College and Research Libraries


.. ' 

By CATHARINE PENNIMAN STORIE 

· The American College Society Library 
and the College Library 

Mrs. Storie has abbreviated for the readers 
of College and Research Libraries a master~s 

' essay which she presented at the School of 
Library Service~ Columbia University~ tn 
19]8. 

T HIS ARTICLE reports a study of college society libraries in the nineteenth cen­
tury and was undertaken to provide a 
supplementary chapter in the history of the 
American college library. The closing lines 
of Shores's history of colonial college li­
braries discussed the situation as it was in 
I8oo and stated that "the inadequacy of 
most of the college libraries was felt so 
keenly by the students that the liter~ry 
societies which began to appear for the 
first time undertook to establish libraries 
as one of their major purposes. " 1 

Except for a few individual colleges and­
for statistics covering one decade, there 
seem to be no contemporary accounts of 
t he early college society libraries. There 
are scattered later references in histories of 
higher education, in histories of particular 
colleges, and in periodical articles written 
after I875· Also D. H. Sheldon's Student 
Life and Customs~ published in I90I, gives 
in three chapters a fairly extensive treat­
ment of student societies. But none of 
these sources has anything to say in detail 
about the contributiQn of the society library 
to the college library, and only indirectly 

I 

1 Shores, Louis. Origins of the American College 
Libt'ary, r638-rBoo. New York City, Barnes and 
Noble, 1934. 29op. 

does any one of them discuss the value of 
the society libraries. 

At first it was the purpose to show merely 
the value of the society library to the col­
lege library. Before the value of the li­
braries could be discovered, however, the 
printed or manuscript catalogs of these 
libraries had to be located; and before the 
catalogs could be located, the colleges which 
had had societies had to be determined. 
Examination of the society library collec­
tions at all the colleges was impossible. 
This part of . the work was confined, there­
fore, to a cursory study of the value of these 
libraries in general and to a sp(,'!cific examin­
ation of the collections at one college, i.e.~ 
those of the Peithologian and the Philo­
lexian societies at Columbia University. 

Sources for Locating the Libraries 

· Reports and Handbooks. To help in 
locating colleges which had society .libraries 
there fortunately are various government 
documents. The Smithsonian Institution 
issued in 185I the earliest report on libraries 
in the United States. William J. Rhees 
published more extensive info r mation in 
I859, and the Commissioner of Education 
has included notices on public (including 
college) libraries in his reports at intervals 
since 1876. A handbook on college societies 
was put out in I871. These publications, 
as has been · indicated, cover the period 
after 1850 only. · 

Periodical Literature. Few articles re-

COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES240 



lating even indirectly to the subje<;t were 
found in indexes to periodicals. In these 
accounts the society library was mentioned 
only in passing. With such scant informa­
tion and with no references to articles. writ­
ten before I 850, the next approach was to 
go directly to educational periodicals pub­
lished dur!ng the first half of the nineteenth 
century. 

Statistics: 1828-39. In spite of the fact 
that no descriptions of society libraries could 
be located in the early journals, very in­
teresting statistics exist in certain tables in 
the America~ Annals of Education and 
Instruction for I834, I835, and I836. The 
I834 volume points to an earlier source by 
mentioning that the editor of the American 
Quarterly Register of Education had esti­
mated the number of students in I830. In 
this journal are statistics for the years I828, 
I82g, I830, I83I, and I833· The table 
in the American Annals of Education and 
Instruction for . I834 also leads to a more 
complete source, stating that it was "copied 
with some additions and variations from the 
American Almanac for I835." The Ameri­
can Almanac was found to contain statistics 
on students' libraries for every year from 
I830 through I840, and its table for I830 
referred back to the American Quarterly 
Register and Journal of the A "!erican Edu­
cation Society~ which was the same periodi­
cal under a variant title as the American 
Quarterly Register of Education mentioned 
above. 

