College and Research Libraries complete acceptance and application in p r a c - tice. Architects have subscribed to f u n c t i o n - alism f o r a g o o d many y e a r s ; and the principle probably has been axiomatic w i t h librarians even longer, even though they may have had difficulty in f o r m u l a t i n g it and may barely have been conscious of it. Similarly, flexibility has been striven f o r m o r e o r less intelligently in various buildings, including libraries, its advantages presumably having been seen by both designers and occupants. T h a t these ideas should have been played upon repeatedly by speakers at the institute seems encouraging, since their general adoption may depend upon just such exploitation. T h e proper division of labor on a building p r o j e c t possibly has not been recognized as generally as have functionalism in plan and flexibility in construction, but its logic is so obvious that the kind of stress placed upon it at the institute should go far to establish it. T o be sure, some verbal differences appeared as to just w h a t the librarian should furnish to the architect, in o r d e r that the architectural solution of a given p r o b l e m may proceed and eventuate f r u i t f u l l y . T h e r e w a s no doubt that he should present the purposes and specific needs of his institution, h o w e v e r , m a k - ing the requirements so clear and so unmis- takable that no interpreter could escape them, be he ever so unlearned in the lore and the operations of libraries. Foresight, planning, hard w o r k , and the willingness to carry his fit responsibility are involved here f o r the librarian. A s the author of one paper pointed out, willingness and capacity to couch his statements in language which nonlibrarians can understand. T h e technical papers may prove to vary somewhat in their value. T h e r e is much in the treatment of lighting that links up readily with the k n o w l e d g e and experience of those w h o operate or w o r k in libraries. It should help in the avoidance of mistakes, and perhaps pave the w a y f o r the further education of librarians in a c o m p l e x and developing field. Perhaps the same can be said about the chapter on the treatment of air, but parts of it may be found difficult going f o r those w h o do not have occasion to think daily in terms of d e w - p o i n t temperature, latent heat, evaporative cooling, and hygroscopic solutions. A s is pointed out in the papers themselves, the discussions are timely because building problems are much in librarians' minds. B e - f o r e all the buildings n o w contemplated are under w a y , it of course is possible that some of the views and data in Library Buildings for Library Service may be outdated and have to be supplemented or superseded. But here is a presently valuable collection of i n f o r m a t i o n and viewpoints, essential reading f o r all w h o currently face building problems. It repre- sents an important layer in the k n o w l e d g e and experience regarding the housing of li- braries which are being a c c u m u l a t e d . — E r n e s t J. Reece, School of Library Service, Columbia University. Graduate W o r k and Research in the South Graduate Work in the South. By Mary By- num Pierson. Chapel H i l l , University of N o r t h C a r o l i n a Press, 1947. Published under the sponsorship of the C o n f e r e n c e of D e a n s of Southern G r a d u a t e Schools. 265P. The Graduate School: Research and Publica- tions. Edited by E d g a r W . Knight and A g a t h a Boyd A d a m s . Chapel H i l l , U n i - versity of N o r t h C a r o l i n a Press, 1946. ( U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h C a r o l i n a Sesquicen- tennial Publications.) 461P. The Graduate School: Dissertations and Theses. Edited by James L . G o d f r e y , Fletcher M . G r e e n , and W . W . Pierson. Chapel H i l l , University of N o r t h C a r o l i n a Press, 1947. ( U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h C a r o - lina Sesquicentennial Publications.) 184P. D r . M a r y Bynum Pierson's w o r k is the first full-length treatise on graduate w o r k in the South. T h e professional writings, al- ready voluminous, consist largely of official printed reports, convention proceedings, and articles in professional magazines. A m o n g these contributions are a f e w , such as the Pierson ( W . F . ) and Pipkin reports, which deserve the name of studies, as w e l l as books and chapters in books by librarians which ap- praise the research resources of libraries in the Southern states. T h e time had c o m e f o r a comprehensive treatment of the histori- cal setting and problems of graduate w o r k in 270 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES the S o u t h w h i c h s h o u l d be b a s e d o n this w i d e - ly s c a t t e r e d and e p i s o d i c m a t e r i a l . T h e a u t h o r , in a t t e m p t i n g such t r e a t m e n t , has r e - v e a l e d the e x t e n t and c o m p l e x i t y of the s u b - j e c t and has b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r m u c h u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n . A f t e r a brief i n t r o d u c t i o n in w h i c h the a u t h o r o u t l i n e s the s c o p e o f h e r study, the b o o k d e a l s in t w o c h a p t e r s w i t h the h i s t o r y o f g r a d u a t e w o r k in the U n i t e d S t a t e s and in the states w h i c h c o m p r i s e d the S o u t h e r n C o n f e d e r a c y . A l t h o u g h S o u t h e r n e f f o r t s wTere " l i m i t e d and f e e b l e , " the r e a l l y r e m a r k - able thing a b o u t g r a d u a t e i n s t r u c t i o n in the e a r l i e s t d a y s w a s that t h e r e w a s as m u c h of it as t h e r e w a s , and that it w a s as g o o d as it w a s . I f d u r i n g these y e a r s , n o i n s t i t u t i o n w a s p r e p a r e d t o o f f e r g r a d u a t e w o r k in the m o d e r n sense, at least i n c r e a s e d o p p o r t u n i t y f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n w a s o f f e r e d t h r o u g h the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s at J o h n s H o p k i n s , H a r v a r d , P r i n c e t o n , Y a l e , and C o - l u m b i a , and, in a f e w S o u t h e r n i n s t i t u t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y V i r g i n i a and N o r t h C a r o l i n a . T h e f o u n d a t i o n s w e r e laid f o r " t h e l a t e r d e v e l o p - m e n t o f g r a d u a t e s c h o o l s w h i c h w e r e t o h a v e i n f l u e n c e in the e n t i r e S o u t h . " D r . P i e r s o n n o t e s a l s o t h a t t h e r e w e r e i m p o r t a n t f o r m a t i v e influences at w o r k o u t s i d e of the f o r m a l e d u - c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m o f the c o l l e g e s . " T h e e c o - n o m i c necessity f o r scientific a g r i c u l t u r e and d i v e r s i f i e d c r o p s . . ., the e x p a n s i o n o f o l d and the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of n e w i n d u s t r i e s , the need f o r s o c i a l r e f o r m s , and a n e w i n t e r e s t in u n i v e r s a l p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n g r e a t l y e n c o u r - a g e d the d e v e l o p m e n t o f s o u t h e r n g r a d u a t e s c h o o l s f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n o f r e s e a r c h w o r k - ers, t e a c h e r s , and l e a d e r s f o r the b u i l d i n g of a ' N e w S o u t h . ' " A n y single analysis o f f o r c e s a f f e c t i n g the d e v e l o p m e n t of g r a d u a t e w o r k since 1900 is at best o n l y a p a r t o f the t r u e p i c t u r e . N o t - w i t h s t a n d i n g , it can be said w i t h little f e a r o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n , t h a t D r . P i e r s o n ' s c h a p t e r on " I n f l u e n c e s a f t e r 1 9 0 0 , " a d m i r a b l y reflects the f o r c e s w i t h i n and w i t h o u t the u n i v e r s i t i e s w h i c h h a v e m o s t v i t a l l y i n c r e a s e d the d e v e l o p - m e n t o f g r a d u a t e w o r k and r e s e a r c h . D r . P i e r s o n c o n s i d e r s these f o r c e s u n d e r seven h e a d s : ( 1 ) the S o u t h e r n A s s o c i a t i o n of C o l - l e g e and S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s , ( 2 ) the A s s o - c i a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t i e s , ( 3 ) the S o u t h e r n U n i v e r s i t y C o n f e r e n c e , ( 4 ) P h i l a n - t h r o p i c F o u n d a t i o n s and P r i v a t e P h i l a n t h r o - pists, ( 5 ) L e a r n e d S o c i e t i e s and J o u r n a l s o f R e s e a r c h , ( 6 ) R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e s , and ( 7 ) U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s e s . T h e d i s c u s s i o n o f these influences is f o l l o w e d by a s e c t i o n on the o r - g a n i z a t i o n and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f g r a d u a t e s c h o o l s . T h e r e is a c h a p t e r d e v o t e d t o g r a d - u a t e w o r k f o r N e g r o e s . A final c h a p t e r dis- cusses w h a t the a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t o be d e f i c i e n - cies in g r a d u a t e w o r k in the S o u t h and e x a m i n e s the o p i n i o n s of S o u t h e r n e d u c a t i o n a l l e a d e r s as t o w a y s t o i m p r o v e m e n t , and s u g - g e s t s f u r t h e r s t u d i e s n e e d e d t o e v a l u a t e g r a d - u a t e w o r k in the r e g i o n . T h e a p p e n d i c e s c o n t a i n a n u m b e r o f u s e f u l t a b l e s s h o w i n g the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a d v a n c e d d e g r e e s in S o u t h - e r n c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s and the d o c - t o r a t e s c o n f e r r e d by these institutions. T h e b i b l i o g r a p h y at the end o f the v o l u m e is v a l u a b l e . F o r r e a d e r s o f College and Research Li- braries, p a r t i c u l a r interest is a t t a c h e d t o the p l a c e of the l i b r a r y in the g r a d u a t e p r o - g r a m . I n t i g h t l y p a c k e d p r o s e , D r . P i e r s o n s h o w s c l e a r l y that S o u t h e r n c o l l e g e and u n i - v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s m a d e r e m a r k a b l e p r o g r e s s in b u i l d i n g c o l l e c t i o n s p a r a l l e l i n g the y e a r s w h e n the s t r u c t u r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of m o s t S o u t h e r n g r a d u a t e s c h o o l s w a s t a k i n g p l a c e and t h a t l i b r a r i a n s and e d u c a t o r s h a v e m a d e d i s t i n c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n s in d e v e l o p i n g m a n u s c r i p t and special c o l l e c t i o n s , i n t e r l i b r a r y c o o p e r a t i o n , and c l o s e ties betwTeen the l i b r a r y and g r a d u - ate s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T h i s d o e s n o t m e a n that all is f o r the best in the best o f all p o s s i b l e l i b r a r y w o r l d s . D r . P i e r s o n is v e r y f a r f r o m b e i n g blind t o the f a c t that t h e r e a r e s e r i o u s deficiencies, and p l e n t y o f r o o m f o r i m p r o v e m e n t . A s t u d y o f the statistics w i t h w h i c h h e r b o o k is a m p l y p r o v i d e d w i l l s h o w that the t o t a l n u m b e r o f v o l u m e s in the m a j o r u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s in the S o u t h is o n l y s l i g h t l y l a r g e r than the h o l d i n g s o f any o n e of the E a s t e r n p r e s t i g e s c h o o l s and that there a r e m a n y l i b r a r i e s w i t h i n the S o u t h e r n a r e a w h i c h ( n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h r o u g h any f a u l t of their o w n ) c a n o n l y be d e s c r i b e d as b a c k w a r d . A c a r p i n g c r i t i c m i g h t q u e s t i o n h e r c o n c l u - sions o n the s u p p o r t o f p r i v a t e versus state u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s in the S o u t h on the basis o f l a t e r statistics than t h o s e q u o t e d in the D a v i d s o n - K u h l m a n r e p o r t . H e m i g h t w i s h that c e r t a i n m i s l e a d i n g s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t the l o c a t i o n o f m i c r o p h o t o g r a p h y l a b o r a t o r i e s and c o o p e r a t i v e l i b r a r y c e n t e r s in the s o u r c e s JULY, 1948 •271 quoted had been corrected. H e might also w o n d e r whether in realistic terms the inter- locking of library and graduate school ad- ministrative measures ranks along with the other t w o distinctive contributions which are mentioned. But w h a t librarian w o u l d take issue with an author w h o is convinced that university libraries, w h e r e v e r they are w e l l - administered, are doing a great w o r k and require greater support f r o m those responsi- ble f o r the administration of graduate w o r k ! T h e r e w a s a time, not so long ago, when the appearance of a book on graduate w o r k w o u l d have burnt the sensitive souls of librarians because no mention w a s made at all of li- braries. But that time is passing. T h e in- terest of the public and of educators in li- braries is increasing as is evidenced by the Pierson volume and the great series of sesqui- centennial publications to which brief r e f e r - ence will n o w be made. T h e University of N o r t h C a r o l i n a passed its 150th birthday on N o v . 21, 1939. It w a s both fitting and significant, t h e r e f o r e , that the university should p r o j e c t as part of its special observance of this anniversary the publication of a series of sesquicentennial publications representing various phases of the history and w o r k of the university. A brief history of the graduate school, a survey of its resources f o r research, an ac- count of the university press, and a list of the publications of the faculty make up the v o l - ume in the series entitled, The Graduate School: Research and Publications. Disserta- tions and theses directed by members of the faculty appear in a companion v o l u m e under the title, The Graduate School: Dissertations and Theses. T h e f o r m e r includes among its contributors such w e l l - k n o w n names as P i e r - son, C o f f m a n , O d u m , C o u c h , Knight, the director and editor-in-chief of the entire series, L o u i s R . W i l s o n , as w e l l as f o u r distinguished librarians and p f o f e s s o r s in special subject fields. If one wishes to get an over-all v i e w of the problems of graduate w o r k and re- search in a university, with a detailed account of h o w the University of N o r t h C a r o l i n a has organized to solve them, the introductory chapter by D e a n Pierson will be found most satisfying. O l a n V . C o o k ' s account of the resources of the libraries f o r research c o m - plements the m o r e detailed account of b o o k resources edited by Charles Rush and pub- lished as a separate v o l u m e in the sesquicen- tennial series under the title Library Re- sources of the University of North Carolina. N o single aspect of the University of N o r t h C a r o l i n a is m o r e remarkable or deserves higher praise than its record of publication of journals, bulletins, and monographs, which D r . G e o r g e R. C o f f m a n discusses in his c o n - tribution. A number of these university spon- sored j o u r n a l s n o w bear the imprint of the university press w h o s e w o r k is the subject of a stimulating chapter by the f o r m e r director of the press, W . T . C o u c h . T h e second great g r o u p of material in this v o l u m e records the publications of the faculty f r o m the beginnings to the present. T h i s record reflects the extensive interests of the university and the diversified nature of its faculty's scholarship. Some of the writings are highly technical and theoretical in nature. O t h e r s are accounts of research w o r k which have a very practical application to industry, government, education, and agriculture. C o m b i n e d with the list of student dissertations mentioned above, it shows clearly the i m p o r - tance of the university's research w o r k to the state, the region, and the nation. T h e r e v i e w e r has been asked to call atten- tion briefly to only t w o of the volumes in this series. H e w o u l d like to point out to his colleagues that there is a great deal of in- terest in the w h o l e series to the university librarian. T o cite but one contribution, there is an excellent article by P r o f e s s o r Boggs on the building of a f o l k l o r e collection in C o f f - man's Studies in Literature and Language. It illustrates beautifully the problem of d e - veloping collections which cut across several fields. T h e task of editing the series must have been one of immense difficulty, f o r it required many c o l l a b o r a t o r s . T h e r e is considerable repetition which is as understandable as it is annoying to the reader. T h e r e is some m a - terial that might just as w e l l have been omitted. B u t aside f r o m these relatively u n - important details, the series as a w h o l e achieves its purpose brilliantly and earns gratitude f o r the faculty committee on the sesquicentennial celebration, and the U n i v e r - sity of N o r t h C a r o l i n a P r e s s . — G u y R. Lyle, Louisiana State University. 272 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES