College and Research Libraries By J O S £ M E Y E R Publications of the United Nations1 TH E R E W E R E four stages in the establish- ment of the United Nations as an or- ganization. T h e first includes a series of preliminary steps which began with the Moscow Declaration of the Foreign M i n - isters of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States in October 1943.2 T h i s stage was completed when the D u m - barton Oaks Proposals, which were agreed to in October 1944, were supplemented by decisions made at Y a l t a in the Crimea by President Roosevelt, Prime Minister C h u r - chill, and M a r s h a l Stalin in February 1945, in regard to the voting procedure in the proposed Security Council and the place and date for a general United Nations conference to prepare a charter for a per- manent world organization. T h e end of the second stage was reached at San Francisco on J u n e 26, 1945, when fifty nations signed the United Nations Charter and established the Preparatory Commission. Seven weeks later the third stage began in London w i t h the opening session of the Executive Committee on Aug* 16, 1945, and closed October 27 of the same year with the adoption of its report. T h e fourth stage is represented by the work of the Preparatory Commission in London, N o v . 24-Dec. 23, 1945. T h e document which served as the start- 1 A b r i d g m e n t of a paper presented at the meeting of the Committee on Public Documents, A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n , B u f f a l o , June 19, 1946. 2 Complete text in Toward the Peace: Documents. [ W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , Government P r i n t i n g Office, 1945] ( D e p a r t m e n t of State Publication 2298) p. 33-36. ing point for the United Nations is known as the D u m b a r t o n Oaks Proposals, a tenta- tive plan for a world organization d r a f t e d in the autumn of 1944 after informal ex- ploratory discussions by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United King- dom, and the United States, for considera- tion by their governments and subsequent submission to all the United Nations. All together, there were four separate official editions of these proposals: Dumbarton Oaks Documents on International Organization. [Washington, D.C., Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1944.] 22p. (De- partment of State Publication 2192, Conference Series 56). Dumbarton Oaks Documents on International Organization: together with Chart and Questions and Answers. [Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1944.] 22p. (Department of State Publication 2223, Conference Series 60). A reprint combining two previously printed pam- phlets, i.e., the foregoing title, and Questions and Answers on the Dumbarton Oaks Pro- posals, issued as Publication 2218, Confer- ence Series 58. The United Nations: Dumbarton Oaks Pro- posals for a General International Or- ganization, to Be the Subject of the United Nations Conference at San Francisco, April 25, 1945. [Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1945.] 8p. including chart. (Department of State Publication 2297. Conference Series 66). The United Nations: Dumbarton Oaks Pro- posals for a General International Or- ganization. (For the use of the delegates). [Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1945.] 22p. At head of title: The United Nations Conference on Interna- OCTOBER, 1946 311 tional Organization. General, Dec. i. G / i . Interlined, lines numbered. One of the provisions of the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals called for an International Court of Justice as principal judicial organ of the new organization. A draft statute for this court was prepared for submission to the United Nations Conference at San Francisco by the United Nations Committee of Jurists, a group of legal experts from forty-three countries who met in Washing- ton, A p r . 9-20, 1945, under the chairman- ship of Green H . Hackworth of the State Department. Its records consist of eighty- seven mimeographed documents numbered consecutively throughout, Jurist 1 to Jurist 87. These are of two kinds: summary re- ports of the thirteen meetings, and draft proposals submitted by delegations and vari- ous draft statutes. T h e final document, Report on Draft of Statute of an Inter- national Court of Justice, was submitted to the United Nations Conference at San Francisco, and was known as Jurist 86 (in English) and Jurist 87 (in F r e n c h ) . These documents, with the exception of the Chi- nese, Russian, and Spanish texts of the draft statute, were reproduced as Volume X I V of the U N I O - L C edition of the San Fran- cisco documents.3 Preconference Publications O n the eve of the conference, the State Department issued two pamphlets in the now familiar "Stettinius blue" covers. One was a guide to the conference entitled Guide: The United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, I945- [Washington, D . C . , Government Printing Office, 1945.] 28p. T h e other, an oblong album, consisted of a set of charts and pictographs with some explanatory text, showing the structure and functions of the proposed organization and of its organs. 3 See p. 313. • There were Chinese, English, French, Rus- sian, and Spanish editions.4 T h e original documentation of the United Nations Conference on Interna- tional Organization has been fully and ex- pertly described by Nelle Marie Signor, li- brarian of the History and Political Science Library, University of Illinois, in Special Libraries 37:3-6, January 1946. A few additional comments only, based on the ex- perience gained in preparing these docu- ments for publication, may be made here. T h e consecutive numbers assigned to the documents run from 1 to 1216. T h e r e were two lists: Document 1184: Cumulative List of Docu- ments Issued During the United Nations Conference on International Organization. i o i p . Document 1216: [List of documents arranged by symbol.] n o p . W h e n using these lists, however, caution should be exercised, as they were found to be inaccurate in places. T h i s is especially true of the listing of various language edi- tions which often does not correspond to actual fact. Also, the titles given do not always correspond to the titles of the docu- ments themselves. Another point worthy of mention is the discrepancy frequently found between the English and French versions of a document. T h e r e is further a most helpful chapter: "Conference Documentation and Records" in Charter of the United Nations: Commen- tary and Documents by Leland M . Good- rich and Edvard H a m b r o . (Boston, W o r l d Peace Foundation, 1946, p. 16-18.) Documentation of Conference T h e entire documentation of the confer- 4 B e c a u s e of a misprint on the v e r s o of the f r o n t c o v e r , g i v i n g F e b r u a r y 1944 instead of 1945 as date of the C r i m e a C o n f e r e n c e , the E n g l i s h edition w a s w i t h d r a w n : U . S . D e p a r t m e n t 9f S t a t e . Proposals for a General International Organisation as Developed at Dumbarton Oaks, 1944. [ W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , Govern- ment P r i n t i n g Office, 1945.] 2'4p., charts. 312 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ence, as released upon the recommendation of the Secretariat in the final plenary ses- sion, June 25, 1945, was published by the United Nations Information Organizations, N e w Y o r k and London, in cooperation with the Library of Congress in photo-offset in fifteen volumes. In this edition the docu- ments are arranged in logical order, by commissions, committees, and subcommit- tees. Each volume is preceded by a table of contents listing all the documents in- cluded, together with a finding list by sym- bol which indicates the location of any document in any volume. O n l y English and French texts are included, except in Volume I V , where proposed amendments to the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals in the origi- nal Spanish, Portuguese, or Russian are in- cluded. A n index to the fifteen volumes has been prepared but has not yet been pub- lished. T h e original edition of the Charter has a bibliographically interesting story. H o w and by whom the text in five languages was printed, how many copies were printed on treaty paper, how the deadline for the sign- ing ceremony had to be met in spite of con- tinual changes almost up to the last minute, is told in detail by Samuel L . Farquhar, manager of the University of California Press, originally in the Publisher's Weekly of July 7 and 14, 1945, in two papers en- titled "Printing the United Nations Char- ter" and "Binding the Atlantic [i.e., United Nations] Charter," respectively, and later in book form Printing the United Nations Charter. (Berkeley, University of Cali- fornia Press, 1946, 56p.). Charter Immediately after the close of the confer- ence, the State Department arranged for a large printing of the text of the Charter for mass distribution. T h i s was the pocket edition: Charter of the United Nations, Together with the Statute of the International Court . . . Signed at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Fran- cisco, Calif., June 26, 194.5. [Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1945.] 