Sources for Locating Catalogs 

Library Card and Book Catalogs and 
Bibliographies. Although it is evident that 
the societies in general were dying out in 
the last quarter of the nineteenth century, 
the number of libraries referred to in the 
Report of the Commissioner of Education 
for 1884-85 was much greater than in 
earlier issues. In that report I27 colleges 
were listed as having societies. It mentions 

JUNE~ 1945 

thirty-one other colleges as having been 
established before I825, some of which pre­
sumably had societies. Material referring 
to these two groups totaling I 58 colleges 
was s~ught in the card catalogs of Columbia 
University Library, the Library of Congress 
Depository Catalog at Columbia University, 
the catalogs of Teachers College Library 
and the New York Public Library, twenty­
five printed or book catalog~ of college 
libraries and . the Boston Athenaeum, the 
shelflist of the Library of Congress, and, 
after a revision, the catalog of the library 
of the American Antiquarian Society. 

Questionnaire. To supplement the check­
ing of library card catalogs, a questionnaire 
was sent to the librarians of the colleges 
founded before I85o. Limitation to this 
period was decided upon because library 
catalogs had not been located for any of 
those founded at a later date. 

Procedures and Findings 

From the foregoing it can be seen that 
three main types of sources were located: 
the statistical tables (in the government 
reports and in the journals for I 828-40) , 
the catalogs of . society libraries, and the 
responses to the questionnaire. Results, 
therefore, depend~d upon interpretation of 
the statistics and of the responses to the 
questionnaire and upon evaluation of the 
catalogs and of a few miscellaneous sources. 

Interpretation o,f the ·statistics. The sta­
tistics brought to light some interesting 
facts. It was discovered that of all the 
colleges flourishing in I83o, So per cent 
had society libraries, and of these, nearly 
half had collections larger than those of 
their college libraries. In I 83 7 these li­
braries varied from a few hundred to I 5,000 
volumes, while the college libraries varied 
from · a few hundred to Io,ooo volumes, 
with the one exception of Harvard, which 
had 43,000 volumes. By I85I only 55 per 
cent of the colleges reported society libraries, 

. 241 



with slightly over a third of these having 
collections larger than their college libraries. 
These society libraries were found in the 
colleges of the United States from Maine 
to Georgia and as far west as Missouri. 

· Information tabulated from the statistics 
in the journals from I828-40 showed that 
throughout this period the society libraries 
at Dartmouth, Middlebury, Amherst, Yale 
after I 830, Washington 2 after I 833, Wil­
liams after I835, Jefferson and Washing­
ton,3 Western/ Union, Geneva, 5 Dickinson, 
Washington, 6 University of North Caro­
lina, University of Georgia in I83I - and 
I832, Nashville from I835 to I839, Miami, 
and Franklin from I836 to I839, had 
larger collections than their college libraries. 
Also; one-third of the colleges in the New 
England states had more books in the li­
braries of .their societies than in their college 
librarie·s during the decade I 830-40. 

Beside the facts relating to the size of 
the libraries which the reports generally 
yielded, the report of the Smithsonian In­
stitution for I 8 5 I presented other inf~rma­
tion which added considerably to the 
picture. The descriptions for I 26 college 
libraries vary from a paragraph to several 
pages and include I42 student libraries at 
sixty-five of these colleges. One of the 
items requested from the libraries was the 
number of hours - that each was open. 
Forty-six of the colleges which had student 
libraries responded to this question, indicat­
ing that their college libraries were open 
for periods ranging from one hour every 

two weeks or a half hour once a week to 
"several hours" daily. At the most this 
probably resulted in eighteen or twenty 
hours a week for six of the colleges, while 
half of them could claim only the minimum. 

2 Now Trinity. 
3 Now W ashinRton and Jefferson. 
4 Now University of Pittsburgh.
6 Now Hobart. 
e Now Washington and Lee. 

Yale reported the most complete schedule: 
every day in the year (except Sundays and 
three or four public days) in term time 
from IO A.M. to I P.M. a~d from 3 to 5 
P.M.,. and in the summer commonly an hour 
or two more: in vacation every day from 
3 to 5 hours. Added to the inconvenience 
of short hours, at Amherst College, was that 
of paying for the · privilege of borrowing 

books at the library. These conditions 
show clearly why i ny supplementary li­
braries which might be developed at a col­
lege would be of great use to the students. 

Interpretation of Responses to the 
Questionnaire. Because of the painstaking 
responses to the questionnaire, many addi­
tional catalogs were located, although no 
catalogs of society libraries were known to 
exist at the universities of Georgia or Vir­
ginia or at the colleges of William and 
Mary, Hampden-Sydney, Washington, 
Charleston, or at any institution in Ala­
bama, Louisiana, 'tennessee, or Kentucky. 

Yet the Library of Congress has a catalog 
for one of the society libraries at Franklin 
College (now the University of Georgia) 
and, according to the statistics quoted in the 
original study, nine of the sixteen institu­
tions listed from the South had society li­

braries of over a thousand volumes at some 
time during the decade I830-40. The li­
braries at the College of William and Mary 
were largely destroyed by fire before the 
Civil War, in 1859. Moreover, other col­
leges in all sections of the country suffered 
from disastrous fires throughout the whole 
nineteenth century. It seems probable, 
therefore, that many catalogs were published 
for libraries of which all the records are 
lost, except bare statistics. 

Only two colleges reported the distribu­
tion of their society library collection other 
than to the college library. At one of 
these one of the libraries was sold to an 
individual, and at the other the books of 

COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 242 



one society were sent to "Southern col­
leges." 

Evaluation of Miscellaneous Sources and 
of the Printed Catalogs of Society Libraries. 
That the society libraries were of value not 
only to the students, but an intrinsic ally, 
appears in certain passages taken from his­
tories relating to colleges for which printed 
society library catalogs could not be found 
or were not available for interlibrary loan. 
All of these colleges were located in or 
west of the !\.ppalachian Mountains or in 
the far South. Whatever the reason for 
the lack of printed catalogs for their society 
libraries, the quotations show that these 
libraries were important. The following 
concerns Marietta College, founded at 
Marietta, Ohio, in I835: 

They began at once also to collect libraries, 
the members donating books and assessing 
themselves at different times from five to fifty 
dollars apiece for this purpose. The high . 
quality of the books bought may be inferred 
from an entry in the record book of Psi 
Gamma in 1847: "It was voted to expend 
one half of all moneys paid into the treasury 
for initiation fees and fines in the purchase 
of well authenticated histories of the early 
settlements of the Ohio and Mississippi Val­
leys."7 

One of the, most interesting facts dis­
covered about a society library came from 
another miscellaneous source. It was found 
that one of the student libraries at Yale 
furnished the material for the beginning of 
that famous and invaluable reference tool, 
Poole~s Index. Contrary to Shores's state­
ment in Basic Reference Books that this 
work was undertaken in and for the college 
library, Poole tells in the opening paragraph 
of the preface to the I 882 edition of his 
index how the need for a key to periodical 
literature grew in the library at one of the 
literary societies; also, how by I 848 the 

7 Beach, A. G. A Pioneer Coll ege , the Sto ry of 
M arietta, p . I 10. 

manuscript which he had compiled for the 
use of his fellow students was rapidly wear­
ing out and was finally printed as the Index 
to Subjects Treated in the Reviews and 
Other Periodicals. 8 An issue of five hun­
dred copies was made, the society sponsor­
ship being alluded to and the immediate 
distribution being described, together with 
the purpose of the book, in a note follow­
ing the introduction to the first edition: 

It is yet uncertain whether a second edition 
of the Index, containing the improvements and 
adqitions suggested above, will be printed. 
Book-making is a profession that is not con­
templated in the purposes and objects of our 
Society. This work was prepared expressly 
for our own accommodation, and if in secur­
ing this, we have extended it to other kindred 
Societies and Public Libraries, we are doubly 
gratified. The need of such a work is evident 
from the fact, that no sooner was the prepa­
ration of the work announced, than orders 
from abroad exceeded the whole edition. If 
the Society concludes to issue a second edition, 
it will be announced through our publishers.9 

In the search for the printed catalogs 
of the society libraries, finally 2 7 3 different 
catalogs, 220 of which were printed, wer.e 
discovered. Since eighteen of these 220 
were not located in any library but were 
listed in bibliographies only and since one 
unique edition at the Library of Congress 
was missing, a maximum of 20I could have 
been examined. Sixty-seven per cent of 
these were examined at the five libraries 
visited or were obtained through interlibrary 
loans. 

The American Antiquarian Society had 
the greatest number of unique editions out­
side of the colleges themselves (an edition 
was considered "unique" if it were available 
in only one of the five libraries visited and 
if it were not available for interlibrary 

s P oole's Index ... Ind ex to SubJe cts Treated in 
the Reviews and Other Periodicals. cx882. · 1938. 
p. iii. 

9 P oo le's Ind ex . . . 1848, p . iv. 

JUNE , 1945 243 



loan). The editions available on interli­
brary loan from the colleges ranked second 
among the sources for examining the cata­
logs. 

It seems probable that many other cata­
logs existed for the libraries of the Middle 
States (New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl­
vania, Delaware, and Maryland) and some 
others for those in the South ; the libraries 

. in the Middle Western colleges, however, 
did not develop until a later date. The 
preponderance of catalogs for the society 
libraries of the New England colleges is 
probably attributable to more fortunate cir­
cumstances of preservation than existed in 
other sections. The disappearance of cata­
logs in the colleges of the South is probably 
due at least partially to the general disrup­
tion of education, and consequently of edu­
cational librarie~, after the Civil War. 

From the forewords and introductions 
in the catalogs it was noted that the college 
usually gave the society a room in which 
to hold its meetings and to house its library. 
The introductions also often contained rules 
and regulations. Although many of the 
rules of the society libraries indicated that 
little or no reading was done on the prem­
ises, it seems altogether probable that the 
society libraries were to some extent the 
browsing rooms of the early nineteenth 
century. The rooms were furnished by the 
societies, and in some cases separate build­
ings were constructed by them, as at Emory 
and Henry and at Princeton. Financial 
support was supplied to the society libraries 
by their members, and later when these 
libraries were given to the colleges their 
book funds often were also turned over to 
the colleges. 

Several other attributes of the society 
libraries can be discovered from the book 
catalogs which they published. From the 
mere number of catalogs published a chart 
can be produced showing definitely the 
trends in the growth of the society libraries, 

which reached their peak by 1840, con­
tinued near this peak until 186o, and died 
out rapidly thereafter. 

One of the most unexpected attributes of 
the society libraries was the range of sub­
jects included in the collections. A pre­
conceived idea led the author of this paper 
to imagine the society library as one mainly 
of fiction and general literature, with some 
drama and poetry and perhaps a few travel 
books, and to suppose that if any nonfiction 
were included, it would be in the field of 
:religion or the Latin and Greek classics. 
Actually, of ninety-seven catalogs examined, 
none was found devoted solely to literature. 
Sixty-seven of these ninety-seven were classi­
fied, having from four to twenty-seven 
subject divisions. 

To ascertain the quality of books included 
within the varied classifications, the author 
compared twenty-five catalogs from sixteen 
colleges with a list of books recommended 
·by Robert M. Hutchins in 1936 as books 
which every educated person should read. 
This list was chosen from an indefinite 
number of "best books" lists, because fifty­
three of the fifty-seven books included were 
first published before 186o, because practi­
cally all classifications of subject matter 
were included, and because it was compara­
tively short. It was found that all but eight 
of the fifty-three books were represented in 
one or more of the society libraries checked, 
that the library of the United Fraternity 
at Dartmouth College contained thirty-one 
of the titles .in 1824, and that the two so­
cieties at Middlebury College contained 
thirty-one between them twenty years later. 

Without an extensive study of the cata­
logs of the society libraries it would be 
impossible in most cases to determine their 
value. Two catalogs from · societies at 
Dartmouth and at Middlebury, which give 
date and place of publication as well as 
author and title, indicated collections of 
significance in two different fields. A count 

COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 244 



of the entries according to date of publica­

,I tion showed the following: 

Before 1500 -99 1600-99 1700-99 
15oo (in U.S.)

Dartmouth 5 18 157 
Middlebury 2 22 114 

The collection at Dartmouth is obviously 
strong in Americana, even after discount­
ing the fact that there were two entries for 
some volumes. The earlier collection be­
longing to the Philological Society at Mid­
dlebury College was, on the other hand, 
strong in foreign books, including two 
incunabula, one from the press of Aldus. 

Society Libraries at Columbia 

To have discovered that the society li­
braries contained rare books is something 
quite apart from discovering that the col­

. lege libraries ever received these books or 
now have them. Several college librarians, 
in responding to the questionnaire, indi­
cated that they hoped to check up on the 
old collections that had come to them. 

As bearing on this, an attempt was made 
to evaluate the collections at Columbia U ni­
versity as a sample, using the resources 
available in the Columbia University Li­
brary. The entries in other society catalogs, 
such as those of the societies at Dartmouth, 
Middlebury, and Yale, would have been 
easier to identify since the bibliographic 
information included in them is more com­
plete than in most. 

At Columbia only one catalog of the 
collection of the Philolexian Society is 
known. This one, for 1825, is, however, a 

typical example in that the only clue it 
furnishes to the identification of a book, 
other than incomplete author and short title, 
is the size! There were 415· individual 
titles listed. No printed catalog is known 
for the collection of the Peithologian So­
ciety library, but one volume of this society 
was listed in the accession book of the 
university library with . the gifts of the 
Philolexian Society. Looking at random 
through other volumes of · the accession 
books, 642 gifts of the Peithologi~m S~ciety 
were found in the volume immediately pre­
ceding the one which contained 530 gifts 
of the other society. 

Comparing the ti tl~s of the gifts of the 
two societies, it is i~teresting to note that 
one society contributed several outstanding 
American editions of nineteenth-century 
fiction, that together they gave forty-two 
volumes of AJ:?ericana published in the 
United States before 1 8oo, and that none 1 
of these duplicated each other. Moreover, 
four of the Americana from the Peitho­
logian Society could not be found in Evans' 
American Bibliography. All of those from 
the Philolexian Society were found in 
Evans, although none is listed as being at 
Columbia University. ' 

Since the society libraries at Columbia 
were found to be significant in spite of being 
smaller than those at twenty-five other col­
leges in 1830 and smaller than those at 
seven others in 1839, it may be inferred 
that the ones existing elsewhere than at 
the Columbia libraries were of material 
value. 

Dates of founding of societies and of publication of society library catalogs considered in this study. 
(The first date given after each society is the date of founding; the others are dates of catalogs.) 

Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa. 
Allegheny Literary Society, 1835 
Philo-Franklin Society, · I 834 

Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. 
Athenian (-Athenae) Society, 1821 
Alexandrian Society, 1821 
Eclectic Society 
* Manu script copy. 

JUNE~ 1945 

1867*, 1866-73*, 1886 
1855-56* 

1836 , 18 55 , n.d., n.d. 
1853, n.d. 
n.d.* 

245 



Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. 
Athenaean Society, I8o2 
Peucinian Society, 1805 

Brown University, Providence, R.I. 
Franklin Society, I824-34 
Philermenian Society, I794 

Society of Federal Adelphi, 1799 
United Brothers Society 

Colby College, Waterville, Me. 
Literary Fraternity Society, 1824 

Columbia University, New York City 
Peithologian Society 
Philolexian Society, I8o2 

Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. 
Philotechnic Society 
United Fraternity, 1786 

Delaware, Universitl of, Newark 
Athenaean, I834 

Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. 
Belles Lettres Society, I786 

Emory and Henry College, Emory, Va. 
Calliopean Society 
Hermesian Society, 1839 

Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. 
Diagnothian Society, I835 (Marshall College) 

Georgia, University of, Athens, Ga. 
Demosthenian Society, I8oi (Franklin College) 

Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pa. 
Philomathean Society, I832 

Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y. 
Phoenix Society, I8I4 
V nion Society, I 824 

Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. 
Hasty Pudding Society, I795 
Institute of I770, I770 
Porcellian Club, I791 ( ?) 

.6ELIINO!f>A l'OI Club 

Haverford College, Haverford, Pa. 
Loganian Society, I848 

Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Mich :'" 
Philolexian Society, I85I 
Sherwood Rhetorical Society, I855 

Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 
Philomathesian Society, I827 

Knox College, Galesburg, Ill. 
Adelphi Society and 
Gnothautii Society, I 845, I 849 

* Manuscript copy. 

I830, I834, I838, I86I 
1823, I829, I859 

I826 
I8101 I814, I8I7 1 t82I 1 I824, I828, I833, 1835, 

I838, I84I 1 I844, I849 
1799-I800* 
182I, I824, I829, 1835. I837. 1839, 1841, I848, 

1853 

1856, 1858, I862, I872 
1812, I82o, I824, I83o*, I835, I835*, I852-54, 

I859, I877*, n.d.*, Supplements ... presented 
by the classes of I852-54, etc. 

1855 

1827*, I832*, 1839. I839-55, I847* 
I834*, I835-58( ?), I838, I842, I842*, 1847, I84i" 

1838, I84I 1 I852 1 I857*, n.d.* 
1832, 1823-36*, 1837*, I841*, 1854~55* 
I816, I827, 183I, I834, I839, I846, I850, I854, 

I857, 1865, I867, I877, I88 7, 1891 
1816 

1868 
1868, I871 1 1873, 1876 

COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 246 



Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. 
Franklin Society, 1831 
Washington Society, ' 1832 

Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio 
Society of Inquiry 

Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt. 
Philological Society 
Philomathesian Society 

North Carolina, University of, Chapel Hill 
Dialectic Society, 1795 
Philanthropic Society, 1795 

Pennsylvania, University of, Philadelphia 
Zelosophic Society 
Philomathean Society 

Princeton Univ~rsity, Princeton, N.J. 
American Whig Society, 1769 
Cliosophic Society, 1765 
Philological Society 

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. 
Peithessophian Literary Society, 1825 
Philoclean Literary Society, 1825 

South Carolina College, Columbia 
Clariosophic Society 
Eu}1hradian Society 

Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. 
Athenaeum Society, 1824 
Parthenon Society, 1827 

Union University, Schenectady, N.Y. 
Adelphic Society, 1796 
Philomathean Society, 1795 

Vermont, University of, Burlington 
Phi Sigma Nu, 1803 

Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. 
Calliopean Society, 1847 
Lyceum Society, 1847 

Washington & Jefferson College, Washington, 
Pa. 

Franklin Society (Jefferson College), 1791 
Philo Society (Jefferson College), 1805 

Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. 
Peithologian Society, 1831 
Philorhetorian Society, 1831 

Western Reserve University, Cleveland 
(formerly Western Reserve College, Hudson, 

Ohio) Adelbert College 
Adelphic Society 

William & Mary, College of, Williamsburg, V a. 
Flat Hat Club 

Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. 
Adelphic Union 
Philologian, 1795 
Philotechnian Society, 1795 

*Manuscript copy. 

1890 
1877, 1888 

1850 

1824 
1819, 1832, 1837, 1844 

1817, 1821, 1835, 1843*, 186o*, n.d.* (4) 
1822, 1829, 1840*, 1882*, 1889*, n.d.* (2) 

1850 
1840, 1870 

1845, 1853, 1857, 1862, 1865, 1870 
1840, 185o, 1855, 1873, 1878, 1882, n.d. 
1828 

1864*, n.d. 
1827-34*, 1836*, 1875 

1842*, 1848*, 1868*, n.d.* (2) 
1883* 

1838, 1840, 1844, 18.53, 1853* 
1836* 

1827, 1836, 1847, 1852, 1856, 1868 
1812, 1820, 1828, 1833, 1840, 1841, 1848, 1863 

1831-41*, 1846, 1853 
1837, 1st, 1840, 2nd, 1846, 1853, 3rd 

n.d. 

1812, 1832 
1843, 1847, 185o, 1853, 1856, 1862 
1844, 1850, 1853, 1856, 1861, 1867 

JUNEJ 1945 247 



1 

Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio 
Excelsior Society, 1845 1850, 1877 
Philosophian Society, 1847 1876 (?) 

Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 
Brothers' & Linonian Society 1808, 1811, 1814, 1818, 1822, 1825, 1873, 1880, 

Brothers in Unity, 
Calliopean Society 

1768 
suppl. to I 873 

1781*, 1829, 1832, 1835, 1838, 1841, 1846, 1851 
1819, 1824, i826, 1828, 1829, suppl., 1831, 1837, 

Linonian Society, 1753 
1841,.~ 1846 

1770*, 178o*·, 1790*, r8oo*, 1829, 1831, 1834, 

Moral Society 
Phoenix Society 
*Manuscript copy. 

1836, 1837, r84o, 1841, 1846, 186o 
1814, 1818, 1822, 1825 
-1806 ( ?) 

Sources of Reports and .Statistics 

American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowl­
edge for r830-40. Boston, I82'9-39. v. I-rr . 

American Annals of Education and Instruction, 
I834, I835, I836. Boston, I834-36. v. 4-6. 

American Quarterly Register and Journal of the 
American Education Societ y, I828-3 I. Andover, etc., 
Mass., I829-31. v. I-J. 

Cutter, Charles A. "List of Printed Catalogues of 
Public Libraries in the United States." (In U.S. 
Office of Education. Public Libraries in the United 
States of America. Washington, Government Print­
in~ Office, I876, p. 577-622.) ' · 

Jewett, Charles Coffin. Notices of Public Libraries 
in the United States of America. Printed by order 
of Congress, as an appendix to the fourth annual 
report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian 
Institution. Washington, Printed for the House of 
Representatives, I85L · 207p. 

Rhees, William Jones. Manual of Public Libraries, 
Institutions, and Societies, in the United States, and 

British Provinces of North America. . Philadelphia, 
Lippincott, I859. 28, 687p. 

Seeley, I. C. Manual of College Literary Societies 
with Statistical Tables. Kalamazoo, I87I. I45P· 

U.S. Office of . Education. Public Libraries in the 
United States of America; Their History, Condition 
and Management. Special report. Department of 
lnterior, Bureau of Education. . . . Washington, 
Government Printing Office, I876. 2v. in r. 

U.S. Office of Education. "Public, Society, and 
School Libraries in the United States; with Library 
Statistics and Legislation of the Various States." 
1896, 1900, etc. (In RePort of the -Commissioner of 
Education, I895-96, r.8gg-1goo, etc. Washington, 
Government Printing Office, I897, 1901, etc.) 

U.S. Office of Education.... "Statistics of Public 
Libraries in the United States Numbering 300 Volumes 
and Upwards for 1884-85.'' (In Report of the Com­
missioner of Education, 1884-85. Washington, Govern­
ment Printing Office, r886. ccxxix-ccxxx, 6gi-782'p.) 

Personnel in Cataloging Departments 
(Continued from page 227) 

alertness, self-confidence, perception, flexi­
bility, and balance." 6 According to Mrs. 
Nyholm, who listed the qualities above, 
these people could withstand aggressive and 
demanding pressures and make decisions 
based on "soundness" and "survival value." 

Finally, a good deal more attention 

8 Op. cit. 

should be given by adnii.nistrators to cata­
logers as people. This seems so obvious 
that one hesitates to repeat it, yet the epi­
demic of criticism suggests that administra­
tors, in their great desire to emerge from 
a bad situation, have not always used the 
proper approach. 

COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 248