I M A T I Z A T I O N ; A T T I T U D E , I N F L U E N C E O F ; A N T H R O P O - G E O G R A P H Y ; C O L O R OF M A N ; E U T H E N I C S ; R E G I O N A L I S M ; a n d W E A T H E R — M E N T A L A N D P H Y S I O L O G I C A L E F F E C T S . T h e s e appear to lay somewhat heavy stress on physical aspects. Yale, how- ever, has adopted the f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n : H e r e a r e e n t e r e d w o r k s o n t h e i n f l u e n c e o f e n v i r o n m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , o n m a n . F o r w o r k s d e a l i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y w i t h t h e i n f l u e n c e o f g e o g r a p h i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t , s e e A n t h r o p o - g e o g r a p h y . T h e subject as thus constituted includes most of the w r i t i n g s on the heredity-versus- e n v i r o n m e n t controversy, although these also have e n t r y u n d e r H E R E D I T Y or H E R E D - I T Y , H U M A N , to cover the opposite side. I n addition, t h r o u g h a heterogeneous ac- c u m u l a t i o n of cards here, one may w a n d e r off into a consideration of the main topic in special relation to children, twins, inven- tions, racial differences, factories, public opinion, intelligence, psychology of learning, vocational choice, juvenile delinquency, health, psychoses, t h e divergent effects of u r b a n and r u r a l life or w h o gets into Who's Who or the H a l l of F a m e ! D e v i a t i o n f r o m L i b r a r y of Congress prac- tice, even w i t h such an explicit explanation as is supplied f o r M A N — I N F L U E N C E O F E N - V I R O N M E N T , is f r a u g h t w i t h potential dan- ger. T h e careless or u n w i t t i n g cataloger w h o does not realize the significance of Y a l e ' s d e p a r t u r e here is all too prone to f o l l o w L i b r a r y of Congress suggestions w i t h o u t question w h e n n e w m a t e r i a l is be- ing handled in the f u t u r e . I n addition to S O C I O L O G Y , U R B A N , already mentioned, Y a l e has also adopted an independent course in the regions w h e r e religion and sociology meet. I n place of L i b r a r y of Congress' C H U R C H A N D S O C I A L P R O B L E M S , which covers the concrete and practical aspects of. the church's t r e a t m e n t of social problems, the Y a l e catalog user is directed to C H U R C H A N D L A B O R ; C H U R C H A N D P O L I - T I C S ; C H U R C H C H A R I T I E S ; M I S S I O N S , H O M E ; S O C I A L I S M , C H R I S T I A N ; S O C I O L - O G Y , C H R I S T I A N ; a n d W A R A N D R E L I G I O N . T h e heading R E L I G I O N A N D SOCIOLOGY is used by both institutions, b u t the L i b r a r y of Congress emphasizes t h a t it is not restricted to Christianity, whereas Y a l e delimits its area as " w o r k s on the contribution of social factors to the origin of religious ideas and on the interdependence of the social needs of m a n and transcendent spiritual forces." Both have entered m a t e r i a l u n d e r S O C I O L - O G Y , C H R I S T I A N , also, which the L i b r a r y of Congress considers to be abstract social the- ory f r o m a C h r i s t i a n point of view, and which Y a l e maintains should be " w o r k s on the obligation implicit in C h r i s t i a n i t y to society f o r the promotion of social w e l f a r e and all w o r k s discussing the application of C h r i s t i a n principles to general economic, social, or political conditions." Y a l e di- vides its file of cards here, first into three date groups, then by denomination and by country. A l t h o u g h Y a l e ' s procedures here have been f o r m u l a t e d and initiated by ex- perts w h o could legitimately set up par- ticular i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s f o r its catalog, it is APRIL, 1951 15 7 s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t n e w e r m a t e r i a l s flowing i n t o t h e s e s u b j e c t s s e e m t o b r i n g t h e m c l o s e r a n d c l o s e r t o t h e i r L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s c o n n o t a - t i o n s . T i m e a n d s p a c e d o n o t p e r m i t f u r t h e r d e - t a i l e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l s u b j e c t s , a l t h o u g h C U L T U R E ; ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY; S O C I A L C O N D I T I O N S ; S O C I A L E T H I C S ; a n d SOCIAL PROBLEMS s u g g e s t t h e m s e l v e s a s p r o f i t a b l e p o i n t s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . A l o g i - c a l a n d t h o r o u g h g o i n g c o o r d i n a t i o n a n d s u b o r d i n a t i o n of t h e s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s t h a t h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d , a c o m p l e t e a n a l y s i s of see a n d see also r e f e r e n c e s , a n d a s y s t e m a t i c i n d i c a t i o n of t h e c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s a n d p a r t i c u l a r n i c h e s in t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w o u l d a l s o h a v e b e e n d e s i r a b l e b u t c o u l d n o t f e a s i b l y b e i n - c l u d e d h e r e . In Conclusion I t s h o u l d n o w b e p o s s i b l e t o p o i n t o u t a f e w i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n f o r t h e c a t a l o g e r w h o w i s h e s t o m e e t m o r e a d e q u a t e l y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e s o c i o - l o g i c a l p u b l i c . ( i ) M o r e a n d b e t t e r d e f i n i - t i o n s of s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d , a s n o t e d i n a n a p p r a i s a l of s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s e i g h t y e a r s a g o . 4 1 T h e m o s t u s e f u l e x p l a n a - t o r y c a r d n o t o n l y c l a r i f i e s t h e s c o p e of t h e t o p i c i n q u e s t i o n , b u t a l s o d r a w s s h a r p l i n e s b e t w e e n i t a n d t h e r e l a t e d h e a d i n g s w h i c h a l s o a p p e a r i n t h e c a t a l o g a n d s e n d s t h e r e a d e r t o t h e o n e of t h e m w h i c h m o r e e x a c t l y r e p r e s e n t s w h a t h e is s e e k i n g . ( 2 ) C o n t i n u e d a n d c o n t i n u o u s s c a n n i n g of c u r - r e n t w r i t i n g s i n t h e s o c i o l o g i c a l field t o g l e a n n e w i d e a s a n d n e w a n d c h a n g e d t e r m i n o l o g y s h o u l d a i d i n k e e p i n g h e a d i n g s u p t o d a t e a n d i n s u p p l y i n g t r u l y a d e q u a t e r e f e r e n c e s , of b o t h t h e see a n d see also v a r i e t i e s . ( 3 ) D e v i a t e f r o m L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s u s a g e a t o n e ' s p e r i l , h o w e v e r , a n d 4 1 T a u b e r , Maurice F . " S u b j e c t Cataloging and Clas- sification Approaching the Crossroads." College and Research Libraries, 3:150, March 1942. o n l y w i t h e x t r a o r d i n a r y j u s t i f i c a t i o n ! E v e n t h o u g h t o d a y t h e c a t a l o g e r m i g h t b e a b l e t o p r o d u c e i n d e p e n d e n t l y a m o r e l o g i c a l o r - g a n i z a t i o n of h e a d i n g s i n s o m e p a r t i c u l a r a r e a , w i l l s u c c e s s o r s five, 10, o r 2 0 y e a r s l a t e r u n d e r s t a n d a n d c o n s i s t e n t l y a p p l y t h e d i s t i n c t i o n s s e t u p ? ( 4 ) I n t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e w h o l e s u b j e c t h e a d i n g p r o b l e m , finally, m o r e s t u d i e s of t h e u s e of t h e c a t a l o g , e s p e - c i a l l y l i k e t h e o n e c e n t e r i n g o n g r a d u a t e s t u - d e n t s of t h e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e 4 2 a n d m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o a n d a d o p t i o n