58p. ( D e p a r t m e n t of State Publication 2353, Conference Series 7 4 ) . Simultaneously, a facsimile edition of the original Charter in five languages with the signatures affixed at San Francisco was printed and placed on sale: Facsimile of the Charter of the United Na- tions, Statute of the International Court of Justice and Interim Arrangements, in Five Languages. Signed at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, California, June 26, 1945. [Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, x945-] Various paging. ( D e p a r t - ment of State Publication 2368, Conference Series 76). A n excellent over-all account of the back- ground of the San Francisco Conference and the drafting of the Charter, primarily from the American point of view, can be found in the so-called Stettinius report: Charter of the United Nations. Report to the President on the Results of the San Francisco Conference, by the Chairman of the United States Delegation, the Secretary of State, June 26, 1945. [Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1945.] 266p. ( D e p a r t m e n t of State Publication 2349> Conference Series 71). T h i s contains, as appendices, the text of the San Francisco Charter and on opposite pages the text of the corresponding Dum- barton Oaks Proposals, with a key to chap- ters and paragraphs; the text of the Statute of the International Court of Justice; the text of the Interim Arrangements; a list of delegations; the complete composition of the U . S . delegation including consultants; and a chart of the organization. Interim Arrangements A separate edition of the Interim A r - OCTOBER, 1946 313 rangements was issued by the State D e p a r t - ment in the Conference Series, uniform with the pocket edition of the C h a r t e r : Interim Arrangements, Concluded by the Governments Represented at the United Nations Conference on International Or- ganization, San Francisco, California, June 26, 1945. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1945. 4p. (Department of State Publication 2 3 5 7 , Conference Series 75). T h i s agreement called for the establish- ment of a Preparatory Commission of the United Nations, consisting of all the mem- bers of the organization, and entrusted it with certain duties. T h e commission was to function until the C h a r t e r came into force and the United Nations was established. T h e first meeting of the Preparatory Commission, purely formal in character, was held in San Francisco on J u n e 27, 1945. T h e documentary record of this meeting consists of two documents, the Agenda a n d the Summary Report, both issued in photo-offset f r o m typed copy. T h e Executive Committee held its first meeting in London, Aug. 16, 1945, and during nine weeks of intensive labor pro- ceeded to carry out the recommendations provided for in the terms of reference of the Preparatory Commission. F o r this purpose, it set up ten technical committees dealing with the various organs of the United N a - tions, financial arrangements, relations with specialized agencies, the winding up of the League of Nations, and general questions such as selection of the site. By O c t . 27, 1945, the reports of the ten committees had been approved by the Executive Committee and had been assembled into a single 144- page document entitled: Report by the Executive Committee to the Preparatory Commission of the United Na- tions. [London] Preparatory Commission of the United Nations. [ H . M . Stationery Office] 1945. 144P. ( P C / E X / 1 1 3 / R e v . 1, Nov. 12, 1945). T h e current documentation of the Execu- tive Committee was in the f o r m of mimeo- graphed papers not available for public dis- tribution. In the meantime, the C h a r t e r of the United Nations had become a part of the law of nations when, on O c t . 24, 1945, the Soviet Government deposited its instrument of ratification with the State D e p a r t m e n t , thereby achieving the required number of ratifications to make the organization opera- tive. Preparatory Commission T h e f u l l Preparatory Commission, con- sisting of the delegates of the fifty-one U n i t e d Nations, convened in London on Nov. 24 and completed its work on Dec. 23, 1945. T h e Executive Committee became the Steering Committee of the Pre- paratory Commission. T h e report of the Executive Committee was taken as the basis for the work of the commission and was apportioned for detailed consideration among eight technical committees: ( 1 ) General Assembly, (2) Security Council, ( 3 ) Economic and Social, (4) Trusteeship, ( 5 ) Legal Questions, ( 6 ) Administrative and Budgetary M a t t e r s , ( 7 ) League of N a - tions, ( 8 ) General Questions. In addition to these, there were also a number of spe- cial committees and subcommittees and a d r a f t i n g committee. N o t all the recom- mendations of the Executive Committee were adopted, still others were supple- mented, a f e w were the subject of discus- sion. T h e result of these debates, primarily in the form of recommendations, was incor- porated in the report which was adopted Dec. 23, 1945: Report of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations. [London, H . M . Station- ery Office] 1945. 