College and Research Libraries t h e v a l i d i t y , f o r i n s t a n c e , of t h e s t a t e m e n t s on p e r s o n n e l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s n e e d e d a n d t h e i r all t o o f r e q u e n t l a c k , it is s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e t o t a l i m p l i c a t i o n m a y be a l i t t l e d a r k e r t h a n t h e f a c t s of 1949 w a r r a n t . A n u m b e r of e x - a m p l e s m i g h t be cited b u t o n e w i l l suffice f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n . P r o f e s s i o n a l sense, o b l i g a t i o n , a t t i t u d e a n d g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t a r e h e l d t o be t o o g e n e r a l l y l a c k i n g ( p p . 3 8 - 3 9 ) — a n d n o d o u b t t h e y are in t o o m a n y l i b r a r i a n s . B u t , w h e n m e m b e r s of r e c e n t l i b r a r y s c h o o l c l a s s e s h o l d 100 p e r c e n t m e m b e r s h i p in t h e A . L . A . a n d a s t a t e l i b r a r y a s s o c i a t i o n ; w h e n n u m - b e r s of t h e m , a t t h e i r o w n e x p e n s e , a t t e n d c o n f e r e n c e s a n d visit l i b r a r i e s ; w h e n , even as n e w c o m e r s t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n , m a n y a r e p a r - t i c i p a t i n g a c t i v e l y in local, s t a t e a n d n a t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s a n d o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , t h e i n d i c t m e n t r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a l i f i c a - t i o n . T h i s r e v i e w e r d o e s n o t w i s h t o a p p e a r t o be in t h e p o s i t i o n of d e f e n d i n g t h e s t a t u s q u o o r of s a y i n g t h a t l i b r a r i a n s h i p a n d e d u c a - t i o n f o r it s h o u l d n o t be v a s t l y i m p r o v e d . I t is his o b s e r v a t i o n , h o w e v e r , t h a t i m p r o v e - m e n t a n d c h a n g e w i t h r e s p e c t t o r e c r u i t s f o r a n d t h o s e a d m i t t e d t o l i b r a r y schools h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n t a k i n g p l a c e . F u l l a w a r e n e s s of t h e c h a n g e a p p e a r s n o t t o be r e f l e c t e d in The Task and Training of Librarians. N o n e t h e l e s s , as i n d i c a t e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h i s r e v i e w , t h e v o l u m e c a n n o t f a i l t o s t i m u l a t e t h e i m a g i n a t i o n a n d t h o u g h t p r o c - esses of a n y o n e i n t e r e s t e d in t h e possibilities a n d f u t u r e of l i b r a r i e s a n d l i b r a r i a n s h i p . — J. Periam Danton, School of Librarianship, University of California. Incunabula Fifteenth Century Printed Books at the Uni- versity of Illinois. C o m p i l e d by C . U . F a y e . U r b a n a , U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s P r e s s , 1949. ( I l l i n o i s C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o L i b r a r a n - ship n o . 4 ) . i 6 o p . $ 3 . 0 0 . T h e i n d e f a t i g a b l e b i b l i o g r a p h e r a n d s t u d e n t of e a r l y p r i n t i n g , C . U . F a y e , w a s w e l l c h o s e n f o r t h e w o r k of c o m p i l i n g t h e I l l i n o i s l i s t of f i f t e e n t h c e n t u r y b o o k s w h i c h n o w c o m e s to t a k e its p l a c e a m o n g t h e H u n t i n g t o n , N e w - b e r r y , M o r g a n a n d o t h e r check lists of in- c u n a b u l a . M r . F a y e h a s a r a r e c o m b i n a t i o n of l i n g u i s t i c f a c i l i t y , a n e x t e n s i v e e x p e r i e n c e in e a r l y p r i n t e d b o o k s , a n d a p a s s i o n f o r t h e m i n u t i a e of p a l e o t y p o g r a p h y w h i c h h a v e r e - s u l t e d in n o t o n l y a w e l l - d o c u m e n t e d list b u t a l s o a t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e field. T h e I l l i n o i s list n u m b e r s s o m e 4 3 1 i t e m s i n c l u d i n g t h r e e d e s i g n a t e d as s i x t e e n t h c e n - t u r y p r i n t i n g . T h e a r r a n g e m e n t is t h a t of R o b e r t P r o c t o r . E a c h c o u n t r y is t a k e n in t h e o r d e r in w h i c h p r i n t i n g w a s e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h i n its b o r d e r s , w i t h t h e cities of e a c h c o u n t r y in c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r on t h e s a m e p r i n c i p l e . W i t h i n e a c h city, t h e p r e s s e s of e a c h city a p p e a r in t h e o r d e r of t h e i r e s t a b - l i s h m e n t , a n d t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of each p r e s s a r e l i s t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d a t e of p u b l i c a - t i o n , i n s o f a r a s t h i s is k n o w n . I m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n is a list of r e f e r e n c e s i n c l u d i n g t h e m o s t i m p o r - t a n t w o r k s u s e f u l in t h e field of i n c u n a b u l a . T h e specific q u a l i t i e s of s o m e of t h e s e w o r k s a r e r e c o r d e d in t h e f i r s t p a g e s of t h e i n t r o - d u c t i o n . T h i s l i s t of i n c u n a b u l a is f o l l o w e d by a p a r a l l e l l i s t i n g of H a i n , C o p i n g e r , R e i c h - l i n g , a n d t h e Gesamtkatalog der Wiegen- drucke w i t h t h e I l l i n o i s n u m b e r s . T h e in- dices i n c l u d e a n i n d e x of p r i n t e r s , p r e s s e s , p u b l i s h e r s a n d p l a c e s all in one, a n d an a u t h o r a n d t i t l e i n d e x , w i t h a c o n c o r d a n c e t o t h e Second Census of S t i l l w e l l . I t is only j u s t t h a t I l l i n o i s , as o n e of t h e m o s t r a p i d l y g r o w i n g u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s of t h e c o u n t r y , s h o u l d p u b l i c i z e its n o w c o n - s i d e r a b l e h o l d i n g s of i n c u n a b u l a , a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n of t h i s list a d d s c o n s i d e r a b l e l u s t e r t o t h e s e r i e s of I l l i n o i s C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o L i b r a r i a n s h i p . T h i s v o l u m e c o n t a i n s m u c h m o r e t h a n t h e u s u a l list of e a r l y p r i n t e d b o o k s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m e t i c u l o u s d e t a i l of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s u r r o u n d i n g e a c h e n t r y , M r . F a y e h a s i n c o r p o r a t e d in his i n t r o d u c t i o n a t h e m e w h i c h d e s e r v e s t h e a t t e n t i o n of all a m a t e u r s of e a r l y p r i n t i n g . I n a " N o t e on t h e C a t a l o g i n g of I n c u n a b - u l a , " t h e c o m p i l e r first o u t l i n e s t h e d e v e l o p - m e n t of t h e n o w a c c e p t e d a u t h o r i t i e s in t h i s field, a n d n o t e s in p a r t i c u l a r t h e scope of t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w o r k in e a c h b i b l i o g r a p h y . T h e i d e n t i f y i n g e l e m e n t s n o r m a l l y i n c l u d e p a p e r , t y p o g r a p h y , i l l u s t r a t i o n s , f o l i a t i o n , b i n d i n g . S o m e b i b l i o g r a p h i e s a r e m o r e r e l i a b l e f o r o n e e l e m e n t t h a n o t h e r s ; s o m e p r o v i d e g r e a t e r d e - t a i l , u t i l i z i n g m a n y i d e n t i f y i n g e l e m e n t s in 90 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES v e r y s a t i s f y i n g m e a s u r e . B e c a u s e of his p a s - sion f o r d e t a i l a n d his w e l l - k n o w n affection f o r e a r l y p r i n t i n g , M r . F a y e ' s list itself in- cludes n u m e r o u s h e l p f u l n o t e s to d i s t i n g u i s h t h e Illinois copy of v a r i a n t editions. T h e l a r g e r p a r t of this " N o t e , " h o w e v e r , is devoted to a t h o u g h t f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e need f o r m o r e c o m p l e t e identification of t h e i n c u n a b - u l a and t h e place of t h e c a t a l o g e r in this process. I t is t h e conviction of M r . F a y e , a n d he d o c u m e n t s his case, t h a t insufficient w o r k h a s o f t e n r e s u l t e d in f a l s e or, a t best, inept l i s t - ings of e a r l y p r i n t e d w o r k s . H i s c o m p l a i n t s a r e g r o u p e d u n d e r t w o heads, " A u t h o r s h i p " and " I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of T e x t s . " T h e p r o b l e m of a u t h o r s h i p h a s l o n g been w i t h us, and M r . F a y e ' s c o m p l a i n t on this score is a c o m m o n one. H i s c o n t r i b u t i o n s h e r e lie chiefly in his indications of a possibly m o r e p r o d u c t i v e m e t h o d of a t t a c k and in r e f e r e n c e s to n e w s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n . H i s p r o p o s a l s f o r b e t t e r identification of t e x t s essentially r e p - r e s e n t t h e f u s i o n of some of t h e accepted m e t h o d s of p a l e o g r a p h y w i t h w h a t is f u n d a - m e n t a l l y t y p o g r a p h i c a l r e s e a r c h in a p r o d u c t a p p r o p r i a t e l y called p a l e o t y p o g r a p h y . U n d e r his system, an i n c u n a b u l u m should be con- f r o n t e d w i t h an accepted m o d e r n edition, and v e r i f i c a t i o n m a d e of content, if n o t page by page, a t l e a s t by c h a p t e r s o r p a r t s . T h e ac- ceptance of the m o d e r n established t e x t w o u l d r e q u i r e u n i v e r s a l a g r e e m e n t , b u t it is t h e f e e l i n g of M r . F a y e t h a t c o m p i l a t i o n s like t h e Thesaurus Linguae Latinae o r t h e Patrologia Latina h a v e a d e q u a t e acceptance f o r c o m p a r i s o n . A d m i t t e d l y , it w i l l be im- • possible to find c o n t e m p o r a r y m o d e l s f o r com- p a r i s o n of some i n c u n a b u l a , and in such cases, t h e i n t e r n a l evidence of t h e t e x t w i l l h a v e t o be accepted. T h e delicate point of t h e p r o p o s a l is t h e line of d e m a r c a t i o n (if one such e x i s t s ) b e t w e e n t h e p o t e n t i a l capabilities of a c a t a l o g e r and those of a l i t e r a r y r e s e a r c h e r in establishing t h e i d e n t i t y of a t e x t , o r possibly even t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y of a t e x t . M r . F a y e is emi- n e n t l y w e l l f i t t e d f o r r e s e a r c h w o r k in this field, and if all c a t a l o g e r s w e r e equally w e l l equipped w i t h l a n g u a g e s a n d his kind of ex- perience, t h e r e m i g h t w e l l be n o need to d r a w an a r t i f i c i a l line. U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y of o u r t r a i n e d c a t a l o g e r s a r e n o t a t all equipped in this f a s h i o n , and w e c a n n o t hope f o r a v e r y g r e a t c h a n g e in this field. T h e r e is c e r t a i n l y some possibility, h o w e v e r , of i m p r o v i n g t h e identification of i n c u n a b u l a by t h e m e t h o d s p r o p o s e d . I t w a s implicit in all p r e v i o u s checklists of i n c u n a b u l a , a n d it is implicit in this list t h a t t h e field is r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l and a m a j o r p r o j e c t c o v e r i n g the w h o l e field w o u l d still n o t be inconceivable. W h a t M r . F a y e w a n t s is t o h a v e all i n c u n a b u l a posi- tively identified and a d e q u a t e l y described. I am s u r e he w o u l d like to see a c r o w d of c a t a l o g e r s a n d l i t e r a r y r e s e a r c h e r s w o r k i n g h a n d in h a n d a t this p r o j e c t , a n d to see it c a r - ried to c o m p l e t i o n . H e h a s a n i m p o r t a n t point a t this time, because as t i m e goes on o u r f e w r e m a i n i n g s c h o l a r s of his kind a r e d i s a p p e a r i n g w i t h o u t r e p l a c e m e n t . O u r kind of t r a i n i n g f o r l i b r a r i a n s h i p does n o t t a k e this w o r k into a c c o u n t , and I f e a r , as he does, t h a t t h e idea w i l l die. P e r h a p s h e r e is a n o t h e r t e s t f o r t h e v e r s a t i l i t y of o u r r a p i d l y p r o l i f e r a t i n g l i b r a r y schools. P e r h a p s they will m e e t this need.—J e r r o l d Orne, JVash- ington University Libraries, St. Louis. Foundations of the Pubfic Library Foundations of the Public Library; The Ori- gins of the Public Library Movement in New England 1629-1855. By J e s s e H . S h e r a . C h i c a g o , U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1949, 3o8p. $5.00. W i t h t h e c o n t i n u e d c u l t u r a l and social de- v e l o p m e n t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , it h a s be- fitted t h e public l i b r a r y , as an i m p o r t a n t so- cial agency s e r v i n g t h e needs of i n d i v i d u a l c o m m u n i t i e s , to c o n t i n u a l l y develop and b r o a d e n its h o r i z o n s . T h e c u r r e n t t r e n d t o w a r d i n c r e a s i n g r e g i o n a l i z a t i o n of l i b r a r i e s calls f o r a b a c k w a r d look t o t h e e a r l i e s t p u b - lic l i b r a r i e s t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t and g r o w t h in " e c o n o m i c and social t e r m s " in l e a d i n g to t h e p r e s e n t t r e n d . T h i s book by P r o f e s s o r S h e r a , of t h e G r a d - u a t e L i b r a r y School, t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C h i - cago, is a social h i s t o r y of t h e P u b l i c L i b r a r y M o v e m e n t in N e w E n g l a n d f r o m 1629 t o 1855. T h e a u t h o r h a s d o n e an intensive j o b of r e a c h i n g back t o t h e e a r l i e s t N e w E n g l a n d b a c k g r o u n d s of this c o u n t r y ' s d e v e l o p m e n t t o s h o w t h e economic a n d social milieu u p t o t h e JANUARY, 1950 91