of c h a n g e s s p e c i f i c a l l y o r i m p l i c i t l y a d v o ^ c a t e d s h o u l d r e t u r n l a r g e d i v i d e n d s . I n - d e e d , s e v e r a l of t h e m o r e f r u i t f u l i d e a s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s p a p e r o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e q u e s t i o n s a n d c o m m e n t s of s o c i o l o g y s t u - d e n t s s o m e w h a t b a f f l e d b y t h e c a t a l o g ' s s u b - j e c t r a m i f i c a t i o n s . F o r t h i s l a t t e r g r o u p s o m e p r a c t i c a l s u g - g e s t i o n s c a n b e o f f e r e d , t o o . ( I ) R e m e m - b e r t h e r u l e of s p e c i f i c e n t r y . B u t if first s e a r c h t h e r e r e v e a l s n o t h i n g , m a t e r i a l b r o a d e r i n s c o p e u n d e r a m o r e i n c l u s i v e t e r m , t o w h i c h n o r e f e r e n c e w i l l o r d i n a r i l y l e a d , m a y y i e l d c h a p t e r s o n t h e d e s i r e d t o p i c . I n a n y e v e n t , r e a d t h r o u g h d e f i n i t i o n s a n d see also r e f e r e n c e s c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e l e a p i n g i n t o t h e f i l e of s u b j e c t c a r d s . A l s o c o n - s i d e r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a s u b d i v i s i o n , w h i c h f o l l o w s t h e g r o u p of g e n e r a l w o r k s a n d f o r w h i c h a g u i d e c a r d m a y o r m a y n o t b e s u p - p l i e d , m a y b e t t e r s e r v e t h e p a r t i c u l a r n e e d of t h e m o m e n t . 4 3 ( 2 ) W h e n o n e s u i t a b l e w o r k h a s b e e n l o c a t e d , n o t e s u b j e c t h e a d - i n g s t r a c e d f o r it a n d f o l l o w a p p r o p r i a t e l e a d s . ( 3 ) W h e n s e a r c h u n d e r s u b j e c t s i n t h e c a t a l o g s e e m s h o p e l e s s , c o n s u l t s o c i o l o g i - c a l b i b l i o g r a p h i e s f o r s p e c i f i c t i t l e s a n d l o o k f o r t h e m u n d e r t h e i r a u t h o r s i n t h e c a t a l o g . T h e s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s w h i c h t h e c a t a l o g (Continued on page 157) 42 Brown, op.cit., p.203-08, 217. 43 Knapp, Patricia B . " T h e Subject Catalog in the College Library. A n Investigation of Terminology." Library Quarterly, 14:221, 223, 225, 2'27, July 1944. 154 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES e d u c a t i o n , b u s i n e s s , c o m m e r c e a n d o t h e r m a g a z i n e s . Life w a s r e a d b y 3 5 p e r c e n t of t h e s t u d e n t s , Time b y 2 9 p e r c e n t , Satur- day Evening Post by 21 per cent, Reader's Digest b y 14 p e r c e n t , Newsweek b y 12 p e r c e n t , Collier's b y 8 p e r c e n t , a n d Look b y 6 p e r c e n t . N o n e of t h e s e m a g a z i n e s h a v e a F l e s c h s c o r e a b o v e " s t a n d a r d " a n d f o u r a r e b e l o w . S i x m a g a z i n e s w e r e s e l e c t e d a t r a n d o m f r o m t h e l o n g list of t h o s e m e n - t i o n e d o n l y o n c e ( v i z . , Better Homes and Gardens, Successful Farming, Glamour, Mademoiselle, Christian Century, Farm and Home Science). W h e n t h e F l e s c h s c o r e w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e s e m a g a z i n e s a l l b u t o n e w a s f o u n d t o h a v e a r e a d i n g l e v e l a b o v e " s t a n d a r d " a n d t h e s i x t h w a s a t " s t a n d a r d . " I n s u m m a r y , t h e t y p i c a l s t u d e n t s p e n d s f o u r h o u r s e a c h w e e k o n h i s r e c r e a t i o n a l r e a d i n g . T h i s i n c l u d e s b o o k s , m a g a z i n e s a n d n e w s p a p e r s b u t e x c l u d e s r e a d i n g as- s i g n e d i n classes. H e s p e n d s r e l a t i v e l y t h e s a m e a m o u n t of t i m e o n h i s r e a d i n g a s h i s f e m a l e c l a s s m a t e s . H e r e a d s n e i t h e r m o r e n o r less t h a n m a r r i e d s t u d e n t s . I f h e is a v e t e r a n , c h a n c e s a r e t h a t h e s p e n d s m o r e t i m e o n h i s r e a d i n g t h a n d o e s t h e n o n - v e t e r a n . W h e t h e r h e is a f r e s h m a n , s o p h o - m o r e , j u n i o r , o r s e n i o r d e t e r m i n e s t o a g r e a t d e g r e e t h e a m o u n t of r e a d i n g h e d o e s . A s h e p r o g r e s s e s f r o m f r e s h m a n t o s e n i o r y e a r , h e r e a d s m o r e . L i k e w i s e t h e b u s y s t u d e n t e n g a g e d i n o u t s i d e a c t i v i t i e s a n d w o r k r e a d s m o r e t h a n t h e o n e w h o is n o t so o c c u p i e d . C h a n c e s a r e t w o t o t h r e e t h a t h e r e a d s o n e b o o k o r less a m o n t h . T h e s e s a m e o d d s h o l d in t h a t h e w i l l r e a d t w o o r m o r e m a g a - z i n e s a w e e k , a n d t w o o r m o r e n e w s - p a p e r s d a i l y . O f t h e b o o k s h e r e a d s , 6 1 p e r c e n t w i l l be fiction. T h e l e a d i n g c o n - t e n d e r s f o r his n o n f i c t i o n r e a d i n g a r e his- t o r y , b i o g r a p h y a n d t r a v e l . M o s t of t h e b o o k s r e a d w i l l h a v e a r e a d a b i l i t y l e v e l classi- fied by F l e s c h a s s t a n d a r d — t h a t is, r e a d - a b l e b y t h e a v e r a g e A m e r i c a n c i t i z e n . H e r e a d s g e n e r o u s l y a m o n g t h e g e n e r a l , pic- t o r i a l a n d n e w s m a g a z i n e s . C h a n c e s a r e o n e t o t h r e e t h a t h e w i l l r e a d Life m a g a z i n e e v e r y w e e k . N o m a t t e r w h a t m a g a z i n e is r e a d , in a l l p r o b a b i l i t y it w i l l be of a s t a n d - a r d o r b e l o w s t a n d a r d l e v e l of d i f f i c u l t y . Sociology Terminology (Continued from page 154) uses f o r s u c h m a t e r i a l c a n be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e t r a c i n g s , a n d o t h e r w o r k s m a y t h e n be s o u g h t t h e r e . M o r e o v e r , i n v e s t i g a - t i o n in t h e field of l i t e r a t u r e h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e r e a t l e a s t t h e c a t a l o g , e v e n w h e n s u p - p l e m e n t e d b y t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , c a n n e v e r h o p e t o r i v a l s u b j e c t b i b l i o g r a p h i e s in c o m - p l e t e n e s s a n d e f f e c t i v e n e s s f o r u s e . 4 4 ( 4 ) G e t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e L i b r a r y of C o n - g r e s s p r i n t e d l i s t , s h e l v e d v e r y c l o s e t o t h e c a t a l o g . I t c o n t a i n s s o m e r e f e r e n c e s n o t in t h e c a r d c a t a l o g ; it s h o w s a l l e n t r i e s a n d r e f e r e n c e s u n d e r Social, f o r e x a m p l e , m u c h 44 Swank, Raynard C. " T h e Organization of Library Materials for Research in English Literature." Li- brary Quarterly, 15:49-74, January 1945. f a s t e r t h a n o n e c a n d e t e r m i n e t h e m b y c h e c k i n g t h r o u g h t h e c a t a l o g t r a y s ; a n d it s a v e s t i m e a n d f o o t - m i l e a g e t r a m p i n g f r o m a l c o v e t o a l c o v e . ( 5 ) R e m e m b e r t h a t o f t e n n o b o o k s h a v e y e t b e e n w r i t t e n o n v e r y n e w t o p i c s , a n d t h e p e r i o d i c a l i n d e x e s a r e t h e l o g i c a l t o o l s t o c o n s u l t first. ( 6 ) T h e c a t a l o g in g e n e r a l c a n e x e r c i s e n o d i s c r i m i n a - t i o n as t o t h e v a l u e of m a t e r i a l i n c l u d e d , a n d t h e u s e r m u s t s e p a r a t e as b e s t h e c a n t h e g o o d f r o m t h e m e d i o c r e a n d i r r e l e v a n t by o b s e r v i n g d a t e s of p u b l i c a t i o n , p u b l i s h e r , series o r s p o n s o r i n g b o d y (if a n y ) , as w e l l as a u t h o r , t i t l e a n d c o n t e n t s ( i f e n u m e r - a t e d ) . APRIL, 1951 15 7