15 IP- T h e report also contains d r a f t provisional staff regulations, the provisional rules of 314 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES procedure for the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Trusteeship Council; also the d r a f t agenda for the first meetings of these bodies, with the exception of the Trusteeship Council. T h e original documents of the Prepara- tory Commission consist o f : a) A printed Journal, no. 1-27, Nov. 24-Dec. 28, 1945, English and French in parallel columns, including in the form of sup- plements, the summary records of meet- ings of the eight technical committees. b) A printed Handbook, Nov. 23, 1945, containing a list of the delegates and their staffs and of the Secretariat officials and staff. Revised edition, Nov. 24, 1945. The latter was published also in French as Commission Preparatoire des Nations Unies. Manuel, edition revisee. c) Mimeographed reports and documents identified by symbols corresponding to the above-mentioned committees and subcom- mittees. These were not available to any- one except the delegations and the Secre- tariat. The more important opes, how- ever, are included in their final form in the report of the Preparatory Commission. A t the close of the meetings, the Journal and its supplements containing the sum- mary records of the meetings of the eight technical committees, together with the list of delegates, were reprinted in nine parts as: United Nations. Journal of the Preparatory Commission, 24 November-24 December 1945. London, Church House, West- minster [Printed and published by H . M . Stationery Office, 1946] 146P. in double columns. 3s.6d. — Committee 1: General Assembly. Sum- mary Record of Meetings, 24 November- 24 December 1945. 55p. is.3d. — Committee 2: Security Council. Su?n- mary Record of Meetings, 24 November- 24 December 1945. 30p. is.3d. — Committee 3: Economic and Social. Sum- mary Record of Meetings, 24 November-24 December 1945. 30p. is.3d. — Committee 4: Trusteeship. Summary Record of Meetings, 24 November-24 De- cember 1945' 4ip. is.3d. OCTOBER, 1946 — Committee 5: Legal Questions. Summary Record of Meetings, 24 November-24 De- cember 1945. I9p. is.3d. — Committee 6: Administrative and Budge- tary. Summary Record of Meetings, 24 November-24 December 1945. 56p. is.3d. — Committee 7: League of Nations. Sum- mary Record of Meetings, 24 November- 24 December 1945. i6p. is.3d. — Committee 8: General Questions. Sum- mary Records of Meetings, 24 November- 24 December 1945. 70p. is.3d. T h e General Assembly met in London at Central Hall, Westminster, J a n . 10- Feb. 13, 1946. I t was attended by dele- gates from all the fifty-one United Nations. O n J a n u a r y 11 six main committees were set up to carry out the work of the General Assembly: ( 1 ) Committee on Political Se- curity, ( 2 ) Economic and Financial Com- mittee, ( 3 ) Social, Humanitarian, and Cul- tural Committee, ( 4 ) Trusteeship Commit- tee, ( 5 ) Administrative and Budgetary Committee, ( 6 ) Legal Committee. T h e report of the Preparatory Commis- sion was the basic document before the as- sembly. General Assembly Documents T h e documentation of the General As- sembly consists of a printed Journal which includes, as supplements, the summary rec- ords of meetings of the six main committees and two ad hoc committees set up to deal with specific questions regarding the League of Nations. T h e first part of the first ses- sion of the General Assembly was covered by Journal, No. 1-34, J a n . 1 0 - M a r . 7, 1946. T h e Journal was printed and placed on sale by H . M . Stationery Office at 6d. per num- ber. Journal, No. 34, which was compiled after the close of the meetings, contains the text of the resolutions adopted on the re- ports of the six main committees, on the re- port of the Committee on the League of N a - tions, on the report of the Permanent Head- quarters Committee, and on the proposals 315 of the General Committee. These resolu- tions include, in the form of annexes, such documents as the terms of appointment of the secretary-general, the organization of the Secretariat, the recommendations of the Technical Advisory Committee on Informa- tion concerning the policies, functions, and organization of the Department of Public Information, the provisional staff regula- tions, budgetary and financial arrange- ments, a convention on the privileges and immunities of the United Nations, etc. T w o other printed documents have ema- nated from the General Assembly: United Nations. Provisional Rules of Pro- cedure for the General Assembly. London [ H . M . Stationery Office] 1946. i7p. United Nations. First Session of the General Assembly [Handbook]. London [ H . M . Stationery Office] Jan. 10, 1946. 88p. fold, plans. — Revised edition, February 1946. A convenient account of the work achieved by the General Assembly in Janu- ary and February of 1946 will be found i n : The United States and the United Nations. Report of the United States Delegation to the First Part of the First Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. London, England, Jan. 10-Feb. 14, 1946. Submitted to the President of the United States by the Secretary of State . . . Mar. 1, 1946. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1946. 54p: T h e General Assembly proceeded on J a n . 12, 1946, to the election of the six non- permanent members to sit on the Security Council in addition to the five permanent members—China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. T h e way was thus open for the first meeting of the Security Council which took place on J a n . 17, 1946, at Church House, Westminster. In the course of twenty-three meetings lasting until February 16, the council trans- acted procedural business. Since the coun- cil functions continuously, the first meeting to be held at H u n t e r College in the Bronx, after the members of the council and the Secretariat had established themselves in N e w York, was numbered the twenty- fourth. Security Council Records T h e records of the Security Council con- sist of the Journal, which like the journals of the Preparatory Commission and of the General Assembly is in English and French in parallel columns. Nos. 1-16, J a n . 18- M a r . 1, 1946, were published in London and printed by H . M . Stationery Office. Single issues were available for 6d. each. T h e first Journal issued in the United States was Number 17 and dated M a r . 25, 1946. Beginning with this number, all important documents mentioned in the text of discussions are printed in the Journal. T o date, there have been two editions of the following: Security Council of the United Nations, New Y o r k . Provisional Handbook, March 1946. 4ip. Mimeographed. — Apr. 30, 1946. Supersedes the above- mentioned earlier edition. T h e Handbook contains certain useful in- formation on location of offices and avail- able services and facilities, a list of the dele- gates and their staffs, and a list of the per- sonnel of the Secretariat. It is planned to publish frequent revisions, possibly monthly editions. In accordance with the terms of the Charter, the eighteen members of the Eco- nomic and Social Council were elected by the General Assembly on Jan. 14, 1946. T h e council held its first meeting on J a n . 23, 1946, at Church House in London. During this first session, thirteen meetings in all were held in London, the last one 316 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES on Feb. 18, 1946. T h e . second session opened at H u n t e r College in the Bronx on May 2 5 , 1 9 4 6 . Commissions As proposed by the Preparatory Com- mission, the council established a Commis- sion on Human Rights, including a Sub- commission on the Status of W o m e n ; an Economic and Employment Commission; a Statistical Commission; a Temporary Social Commission; a Temporary Transport and Communications Commission; and a Com- mission on Narcotic Drugs. T h e council further set up a Negotiating Committee to contact the specialized agencies and decided to convene an International Health Confer- ence to be held by J u n e 20, 1946, and an International Conference on T r a d e and Em- ployment in the latter part of 1946. In accordance with the General Assembly's recommendations, a Committee on Refugees and Displaced Persons was appointed, which met in London during April 1946. T h e record of deliberations and work achieved by the Economic and Social Coun- cil is embodied in its Journal. T h e first session of the council is covered by Num- bers 1-12, J a n . 25-Apr. 10, 1946. All but No. 12 were printed in London by H . M . Stationery Office and placed on sale at 6d. per copy. No. 12 was issued in N e w York and contains the text of resolutions adopted for these journals. Whil e those of the Se- curity Council are yellow, the journals of the first session of the Economic and Social Council are printed on pink paper, and those of the second session on blue paper. T h e journals of the General Assembly are white. T h e first journal covering the sec- ond session now being held is numbered 13 and is dated M a y 22, 1946. International Court W i t h the election of the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice in Febru- ary 1946 by the Security Council and the General Assembly sitting separately in plenary sessions, the court, one of the main organs of the United Nations, was estab- lished. Its seat, like that of its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Jus- tice, is in T h e Hague. A first session, mainly organizational in character, took place in April 1946. For a well-docu- mented account of the drafting of the court's statute covering the work of the United Nations Committee of Jurists in Washington and of Committee I V / 1 of the San Francisco Conference, see the fol- lowing: Preuss, Lawrence. "The International Court of Justice and the Problem of Compulsory Jurisdiction." In Department of State Bul- letin 13:471-78, Sept. 30, 1945. T h u s all the main divisions of the United Nations, with the exception of the Trustee- ship Council, have come into existence. It was fully realized in the preparatory stages that this body could not be set up at the first assembly since the Charter provides that prior to the formation of the council a number of territories must have been placed under the trusteeship system. It is possible that the council will be established during the second part of the first session of the General Assembly to be held in Sep- tember 1946. Prospective Publications T h e Official Record is to be issued some time after the closing of each session. It will consist of the official verbatim text of the proceedings and their translations, together with the text of all relevant docu- ments. It will be issued in five separate editions, in Chinese, English, French, Rus- sian, and Spanish. T h e n , there will be the annual report of the secretary-general, a basic document OCTOBER, 1946 317 which, it is expected, will become available each year about the time of the General As- sembly session in September. A t the present time, plans for two publi- cations other than documents are well ad- vanced. One is a weekly bulletin contain- ing regular accounts of the activities of the United Nations, of its various branches and related agencies, background articles on topics under discussion, biographical notices on delegates and officials, and a bibliograph- ical section. T h e other is a United Nations yearbook which will include, among other things, a chronology of United Nations ac- tivities, an account of the work achieved by each organ, with the resolutions passed, the structure of the United Nations, with the names of delegates and officials, a who's who, a list of publications issued during the year, a calendar of forthcoming United Na- tions events, and basic texts such as the Charter, together with amendments, if any. Both of these publications will be issued by the Department of Public Information. I t is likely that in addition there will be specialized and technical publications, for example a treaty series to take the place of the treaty series issued by the League of Na- tions. All publications of the United Nations intended for public distribution will be available from Columbia University Press, International Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, N e w York City 27. University Library Service to the Public (Continued from page 310-) of assistance. T h e university library's clientele seems homogeneous in comparison. T h e university library is no better equipped to satisfy all sorts of people than the public libraries and special libraries are. All three together, however, can greatly widen the range of available library resources and, by coordinating their activities, greatly speed up and improve the quality of their services. University library service to the general pub- lic at present plays a minor role, because it is normally something merely permitted or good-naturedly agreed to. But when we face it and look at its implications, we recog- nize that it is actually the old problem of how to organize libraries of all kinds into a coordinated system. An old problem, it has greater urgency now than ever before because the times are urgent. I t is a prob- lem which challenges us as members of the library profession. As librarians and as citizens, university librarians have the op- portunity, if not the duty, to send out the library's resources and services to inform and guide the American people. Must Serve Public W e university librarians have three dis- tinct clienteles—the students, the faculty, and the general public, including extension students. D u r i n g the next few years we may be tempted to ignore this third clientele altogether. If we do, we can justify our- selves on the ground that we already have more than enough to do on the campus; but this atomic age gives us an exceptional op- portunity, if we care to take advantage of it. W e have the opportunity to provide some of the information the American peo- ple need in charting their course through this crisis. It is not our job to supply most of what they require, but rather to sup- plement and help coordinate the service by other libraries.' W e shall profit by co- operation in many ways, particularly by ad- vancing our profession and the common good. 318 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES