College and Research Libraries Review Articles Classification and Pay Plans for Libraries in Institutions of Higher Education Classification and Pay Plans in Institu- tions of Higher Education. A . L . A . , 1 9 4 3 - 3 v . Modern methods of personnel admin- istration are based on certain techniques or tools, among which two of the most im- portant are the classification plan and the pay plan. In fact, the classification plan, which has as its primary purpose the setting up of classes of positions on the basis of careful job analyses, is essential if the other techniques of personnel admin- istration are to be used at all. T h e pay plan itself could hardly exist without classification of positions, for its purpose is to show the range of salaries paid for positions of varying requirements and degrees of responsibility. Such other techniques as service ratings, training pro- grams, testing of applicants, and certifica- tion lean heavily on the classification plan. In fact, the whole complex system of per- sonnel administration in use in many large organizations could not function without both classification and pay plans. Because personnel administration has developed very rapidly many of its tech- niques are relatively new. T h e Civil Service Commission of the C i t y of Chi- cago is credited with being the first agency in this country to develop a practical pro- gram for the classification of positions. T h e plan which it began to develop in 1908 was adopted by the city council in 1912. Other cities, as well as counties and states, undertook similar programs in the decade that followed, leading to the widespread use of the idea in the past twenty years. T h e American Library Association and various state library associations have been working on classification and pay plans for many years. A committee of the District of Columbia Library Association prepared Brief and Specifications for Li- brary Service in the Federal Government, which was published by the association in 1923. T h i s was followed by the more elaborate plans prepared by the Bureau of Public Personnel Administration, pub- lished in 1927 under the title Proposed Classification and Compensation Plans for Library Positions; Report of the Bureau of Public Personnel Administration to the Committee on the Classification of Library Personnel of the American Library Asso- ciation. W h i l e the first of these reports covered only positions in the federal gov- ernment's library service, the second in- cluded positions in several 'types of li- braries, among them college and university libraries. T h e first plans to be limited to positions in college and university li- braries were prepared by a subcommittee of the A . L . A . Committee on the Classifi- cation of Library Personnel and published in 1929, with the title Budgets, Classifica- tion, and Compensation Plans for Univer- sity and College Libraries. W i t h the creation of the Board on Salaries, Staff, and Tenure by the A . L . A . Council in 1937, the series of classification and pay plans which had been started by the Com- mittee on Salaries, Staff, and Service was v 182 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES c a r r i e d f o r w a r d . T h e first p u b l i c a t i o n of this t y p e issued by the b o a r d w a s Classifi- cation and Pay Plans for Municipal Pub- lic Libraries, w h i c h a p p e a r e d in 1 9 3 9 . Classification and Pay Plans for Libraries in Institutions of Higher Education w a s p r e p a r e d by a s u b c o m m i t t e e of the B o a r d on S a l a r i e s , S t a f f , a n d T e n u r e , the m e m - bers of the s u b c o m m i t t e e c o n s t i t u t i n g a l s o a C o m m i t t e e on B u d g e t s , C o m p e n s a t i o n , a n d S c h e m e s of S e r v i c e of the A s s o c i a t i o n of C o l l e g e a n d R e f e r e n c e L i b r a r i e s . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n f o r an i n s t i t u t i o n o r g o v e r n m e n t a l j u r i s - d i c t i o n u s u a l l y i n v o l v e s the e m p l o y m e n t of a special g r o u p of t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l . T h e y m a k e a t h o r o u g h s u r v e y of the e m - p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r w o r k , u s i n g q u e s t i o n - n a i r e s f i l l e d o u t b y the e m p l o y e e s as a basis f o r the a n a l y s i s of t h e i r j o b s . T h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a r e c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d by the staff a n d i n t e r v i e w s a r e h e l d w i t h em- p l o y e e s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r s . F r o m the in- f o r m a t i o n t h u s o b t a i n e d t h e staff p r e p a r e s a t e n t a t i v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n w h i c h is t h e n c a r e f u l l y c h e c k e d a n d , if n e c e s s a r y , r e v i s e d b e f o r e it is p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n . T h e s t a f f also p r e p a r e s a code of r u l e s c o v e r i n g t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d c o n t i n u i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e p l a n . Plans for Any Library T h e t w o sets of p l a n s p r e p a r e d by the B o a r d on S a l a r i e s , S t a f f , a n d T e n u r e d i f f e r f r o m m a n y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d p a y p l a n s in use in g o v e r n m e n t a n d i n d u s t r y in t h a t t h e y h a v e been d e v e l o p e d , n o t f o r a s i n g l e i n s t i t u t i o n o r j u r i s d i c t i o n , b u t f o r a n y l i b r a r y of t h e t y p e s i n c l u d e d . T h e p l a n s a r e based on the s u r v e y of positions a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n in a n u m b e r of l i b r a r i e s . I n the case of t h e p l a n s f o r c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s , the c o o p e r a t i n g insti- t u t i o n s n u m b e r e d t h i r t y - n i n e . T h e y e a c h m a d e j o b a n a l y s e s w h i c h s e r v e d as the basis f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n of the classifica- t i o n p l a n . T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h e l d m a n y m e e t i n g s , some of w h i c h w e r e open to m e m b e r s of t h e p r o f e s s i o n a n d at w h i c h the t e n t a t i v e p l a n s w e r e p r e p a r e d a n d t h o r o u g h l y discussed. A p r e l i m i n a r y re- p o r t w a s issued in M a r c h 1 9 4 0 a n d sent to 2 5 0 l i b r a r i e s f o r c r i t i c i s m . A second d r a f t w a s issued in A u g u s t 1 9 4 1 f o r c r i t i - cism by t w o h u n d r e d l i b r a r i e s . B y these m e t h o d s a c o m p o s i t e p i c t u r e of l i b r a r y needs a n d l i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s has been s k e t c h e d , w h i c h does n o t r e p r e s e n t a n y one l i b r a r y ' s p l a n s b u t w h i c h p r e s e n t s p l a n s t h a t m a y be a d a p t e d to a n y l i b r a r y ' s use. Classification and Pay Plans for Li- braries in Institutions of Higher Educa- tion is in t h r e e v o l u m e s , e a c h c o n s t r u c t e d f o r a special t y p e of l i b r a r y . V o l u m e I is f o r n o n - d e g r e e - c o n f e r r i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , V o l u m e I I f o r d e g r e e - c o n f e r r i n g f o u r - y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d V o l u m e I I I f o r u n i - v e r s i t i e s . E a c h f o l l o w s t h e same p a t t e r n a n d each is a u n i t w i t h i n i t s e l f , m a k i n g it possible f o r a l i b r a r y to p u r c h a s e o n l y the v o l u m e suited to it. W i t h i n each v o l u m e the m a j o r p a r t s a r e : i n s t r u c t i o n s on the use of the b o o k , d e s c r i p t i o n s of the classes of l i b r a r i e s , p e r s o n n e l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r l i b r a r y positions, a n d s t a n d a r d s of e d u c a - t i o n , e x p e r i e n c e , a n d p a y f o r p e r s o n n e l g r a d e s . I n a d d i t i o n each v o l u m e has an i n t r o d u c t i o n , w h i c h g i v e s the h i s t o r y a n d o b j e c t i v e s of t h e p r o j e c t , a n d t w o a p p e n d i c e s — t h e first l i s t i n g a c c r e d i t e d l i b r a r y s c h o o l s a n d the second g i v i n g a f o r m a n d i n s t r u c t i o n sheet f o r a j o b a n a l y s i s . Instructions on Use T h e i n s t r u c t i o n s on the use of the b o o k a r e f u l l a n d d e t a i l e d . T h e y m a y seem u n d u l y c o m p l i c a t e d to the r e a d e r w h o MARCH, 1944 183 e x a m i n e s t h e m c a s u a l l y . P a r t o f t h i s c o m p l i c a t i o n is d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b o o k n o t o n l y p r e s e n t s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d p a y p l a n s b u t a l s o s u g g e s t s p e r s o n n e l s t a n d a r d s f o r l i b r a r i e s s e r v i n g v a r i o u s s i z e d g r o u p s of s t u d e n t s a n d f a c u l t y m e m - b e r s . I n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t t h e s e s t a n d a r d s a d e q u a t e l y , a m e t h o d o f c l a s s i f y i n g l i - b r a r i e s is f o l l o w e d w h i c h is b a s e d o n t h e s e r v i c e r e n d e r e d b y t h e l i b r a r y in t e r m s of s t u d e n t a n d f a c u l t y u s e of t h e l i b r a r y . T h i s p h a s e o f t h e p l a n r e q u i r e s l e n g t h y d e s c r i p t i o n in t h e s e c t i o n d e v o t e d t o t h e i n s t r u c t i o n o n t h e u s e o f t h e b o o k . T h e o b j e c t c o u l d s c a r c e l y be a t t a i n e d in l e s s s p a c e , b u t t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n is n o t so q u i c k l y g r a s p e d as it w o u l d h a v e b e e n w i t h o u t t h e s e c t i o n o n s t a n d a r d s . M u c h is g a i n e d b y h a v i n g t h e p l a n b r o a d e n e d b e y o n d t h e u s u a l b o r d e r s o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d p a y p l a n s a n d b y s u g g e s t i n g t h e dis- t r i b u t i o n o f p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d c l e r i c a l s t a f f , t h e w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s , t h e a n n u a l s a l a r y b u d g e t , t h e n u m b e r o f b o o k s in t h e l i b r a r y , t h e a n n u a l b o o k b u d g e t , a n d t h e h o u r s of o p e n i n g o f t h e l i b r a r y . A s t h e b o o k is c o n s t r u c t e d , t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s of s t a n d a r d s a r e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d p a y p l a n s a n d a r e h e l p f u l f o r c o m p a r a t i v e p u r p o s e s . T h e s e c t i o n e n t i t l e d " C l a s s e s of L i - b r a r i e s " is t h e o n e in w h i c h t h e s t a n d a r d s f o r v a r i o u s t y p e s of l i b r a r i e s a r e d e s c r i b e d . F o l l o w i n g d i r e c t l y a f t e r t h e s e c t i o n of i n s t r u c t i o n s , in w h i c h a p p e a r s so m u c h a b o u t p e r s o n n e l s t a n d a r d s f o r l i b r a r i e s a n d c a r r y i n g t h e w o r d " C l a s s e s " in i t s h e a d - i n g , t h i s s e c t i o n m i g h t l e a d o n e t o t h i n k t h a t t h e m a i n o b j e c t of t h e b o o k is t o c l a s s i f y l i b r a r i e s , w h e r e a s t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is o n e of l i b r a r y p o s i t i o n s , n o t l i b r a r i e s . T h e v a r i o u s c l a s s e s of l i b r a r i e s h a v e b e e n s e t u p p r i m a r i l y as a m e a n s o f s u g g e s t i n g s t a n d a r d s , f o r i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n i t s e l f r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c l a s s of l i b r a r y is m a d e o n l y in t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e posi- t i o n s of c h i e f l i b r a r i a n a n d a s s o c i a t e c h i e f l i b r a r i a n . A l l o t h e r p o s i t i o n s w h i c h h a v e b e e n r a n k e d f o r v a r y i n g s i z e d d e p a r t m e n t s h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d o n t h e basis of a s t a t e - m e n t of " C l a s s e s of D e p a r t m e n t s , " w h i c h is a s i n g l e p a g e a t t h e e n d of t h i s s e c t i o n . T h e s e c l a s s e s o f d e p a r t m e n t s , b e i n g b a s e d o n t h e n u m b e r of a s s i s t a n t s in t h e m , a r e c l e a r l y d e s c r i b e d i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n p r o p e r , so t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s c o u l d h a v e b e e n o m i t t e d h e r e . Classes of Libraries A s h a s b e e n s a i d , t h e c l a s s e s of l i b r a r i e s h a v e b e e n m a d e d e t e r m i n a t e o n t h e s e r v i c e l o a d s of t h e l i b r a r i e s , t h e s e r v i c e l o a d s b e i n g c a l c u l a t e d in u n i t s as f o l l o w s : o n e u n i t f o r e a c h u n d e r c l a s s s t u d e n t , t w o u n i t s f o r e a c h u p p e r c l a s s s t u d e n t , t h r e e u n i t s f o r e a c h h o n o r s s t u d e n t , f o u r u n i t s f o r e a c h g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t , a n d f i v e u n i t s f o r e a c h f a c u l t y m e m b e r . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f u n i t s p l a c e s t h e l i b r a r y in its c l a s s . O n e m i g h t q u i b b l e o v e r t h i s n e a t p r o g r e s - s i o n of w e i g h t i n g s , w o n d e r i n g , f o r i n - s t a n c e , w h e t h e r a n a v e r a g e h o n o r s s t u d e n t u s e s t h e l i b r a r y o n l y t h r e e - f i f t h s as m u c h a s t h e a v e r a g e f a c u l t y m e m b e r a n d w h e t h e r t h e a v e r a g e j u n i o r u s e s t h e l i - b r a r y t w i c e as m u c h as t h e a v e r a g e s o p h o m o r e . T o be s c i e n t i f i c a l l y e x a c t in t h i s r e s p e c t w o u l d be i m p o s s i b l e . T h e s u g g e s t e d s c a l e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e of e a s e i n u s e a n d p r o b a b l y is as c l o s e a n a p p r o x i - m a t i o n as a n y o n e c o u l d d e v i s e w i t h o u t e n d l e s s l a b o r . T h e s e c t i o n e n t i t l e d " P e r s o n n e l S p e c i f i - c a t i o n s f o r L i b r a r y P o s i t i o n s i n t h e P r o - f e s s i o n a l a n d C l e r i c a l S e r v i c e s " is t h e a c t u a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n , w h e r e i n p o s i t i o n s a r e g i v e n t i t l e s , a r e d e f i n e d , t h e i r t y p i c a l t a s k s d e s c r i b e d , t h e m i n i m u m q u a l i f i c a - v 184 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES t i o n s o u t l i n e d , a n d t h e m i n i m u m s a l a r y i n d i c a t e d . T h e l a s t i t e m is t a k e n f r o m t h e p a y p l a n t h a t f o l l o w s t h i s s e c t i o n , t o w h i c h r e f e r e n c e is m a d e a t t h e t o p of e a c h s h e e t b y g i v i n g t h e g r a d e of t h e p o s i t i o n a n d t h e p a g e n u m b e r in t h e p a y p l a n . T h e t e r m s u s e d f o r t i t l e s o f p o s i t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r e f u l l y d e v i s e d t o b e s p e c i f i c a n d i n d i c a t i v e of t h e r a n k of t h e p o s i t i o n . T h e w o r d " l i b r a r i a n " a p p e a r s in t h e t i t l e o f a l m o s t a l l p r o f e s s i o n a l p o s i t i o n s . T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e c l a s s of p o s i t i o n is g i v e n s u c c i n c t l y . T h e p a r a g r a p h f o l l o w i n g t h e d e f i n i t i o n g i v e s e x a m p l e s of t y p i c a l t a s k s , w h i c h a d d s m u c h t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e p o s i t i o n . S o m e a m b i g u o u s t e r m s h a v e b e e n u s e d , s u c h as " h a n d l i n g , " " a s s i s t i n g , " a n d " s u p e r v i s i n g , " b u t t h e y a r e u s u a l l y a c c o m p a n i e d b y o t h e r d e t a i l e d a n d s p e c i f i c d e s c r i p t i o n s w h i c h m a k e t h e m less a m - b i g u o u s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o o n e f a m i l i a r w i t h l i b r a r y p r o c e s s e s . H o w e v e r , t h e n o n - l i b r a r i a n w o u l d n o t g e t a v e r y c l e a r i m - p r e s s i o n f r o m s u c h a p h r a s e as " h a n d l i n g r e f e r e n c e m a t t e r s of a v e r a g e d i f f i c u l t y , " as a p p l i e d t o t h e p o s i t i o n of i n t e r m e d i a t e r e f e r e n c e l i b r a r i a n , e s p e c i a l l y if t h i s w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t a p p l i e d t o t h e p o s i t i o n of i n t e r m e d i a t e c i r c u l a t i o n l i b r a r i a n , " a s s i s t i n g r e a d e r s in m a k i n g e f f e c t i v e use of l i b r a r y f a c i l i t i e s b y a n s w e r - i n g t h e i r q u e s t i o n s a n d h e l p i n g t h e m t o m a k e u s e of t h e c a r d c a t a l o g . " I n g e n - e r a l t h e e x a m p l e s of t y p i c a l t a s k s a r e f u l l a n d c o m p l e t e , w i t h l i t t l e c h a n c e f o r c o n f u s i o n . Classification Plan Is Narrow T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n f o r u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s m i g h t be c a l l e d n a r r o w r a t h e r t h a n b r o a d . T h e p r o f e s s i o n a l p o s i t i o n s in t h i s v o l u m e of t h e set a r e a l m o s t a l l h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d . I n m a n y o f t h e c l a s s e s o n l y o n e e m p l o y e e w o u l d be i n c l u d e d , w h i l e in o t h e r s s e v e r a l m i g h t b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e c l a s s . A f e w b r o a d c l a s s e s a r e p r o - v i d e d , s u c h as s e n i o r l i b r a r i a n , i n t e r - m e d i a t e l i b r a r i a n , a n d j u n i o r l i b r a r i a n , w h i c h m a k e it p o s s i b l e t o h a v e p o s i t i o n s w h i c h a r e n o t h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d , if t h a t is d e s i r e d . I n t h e v o l u m e f o r n o n - d e g r e e - c o n f e r r i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s f e w e r c l a s s e s a r e p r o v i d e d a n d t h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y b r o a d . T h e p l a n f o r d e g r e e - c o n f e r r i n g f o u r - y e a r i n s t i t u t i o n s r e s e m b l e s t h e u n i v e r s i t y p l a n in t h e n u m b e r of s p e c i a l i z e d c l a s s e s w h i c h a r e p r o v i d e d , t h o u g h i t is s o m e w h a t less d e t a i l e d . T h e m a j o r o m i s s i o n f r o m t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n is t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l s c h o o l l i b r a r y in a u n i v e r s i t y . S o m a n y d i f f i - c u l t i e s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d in a t t e m p t i n g t o i n c l u d e p o s i t i o n s in s u c h l i b r a r i e s in t h e p l a n t h a t t h e y w e r e f i n a l l y d r o p p e d . I t is t o be h o p e d t h a t a f u t u r e r e v i s i o n of t h e b o o k m a y i n c l u d e t h e m , f o r t h e y c o n s t i t u t e a s p e c i a l p r o b l e m w h i c h c a n n o t be e a s i l y s o l v e d w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p l a n . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n a b o u t m i n i m u m q u a l i f i c a t i o n s is d i v i d e d i n t o t w o g r o u p s , p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d p e r s o n a l . I n t h e p a r a - g r a p h o n p r o f e s s i o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a r e i n c l u d e d s u c h m a t t e r s as e d u c a t i o n , e x - p e r i e n c e , k n o w l e d g e of l i b r a r y m e t h o d s , of f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s , a n d of s p e c i a l s u b - j e c t s . T h e p e r s o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e s u c h f a c t o r s as a c c u r a c y , j u d g m e n t , r e - s o u r c e f u l n e s s , a n d s i m i l a r q u a l i t i e s . T h e r e is n a t u r a l l y m u c h r e p e t i t i o n , f o r t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r m a n y l i b r a r y posi- t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r in b o t h p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d p e r s o n a l p h a s e s b u t v a r i a t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r e f u l l y m a d e t o f i t t h e s p e c i a l r e q u i r e - m e n t s o f t h e p o s i t i o n s . The Pay Plan T h e f i n a l m a j o r s e c t i o n of t h e b o o k is e n t i t l e d " S t a n d a r d s of E d u c a t i o n , E x - p e r i e n c e , a n d P a y f o r P e r s o n n e l G r a d e s , " MARCH, 1944 18 7 a n d c o n s t i t u t e s t h e p a y p l a n . T h e s e r v i c e is d i v i d e d i n t o t w o b r a n c h e s , c l e r i c a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l , w i t h s e v e r a l g r a d e s in e a c h b r a n c h . U n d e r e a c h g r a d e a l i s t of t y p i c a l p o s i t i o n s is g i v e n , w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p a g e in t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n w h e r e t h e p o s i t i o n is d e s c r i b e d . T h e m i n i m u m s a l - a r y s c a l e is g i v e n a n d m i n i m u m q u a l i f i c a - t i o n s f o r p e r s o n s h o l d i n g p o s i t i o n s in t h e g r a d e . T h e s a l a r i e s s u g g e s t e d a r e n o t b a s e d o n c o u n t r y - w i d e a v e r a g e s b u t a r e t h e s a l a r i e s t h a t w e r e t h o u g h t t o be s u i t - a b l e b y t h e c o m p i l e r s of t h e p l a n . S i n c e n o p r o v i s i o n f o r d i f f e r e n c e s in l i v i n g c o s t s a r e m a d e , a d j u s t m e n t s w o u l d h a v e t o be m a d e t o b r i n g t h e p a y p l a n i n t o l i n e w i t h l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s . I n t h e g e n e r a l i n t r o - d u c t i o n a m e t h o d of e q u a t i n g l i b r a r y s a l a r i e s w i t h a c a d e m i c s a l a r i e s is s u g g e s t e d , w h i c h , w i t h t h e p a y p l a n as a g u i d e , w o u l d m a k e it p o s s i b l e t o d e v i s e a p l a n t h a t w o u l d fit l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s a l a r i e s g i v e n in t h i s p a y p l a n c a n b e u s e d o n l y as a g u i d e t o o n e p r e p a r i n g h i s o w n p a y p l a n a n y w a y . C h a n g e s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e s i n c e t h i s p l a n w a s p r e p a r e d w h i c h m a k e s o m e o f t h e s a l a r y figures o b s o l e t e e v e n n o w a n d o t h e r c h a n g e s w i l l o c c u r w h i c h w i l l a f f e c t m o r e of t h e p l a n . I t is f o r t u n a t e t h a t it w a s set u p o n a s o m e w h a t i d e a l i s t i c basis in t h e b e g i n n i n g , f o r l e s s c h a n g e w i l l be n e e d e d as a r e s u l t . T h i s p l a n d i f f e r s f r o m t h e p l a n f o r p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s in n o t p r o v i d i n g f o r a s u b p r o f e s s i o n a l c l a s s of e m p l o y e e s . W h i l e t h e r e m a y be s o m e w h o w o u l d p r e f e r t o h a v e s u c h a g r o u p , t h e p l a n s e e m s b e t t e r w i t h o u t i t , b o t h f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t of e m p l o y e r a n d e m p l o y e e . A m a j o r o m i s s i o n is t h e s c o r e c a r d w h i c h w a s p r o v i d e d in t h e v o l u m e f o r p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s . A f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e w o r k h a d b e e n d o n e o n t h i s f e a t u r e , it w a s d r o p p e d f r o m t h e p l a n . W h i l e s o m e s t a n d a r d s a r e i n c l u d e d in t h e s e c t i o n o n " C l a s s e s o f L i b r a r i e s " a n d o n e m i g h t j u d g e t h a t t h e y a r e a m a j o r p a r t of t h e p l a n , t h e a b s e n c e of t h e s c o r e c a r d i n d i - c a t e s t h a t t h i s is n o t t h e c a s e , a n d c a r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n n o t t o r e l y o n i t n o r a d v o c a t e i t s use p r i m a r i l y a s a g u i d e t o g e n e r a l s t a n d a r d s . A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n u s u a l l y i n c l u d e s a s e c t i o n o n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e p l a n a n d t h e m e t h o d s t o be f o l l o w e d in k e e p i n g it u p t o d a t e . S i n c e t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p l a n is n o t d e s i g n e d f o r a s p e c i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n , s u c h a s e c t i o n d o e s n o t a p p e a r in i t . A n y - o n e p r e p a r i n g a p l a n f o r use w o u l d h a v e t o m a k e p r o v i s i o n f o r i t s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d s h o u l d i n c l u d e a d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t o n t h i s m a t t e r in t h e p l a n . T h i s m a y r a i s e t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e p r a c t i c a b i l i t y of i n s t i t u t i n g c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d p a y p l a n s in c o l l e g e o r u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s if a l l t h e p e r s o n n e l of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n is n o t i n c l u d e d in s u c h p l a n s . V e r y f e w c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d p a y p l a n s f o r t h e i r s t a f f s . T o be w h o l l y s u c - c e s s f u l t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s h o u l d d e v e l o p p l a n s f o r a l l its d e p a r t m e n t s a t t h e s a m e t i m e . I f t h i s c a n n o t be d o n e , t h e n t h e l i b r a r y m a y h a v e t o p r e p a r e its o w n p l a n s , h o p i n g t h a t t h e y m a y l a t e r be fitted i n t o t h e p l a n s f o r t h e i n s t i t u t i o n . I n d e v e l o p - i n g its o w n p l a n s , t h e l i b r a r y w i l l be f o r - t u n a t e in h a v i n g Classification and Pay Plans for Libraries in Institutions of Higher Education t o u s e , f o r it w i l l s e r v e as a n e x c e l l e n t m o d e l a n d w i l l s a v e m u c h t i m e a n d l a b o r . — J o h n R. Russell, Li- brarian, University of Rochester, Roches- ter, N.Y. v 186 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES