V s V Fil 1 j * ' -“*aM1 Encyclopaedia Britannica. BOO BOOK-Binding is the art of gathering together and fewing the fheets of a book, and covering it with a back, Stc.” It is performed thus: The leaves are firft folded with a folding-ftick, and laid over each other in the order of the fignature j then beaten on a Hone with a hammer, to make them fmooth and open well} and afterwards prefled. They are fewed upon bands, wrhich are pieces of cord or packthread ; fix bands to a folio book } five to a quarto, oftavo, &c.} which is done by drawing a thread through the middle of each Iheet, and giving it a turn round each band, begin¬ ning with the firil and proceeding to the laft. After this the books are glued, and the bands opened and fcraped, for the better fixing the pafteboards} the back is turned with a hammer, and the book fixed in a prefs between two boards, in order to make a groove for fix¬ ing the pafteboards } thefe being applied, holes are made for fixing them to the book, which is prefled a third time. Then the book is at laft put to the cutting prefs, betwixt two boards ; the one lying even with the prefs, for the knife to run upon } the other above it, for the knife to run againft : after which the pafte¬ boards are fquaied. BOO The next operation is the fprinkling the leaves of the book ; w'hich is done by dipping a brulh into Book- vermilion and fap-green, holding the brulh in one binding, hand, and fpreading the hair with the other; by which k-“"V— motion the edges of the leaves are fprinkled in a regu¬ lar manner, without any fpots being bigger than the other. Then remain the covers, which are either of calf- Ikin or of Iheep-lkin : thefe being moiftened in water, are cut out to the fize of the book; then fmeared over with pafte made of wheat flour; and afterwards ftretch- ed over the pafteboard on the outfide, and doubled over the edges withinfide; after having firft taken off the four angles, and indented and platted the cover at the head-band: which done, the book is covered, and bound firmly between two bands, and then fet to dry. Afterwards it is walhed over with a little pafte and wa¬ ter, and then fprinkled with a fine brulh, unlefs it Ihould be marbled ; when the fpots are to be made larger by mixing the ink with vitriol. After this the book is glazed twice with the white of an egg beaten, and at laft polilhed with a polifhing iron pafled hot over the glazed cover. ^ BOO K-K E E P I N G TS the art of recording mercantile tranfa&ions in a regular and fyftematic manner. 1. A merchant’s books Ihould contain every parti¬ cular which relates to the affairs of the owner. They Ihould exhibit the ftate of all the branches of his bufi- nefs, the connexion of the different parts, the amount and fuccefs of the whole. They Ihould be fo full and fo well arranged, as to afford a ready information in every point for which they may be confulted. The matter which the books fhould contain is com¬ prehended under the three following heads: Firft, The debts which are owing to the owner, and the debts which he owes to others. Secondly, The goods and other articles of property which belonged to him; the quantity and value fold, or otherwife difpofed on ; and the quantity and value which ftill remain in his poffef- lion. Thirdly, The amount of his flock when the books were opened ; the profits he has obtained, and Vol. IV. Part I. the Ioffes he has fuffered, fmce; and the amount of his flock at prefent. That method of book-keeping which anfwers thefe purpofes moft clearly and concifely, is the beft. The Italian method, by double entry, is generally preferred* at leaft, it is founded upon the moft univerfal princi¬ ples) and is the moft convenient in extenfive and com¬ plicated bufinefs: and the accountant who underftands it, will find little difficulty in following, or even in in¬ venting, other methods that are better accommodated to any particular purpofe. The Italian method requires three principal books; the Wafte-Book, Journal, and Leger. Sect. I. Of the Waste-Book. 2. The wafte-book, or day-book, contains an exaft regifter of all occurrences in bufinefs in the fame order •A as * Book¬ keeping. % T 2 Wafte- Book. % B O 0 K-K E as tliey take place. It begins with an inventory of every thing belonging to the owner, a lilt ol the debts due to him, and of the debts he owes to others : It is carried on with a full relation of all the money he re¬ ceives or pays j of all the goods he buys or fells; and of every other occurrence in his bufinels. Each arti¬ cle ihould be entered as foon as the tranfaftion takes place, and Ihould be clearly expreffed in the plained language. It Ihould require no fupply from the ac¬ countant’s memory, but Ihould be fully intelligible to any perfon, however unacquainted with the bufinefs j at the fame time, it fhould be written with all conve¬ nient brevity } and, therefore, fometimes refers to in¬ voices and other accounts, for particulars. The ac¬ countant’s fird care fhould be to have nothing defec¬ tive or ambiguous j his fecond, to have nothing fuper- fluous. 3. The date is written in text on the top of each page. The articles are feparated from each other by a line : and the tranfa&ions of one day are feparated from thofe of another by a double line, in the middle of which there is left a blank fpace for inferting the day of the month. This book mud be kept with the greater care, as it contains the materials from which the other books are compofed; and any error or defedl will occafion a like one in the others. Befides, it is the book whofe authority is truded to, and which mud be exhibited to judges, or arbiters, when an account is difputed. As the journal is filled up from the wade- book, the authority of the former is edeemed more authentic, unlefs there be an obvious miilake through hurry •, and either of thefe books is depended on ra¬ ther than the leger, which, from its form, is more liable to error, and may be more eafdy vitiated by a fraudulent defign. 4. As the wade-book contains the whole fubdance of the bufinefs, it may b,e applied fo as to afford any information that can be wanted: but the labour of con- fulting it would be very great. For indance, if it were required to know how much any perfon owes us, we mult look over the book from the beginning, and mark down every article in which we have dealt with him ; or, if it were required to know what quantity of goods we fliould have on hand, we mud look over the whole book, and mark down every article bought or fold. This operation would not only be found very tedious, but much expofed to the rilk of omif- fions. To prevent thefe inconveniences, another book is ufed in which the articles are arranged in a metho¬ dical order. This book is called the Lsger, and we fhall conlider it next; becaufe the journal, though it comes before it in the order of writing, cannot be well underdood, till the nature of the leger be ex¬ plained. Sect. II. Of the Leger. In the leger, articles of the fame kind are colledl- ed together 5 and, for that purpofe, it is divided into jnany accounts, under which the different branches of bulinefs are arranged. Each account is introduced by a proper title, to explain the nature of the articles it contains 3 and articles of oppofite kinds, which belong 1 E P I N G. to the fame account, are placed on the oppodte pages ^eScr‘ of the fame folio : for indance, money received on the ^ » one fide, and money paid on the other 3 or goods bought on the one fide, and goods lold on the other. I he leit- hand page is called the Debtor or Dr. fide of the ac¬ count, and the right-hand page the Creditor or Cr. fide. The difference between the dims of the F)r. and Cr. fides is called the Balance. Accounts in the leger are of three kinds, which anfwer to the three purpofes of book-keeping mention¬ ed § 1. 6. Fird, Perfonal Accounts. It is neceffary to open an account for every perfon or company with whom there are any dealings on credit. At opening the books, if they be indebted to the owner, the debt is entered on the Dr. 3 but, if he be indebted to them, it is entered on the Cr. During the courfe of the bufi¬ nefs, goods fold on trud, money paid, and every thing for which they are accountable to him, is entered on the Dr. 3 but goods bought on trud, money received, and every thing for which he is accountable to them, is entered on the Cr. The balance fhows how? much they owe him, when the Dr. fide is greateil: and how much he ow’es them, when the Cr. fide is greater. 7. Secondly, Real accounts. By this we underdand accounts of property of whatever kind, fuch as ready money, goods, houfes, lands, drips, fhares in public companies, and the like. The account of ready money is entitled Cafh. On the Dr. fide, the money on hand at opening the books is entered, and afterwards every article of money recei¬ ved. On the Cr. fide, there is entered every article of money paid out 3 and the balance diows how much ought to be on hand. The fum of the Dr. fide of this account is always greater than that of the Cr. fide. 8. Accounts of goods are generally ruled with in¬ ner columns for entering the quantities. When the books are opened, the goods on hand are entered on the Dr. fide of the refpeftive accounts 3 the quantities being placed in the inner, and the values in the outer column. Goods bought are entered in the fame man¬ ner, and goods fold are entered on the Cr. fide 3 the quantities and values being placed in the proper co¬ lumns. Charges laid out on goods are entered on the Dr. fide 3 and, when an incidental advantage arifes from them, fuch as public bounty, it is entered on the Cr. If the fums of the inner columns on the oppofite fides be equal, it (hows that the goods are all fold, and then the balance of the money-column (hows the gain or lofs. If the Cr. fide be greater, it is gain : if the Dr. fide be greater, it is lofs. If the fum of the inner column be greater on the Dr. fide, it Ihows that part of the goods are on hand 3 and their value muff be added to the fum of the Cr. fide, in order to determine the gain or lofs. 9. If there be two or more kinds of the fame fort of goods, they may be entered in the fame account, al¬ lowing as many inner columns as there are kinds, and entering the quantities of each kind in the inner co¬ lumn referved for it. This method exhibits the gain 01* lofs on the whole goods 3 but does not Ihow how much of it arifes from each kind. BOO K - K E Or, a feparate account may be opened for each kind, diftinguifhing the titles by the qualities, or by fome other mark. Thus, one account may be kept for fine linen, another for coarfe linen ; one for port-wine crop 1787, another for port-wine crop 1788 ; one for rum from Jamaica, another for rum from Barbadoes. This method Ihows the gain or lofs on each kind. When there are more kinds than can be conveniently introduced in the fame account, they may be divided into feveral clafies, each clafis being placed in a fepafate account ; and the particular kinds diftinguilhed in in¬ ner columns. Thus the account of fine linen may be divided into feveral columns, for different kinds, di- ftinguifhed by the number of threads in the breadth, or by any other convenient charafler. xo. Accounts of flaps contain on the Dr. the value of the fhip when the books are opened, and all expences laid out thereon ; on the Cr. all freights received. In like manner, accounts of houfes or lands have the va¬ lue of the fubjeft, and all repairs, or other charges, en¬ tered on the Dr. and all rents or other profits received on the Cr. If the fubjeft be fold in whole or in part, the fale is entered on the Cr. And the balance after valuing the fubjeft (if any) on hand, fhows the gain or lofs. Accounts of property in the public funds, or {hares In companies, public or private, contain the value, or money paid in, on the Dr. and the dividends re¬ ceived on the Cr. and are balanced as other real ac¬ counts. Some perfons open accounts for houfehold furniture, plate, jewels, books, or the like. The entries on thefe accounts are made in the fame manner. In general, real accounts contain the value of the property, and all charges, on the Dr. and the fales and other returns on the Cr. When the account is to be balanced, if any property remains, the value thereof is placed on the Cr. j and then the balance (hows the lofs or gain, according as the Dr. or Cr. fide is great- eft. 11. Thirdly, Accounts of Stock, Profit and Loss, and its fubfidiary accounts, which are fometimes called Jitfitious accounts. The Jlock account contains on the Dr. the amount T>f the debts wdfich the owner ow’es when the books are opened 5 and on the Cr. the amount of ready mo¬ ney, goods, debts, and property of every kind be¬ longing to him : therefore the balance fhows what his nett ftock is ; or, in cafe of bankruptcy, how much his debts exceed his effects. There is nothing further entered on this account till the books are balanced : and then, if the bufinefs has yielded profit, the nett gain is entered on the Cr. ; if it has been unfuccefsful, the nett lofs is entered on the Dr : after wTich, the balance fhowrs the nett ftock at the time the books are clofed. 12. The Profit and Lofs account contains every ar¬ ticle of gain on the Cr. and every article of lofs on the Dr. The balance fhows the nett gain or lofs, and is transferred to the proper fide of the ftock-accoimt, as mentioned above. This account is partly compofed of articles that occur while the books are running. For example, legacies received are entered on the Cr. goods deftroyed on the Dr. The reft of the articles are thofe E P I N G. of gain and lofs, arifing from the real accounts, which Leger. are collected when the books are balanced. —-v—« 13. It has been found convenient to open feveral fubfidiary accounts, in order to ihorten and methodize that of profit and lofs. Thefe contain certain articles of gain or lofs, wdiich may be reduced under diftindb heads. They are in effedt fo many parts of the profit and lofs account, and their balances are entered on the proper fide of that account when the books are clofed. The chief of thefe accounts are the following. Interefi actount, Which contains on the Dr. firms paid or incurred for intereft j and on the Cr. firms re- . ceived, or become due for the fame. CommiJJion account. Which contains on the Cr. ar¬ ticles of gain received or owing us for our trouble m tranfadling bufinefs for others. There are feldom any entries on the Dr. Charges merchandife, Which contains on the Dr. all charges paid or incurred on the bufinefs, which do not belong to any particular account, as ftiop-rent, public burdens for trade, clerks wages, portages, and the like. If any of thefe ftiould afterwards be charged to fome other account, the fum fo charged is entered on the Cr. Propgr expences, Which contains on the Dr. money or any thing elfe, withdraw n from the trade for our private ufe. There are feldom any entries on the Cr, The amount of this account, as well as the former, is not properly lofs j but as it has the fame effedl in dimi- nilhing the ftock, it is placed in the fame effect in di- miniftnng the ftock, it is placed in the fame manner to the Dr. of profit and lofs. Lofs by bad debts. Which contains on the Dr. fuch debts as we reckon defperate \ and on the Cr. any of thefe which may happen to be unexpedtedly recovered-. Account of abatements, Which contains on the Dr. difeounts allowed by us on payments received $ on the Cr. difeounts (if any) allowed to us on payments made. It is particularly uleful in retail bufinefs, where dif¬ eounts are often given, to Ihow how much they amount to. Infurance account. Which contains on the Cr. pre¬ miums received for making infurances j and, on the Dr. Ioffes fuftained on the fame. There may be feveral ac¬ counts of this kind, fuch as infurance againft fea-hazard, which is the molt common ; infurance againft fire ; in¬ furance of lives ; and infurance of debts. The balance {hows the gain or lofs which arifes from being con¬ cerned in inlurance. More or fewer of thefe accounts may be ufed, ac¬ cording as the articles are frequent \ and others may be invented to fuit the purpofes of the bufinefs which the books are kept for. 14. Every limple tranfaftion in bufinefs belongs to two accounts, and murt be entered on the Dr. of the on and on the Cr. of the other. Thus, when a per- fon becomes indebted to us, the article he owes muft be entered on the Dr. of his account ; nnd, if it be for money paid him, it is alfo entered on the Cr. of calh j if for goods fold, it is entered on the Cr. of the account of goods tj if for any thing delivered him by another peribn at our defire, it is entered on the Cr. of the de¬ liverer’s account •, if for any wrager or bargain, by which w'e are gainers, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and A z lofs. B O O K - K E Leger. l0fs. Thus, in whatever way the debt arifes, it is en- —^ tered on the Cr. of fome other account, as well as on the Dr. of the perfon’s account who owes it. In like manner, when we become indebted to any perfon, the article we owe muft be entered on the Cr. of his account. If it be for money received, it is alfo entered on the Dr. of calh *, if for goods bought, it is entered on the Dr. of the account of goods 5 if for any thing delivered to another perfon at our defire, it is entered on the Dr. of the receiver’s account } and if it be in confequence of a lofing bargain, it is entered on the Dr. of profit and lofs. Again, when goods are received, the tranfa£lion is entered on the Dr. of the account of goods. If they be bought for ready money, it is alfo entered on the Cr. of cafh ; if on truft, it is entered on the Cr. of the feller ; if they be exchanged for other goods, it is en¬ tered on the Cr. of the goods delivered ; if they be ob¬ tained by fome profitable bufinefs, without any return, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and lofs. When goods are delivered, the tranfaclion is entered on the Cr. of the account of goods; and, if they be fold for ready money, it is alfo entered on the Dr. of cafii j if on credit, it is entered on the Dr. of the pur- chafer 5 if exchanged for other goods, it is entered on the Dr. of the goods received ; and, if they be given gratis, or deftroyed, it is entered on the Dr. of profit and lofs. Laftly, "When any article of lofs occurs, the tranf- aftion is entered on the Dr. of profit and lofs j and as we muft either pay it in money or goods, or remain in¬ debted to fome perfon for it, it mutt be entered on the Cr. of cath, or of goods delivered, or of the perfon en¬ titled to receive it. And, when an article of gain oc¬ curs, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and lofs, and al¬ fo on the Dr. of cadi or goods, if money or goods be re¬ ceived •, and on the Dr. of the perfon accountable for it, if not immediately paid. Thus, every article in any account, whether perfonal or real, or belonging to profit and lofs, correfponds to fome other article on the oppofite of a different ac¬ count. The fame fum is entered on the Dr. of one account and on the Cr. of the other j and it follows from this, that, If all the accounts in the leger be add¬ ed, the amount of the fums of the Dr. will be equal to thofe of the Cr. Sect. III. Of the Journal. 15. The journal is a fair record of all the tranfac- tions compiled from the wafte-book, in the fame order as they ftand there j but expreffed in a technical ftyle, that it may be transferred to the leger with more eafe. When we are to enter any article in the journal, we muft confider which accounts in the leger it will re¬ quire to be placed to, both on the Dr. and Cr. and write [the former account] Dr. to [the latter acsount] ; then we annex an explanation of.the article, and place* the fum in the money-column. Example. ^ Wafte-book) Sold for ready money, 30 yards li- jren, at 3s, L. 4 iq •— E p 1 n G. Journal.) Cafo Dr. to Linen. Sold 30 yards, at 3s. L.4 10 — Journal. Here we confider, that the article muft be entered on the Dr. of cafti, becaufe money is received ; and on the Cr. of linen, becaufe linen is delivered : Therefore w^e write Cajh Dr. to Linen, to wftiich w'e annex the nature of the tranfa61ion. The article thus entered is called a journal-pof ; Cajh is called the Dr. ; Linen the Cr. ; the words “ Cadi Dr. to Linen,” the Entry, and the following w'ords the Narration. The purpofe of expreffmg the article in this form, is to point out the accounts in the leger, to which it will require to be polled, and thereby enable the ac¬ countant to write the leger with more eafe than he could do if it were filled up immediately from the W’afte-book. The learner will be able, from this example, to en¬ ter any fimple article in the journal, providing he knows the accounts to which it fhould be polled on the Dr. and Cr. of the leger. This mult be collected from the defeription of the leger accounts already given §6—13. and the nature and tendency of the article. 16. General Rules for the Journal-entries. I. Every thing received, or perfon accountable to us, is Dr. II. Every thing delivered, or perfon to whom we are accountable, is Cr. 17. As the whole art of writing the journal depends on a proper choice of the Drs. and Crs. we fhall give fome particular rules for the molt common cafes, and a few examples for the illuftration and pradftice of each. Rule I. The perfon to whom any thing is delivered is Dr. to the thing delivered, when nothing is received in return. _ Therefore when money is paid, the receiver is Dr. to cafh. When goods or other property is fold on credit, the purchafer is Dr. to the thing Ibid. Thus, Wafte-book.) Paid John Beilin full L. 52 — —- Journal.) John Bell Dr. to Cajh, paid him in full 52 — Wafte-book.) Sole! 50 yards cloth to J. Hill, at 12s. 30 •— — Journal.) J. Hill Dr. to Cloth, fold him 50 yards, at 12s. 3° — — 18. R ule II. A thing received is Dr. to the perfon from whom it is received, when nothing is delivered in re¬ turn. Therefore, wrhen money is received, Calh is Dr. to the payer : when goods are bought, the goods are Dr. to the feller. Thus, Wafte-book.) Received from Thomas Gay in full L. 72 — — Journal.) Cafh Dr. to Thomas Gay, re¬ ceived in full 72 — — Wafte-book) BOO Journal. Wafte-book.) Bought from J. Hawley 6olb. wool, at Qd. Journal.) Wool Dr. to JJaiu/ipy, bought 6olb. at pd. K-KEEPING. Wafte-book.) John Public owes me a 2 5 — year’s rent of the Angel-tavern L.52 — 2 5 — Journal.) “John Public Dr. to Angel-ta¬ vern, for a year’s rent due by him 52 — Journal. v—-J 19. Rule III. A thing received is Dr. to the thing gi¬ ven for it. Therefore goods bought for ready money are Dr. to calh. When goods are fold for ready money, Cadi is Dr. to the goods. When goods are bartered, the goods received are Dr. to the goods delivered. Thus, Wafte-book.) Bought for ready money lohds. wine, at 15I. L Journal.) Wine Dr. to Cafh, bought lohds. at 15I. Wafte-book.) Sold for ready money 100 gallons rum, at 9s. Journal.) Cajh Dr. to Rum, fold 100 gal¬ lons, at 9s. Wafte-book.) Bartered 3hds. wine, at 15I. for 100 gallons rum, at 9s. Journal.) Rum Dr. to Wine, received 100 gallons at 9s. in barter for jhds. at 15I. IJO 150 45 — “ 45 45 45 2 2. Rule VI. When an article of lofs occurs, Proft and Lofs, or fame fubfidiary account, is Dr. If the lofs le paid in ready money, it is Dr. to Cajh ; if it be paid in any thing elfe, it is Dr. to the thing delivered. If it remain unpaid, it is Dr. to the perfon to whom it is owing. Thus, Wafte-book.) Given my daughter at her marriage. L Journal.) Profit and Lofs Dr. to Cajlo, given my daughter at her marriage Wafte-book.) Taken for family ufe from my granary 3 bolls meal, at 13s 4d. Journal.) Profit and Lofs [[or Proper expences~\ Dr. to Meal, taken for fa¬ mily ufe, 3 bolls, at 13s. 4d. Wafte-book.) Due James Rich for a year’s intereft on 1000I. at 4 per. cent. Journal.) Profit and Lofs [or Interfi account^ Dr. to fames Rich, due him a year’s intereft on 1000I. at 4 per cent. . 500— —- 500 40 20. Rule IV. Goods and other real accounts are Dr. for all charges laid out on them. If money be laid out, they are Dr. to Cajh ; if any thing elfe be delivered, they are Dr. to the thing delivered: if the charge be taken in trufi, they are Dr. to the perfon to whom it is due. Thus, Wafte-book.) Paid for repairs to fhip Traffick Journal.) Ship Trajfck Dr. to Cajh, paid for repairs. Wafte-book.) Delivered wood from my timber-yard for repairing the Angel- tavern. Journal.) Angel Tavern Dr. to Wood, de¬ livered for repairing the fame Wafte-Book.) Due to William Carpen¬ ter for repairs to the Angel-tavern Journal.) Angel-tavern Dr. to William Carpenter, due him for repairs L18 18 15 15 12 12 23. Rule VII. When an article of gain occurs, that is not immediately connected with any real account, Cajh, the article received, or the perfon accountable for it, is Dr. to Profit and Lofs, or to fame fubfidiary account. Thus, Wafte-book.) Received in a gift from my father L. Journal.) Cajh Dr. to Profit and Lofis, received from my father Wafte-book.) Received in like manner at opening {hop, 100 yards cloth at 1 zs Journal.) Cloth Dr. to Profit and Lofs, received from my father at opening {hop 100 yards, at 12s Wafte-book.) James Barbour owes me a year’s intereft; of L.iooo Journal.) James Barbour Dr. to Profit and Lofs [or Interefi account"] due by him for a year’s intereft of icool. IOO — 100 60 60 — —• JO 50 21. Rule V. When rents of houfes or lands, freights ef fhips, bounties on goods, or any other profits from real accounts, are received, Cajh is Dr. to the account from which the profit arifes : ij any thing befides money be recei¬ ved, the article received is Dr. : if they remain unpaid, the perfon who owes them is Dr. Thus, Wafte-book.) Received freight of the {hip Traffick for a voyage to London L.35 — Journal.) Ship Traffick Dr. io Cajh, re¬ ceived freight to London Wafte-book.) Received 100 barrels fal- mon, being the rent of Inver fiftiery, at 52s. Journal.) Salmon Dr. to Inverfijhery, re¬ ceived the rent, being. 100 barrels, at 52s. 24. Rule VIII. When one perfon pays money, or de¬ livers any thing elfe to another on our account, the perfon who receives it is Dr. to the perfon who pays it. Thus, Wafte-book.) James Goldfmith has paid the bank of Scotland on my account, L. 100 —. Journal.) Bank of Scotland Dr. to James Goldfmith, paid them by him 100 Wafte-book.) Arthur Young has deli¬ vered James Baker 100 quarters wheat, for which I am to account to him, at 30s 150 —— —- Journal.) James Baker Dr. to Arthur Toung, for 100 quarters of wLeat deliver¬ ed him on my account, at 30s 1 jo — - Payments of this kind are often tranfa<5ted by bills of exchange. 35 260 — — 25. Thefe... 6 BOO K-K Journal, 25. Thefe examples will make the learner acquaint- '““’■’V'—'' cd with the form of the journal, and the rules extend to the greateft part of the fimple tranfaftions that oc¬ cur in domeftic trade. We may obferve, that the tech¬ nical fenfe of the words Dr. and Cr. has an analogy to their meaning in common language, but is not precile- ly the fame. Thus, in Ex. 1. Rule VIIL the jour¬ nal entry is, of Scotland Dr. to’Jetties Go/dfrnitb ; by which we are not to underftand that the bank is in¬ debted to James Goldfmith j for a debt between them has no connexion with our bufmefs 5 and therefore ought not to be entered in our books: the meaning of the entry is, that the bank becomes indebted to us by the tranfaftions narrated j and that we become indebt¬ ed to James Goldfmith by the fame. 26. An article which contains more Drs. or more Crs. than one, is called a complex poft. The form of thefe will appear fronuthe following examples. Ex. 1.] Sold William Drapier, 25 pieces cloth, at 15I. per piece L. 375 130 Hones wool, at 5s 6d per Hone 35 *5 ““ .L. 410 15 — E E P I N G, Sundries Drs. to Cloth, Journal, W.Drapier, ios to pieces, at 15I. s"rrr-'r~i 1 L.150- J. Mercer, for 12 ditto at 15I. 180 — L.330-— 22 Ex. 3.] Bought from H. Hood, 5 puncheons rum, at 42I. L.210 3 hds. claret, -at 33, 99 2 pipes madeira, at 56, 112 — L.421 — ■— This example falls under Rule II. The articles re¬ ceived, rum, claret, and madeira, are Drs.; and the perfon from whom they are received is the only Cr, Sundries Dr. to Henry Hood, Rum, for 5 puncheons, 3142!. L.2IO Claret, for 3 hds, at 33? 99 Madeira, for 2 pipes, at 56, 11 2 —L.421 — — ■Ear. 4.] Bt. 50 qrs. wheat from J. Tull, at35s. L.87 jo — 12 from S. EUis, 36s. 2112 — — L. 109 2 — If the two articles fold to William Drapier were en¬ tered feparately in the Wafte-book, and transferred to the Journal by Rule I. they w^ould Hand thus: William Draper Dr. to Cloth, fold him 25 pieces, at 15I. 375 William Drapier Dr. to Wool, fold him 150 Hones, at 5s 6d 35 lS And if thefe were pofled to the leger, there would be two articles placed to the Dr. of William Drapier, one to the Cr. of Cloth, and one to the Cr. of Wool. But the fales may be entered in the form of one complex journal poll, as follows: William Drapier Dr. to Sundries, 'To Cloth, for 25 pieces, ati5l. - L.375—— To Wool, for 130 Hones, at js 6d - 35 15 — ■ — L410 15 — And then there is only one article on the Dr. of Wil¬ liam Drapier in the leger. This example alfo falls under Rule II. There is only one Dr. wheat being the only thing received j and two Crs. becaufe it is received from different perfons. Wheat Dr. to Sundries. To J. Tull, for 50 qrs. at 35s. L.87 10 — To E. Ellis, for 12 qrs. at 36s. 21 12 — In like manner, examples might be given of complex poffs under every rule, which contained either feveral Drs. or feveral Crs. j but as it is unneceffary to en¬ large fo far, we fliall only add a few examples of cafes, in which the different parts of the complex article fall under different rules. Ex.5.2 Sold 150 qrs. beans to A. Arnot, at 13s. 4d. L. 100 — — 75 ditto to S. Berry, at 13s. 4!. 50 — 18 ditto for ready money, 13s. ad. 11 17 — Ex. 2.] Sold 10 pieces cloth to W. Drapier, at 15!. L. 150 12 ditto to J. Mercer, at do. 180-—-— — L‘ 33° 22 This example alfo falls under Rule I. But whereas there wras one Dr. and two Crs. in the former example, there are two Drs. and one Cr. in this : William Dra¬ pier and John Mercer, the purchafers, are Drs. for their refpeftive quantities *, and cloth, which is the only thing delivered, is Cr. for the whole quantity. The journal poff is, 243 L.161 17 — Here beans are delivered, fome to different pur- chafers on truff, and fome for ready money. The purchafers are Drs. for the quantity fold to each, by Rule I. ; Cafti is Cr. for the quantity fold for ready money, by Rule III.; and beans are Cr. for the whole. Sundries Dr. to Beans, yi. Arnot for 150 qrs. at 13s. 4d. L.IOO —~ *S. for 75 13s.4d. 50 Cajh, for 18 13s. 2d. 1117 — L.161 17 —■ Ex. Journal. BOO Ex. 6.] Bought from David Young K - K 8 cwt. cwt. 3 Vs' Paid in part, Balance, copper, at L. 105 x al. per L. 50 55 -L.105 Here the article received, copper, is the only Dr. j but as it is bought partly for ready money, and partly on credit, it is Dr. to Cafh for the value of the former, by Rule III. and to the feller for the value of the latter, by Rule II. Copper Dr. to Sundries. For 8 cvvt. 3 qrs. at I2l. per cwt. - L.105 ’To Cafh in part, L.50 To D. Ybung? for balance due him, 55 L.105 Ex. 7.] James Wilfon being bankrupt, I have ac¬ cepted a compofition on the debt due by him to me of 150I. and difcharged the fame. The compofition received, at 15s. per L. is, L. 112 10 — And the balance loft 37 10 — L.150 Here the whole debt of 150I. due by James Wil¬ fon, is cancelled ; and he muft therefore be ftated as Cr. for that fum. Cafh is Dr. for the fum received, by Rule II.; and Profit and Lofs, orLofs by bad debts, for the reft, by Rule VI. Sundries Dr. to 'James Wilfon, Cafh, for compt, on 150I. at 15s. per L. L.112 IO — "Profit and Lofs, for balance loft 37 10 — L.150 Ex. 8.] Shipped for William Smith, per the Bonad- venture, Forbes, from Leith to London. 1000yds linen, at is 2d L.58 6 8 6oolb. leather, bought from J. Currier, at is. 30 — ,— Paid charges at fhipping — 13 4 -L.89 — Here William Smith is Dr. for the amount of the cargo ; he is debtor to linen for the quantity delivered, as by Rule I. and to J. Currier for the leather delivered by him, by Rule VIII. and to cafh for the charges paid by us, by Rule I. William Smith Dr. to Sundries, To Linen, for 1000 yards, at is. 2d. L.58 6 8 To J. Currier, for 600 lb. leather at is. 30 — — To Cafh, for charges at fhip- P'ng — 13 4 Shipped per the Bonad- venture, Forbes, from Leith to London. L. 89 — — 27. The learner may be aflifted in underftanding thefe and other complex pofts, by refolving them into fimple ones. Moft of them might have been ftated in E E P I N G. that manner; and the complex form is only preferred for abridging the leger. In fome articles the diffe¬ rent claffes are fo conne&ed, that they cannot be fe- parated with propriety. The narration is fometimes equally diffufed through the port, after the Dr. and Cr. as in the five firft exam¬ ples. Sometimes the chief circumftances are narrated before the Drs. or Crs. be fpecified, as in Ex. 6.; fome¬ times after the firft, as in Ex. 7.; and fometimes at the end, as in Ex. 8. 28. In fome articles, there are both more Drs. and more Crs. than one. Thefe may be entered in one journal-poft, Sundries Dr. to Sundries, fpecifying firft the Drs. and then the Crs. But, as this method is fomewhat confufed, we w’ould recommend it as a bet¬ ter way to divide the tranfaftion into two journal-pofts; fo that the firft may contain only one Dr. and the fe- cond only one Cr. 7 Journal. Ex. Bartered with James Fo- theringal 100 pieces ofna- burghs, at 12s. L.60 —— loolb. thread, at 3s. 6d. 17 10 — L.77 10 — For lohds. linfeed, at 50s. L.25 ——— 500 yds. linen, at is. 6d. 37 10 — And received the ba¬ lance in money 15 L.77 10 Journal. Sundries Dr. to Sundries. Lintfeed, for 10 hds. at 50s L 25 Linen, for 500 yds, atis6d 37 10 — Received in barter from J. Fo- theringal Cafh, for balance 19 — — L. 77 10 — To Ofnaburgs, for 100 pieces, at 12s L. 60 To Thread, for 100 lb at 3s 6d 17 10 Delivered him in barter L.77 10 Or rather, Sundries Dr. to James Eotheringal. Lintfeed, for 10 hds at 5s L.25 Linen, for 500 yds, at is 6d 37 10 — Received in barter Cafh, received balance 15 L.77 10 — James Eotheringal Dr. to Sundries. To Ofnaburgs, for 100 pieces, at 12s L.60 To Thread, for 100 lb. at 3s 6d 17 10 Delivered in barter L. 77 10 — 29. It is neither pra&icable nor neceffary to enume¬ rate all kinds of complex pofts that may occur in bu- finefs. We {hall here only mention the entries which occur at opening the books. The firft journal port contains the fubftance of the inventory. The entry is Sundries Drs. to Stock ; the particular Drs. are Cafh, the different kinds of goods and other property belonging to us, and the perfons in¬ debted to us» The BOOK-KEEPING. 8 Pofllng The fecond journal-poft contains the debts due by us. ^cfn^the" entry *s’ Stock Dr. to Sundries ; the particular Crs. ^eger6 are t^le Per^ons to whom we are indebted. * y—■ ■ The form of thefe entries is more fully exhibited at the beginning of the following fets. 30. The journal fliould be written by one perfon, in a fair hand and at leifure hours. The articles are fe- parated, and the titles and dates marked in the fame manner as in the wafte-book, § 3. The entries are xvritten in half text, for ornament and diftin&ion. In the inventory, the defignation (or the bufinefs, ftation, and the place of refidence) of every perfon is mentioned j and the fame is done the firft time that any name oc¬ curs in journal-entry. At other times it is fufficient to enter the name without the defignation, unlefs we have dealings with two perfons of the fame name j in which cafe, it is always neceffary to annex the defigna¬ tion, in order to diftinguifh them. The narration fliould be complete, without referring to the wafte-book j and fo clear, that every perfon, acquainted with the ftyle of the journal, may underftand it writh eafe. When the port is written, we mark a dafh / againft the article, on the margin of the wafte-book, to ftiow how far the writing of the journal is advanced. Sect. IV. Of Posting and Balancing the Leger. 31. The firft thing to be done in the leger, is to allot a proper fpace for each account. The accounts may be either opened in the fame order that they oc¬ cur in the journal; or accounts of the fame kind may be placed together, the perfonal accounts in one part of the leger, and the real accounts in another. The accounts of Stock and Profit and Lofs are generally placed at the beginning. The room which each will require cannot be exaftly known, but muft be con- jeftured from the number of tranfaftions that are like¬ ly to follow. The number of the folio is marked in ftrong text at each corner of the top-line $ and the titles of the ac¬ counts are written in fair text through both folios, if neceffary. The defignations of the perfonal accounts may be written in half text, or Italian hand: and fome write the titles in Saxon hand for ornament. The wTord Dr. is prefixed to the title on the left-hand page $ and Contra Cr. annexed to it on the right-hand page. 32. Next, An Index muft be provided, for pointing out the folios wdiere the accounts are opened. The titles of the accounts are entered alphabetically in the index, and the number of the folio annexed. Perfonal accounts are entered by the firft letter of the furname ; companies, by the firft letter of the furname of the firft partner •, and all other accounts by the firft letter of the firft vTord. The moft convenient kind of index is a long narrow book, of 24 leaves, one for each letter of the alphabet. A is marked on the top of the firft leaf, and the paper pared aw^ay below it; B is mark¬ ed on the fecond leaf, under A *, and the other let¬ ters on the following leaves, in the fame manner ; by means of which we can turn at once to any letter re¬ quired. 33. In porting the leger, proceed by the following dire&ions. Fhft, look for the Dr. of the journal-poft 2 in the index, under the proper letter, and this dire£s lofting you to the folio of the leger wdiere the account is, ifan? fialari* it be already opened : if not, you muft allot a fpace ^eger.6 for it, write the title, and enter it in the index. Then y—. enter the article on the left-hand page of the account under the title of the former article, by writing the date on the margin, and the name of the creditor on the line, with the word To prefixed, and a ftiort narra¬ tion of the tranfadlion annexed, and inferting the fum in the money column, and the quantity, if it be an ac¬ count of goods, in the inner column. Then turn to the account of the Cr. of the journal-poft, and enter the article in the right-hand page, prefixing the word By to the name of the Dr. 34. This being done, turn to the journal, and mark on the margin the number of the folios to which the article is ported. The figures which point out the re¬ ference to the Dr. and Cr. folios ftrould be feparated by a line : for example, If the Dr. entry be on the third folio, and the Cr. entry on the fifth, the refe¬ rence is marked Thefe figures (how how far the porting is advanced, and are ufeful in comparing the books. The figures for dates or references ftiould be written in a lighter hand than the figures in the columns for money or quantity. 35. There is often a reference-column ruled in the leger, for pointing out the other entry, correfponding to any article. In this column, the folio of the Cr. entry is marked againft the Dr. article, and the folio of the Dr. entry againft the Cr. article. Sometimes the accounts are numbered according to their order in the leger j and the references, both in the journal and leger, point out the number of the ac¬ count inftead of the folio. 36. In complex ports turn to the feveral Drs. or Crs. in their order, and enter the articles according to the foregoing direftions j placing the fums belonging to each in the money-column againft their refpe&ive entries. 37. An article in the leger is generally comprehend¬ ed in one line. The narration ftiould be as full as can be contained in that bounds. If it cannot be narrated completely, the journal is referred to for further parti¬ culars, by writing per ‘Journal, (or p. J.), either af¬ ter an incomplete narration, or immediately after the Dr. or Cr. when there is no room for a proper nar¬ ration. In complex ports there can feldom be any nar¬ ration annexed to the Angle Dr. or the Angle Cr. The entry is generally To Sundries per J. or, By Sundries per J. If the fenfe of the w’hole article can be nar¬ rated, it ftiould be done j but it is improper to narrate the firft or any other part of the article, and omit the others. 38. When the fpace allotted for an account in the leger is filled up, the account muft be tranfported to another folio. For this purpofe add the columns on both fides, and write againft the fum, Tranfported to folio , inferting the number of the folio where the new account is opened, in the reference column, or on the line, if no reference-column be ufed. Then, after titling the new account, and entering the number of the folio in the index, write on the Dr. To amount^ brought from folio , inferting the number of the fo- BOO K-K Polling llo where the old account was; and on the Cr. By a- and Balan- mount, brought from folio } and place the fums I^c^ei-516 an(^ fl113111^"165? ^ an7j in ti16 proper columns. t., ~ . When either fide of an account is full, both fides Ihould be tranfported, and diagonal lines drawn, to fill up the vacant fpace of the fide which requires it. 39. The books (hould be written up as frequently as can be done conveniently j fo that the journal may keep pace nearly with the wafte-book, and the leger with the journal. Each book Ihould be carefully re- vifed, and compared with the book from which it is polled. In comparing the leger, obferve the following direffions : Begin with the firft journal poll, and turn to the fo¬ lio of the leger where the Dr. is entered, which you are dire£fed to by the marginal reference, and com¬ pare the date, entry, and fum. If you find them to correfpond, it is well j if not, the leger muft be alter¬ ed till it correfpond with the journal. Then place a dot before the reference-figure in the journal, and a mark A before the fum in the leger. Proceed in the fame manner to compare the Cr. of the journal-poll, and all the following polls in their or¬ der. The dots in the journal (how how far the com- parifon is advanced, and the marks in the leger fhow what articles are compared. The fums of accounts tranfported Ihould be left blank till the books be compared ; as an error in any article will occafion an alteration in the fum. 40. Some accountants correct all errors in the le¬ ger, without crazing any thing, by the following me¬ thods : ill, If the fum be entered too fmall, they make a fecond entry for the deficiency. 2d, If it be enter¬ ed too large, they make an entry on the oppofite fide for the excels. 3d, If it be entered on the wrong fide of the account, they enter it twice on the other ; once, to counterbalance the error, and a fecond time for the true entry. 4th, If it be entered on a wwong account, they charge the wrong account Dr. to, or Cr. by, the right one. 41. We do not much approve of thefe methods, as they give the books a confufed appearance j and wmuld rather recommend the following rules: id, If an ar¬ ticle be omitted, do not attempt to interline at the place where it Ihould have been ; but infert it under the lall article when you difeover the omiflion, and mark a crofs X againll it on the margin, and another at the place where it ihould have been. 2d, If you dif¬ eover a millake immediately •when committed, corredl it without cancelling any thing, as in this example. To Cafb, fay, '10 James Speirs received to account. 3d, If you have written a line entirely wrong, or in a wrong place, write the word Error at the end, prefix a crofs, 'and omit or cancel the fum. 4th, Cancel errors, by drawing a line lightly through them, fo that the old writing may Hill be legible j by which it will be evi¬ dent, that the book has not been vitiated for a fraudu¬ lent purpofe. The fame method Ihould be followed in correcting errors in the journal. 42. When the comparifon of the books is finifhed, glance over the leger, to obferve if the mark of com¬ panion be affixed to every article. If not, you muft turn to the journal, and obferve if the articles be right which had been marked. 43. Becaufe the v-hole fum of the Dr. fide -of the Vol. IV. Part I. E E P I N G. 9 leger fliould be equal to the whole fum of the Cr. $ 14. Poftmg it is proper to try if they correfpond. For this pur- pofe, you may add the Dr. of every account, except Cj>jr; r.6 fuch as are already balanced, placing the fums in an inner column, and extending them at the end of one or more folios, as you find moll convenient, to the outer column j and as you go along, add the Cr. in the fame manner. If the fum total of both fides be equal, it gives a prefumption that the books are right j if they differ, there is certainly fome millake. This is called the Trial-balance. The labour bellowed upon it is nor. ‘ loft, as the fums may be referved for aftiftingus to col- lecl the balances j the method of which will be ex¬ plained afterwards. 44. If the fums of the trial-balance do not corre¬ fpond, the books muft be examined again. For this purpofe, begin with the firft article on the Dr. fide of the firft account, and turn to the account where the correfponding entry is, which you will find by the fi¬ gure in the reference-column. If the articles agree, mark them with a dot. Proceed in like manner w ith the other articles on the Dr. of the firlt account} then with the articles on the Cr. of the fame ; and then with the following accounts in their order, till the error or errors be difeovered. In complex entries, obferve if the amount of the fums on one fide be equal to the fum on the other. When you come to a dotted arti- ticle, you may pafs it by, becaufe it has been exami¬ ned already. If the errors be not difeovered at the firft revifal, you muft repeat the fame operation again, till you bring the books to balance. Marks different from the former ones, or differently placed, may be ufed, to fig- nify that an article has been examined a fecond or third time. As the dete61ion of errors is the moll tedious and difagreeable part of book-keeping, the accountant will be induced to guard againft them with all poflible care, when he has once experienced the trouble which they occafion. 45. Before wre explain the method of balancing *the books, it will be proper to dire61 the learner how to balance particular accounts. When we fettle accounts with any perfon, and afeertain how much is owing at either hand, it is neceffary to balance his account in the leger, and open a new' one, beginning with the fum that was due according to the fettletnent \ and when we clear accounts again, we mull go back to that article, and no farther. If any articles be charged on either fide, at the time of fettling, they mull be immediately entered on the walte-book ; from which they will pafs in courfe to the journal and leger •, and a remark muft be entered in the Wafte-book, that the account was fettled, and the balance transferred to the proper fide of the new ac¬ count. This remark is tranferibed in the journal ;• and the leger account is balanced, when it occurs, in the courfe of polling. If the balance be due to you, write on the Cr. By balance due to him to Dr. neve account, and infert the fum due you ; after which, the amount of both fidcs wall be equal. Add the account, placing the fums op¬ pofite to each other) and, if the fides be unequal, draw a diagonal line through the vacant fpace of the fliorter fide, and clofe the old account by drawing lines under the firms. Then open the new account imme- B • diately 10 . B 0 0 K-K I Polling diately under the old one, or in a new folio, if the old ind Balan- one fu]^ writing on the -Dr. To balance of for- Ve^er'6 tner accol,nt (*ue him. If the balance be due by you ^'r . to him, the entries are made on the oppofite fides, with the neceffary alterations. When the new account is opened in the fame folio, it is unneceffary to repeat the title •, but the year and month, as well as the day, are repeated at the date of the firft article. 46. Sometimes when an account is balanced, one or more articles are left out on purpofe : For example, goods lately bought on credit may be left out, and the fettlement may only relate to articles of longer Hand¬ ing. When this is the cafe, if the articles omitted be on the Dr. of the leger, we write on the Cr. thus. By articles fold him f nee if ''January replaced: and when we have balanced the account, and opened a new one, we write on the Dr. To articles replaced at fet¬ tling, furnijhed f nee if January: or, if the articles were left out for any other reafon, we explain the fame in the narration. If the omitted articles be on the Cr. the like entries are made on the oppofite fides. It fhould be noticed in the wafte-book and journal when this operation is necelfary. 47. When we poll any common article from the journal, we enter the fum on the Dr. of one account, and on the Cr. of another : when we balance an ac¬ count, w'e place the balance fum on the Dr. of the old account, and on the Cr. of the new one, or contrary- wife : and when we replace an article, as above diredl- ed, to the Dr. or Cr. of the old account, wTe place it after balancing to the Cr. or Dr. of the new one. Thus, in thefe entries, as well as in common polls, there are like fums entered on the Dr. and Cr. of the leger, and the general equality of the fides is Hill preferved. 48. Merchants generally balance their books once a-year. The defign of this operation is, to colleft the various branches of their bufinefs, diffufed through the books, into a concife abHradl j to afeertain their gain or lofs fince the lall balance •, and exhibit the prefent Hate of their funds. If the bufinefs be of fuch a kind, that mofi of the branches naturally come to an iffue at a certain time of year, that time is the proper one for making the balance. Otherwife the end of the year, or the leall bufy time, may be chofen. 49. It is proper, before balancing, to fettle as many perlonal accounts as poflible ; to clear all arrears and linall charges } to take an exadd inventory of the goods on hand, as far as can be done ) and affix a moderate value to each article, according to the current prices at the time •, fuch a value as you would be willing at pre¬ fent to buy for. It is more proper to value the goods on hand in conformity to the current prices, than at prime cofl \ for the defign of affixing any value is to point out the gain or lofs, and the gain is in reality obtained foToon as the prices rife, or the lofs fuffered fo foon as they fall j therefore it is impoffible to make up a juH Hate of the affairs, unlefs the prefent prices be attended to. 50. Thefe things being done, proceed to make the balance as follows : Prepare two ffieets of paper, ruled with money-columns, in the form of Dr. and Cr. j write Profit and Lofs as the title of the firff, and Ba¬ lance as the title of the fecond. Prepare alfo fome paper for computing the balances, and mark dawn the folios, titles, and fums of each E P I N G. account in the leger, in a regular order. If a trial-ba- Pofting lance rvas made, the fums may be tranferibed from it. Pafs by fuch accounts as are already clofed 5 alfo the c^_ere accounts of Stock and Profit and Lofs, which are al- ■, . ’ ways the lafi of being balanced. Then fubtraft the leffer fum from the greater, and enter the difference on either of the ffieets that the nature of the article points out, and on the fide of that ffieet which correfponds to the greater fum of the account. More particu- larly, In perfonal accounts, enter the difference, which is the debt owing to you, or by you, on the proper fide of the balance-ffieet. In the caih-account, enter the difference, which is the money in hand, on the Dr. fide of the balance- ffieet. In accounts of goods or other property, if there be nothing remaining on hand, enter the difference, which is the gain or lofs, on the proper fide of the profit and lofs ffieet. If the whole be Hill on hand, enter the prefent va¬ lue on the Dr. of the balance-ffieet 5 and, if this be different from the prime coH, charges included, enter the difference in the proper fide of the profit and lofs ffieet. If part be fold, and part on hand, place the value of the quantity on hand under the fum of the Cr. and add them. The fum is the whole return that will be obtained, if the reft of the goods be fold at the effi- mated value *, and this, being compared with the fum of the Dr. which is the whole expence, (hows the gain or lofs. Enter the fame in the proper fide of the pro¬ fit and lofs ffieet, and enter the quantity and value on hand on the Dr. of the balance-iheet. Obferve if the quantities in the inner columns be e- qual on both fides, when the goods are all fold ; or, if the difference, when only part is fold, be equal to the quantity on hand. If they correfpond, you have a juff account of the goods. If the Dr. be greater, there is • fomething amiffing, which you muff enter on the Dr. of the balance-ffieet, and mark the caufe of the defici¬ ency, as inlake, wafle, or the like. If the Cr. be greater, there is an excefs, which you muff enter on the Cr. of the balance-ffieet, together with the occafion of it, as difference of meafure, or the like. In accounts fubfidiary to profit and lofs, enter the difference on the proper fide of the profit and lofs ffieet. When there is nothing written on one fide of an ac¬ count, enter the fum of the article or articles on that ffieet which the kind of the account points out. 51. When you have colledled all the balances, fura up both ffieets, and add to the profit and lofs ffieet the fums of the profit and lofs account in the leger : then fubtraft the leffer fum of each ffieet from the greater. This being done, mark the fums of the ftock-ac- count on your computation paper, and add thereto the balance of the profit and lofs ffieet on the fide which correfponds with the greater fum of that account: then fubtrafl the leffer fum from the greater. The remain¬ der will be equal to the difference of the fides of the balance-flieet, if the books be right, and the balances exaftly colledled. 52. We fliall prove that this equality muff always liold3 BOOK-KEEPING. Foft'ing hold, from the nature of the articles collefled. The an ^r’ l^e ^a^aiice'^lee,: contains every kind of pro- C£ger.e Pef-y belonging to you, and every debt owing to you j «j'and the Cr. contains every debt owing by you : there- -fore the difference of the fides fhows what your nett 'effate amounts to. The profit and lofs {heels, when the articles from the leger are included, contain every thing you have gained on the Cr. and every thing you have loft on the Dr. ; and the difference of the fides is your nett gain or lols. 7 he ftock-account contained your efiefls and debts at the time the books were open¬ ed ; and therefore, when the gain or lofs is added to the proper fide, it muft ftrow the extent of your nett eftate at prefent. Thus the ftock-account and the ba- lance-lheet both point out how much you are worth at prefent; the one from your former itock, allowance being made for your gains or Ioffes ; the other from a view of your prefent effeas and debts ; and they will correfpond, becaufe both muft be agreeable to the truth, if the books be correa. 53. 1 hough the books muft balance, if free from error, yet it is fometimes difficult to adjuft them ex- aaiy, elpecially vdren the bufinefs is extenfive, and the errors trifling. If there be ftill a difference, which we do not think it worth while to make further fearch for, we may^clofe the books, by making Profit and Lofs Dr. or Cr. for the fame. This introduces an article on one fide of the leger, which has none correfponding to it on the other, but is balanced by fome undifeovered error. 54* The balance being ftruck, your next wmrk is to dole the books. Every article in the leger fhould be polled from the journal *, therefore, the moft regular way of finiihing both is by inferting the following ar¬ ticles in the journal, and polling them in the common manner to the leger. ill, Profit and Lofs Dr. to Sundries, for lofs, oh the following accounts. 1 he particulars are taken from the Dr. of the Profit and Lofs flieet. 2d, Sundries Dr. to Profit and Lofs, for gain, on the following accounts. The particulars are taken from the Cr. of the Profit and Lofs Iheet. 3d, Balance-account Dr. to Sundries, for debts and property belonging to me. 4th, Sundries Dr. to balance-acconnt, for debts due- by ms. The particulars of this and the former are ta¬ ken from the refpedlive fides of the balance-lheet. 5“bj Profit and Lo fs Dr. to Stock for nett gain; or Stock Dr. to Profit and Lofs, for nett lofs. 6th, Balance-account Dr. to Stock for nett Jock. 55* When the four firft of thefe articles are ported in the leger, all the perfonal, real, and fubfidiary ac- Poft'mg counts will balance, and you may add them as you S° along. In accounts of goods, if there be any defici- ^eger ency, yoii muft enter it on the Cr. in the inner co- < .1 *u lumn j and, if there be any outcome, you muft enter it on the Dr. before you add the account. Then the fums of every account and every column on the oppo- fite fides will be equal. 1 he only accounts that remain open are, Profit and Lofs, Stock, and Balance. The fifth poll balances the profit and lofs account, and the fixth balances the ftock-account. It was noticed, § 14. that the whole fums of Dr. and Cr. of the leger are equal •, and there¬ fore, if the fides of every accouilt, except one, be ba¬ lanced, that one will balance of its own accord. The balance-account alone remains open, and, upon trial, you will find that the fides are equal. This affords an additional proof, or, at leaft, a different view, of what was demonftrated, with refpect to the balance of the books, in § 52. The lines above and under the fums, at a general balance, may be drawn with red ink ; and, at the ba¬ lancing of particular accounts, with black ink, for di- ftin£Iion. 56. Some choofe to infert the particulars of the pro¬ fit and lofs and balance {beets in the refpedlive ac¬ counts of the leger. If this be done, it is unneceffary to enumerate them alfo in the journal.—Some choofe to balance the accounts of goods, whenever the quan¬ tity is fold off*, and we approve of this method, as it leffens the work at the general balance, which is al¬ ways fufficiently laborious. 57. 1 hus is the ftate of a perfon’s affairs brought together, in a ffiort compafs, under his viewT 5 and the articles of the balance-lheet fupply materials for a new inventory. It is convenient, however, to alter the or¬ der, and arrange the real accounts together, and the perfonal ones together. 58. It is not neceffary to begin new books, nor open the accounts anew, unlefs the old folios be full. The accounts may be continued in the former folios j but it is bell to begin a new leger, if the old one be not likely to hold all the bufinefs of the next year. When one comes to have feveral fets of books, it is common to diftinguifh them by the letters of the alphabet. The firft wrafte-book, journal, and leger, are marked A, the fecond, B 5 and fo on. In the following fpecimen, the w?afte-book and jour¬ nal are placed x>n oppoftte pages, that the learner may eafily compare them j and the rules are referred to by their numbers. B 2 WASTE-BOOK, 12 / INVENTORY of ready money, goods, and debts, belonging to James Ofwaldmerchant in Edinburgh. Ready money 2co bolls meal, at 13s. L. 130 — 6hds Port wine, at 15I. 90 — 70 reams paper, at 10s. 6d. 36 15 120 fp. five hank yarn, at 2S. 3d. - 13 10 BOO K-K E (1) WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh,KW I. 17^9' L.75 to A houfe in Lawn-market Edin. value 30c James Bofwell merch. Edin. owes per account R* 73 4 Thomas Pirie writer Edin. owes per do. 12 3 8 Henry Hardy merch. Glaf- gow per bill 75 — — David Miller manufacturer Haddington, per receipt 18 178 § 29 270 5 — 824 / LIST of debts by the faid James Ofwald. To the Royal bank per account L. 230 To Tho. Smith merchant London per do. 54 To Will. Nilbet carpenter Leith per do. 28 7 3 § 29 —3-~ / / / / / Bought for readv money 105 yards calicoe, at 3s. 2d ° Rule III. Sold James Cuthbert merchant Leith 50 bolls meal, at 13s. 3d. - - * Rule I. —5-- Bartered 60 fpindles five hank yarn, at 2s. 4d. for 80 yards diaper, at is. 9d. Rule III. 312 16 33 12 —10.- Paid William Nifbet in full Rule I. — 13.-. Bought from Will. Bruce merchant Leith, 200 bulhels fait, at is. 8d. L. 16 13 4 320 done iron, at 3s. 4d. 53 6 8 / / Rule II. '-15- 28 70 Sold 3orms paper to Ja.Bofwell, at 12S L. 18 — 12 to John Henderfon ftationer Edinburgh, at 12s. 7 4 5 for ready money, at 11 s. 215 47 Rules I. III. -19. 27 Sold Will. Hunter merchant Dunbar 150 bufii. fait, at is pd L. 13 2 6 Received in part - L. 10 ^ And he owes the balance - 3 2 ^ Rules I. III. 13 E P I N G. JOURNAL. Edinburgh, January i. 1789. (0 Sundries Dr. to Stock for articles belonging to James Ofwald merchant Edinburgh". Cu/fr on hand Mea/. For 200 bolls at 13s L.130 — Port-wine. For 6hds at 1 5I. 90 — Paper. For 7orms, at ios6d 36 15 Tarn. For 120 fp. five hank, at 2s 3d 13 10 L.75 — Houfe in Lawn-market Edin. value Ja. Bofwell mer. Ed. per ac.L. 7 3 4 — T"^o. T/Wf writer Ed. per do. 12 3 8 Henry Hardie merchant Glaf- gow per bill - 75 David Miller manufacturer Haddington, per receipt 18 270 5 300 — 178 7 8 824 Stock Dr. to Sundries. To Royal Bank per account L. 230 ■ To Tho. Smith merch. London per acc. 54 To Will. Nifbet carpenter Leith per do. 28 7 3 312 ~3--~ Calicoe Dr. to Cajh. Bought 100 yards at 3s 2d James Cuthbert merchant Leith, Dr. to Meal, fold 50 bolls, at 13s 3d ~-5-~ Diaper Dr. to Tarn. Delivered 60 fp. five hank, in barter for 80 yards, at is yd William Nijbet Dr. to Cajh. Paid him in full --13.-- ! Sundries Drs. to Wtlham Bruce merchant Leith .3 Salt. For 200 bulhels, at is 8d L. 16 13 4 Iron. For 320 ftones, at 3s 4d 53 ^ ^ 15-* Sundries Drs. to Paper. fames Bofwell. for 3orms, at I2S L. 18 — John Henderfon itationer Edinburgh, for 12 12s 7 4 Cajhi For 5 US 2 15 47 .19.- Sundries Drs. to Salt, for 15 2 bib. at 1 s yd L. 13 2 6 Cafh. Received in part - L. I o William Hunter merchant Dunbar, for balance due by him - 3 2 6 8 12 33 28 70 27 12 19 — Edinburgh, / / / BOO K (2) WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, January 22. 1789. -KEEPING. Received from Henry Hardy in pay¬ ment of his bill B.75 — And for intereft on do 2X0 Rules II. VII, Paid the Royal Bank Bought from Alex. Sharp merch. Dundee 500 fp four hank yarn, at is I id L.47 18 4 Paid him in part E.15 — — And the balance due him is 32 18 ^ / / Rule I. —26.— 77 100 Rules II. III. -3°. Received 1 $obollsmeal, at 13s 2d L.98:15s, in bar¬ ter for 6 hds. Port wine, at L.16 L.96 — — Paid the balance 2 15 — Rule III. Edinburgh, 2d February 1789. Sold James Bofwell 48 bulh. fait, being the rem. at is 8 jd L.4 2 60 fp. five hank yarn, at 2s 34d 617 6 100 ftone iron, at 3s 4 Jd 16 17 Rule I. -3* / / Received from James Cuthbert in part Rule II. 10. / Bartered 2 2 reams paper, at 1 2s 30 bolls meal, at 13s 6d For 334J fp. four hank yarn, at 2s Rule III. L.13 4 — 20 5 — l-33 9 Taken for the ufe of my Ihop the remaining ream paper, value Rule VI. — 16. / Received from William Hunter in full L.3 2 6 from James Bofwell in part 70 — — / / Rule II. Paid the Royal Bank Rule I. 19. Bartered 100 yards calicoes, at 3s 6d L.17 : 10 For one hd. Port-wine Received the balance L.14 10 3 ~ Rule III. 47 18 27 3° 33 73 IOC *7 I5 *7 JOURNAL. f(2) Edinburgh, ]ahv22. 17^9* *3 Ca/h Dr. to Sundries. To Henry Hardy. Rec. paym. of his bill 1.75 To Profit andLofs. Rec. interelt on do. 2 10 ■ Royal Bank Dr. to Cajb. Paid them -26. Tarn Dr. to Sundries, for 500 ipindles four hank at is 1 id L.47 18 4 To Ca/h. Paid in part L. 15 — — To Alex. Sharp merch. Dundee for bah 3 2 1 ^ 4 ■3C* Meal Dr. to Sund.ioi 150 bolls, at 13s 2d L.98 : 15s To Port-Wine. For 6 hds. delivered in barter, L. 16 To Cajh. Paid balance L.96 — 2 i5 Edinburgh, 2d February 1789. James Bofivell Dr. to Sundries. To Salt, for 48 bulh. being the rem. at is 8Jd L.4 2 — To Tarn, for 60 fp. five hank, at 2s 3Jd 617 6 To Iron, for 100 ftones, at 3s 4^ 16 17 Cajh Dr. to James Cuthbert. Received in part Tarn Dr. to Sundries, For 334.' fp. four hank yarn at 2s L.33 : 9s To Paper. For 22 reams delivered in barter, at 12s L. 13 4 To Meal. For 30 bolls, at 13s 6d 20 5 Charges Merchandife Dr. to Paper, taken for the ufe of fhop, 1 ream, value -16.- Ca/h Dr. to Sundries. To William Hunter. Received in full L. 3 To James Bofwell. in part 70 Royal Bank Dr. to Caff:. Paid them •I9-- ;— Sundries Drs. to Calicoes. For 100 yards delivered in barter, at 3s 6d L. 17 : 10s Port Wine. For 1 hd. L. T4 10 3 — Caff:. Received balance 77 100 47 98 27 3° 10 t8 *5 17 33 9 ' 10 6 73 100 17 10 — Edinburgh, *4 / B O O K- (3) . WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, 19th February, 1789. KEEP Sold 30 bolls meal for ready money, at 13s 8d L.20 10 — 45 to Henry Hardy, 13s rod 31 2 6 27 to William Hunter, at 13s lod 18 13 6 32 to Baillie and Bell, Borrovv- Hownnefs, at 13s lod 35 19 4 r54 Rules I. III. 23- / Drawn on the Royal Bank Rule II. / / / / Paid William Bruce in part E.50 Alexander Sharp in full 3218 4 And Tho. Smith’s bill on me at fight 35 — — Rule I. Edinburgh, 2d March, 1789. Paid charges and cellar-rent of fait Charges and loft rent of meal Rule IV. L. 1 2 6 3 3 — / / / / Received from Thomas Pirie in full L. 1 2 Difcounted him 38 Rule II. VI. -5- Sold James Dalton, Manchefter 60 fpindles four hank yarn, at 2s ^-d L. 6 1 3 300 do do at jsnjd 29 13 9 360 Rule I. -12.- Received from Jan Jonkheer Rotterdam, 6 bags clo¬ ver feed, qt. 200 lb. each, amount per invoice f. 312, at 2 2d per/. L. 28 12 Paid freight and charges 1 3 ic6 x 20 117 12 35 Rules II. IV. -17. Bartered with James Bofwell 2 bags clover feed, at L.6, L.12 for 2 hds. lintf. at 55s L. 5 10 — Received in money g And he owes the balance 1 10 Rules III. I. Paid Tho. Smith in full And for intereft L 19 — x 10 Rules I. IV. 21 Sold 140 lb. clover-feed to John Scott farmer at Haugh-head, at 7 Jd L. 4 7 6 70 to James Cuthbert, at 7^d 239 I 20 for ready money, at 7^4 312 6 33° Rules I. II. 29 12 20 10 *5 *7 10 .1 r n a JOURNAL, Edinburgh, 19th February, 1789. Sundries Drs. to Meal. !Cajh. For 30 bolls, at 3s 8d L20 10 .z JJcnry Hardy. For 43 13s rod 31 26 .\}Vi lHam Hunter. For 27 x^siod 18 13 6 .4 Baillie and Bell, Bor- rowftownnefs. For 52 13s xod 35 19 4 I54 23* Cajh Dr. to Royal Bank. Drawn on them Sundries Drs. to Cajh. Salt. Paid Charges and cellar-rent L. x 26 Meal. Paid charges and loft-rent 3 3 Sundries Drs. to 'Thomas Pirie. Cafh. Received in full L. 12 • Profit and Lofs. Difcounted him — 38 Sundries Drs. to Cajh. William Bruce. Paid him in part L. 30 — — Alex. Sharp. Paid him in full 32 18 4 Tho. Smith. Paid his bill on me at fight 35 Edinburgh, 2d March, 1789. (3)[ 106 120 ii' Jatnes Dalton, Manchefter, Dr. to Tarn. For 60 fp. four hank, at 2s |d L. 6 1 3 And 300 do. at is 11 Jd 29 13 9 360 -12.- Clover-feed Dr. to Sundries. Jan Jonkheer, for 6 bags, qt. 20G lb. each, is 1200 lb. amount per invoice, f. 312, at 22^ < L.28 12 — To CaJ}}. Paid freight and charges 1 3 -17. Sundries Drs. to Clover-feed. For 2 bags, at 61. L.12 Lint feed, for hds. reed, in bart. 55s 5 10 Cafh. In part ^ *4 James Bofwell, for balance 1 10 ■ Sundries Drs. to Cafh. • 3 Thomas Smith. Paid him in full L. 19 — — ♦ i Proft and Lofs. Paid him intereft 1 10 • 21.- Sundries Drs. to Clover feed. .5 John Scott, farmer at Haugh-head, for 140 lb. at 7id L. 4 7 6 .3 James Cuthbert, for 70 7 ^4 2 3 for 120 7^4 3 12 I 330 12 35 29 12 20 Li — 17 — 10 10 3 Edinburgh^ BOO K-K {4) WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, 'i^th March, 1789. E E P I N G. 1 ? James Bofwell has paid the Royal Bank on my acct Rule VIII 25 Bought from William Ainflie merchant Alloa J (hare of the Ihip Hazard, for Rule II. 28 Sold Baillie and Bell, 150 Hone Iron, at 3s yd ihd. Port-wine Rule I. L.26 17 6 15 5 — Edinburgh, 2d April, 1789. Sold for ready money 50 yards diaper, at is lid 30 bolls meal, at 13s yd I hd. lint-feed 160 lb. clover-feed, at y^d 30 Hone iron, at 3s 6jd Rule III. 6. L.4 15 10 20 7 6 3 3 ° 5 3 4 563 Drawn on the Royal Bank for Rule II. Bought for ready money 30 calks train oil, at 22s ^*33 — 30 bolls meal, at 13s L. 19 10 — 40 do. at 13s 2d 26 6 8 45 16 8 70 Rule III. 40 IS° 42 38 *5 60 — Sold Will. Ainllie 30 yds. diaper, at 2s L. 3 — And paid him go Rule I. 8.— Baillie and Bell have paid Will. Ainflie, at my de lire, balance of my lhare of the Ihip Hazard Rule VIII. ——11 Sold James Bofwell 20 calks train-oil, at 27s Rule I. --I4— Sold George Gordon merch. Stirling 10 calks train oil, at 28s L. 14 1 hd. lint-feed 35 bolls meal, at 13s 8d 3 5 — 23 18 4 L.41 3 4 Received in part And he owes the balance L. 35 6 3 4 Rule I. II. — • 16 Paid Baillie & Bell’s bill on me to C. Cowan,at light Rule I. 78 33 ”7 27 16 11 41 38 Roja/Bank Dr. to Janies Bofwell. Paid them by him JOURNAL. Edinburgh, z^th March, 1789. 25- Share of flip Hazard Dr. to William Ainflie me¬ diant Alloa, bought -5- lhare for -28— Baillie and Bell Drs. to Sundries. 3 To Iron. For 150 Hone, at 3s yd L. 26 17 6 1 To Port-wine. For ihd. 15 5 — Edinburgh, 2d April, 1789. Cafh Dr. to Sundries. To Diaper. For 50 yards, at is 1 id L.4 15 10 To Meal. For 30 bolls, at 13s yd 20 7 6 To Lint feed. For ihd. 3 To Clover feed. For i6olb. at y^d 5 To Iron. For 30 Hone, at 3s 6Jd 5 3 — 3 4 6 3 Cafj Dr. to Royal Bank. Drawn on them for Sundries Drs. to Cafh. Train oil. For 30 calks, at 2 2s L. 33 Meal. For 30 bolls, at 13s L. 19 10 — And 40 at 13s 2d 26 6 8 45 jS 8 40 150 42 S8 ! J II 60 70 William Ainjhe Dr. to Sundries. To Diaper. For 30 yards, at 2s L. 3 To Cajh. Paid him 30 -8.- _v5 William Ainfie Dr. to Baillie and Bell. Paid him by them on my account, being balance of fliare of Ihip Hazard 78 16 33 iiy — •f James Bofwell Dr. to Train oil. Sold him 20 Calks .5) at 27s -14.- ’A George Gordon Dr. to Sundries. •5 To Train-oil. For 10 calks, at 28s L. 14 •4 To Lint feed. For 1 hd. 3 3 _J •kTo Meal. For 35 bolls, at 13s 8d. 23 18 4 — BTiUle and Bell Dr. to Cajh. Paid their bill on me .IJ to C. Cowan, at fight 27 18 38 3 1 Edinburg ,6 BOO K-K E (5) WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, 18th April, / / / Taken for the ufe of my family, the remaining five yards calicoe, at 3s Rule VI. 22. The Royal Bank have paid Jan Jonkheer’s bill on me, I mdt. at my defire Rule VIII. 25.-1 15 10 Received my proportion of profits on a voyage to Rotterdam by the Hazard Rule V. ~3°* / Paid for fmall charges on my bufinefs fince firft January L. 5 3 8 Perfonal and family expences 32 Rule VI. Due Thomas Sharp, my clerk, for wages Rule VI. Due to the Royal Bank for intereft Rule VI. Previous to the balancing of my books, I have ta¬ ken an inventory of the goods in my (hop and vvarehoufe, 124 bolls meal, at 13s 6d 474 fp* f°ur yarn, at 2S 40 {tone iron, at 3s 4d 300 lb. clover-feed, at 6d L.83 14 47 8 6 13 7 10 I value my houfe at And my {hare of fhip Hazard L. 145 5 4 300 — 140 — L-585 5 4 28 33 37 8 12 E P I N G. > JOURNAL. Edinburgh, r8th April, 1789. (5) [v5 •3 .2 Proper expences Dr. to Calicoes. lor 5 yards taken for family ufe, at 3s 2d °jan Jonhbeer Dr. to Royal Bank. For his bill on me 1 mdt. paid by them Cajh Dr. to Share of Ship Hazard. Received my proportion of profits on a voyage to Rotterdam •4 • 22.— -25. Sundries Drs. to Cajh. Charges Merchandife. Paid fmall char¬ ges fince Jan. 1. L5 Proper Exp. Paidperf. and family charges 32 3 8 Charges of Merchandife Dr. to Thomas Sharp, my clerk. Due him for wages Proft and Lofs Dr. to Royal Bank. Due them for int Profit and Lofs Dr. to Sundries, for articles of lofs. To'Salt - - L— M To Charges Merchandife - 13 14 T0 Proper Expences - 3 2 15 10 See § 54. Sundries Drs. to Proft and Lofs, for articles of gain .1 Meal - - - L. 9 18 — .1 Port-wine - - 6 .2 Paper - - - 4 .2 Tarn - - 2 .3 Calicoes - - 1 .3 Diaper •3 Iron - - 2 •4 Clover feed - - 5 •4 Lint-feed •5 Share of flip Hazard - . 23 •5 Train oil - 8 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 •3 18 — 15 18 3 13 15 10 7 11 — 1 18 — *5 28 12 33 37 10 2 11 47 10 •5 Bal. Account Dr. to Sun. for articles belonging to me. To cajh To Meal. For 124 bolls, at 13s 6d To Tarn. For 474 fp. at 2s Amifling 4- fpindle. To Houfe in Lawn-market To fames B of well To Henry Hardy To David Miller To fames Cutbhert To Iron. For 40 {tone, at 3s 4d To fohn Henderfon To William Hunter To fames Dalton To Clover-feed. For 300 lb. at '6d Inlake 10 lb. To fohn Scott T0 Share of (hip Hazard To George Gordon - ■» I. 8 3 83 M 47 0 300 — 37 11 31 2 18 — 5 6 6 13 7 4 18 13 35 7 10 4 140 6 7 6 3 4 65 9 10 757 3 f BOOK-KEEPING. (6) JOURNAL. Edinburgh, 30th April 1789. Sundries Drs. to Balance-account. Meal. Outcome 3 bolls Royal Bank - . L 201 3 2 William Bruce - . 20 - Thomas Sharp . . 8 Projit and Lofs Dr. to Stock, for nett gain ^'ock Dr. to Balance-Account, for nett flock 5 4 The next Journal would begin thus: Sundries Drs. to Stock. Cafh on hand L. 8 3 10 Meal. For 124 bolls, at 13s L. 83 14 — 7~arn. For 474 fp. 4 hank, at 2s 47 8 —- Iron. For 40 flone, at 3s 4d 613 4 Clover-feed. For 3001b. at 6d 7 10 — 145 Houfe in Lawn-market Edin¬ burgh, value L. 300 — — Share in Jhip Hazard. For one third 140 44.0 — — James Bofwell Edinburgh. Due by him 37 11 — Henry Hardy Glafgow. Do. 31 2 6 David Miller Haddington. Do. J 8 — — James Cuthbert Leith. Do. 563 HfWr’r/otf Edinburgh. Do. 7 4 — William Hunter Dunhux. Do. 18 13 6 James Dalton Manchefter. Do. 35 15 — John Scott Haughhead. Do. 476 George Gordon Stirling. Do. 6 3 4 -164 3 1 229 16 528 Stock Dr. to Sundries. To Royal Bank. Due them To William Bruce, Leith. Due him Thomas Sharp, my clerk. Do. L 201 3 20 — 8 — 757 •229 12 3 s Vol. IV. Part L C i8 Dr. 1789 Jan. 'Apr. Dr. 1789 Mar. Apr. B L E G E R. OOK-KEEPING. FO. Dr. 7789 jan. Eeb. Mar. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Mar Apr. Stock, To Sundries per J. To Balance-account, for nett ftock 311 528 840 Projit and Lofs, To Thomas Pirie, difcounted him To Cafh, paid Tho. Smith intereft To Royal Bank, for intereft due them To Sundries, per J. To Stock, for nett gain Cap, 1 To Stock on hand 15 To Paper, for 5 reams, at 11s. 19 To Salt, in part, per J. 22 To Sundries for Hen. Hardy’s bill, with int 3 To James Cuthbert, in part 16 To Sundries, per J. 19 To Calicoes, for bal. of 100 yards, per J. To Meal, for 30 bolls, at 13s 8d 20 To Royal Bank, drawn on them 4 To Thomas Pirie, in full 7 To Clover-feed, in part, for 2 bags 21 To Clover-feed, I20lb. at 7^d 2 To Sundries, per J. 6 To Royal Bank, drawn on them 14 To George Gordon, in part 25 To Share of fhip Hazard for ftrare profits p. J 47 16,13 67 19 TO Meal, To Stock on hand, at 13s To Sundries, per J. at 13s 2d To Cafn, paid charges and loft-rent To Cafh, per j. To Profit and lofs, for gain Outcome Dr. 1789 Tan. Feb. Apr. 75 2 10 77 30 73 3 20 120 12 5 3 38 6c 35 33 599 Bolls 200 i5°| — 1 701 — 1 423 Port-wine, To Stock on hand, at L. 15 To Calicoes, in barter To Profit and Lois, for gain Hds 6 130 98 3 45 9 11 287 12 90 14 6 L E G E R. FO.(l) 1787 3 Jan- 1 Apr. 1789 8 Jan. — Apr 2 4 8 3° 1789 Jan. Feb. Mar — Apr Contra By Sundries, per J. By Profit and Lofs, for nett gain Cr. Contra Cr. By Cafh, received int. on Hen. Hardy’s bill By Sundries, per J. 824' 2 840 16 Contra Cr. By Calicoes, for 105 yards, at 3s 2d By William Nifbet, in full By Royal Bank, paid them By Yarn, in part, for 500 fp. four hank By Meal, paid balance of 150 bolls By Royal Bank, paid them By Sundries, per J. By Sundries, per J. By Clover-feed, paid freight and charges By Sundries, paid Tho. Smith, with int. per J. By Sundries, per J. By William Ainflie, paid him By Baillie and Bell, paid their bill on me ft. By Sundries, for charges and expences per J. By Balance account 1789 — Jan. _ Feb. 8 Apr. 1789 Jan. Mar. Contra By James Cuthbert, at 13s 3d By Yarn in barter, at 13s 6d By Sundries, per J. By Cafh, at x 3s 7ft By George Gordon, at 13s 8d By Balance account at 13s 4d 210 65 67 10 T1 16 28 TOO 15 — 2 TOO 117 4 1 20 78 3° 38 37 8 599 Cr. Bolls 5° 3° 154 30 35 124 423 33 20 xo6 20 23 83 Contra io|By Meal, in barter, at L. 16 28;By Baillie and Bell Cr. Hds 15 2 8 10 11 287 12 96 *5 111 Dr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Apr (*) B O O K - K E E L E G E R. fo. I N G. L E G E R. Papery To Stock on band, at 1 os 6d To Profit and Lofs, for gain 70, Tarn, ijTo Stock on hand, at 2s 3d 26|7'o Sundries, per J. at is nd 10 To Sundries, per J. at 2s 30 To Profit and Lofs, for gain Spindles Dr 1789 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Dr. 2789 Jan. 500 334? 120 120 Dr. Houfe in Lawn-market, 1789 Jan. i To Stock, for value "James B-ofw-ell merchant Edinburgh, To Stock due by him, per account To Paper, for 30 reams, at 12s - To Sundries, per J. iy To Clover-feed, for bal. of 2 bags, per J. 11 To Train-oil, for 20 calks, at 27s Dr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Dr. 1789 Jan. Dr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Thomas Pirie writer Edinburgh, To Stock due by him per account 36 1 789 Jan 4] 18! 6 Feb. 41 97 Henry Hardy merchant Glafgow, To Stock due by him per bill 29X0 Meal, for 45 bolls, at 13s lod David Miller manufacturer Haddington, To Stock due by him per receipt Royal Bank of Scotland, 22 To Calh, paid them l6|Tc Calh, paid them 24X0 Ja. Bofwell, paid them by him 30 To Balance-account 1789 }an. Feb. Mar. Apr. FO. (2 ) I9 Contra Cr. 15 By Sundries, per J. 10 By Yarn in barter, at 12s By Charges Merchandife, for Ihop-ufe 147 11 1789 Apr. 1789 Feb Mar. Apr. 12 75 31 IQO I OO' 40 201 44I 1789 8 Mar 1789 - 6 Apr. 1789 Apr. Contra 5'By Diaper, at 2s 4d 2 By James Bofwell, at 2s 31 5 j By James Dalton, per J. 30 By Balance-account, at 2s Amifiing Cr. Spindles. 4 H\$ H 30 360 474 8 34 j-120 60,3 60 2 Contra By Balance-account Cr. Contra [ 6 By Cafh in part 24 By Royal Bank, paid in by him 30 By Balance-account Cr. 41 97 Contra Cr. 4 By Sundries in full, with difcount, per. J. 1789 Jan. — Feb. — Apr. Contra By Calh in full By Balance-account Cr. , Contra By Balance-account Cr. Contra Cr. 3 2 —1 ’ By Stock, due them per account 23|By Calh, drawn on them 6 By Calh, drawn on them By J. Jonkheer, for his bill paid them, p. J. 30 By Profit and Lofs, for intereft due them 300 70 40 37 J47 11 11 12 75 31 18 230- 120 [—- 60 — — 28 I 2 —— 2 11 2 441 3 2 Dr. so (3) Dr. 1789 Feb. Mar. Dr. 1789 Jan. Dr. 1789 Jan. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Mar. 21 Dr. 3789 Jan. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Mar. 10 B O O K - K E LEGE R. to. Tho. Smith merchant London^ To Cafh, paid bis bill on me at fight To Calh, in full William Nijbet carpenter Leith, To Cafh, paid him in full Calicoes, To Calh, at 3s 2d To Profit and Lofs, for gain "Jo. Cuthhert merchant Leith, To Meal, for 50 bolls, at 13s 3d To Clover-feed, for 701b. at 74:d Diaper, To Yarn in barter, at is 9d To Profit and Lofs, for gain Salt, To William Bruce, at is 8d To Cafh, paid charges and cellar-rent Dr. 1789 Feb. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Apr. William Bruce merchant Leith, To cafh in part To Balance-account Yds. i°5 io5 Yds. 80 80 Bujh. 200 200 Iron, To William Bruce, at 3s 4d To Profit and Lofs, for gain Stones, 32° 35 '9 54 28 1789 — Jan. 1789 3 Jan. 1789 6 Feb. 4 Apr. *5 7 15 32° 53 15 10 55 H 11 E P I N G. L E G E R. 1789 6 Feb. 9 Apr. 3 1789 10 Apr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Contra By Stock, due him per account Contra By Stock, due him per account Contra By Sundries, per J. at 3s 6d By proper Expences taken at 3s 2d Contra By Cafh in part By balance account Contra By Cafh at is 1 id By William Ainflie, at 2s Contra 19 By Sundries, per J. at is 9d 2 By J. Bofwell, for the rem. at is 8{4 Apr. 30 By Profit and Lofs, Inlake 1789 Jan. 1789 Feb. Contra 17 By Sundries, per J. Contra By James Bofwell, at 3s 4|d Mar. 28|By Baillie and Bell, at 3s ?d Apr. 2 By Cafh, at 3s 64d 30 By Balance-account, at 3s 4d (3) Cr. Cr. Cr. Yds. 100 5 'i 1051 Cr. Cr. Yds. 50 3° 80 Cr. Bufh 150 48 200 Cr. 54 — — 54— 28 7 17 10 zh .8! s 3° 5 35 13 17 l5 10 10 3 3 10 10 6 4 10 Cr. Stones. 100 2 I5°4 30 1 4° 5 ; 32° 70—— 70 1617 26 17 6 5 6 3 6ii3' 4 55 H 7 Dr. (4) BOOK L E G E R. fo. -K E E P I N G. L E G E R. FO. JE)r. 1789 Jan. Dr 1789 Jan. Feb. Dr 1789 Feb. Dr. 1789 Feb. Apr. Dr. 1789 Feb. Mar. Apr Dr. 1789 Mar Dr. 1789 Mar. Apr. Jo. Henderfon Jlationer Edinburgh, 14 To Paper, for 12 reams, at 12s 2 3 12 Dr. 1789 Apr. Dr. 1789 Mar. Apr. 3° William Hunter merchant Dunbar, To Salt, for balance of 150 bufliels, per J. To Meal, for 27 bolls, at 13s lod Alex. Sharp merchant Dundee. To Cafli, in full Charges Merchandife, To Paper, taken for (hop-ufe, 1 ream To Cafh, for fmall charges fince ifl Jan. To Tho. Sharp, for wages Baillie and Bell Borrowjlownnefs, To Meal, for 52 bolls, at 3s rod To Sundries, per J. To Cafh, pd. their bill on me to C. Cowan, st. James Dalton Manchejler, To Yarn, for 360 fpindles four hank, per J. Clover-feed, 32 J3 22 17 To Sundries per J. for pr. cofl and char. To Profit and Lofs for gain t! ib. 1200 1200 J. Jonkheer merchant Rotterdam, To Ro. Bank, for his bill on me paid by them Lint-feed, To Clover-feed, in barter, at cjs 30 To Profit and Lofs, for gain Hds. 2 l3 18 14 38 117 35 29 34 18 T5 i? 1789 Apr 1789 6 Feb. 6 Apr. 1789 4 Jan- 1789 6 Apr. 8 1789 4 Apr. 6 1789 Apr. 17 1789 — Mar Apr 30 20 Contra, By Balance-account Cr. Contra, By Cafh in full By Balance-account Cr. Contra, Cr. By Yarn, for balance of 300 fpindles, per J. 30 28 12 1789 Mar, Contra, By Profit and Lofs Cr. Contra, Cr. By William Ainflie, paid him by them Contra, By Balance-account Cr. 21 (4) 32 18 13 H 1314! 2 5 Ii7 Contra, By Sundries, per J. By Sundries, per J. By Cafh, at 7^d By Balance-account, at 6d Inlake Cr. lb. 400 330 160 300 10 1200 117 35 J5 i° 18. 5 6 8 1789 Apr Contra, lajBy Clover-feed, for 6 bags, per J. Cr. Contra, By Cafh By George Gordon Cr. Hds. 1 34*7 28 12 6 8 Dn 22 is) Dr. 1789 Mar. 21 Dr. 1789 Mar. Apr. Dr, 1789 Apr. Dr. 1789 Apr. Dr. 1789 Apr. Dr. 1789 Apr. Dr, 1789 Apr, Dr. J.789 Apr. BOOK- L E G E R. fp. John Scott farmer at Haughhead, To Clover-feed, for 1401b. at 7 *d Share of /hip Hazard, To William Ainflie, bought i fhare for To Profit and Lofs, William Ainfie merchant Alloa, 6jTo Sundries, per J. 10 To Baillie and Bell, for bal. paid him by them Train-oil. 6T0 Cafli, at 22s 30 To Profit and Lofs, for gain George Gordon merchant Stirling, I4T0 Sundries, per J. Cafks m 3° Proper Expences. 18T0 calicoes, for 5 yards, at 3s 2d 30To Cafh, for charges fince ill January 3° Thomas Sharp, my clerk, To balance-account Balance-account, 30 To Sundries, per J. KEEPING. L E G E R. 1789 6 Apr. 150 23 173 33 II7 150 41 41 32 32 757 757 1789 Apr. 1789 Mar. 1789 Apr 1789 4 APr* 1789 10 Apr. 10 1789 Apr. 25 30 3° 12 12, 1789 3 APr- 3° Contra Cr. By Calh, for (hare profit of a voyage to Rot. By Balance-account Contra Cr. By Share of Ship Hazard, for - bt. from him Contra By James Bofwell, at 27s By George Gordon, at 28s Cr. Cafks 20:2 IO;5 -I 3° Contra By.Calh in part By Balance-account Cr. Contra By Profit and Lofs Cr. Contra By Sundries, per L By Stock Cr. i pi 33 140 ^S,—1— 1 ) *5° '5°,— 27 !4 41 35 — 3 3 S2 J5 10 321510 8 — 229 3: 2 '528 9j 1 757H 3 T RIA L- BOOK-KEEPING. ' G I T Ji T U *1 M O 0 ' ' /T VS ~y TRIAL-BALANCE. Dr. : \ i. Stock Profit and t,ofs Calh 2 Meal Port-wine Paper Yarn i Houfe in Edinburgh 3 James Bofw'ell Henry Hardie David Miller Royal Bank # 4 Calicoes James Cuthbert Diaper Salt 5 Iron William Bruce John Henderfon William Hunter Charges Merchandiie "6 James Dalton Clover-feed Flax-feed John Scott ’Share of Ship Hazard 7 Train oil George Gordon Proper Expences Thomas Sharp Cr. L.312 7 3 4 4 10 599 15 il L.277 14 8 104 10 —. 36 15 — 94 17 4 300 — — L.247 11 — 3126 18 — — 140 —- — L. 91$ 8 L. 824 2 8 210 — 591 12 1 L. 203 18 8 *ii 5 — 41 13 6 49 12 6 L.1418 4 813 17 — L. 16 12 35 6 17 15 10 6 3 - 436 13 6 L.110 — 441 5 10 L.53 6 8 50 — — 7 4 — 1813 6 *3 H 2 L- 35 *5 — 29 17 — 5 10 — 4 7 6 150 — — L- 33 — — 4i 3 4 32 15 10 76 14 7 L. 18 JO =■■■• ’ 7 *5 10 17 4 6 142 18 4 225 L. 49 70 L. — 27 6 33 7 1 8 — 106 19 2 L.2719 — 1 L. 41 35 T 406 9 55l 73 - •:.C I , , II9 66 15 1 84 L.2719 • - 8 ... COMPU- n r 4^1 ? ‘ » ; ? <>:' - 4 *j r- , tT 24 BOOK-KEEPING. COMPUTATIONS. Calh 2 Meal Dr. 420 bolls Cr. 299 121 124 3 outcome Port wine Paper Yam Spindles 834! 120 ■ 360 120 474?- AmilTing Houfe in Edinburgh 3 Ja. Bofwell Henry Hardy David Miller Royal Bank 4 Calicoes J. Cuthbert Diaper Dr. Cr. k*599 15 11 L. 591 12 1 591 12 1 L. 8 3 10 L. 277 14 8 L. 203 18 8 83 14 — L. 83 14 — L. 287 12 8 277 14 8 4 Salt 5 William Bruce Iron 320 ftone 280 Profit L. 9 18 —— 4° L.104 to — L. 111 5 104 10 Profit L. 6 15 — L. 36 15 — L. 41 13 6 36 15 — Profit L. 4 18 6 L. 94 17 4 L. 49 12 6 47 8 — L- 47 8 — L. 91 — 6 94 *7 4 Profit L. L. 300 L.147 11 110 — L. no — — J. Henderfon W. Hunter Char. Merchan. . ' . ; t i «- 6 Ja. Dalton Clover-feed 1200 lb. 890 310 300 10 inlake „ Lint-feed J. Scott Share Hazard L. 27 11 — L. 31 26 L. 18 L. 240 — — L. 441 3 2 240 — — L.201 3 2 7 Train-oil L. 16 12 6 L. 18 5 10 - . -- 16 12 6 George Gordon Profit L. I 13 4 35 6 3 30 - Proper Ex. Thomas Sharp L. 5 6 3 L. 7 L. 7 15 10 STOCK . . 7 Balance Profit L. 15 10 Dr. Cr. L. 17 15 10 L. 17 4 6 17 4 6 Lofs — 11 4 L. 50 — — L. 70 — — 5° L. 20 L. 53 6 8 L. 49 1 3 6 13 4 L. 6 13 4 L- 55 M 7 53 6 8 Profit L. L. 7 4 — L. 18 13 6 L. 13 14 2 lofs 7 1* L- 35 *5 L. 29 17 L. 7 10 L. 27 7 1 7 10 — L. 34 17 — 29 17 — L. Profit L. 5 •— 1 5 10 L. 6 8 — 5 10 — Profit L. —- 18 — L. 4 7 6 L. 150 33 140 L.140 L. 173 150 Profit L. 23 — — L. 33 L. 41 33 ^ Profit L. 8 —- —- L. 41 3 4 35 35 L. 634^ L. 32 15 10 lofs L. 8 L. 312 7 3 L. 824 2 8 528 9 1 prof. 16 13 8 L. 840 16 4 L. 840 16 4. PROFIT 2 BOOK-KEEPING. Salt Charges Merchandife Proper Expences In Eeger Nett gain Calh Meal, 124 b. at 13s 4d Yarn, 474 Ip- at 2S Amifling 4 Houfe in Edinburgh James Bofwell Henry Hardie , David Miller J. Cuthbert Iron, 40 done, at 3s 4d J. Henderfon W. Hunter James Dalton Clover-feed, 300 lb. at 6d Inlake 10 lb. J. Scott Share of Hup Hazard George Gordon Von. ,1V. Part I. 25 PROFIT and LOSS SHEET. L.—- 11 4 13 14 2 32 15 10 L.47 4 I 4 4 IQ L.51 6 2 16 13 8 L.67 19 10 Meal Port-wine Paper Yarn Calicoes Diaper Iron Clover-feed Lint-feed Share of fhip Hazard Train oil In Leger L.9 18 — 6 15 — 4 18 6 232 1 *3 4 — 15 10 2 7 11 5 — i — 18 — 23 — — 8 L.65 9 10 2 10 — L.67 r9 IQ BALANCE-SHEET. L.8 3 10 83 14 — 47 8 — 300 — — 37 11 — 31 2 6 18 563 6 13 4 7 4 — 18 13 6 35 15 — 7 10 — Meal, outcome 3 b. Royal Bank William Bruce Thomas Sharp L. 20! 3 2 20 8 — —- L. 229 3 2 476 140 -—— 634 st6c& L-757 12 3 528 9 1 L.757 12 3 I 26 BOOK-KEEPING. Subfidiary The prefent article, it is hoped, will appear fuffi- Ecoks. ciently extended for a work of this nature. It contains r ""' the general principles of Italian book-keeping ; and is fufficient to unfold the nature and defign of that art to the fpeculative inquirer, to direfl the accountant in common and eafy cafes, and prepare him for under- ftanding thofe that are more complicated. In fa£t if he has a clear apprehenlion of the fenfe of the tranfac- tions, the tendency of the journal entries, and the im¬ port of the balances in the leger, he will feldom be at a lofs how to proceed. Subjidiary Books ufed by Merchants. Though all merchants accounts may be kept by the WaJIe-booi, Journal, and Leger, alone •, yet men of great bufinefs find it convenient, either for abridging thefe, or for other ends, to ufe fome others, generally called Subfidiary or Subfervient Boohs; the moil com¬ mon of ttdiich are thefe nine following, viz. 1. Cafj-Book. This book is kept in a folio form, like the leger, and ferves to abridge the calh-account there. On the left-hand page, or Dr. fide, Cajh is charged Dr. for all the fums received j and on the right- hand page Ca/b is made creditor for all the fums paid. Once a week, or, which is more ordinary, once a month, this book is polled to the leger j or, if you pleafe, firft to the journal, by two entries, vios. Cajh Dr. to Sun¬ dries, for all the receipts, and Sundries Drs. to Cajh, for all the payments. By this means the cafh account in the leger will be fo far contra£led as to confift of 12 lines, vi%. one for each month in the year. 2. Book of Charges of Merchandife. This book is . only paged, and deligned to abbreviate the calh-book. It contains particular charges on goods and voyages; fuch as carriage, cuftom, freight, cranage, wharfage, &c : as alfo other expences that affedl trade in gene¬ ral ; fuch as, warehoufe-rent, (hop- rent, accountant’s wages, poftage of letters, and the like. At the end of each month the money-columns of this book are added up, and the fum carried to the credit-fide of the calh-book. 3. Booh of Houfe-expence. This book is alfo paged, and deligned likewife to eafe the calh-book. It con¬ tains all dilburfements for family provifions, fervants wages, houfe-rent, apparel, utenfils &c. The money- columns of this book are alfo added up at the'end of each month, and the fum transferred to the credit fide of the calh-book. 4. Invoice-book. This book, which is ufed chiefly by factors, is paged, and contains doubles or copies of the invoices of goods lent to fea, or of goods received from abroad. 5. Sales-book. This book too is chiefly ufed by Jaftors ; and into it are polled, from the walle-book, the particular fales of every configned cargo ; by which means the feveral articles of a fale, that lie fcattered in the walle-book, are brought together, and reprefented under one view, and that in a manner more full and minute than they are colle£led in the leger account. This book exhibits the fales of every confignment fepa- rately and by themfelves : to which are fubjoined the refpedlive charges, fuch as freight, cullom, the factor’s commilhon, as alfo abatements allowed to buyers, &c. whofe fum fubtrafled from the grofs amount of fales gives the neat proceeds. From this book, when a car„- go is fold off, an account of fales is drawn out, in order to be tranfmitted to the employer. 6. Bill-book. The defign of this Bill-book, or Month- book, is to furnilh a merchant with a ready way of know¬ ing the time when bills or other debts become payable to or by him. It confiils of 1 2 folios, one for each month in the year. The left-hand page contains the debts that fall due to the merchant in the month on the top, and the right-hand page contains the debts payable by him to others in the fame month. 7. Receipt-book. In this book a merchant takes re¬ ceipts of the payments he makes. The receipt Ihould contain the date j the fum received, exprefled in words at large, and alfo in figures in the money-columns; the reafon why ; and whether in full or in part ; and mull be figned by the perfon receiving. But there is no oc- cafion to mention the merchant’s name ; for the book being his owm, fufficiently implies that. Letter-book. It is very imprudent in any perfon to fend aw’ay a letter of bufinefs, without keeping a double of it to himfelf; and therefore to prevent the bad confequences of fuch a carelefs practice, merchants are provided with a large book in folio, into which is copied verbatim every letter of bufinefs before it be fent off. So that this book, together with the letters received (which mult alfo be carefully kept in files or boxes), makes a complete hiltory of all the dealings that pafs betwixt a merchant and his correfpondents ; which may be very ufeful and neceflary on many oc- cafions. Pocket-book. This is a fmall book, of a portable fize, which a merchant carries in his pocket w'hen bu¬ finefs calls him abroad to a tavern, a fair, the country, or other places. In this he fets down the bargains he makes, the expences he is at, the debts he pays, or fums he receives, with every other part of bufinefs he tranf- a£ts while abroad ; as alfo any occurrence or piece of news he thinks worth while to record. And when he comes home to his counting-houfe or ihop, he transfers the things contained in this book, each to their proper places in the walle-book, or books fubfidiary. Faftors of great bufinefs fometimes keep another fmall book, called the Memorandum-book. Into this book is copied, from letters as they come to hand, Ihort notes of the feveral commiflions for buying goods contained in them ; and as the commiflions are effec¬ ted, the notes are croffed, or have fome mark affixed to them. This is more convenient in doing bufinefs, than to be continually running to the letters them¬ felves. The above are the fubfidiary books moil in ufe : but a merchant is not tied down or rellridled to them ; he may keep fome, and negle£l others, or invent more as the nature of his bufmefs requires, and he finds con¬ venient. Sul New Method of Book-keeping by Mr Jones. A new method of keeping books, entitled the Eng- lifh Syjlem of Book-keeping, has been propofed by Mr Edward Thomas Jones of Briilol, for which a patent was granted in January I79^’ Three books are required in the Englijh fyfem of book-keeping, viz. a Day-book or Journal, an Alphabet, and a leger. The day-book mull have three columns on each page ; one of which to receive the amount of debits BOO K-K A new Me- debits and credits j one column to receive i the debits thod. only ; and one column to receive the credits only : or ( it may be ruled with only two columns on each page, one of which to receive the amount of the debts, and the other to receive the amount of the credits. On each page of the day-book, there muft alfo be four other columns ruled, two on the left fide next the amount of the debits, and two on the right fide next the amount of the credits. Thefe columns are intend¬ ed for receiving the letter or mark of polling, and the page of the ledger to which each amount is to be poll¬ ed. It is not neceffary that the alphabet be ruled, but it mull contain the name of every account in the leger, the letter annexed to it as a mark of polling, and the page of the leger. The leger is to be ruled with three, four, five, or feven columns on each page, as may be moll agreeable, for receiving the amounts of the tranfadlions rvhich are entered in the day-book. The plan of making up books of accounts, according to this fyllem is the following ; When a perfon begins trade, either as an individual or in company, he mull open an account with himfelf in the leger. He mult firll enter in the day-book, and then to the credit of his account in the leger, the amount of the property which he has advanced into the trade. His name only may be placed at the head of the account, or it may be called Jlock-accoimt. When goods are purchafed* give the perfon credit of whom they are bought; W'hen goods are fold, debit the perfon to whom they are fold. When you pay money, debit the perfon to whom it is paid, not only for the a- tnount you pay, but alfo for any difcount or abatement that may be allowed, and give the calhier credit for the neat amount paid. When money is received, credit the perfon of whom it is received, not only for what he pays, but alfo for any difcount you have allowed, and debit the calhier for the neat fum received. In thefe entries a plain narrative of the fa£l fhould only be introduced. Technical phrafes, excepting the terms debit and credit Ihould be avoided. Thefe are the only terms applicable to every tranfaflion, and may be affixed to every entry. In the hurry of bufinefs, entries may be made to the debit inllead of the credit of an account in the day¬ book, and viceverfa. To obviate this evil, Mrjones pro- pofes to have only one column for receiving the amount of every tranfa&ion, whether debit or credit, at the time of making the entry j and that the debits may be conveniently feparated from the credits, previous to polling, which is neceflary to prevent confufion, he has two other columns in the fame page 5 the column on the left fide receives the amount of every debit, and the column on the right fide receives the amount of every credit. Thefe columns mull be call up once a- month. The column of debits and credits of itfelf forms one amount) the column of debits forms a fe- cond amount j and the column of credits a third a- mount. The fecond and third amounts, when added together, it is plain, mull agree with the firll amount which includes both the debits and credits, otherwife there mull be fome error, either in making the entry or in the addition. In this manner the accountant may obtain an ac¬ curate llatement of the tranfa&ions recorded in his books for every month, which will fhow how much E E P I N G. 27 he owes for that month, and how much is owing to Anew Me- him j and by fubtradling the amount of the credit J from the whole amount of the debits for any given ~v time, with the value of the Hock of goods on hand, the profits of the trade for that period will at once appear. The next part of the operation in this fyltem is that of polling. An account is opened in the leger with every perfon to whofe debit or credit an entry has been made in the day-book j and to each account a letter is affixed, which is to be ufed as a mark of polling. The name of the perfon, his place of abode, and the folio of the leger, mull then be entered in the alphabet, with the fame letter prefixed to each name, as is affixed to the account in the leger. The next Hep of the procefs is to affix to each amount in the day-book in the co¬ lumn for that purpofe, the page of the leger on which each account is opened. This will be feen in the al¬ phabet. The date and amount of each debit are then to be polled in the proper columns in the leger, on the left or debit fide of that account to which it relates j taking care to enter as a mark of polling in the day¬ book, againll each amount, the fame letter that is affixed to the account in the leger to which faid amount may be polled. The debits of January, Fe¬ bruary, March, &c. it is to be obferved, mull be poll¬ ed into the column for thofe months in the leger, and the credits mull alfo be polled in like manner, each ac¬ count being filled up in the centre, at the expiration of every month, with the whole amount of the month’s tranfa&ions. Thus may the whole llatement of each per- fon’s account for the year be included in a fmall fpace. The columns to the right and left contain the feparate amount of each tranfa&ion. The column in the cen¬ tre exhibits a monthly llatement. Having ffiewn in what manner the entries are to be made and carried through the different books, accord¬ ing to this fyltemj the next thing is to defcribe the me¬ thod of examining them, fo as to afcertain with cer¬ tainty their accuracy j and not only to difcover if each tranfaftion has been correftly polled, with regard to its amount, but alfo that it has been rightly entered to the debit or credit of its proper account. The mode of examination propofed by this fyllem is different from thofe which have been hitherto praflifed, both in ex¬ pedition and accuracy. All that is neceffary is to add together the different fums in the debit and credit co¬ lumns through the leger: and the amount of thofe columns, if right, mull agree with the columns in the day-book for the fame period. This examination Ihould take place once every month j and if the a- mounts do not agree, the polling mull be called over, and when the time allotted to each column of the leger, whether it be for one or more months, has expired, the amount of each column Ihould be put at the bot¬ tom of the firll page, and carried forward to the bot¬ tom of the next, and fo on to the end of the accounts. The amount in the day-book for each month’s tranf- adlions, mull be brought into one grofs amount for the fame time. But this procefs, although it proves that the leger contains the vffiole contents of the day-book, is not to be confidered as complete without fome mode of afcer- taining if each entry be polled to the right account. To difcover this the following method is adopted. It is to be admitted as a rule, that a letter, which may be 2 uled 48 B O O K - K Anew Me-ufed alphabetically in any form or fliape, is to be af- thod. fjxecj t0 each account in the leger, and the fame letter prefixed to the names in the alphabet. 1 hefe letters are to be ufed as marks in polling, and affixed to each account in the day-book as it is polled. It is therefore only neceiTary to compare and fee that the letter af¬ fixed to each entry in the day-book is the fame as that which is prefixed to the fame name in the alphabet. If there be no difference, it mull be right, otherwife there mult he fome error. When the accounts are to be balanced at the end of the year, or at any other time, if the profits of the trade are to be Hated in the books, the value of the flock of goods on hand at prime coll, either in one fum, or by fpecifying the amount of every article, may be entered in the dary-book, and an account opened for it in the leger, to the debit of which it is to be E E P I N G. polled. The cafiing up of the leger is then to be com- A new Me, pleted } and when it is found to agree with the day- thod- f book, and the amount placed at the bottom of each v column, fubtraft the credits from the debits, and the difference will Ihew the profit of the trade ; but if the credits be the greater amount, then a lofs has followed. To avoid error in taking off the balances of the leger, one rule mull be obferved. Firll, find out the differ¬ ence between the whole amounts of the credits and debits on each page for the year, with which the differ¬ ences of the outllanding balances of the feveral accounts on each page mull exa&ly agree, otherwife the ba¬ lances have not been taken right. Proceeding in this way every page will be proved, and the balances of any number of legers, according to this plan, cannot be taken off wrong without being obferved. BOO Bookfeller. BOOKSELLER, one who trades in books, whe- —v ther he prints them himfelf, or gives them to be print¬ ed by others. Bookfellers, among us, are the fame with the biblio- pohe of the ancients, whofe office was diftin£l from that of librarii. Petty dealers, or venders of fmall ware, were diltinguilhed by the diminutive appella¬ tion libelliones. At Rome, the Argiletum was the mart of books, as Paul’s Church-yard, or Fleet-ftreet, and Paternoller-row, have been in Loudon : whence that of Martial. ArgUetanas mavis habitare tabernas, Cum tibi, parve liber, ferinia nojlra vacent. Bookfellers in many places are ranked among the mem¬ bers of univerfities, and entitled to the privileges of ftu- dents.; as at Tubingen, Saltlhurg, and Paris, where they have always been dhtinguilhed from the vulgar and mechanical traders, and exempted from divers taxes and impofitions laid on other companies. Formerly, the offices of bookfellers and printers were united in the lame perfons. Labbe gives a lift of learned bookfellers *, moft of whom were alfo authors. Of late, bookfellers have drawn their bufinefs into lefs compafs, and leaving the labour of compofing books to one fet of perfons, and that of printing them to an¬ other, content themfelves with the gainful part j thus miniitering to the republic of letters not with the head or the hand, but the purfe only. In this view, they have been very important and ufeful agents between authors and the public j and have contributed, in no fmall degree, to the encouragement of genius and lite¬ rary induftry, and the fpread of fcience. There are few authors, who have undertaken the printing and publiih- ing of any work likely to be tranfmitted to pollerity, without being connected with fome bookfeller, or book¬ fellers, eminent in their profeffion. The fairs of Fiancfort and Leipfic are famous for the refort of bookfellersf, not only from all parts of the empire, but Holland, Flanders, &c. dhey have each their Ihop or warehovffe, over which is inferibed the; BOO name of fome celebrated bookfeller of former times ; Eookfelkr. Officina Elzeviriana, Erobeniana, Morelhaua, JanJam* ' v ana, 8>i-c. An acquaintance with the bookfellers marks or figns, frequently expreffed on the title-pages of their books, is of fome ufe ; becaufe many books, efpecially in the laft century, have no other defignation either of printer, bookfeller, or even city. The anchor is the mark of Raphelengius at Leyden ; and the fame with a dolphin twilled round it, of the Manutii at Venice and Rome ; the Arion denotes a book printed by Oporinus at Ba- fil ; the caduceus, or Pegafus, by the Wecheliufes at Paris and Francfort; the cranes, by Cramoify ; the compafs, by Plantin at Antwerp; the fountain, by Vafcofan at Paris ; the fpheie in a balance, by Janfon or Blaew, at Amfterdam ; the lily, by the Juntas at Venice, Florence, Lyons, and Rome; the mulberry- tree, by Morel at Paris ; the olive-tree, by the Ste- phenfes at Paris and Geneva, and the Elzeviers at Am¬ fterdam and Leyden ; the bird between two ferpents, by the Frobeniufes at Bafil; the truth, by the Com- melins at Heidelberg and Paris; the Saturn, by Coli- meus; the printing-prefs, by Badius Afcencius, &c. The traffic of books was anciently very inconfider- able, infomuch that the book-merchants of England, France, Spain, and other countries, were.diftinguiffied by the appellation, of Jlationers, as having no (hops, but only Halls and Hands in the ftreets. During this Hate, the civil magiftrates took little notice of the book¬ fellers, leaving the government of them to the univer¬ fities, to whom they were fuppofed more immediate retainers ; who accordingly gave them laws and regu¬ lations, fixed prices on their books, examined their corre£lnefs, and punifhed them at diferetion. But when, by the invention of printing, books and book¬ fellers began to multiply, it became a matter of more confequence ; and the fovereigns took the direction °f them into their own hands, giving them new ftatutes, appointing officers to fix prices, and granting licenfes, privileges, &c. ^ BQQM, in the fea-language, a long piece of timbeT with BOO [ 29 ] BOO Eoom with which the clew of the ftudding-fail 13 fpread out ; H and fotnetimes the boom is ufed to ipread or boom out Buot‘ , the clew of the msin-maft. Boom, denotes alfo a cable ftretched athwart the mouth of a river or harbour ; with yards, top-mails, battling or fpars of wood lafhed to it, to prevent an enemy’s coming in. BOOMING, among Tailors, denotes the application of a boom to the fails. A fhip is faid to come boom¬ ing forwards, when (lie comes with all the fail Ihe can make. BOONEN, Arnold, portrait painter, was born at Dort in 1669, and at nrll was a difciple of Arnold Veibuis, a painter of hitlory and portrait. After¬ wards he placed himfelf with Godfrey Schalcken, and continued wdth that artifl for fix years. The fweet- nefs of his colouring, and the neatnels of his touch, with a linking likenefs in his portraits, procured him a number of admirers. He painted in the manner of his mailer, particularly fubjedls by candle¬ light, which were very delicate, and very natural; and much more of his wmrk was requelled by the lovers of the art than it was polfible for him to undertake. He had the honour to paint the portraits of the czar of Mufcovy •, of Frederick I. king of Pruifia j of the victorious duke of Marlborough, as w'ell as many of the princes of Germany j and molt of the noblemen who attended the czar. His Ityle of colouring wras extremely good, and he had an elegant manner of dif- pofing the attitudes of his figures j his handling was neat, and the whole had fo much harmony that he was jufldy ranked among the ablelt artills of his time. The fmall pictures of Boonen are in the talle of his mailer Schalcken ; but his exceffive application, to an- fwer the multitude of his engagements, impaired his health, and dellroyed while it enriched him. He died in 1729. BOOPTHALMUS, a kind of agate with large circles in it, beating fume refemblance to an ox’s eye, from whence it has got this name. BOOPS, in Zoology, the trivial name of a fpecies of balaena. See Bal^ena, Cetologv Index. BOOSH AFTER, formerly the city of Uttica, fa¬ mous for the retreat and death of Cato, lies about fe- ven miles inland from Porto Farina in the bay of Tunis. Nothing remains of its ancient grandeur ex¬ cept part of a large aqueduCt, fome cillerns, and other magnificent ruins, which cover a large extent of ground, and Ihow it to have been a very confiderable place. The fea, it is known, came up anciently to this city, though now feven miles dillant. BOOT, a leathern cover or defence for the leg, ufed on horfeback, both to keep the body more firm, and defend the part from the injuries of the weather. Boots feem to have taken their name from the refemblance they bear to a fort of jacks or leathern bottles formerly in ufe, and called bottce, in the old French bouts. Borel derives the name from the old French word hot, a flump, by reafon the boot gives the leg this appearance. The Chinefe have a kind of boots made of filk or fine ftuflf lined with cotton, a full inch thick, which they al¬ ways wrear at home. This people are always booted j and when a vifit is made them, if they happen to be without their boots, their guefl mull wTait till they put them on. They never fxir out of doors without their boots on ; and their fcrupuloufnefs in this refpedl is Fifliing- the more remarkable as they are always carried in their b0j‘j>ts cnairs.. . Booth, The boot was much ufed by the ancients, by the \—-y— foot as well as by the horfemen. It was called by the ancient Romans ocrea ; in middle-age writers, greva, gamberia, bamberga, bembarga or benbarga. The boot is laid to have been the invention of the Carians. It was at firll made of leather, afterwards of brafs or iron, and was proof both againlt cuts and thruils. It was from this that Homer calls the Qxe.dk.?, brazen looted. The boot only covered half the leg ; fome fay the right leg, which was more advanced than the left, it being advanced lorwards in an attack with the fword ; but in reality it appears to have been ufed on either leg, and fometimes on both. Thole who fought with darts or other miflile weapons, advanced the left leg fore- moll, fo that this only was booted. Fijhing-Boors, are a thick Itrong fort ufed in drag¬ ging ponds and the like. Hunting-boots, a thinner kind ufed by fportfmen. Jack-boots, a kind of very flrong boots ufed by the troopers. Boot, is likewife a kind of torture for criminals ; to extort a confeffion, by means of a boot, flocking, or bulkin of parchment j which being put on the leg moift, and brought near the fire, in Ihrinking fqueezes the leg violently, and occafions intolerable pain. There is alfo another kind of boot; confining of four thick flrong boards bound round with cords : two of thefe are put between the criminal’s legs, and the two others placed one on the outfide of one leg and the other on the other j then fqueezing the legs againll the boards by the cords, the criminal’s bones are feverely pinched, or even broken, &c. ,The boot is now difufed in England and Scotland ; but it fubfifts Hill in fome other countries. Boor-Tree, or Boot-lajl, an inllrument ufed by firoe- mak-ers to widen the leg of a boot. It is a wooden cylinder Hit into two parts, between which, when it is put into the boot, they drive by main force a wedge or quoin. BOOTES, a conllellation of the northern hemi- fphere, confining of 23 liars according to Ptolemy’s catalogue, of 18 in Tycho’s, of 34 in Bayer’s, of 5 2 in Hevelius’s, and of 54 in Mr Flantftead’s catalogue. BOOTH, Barton, a famous Engliih after, bom in Lancafhire in 1681, and educated in Weftminlter fchool under the celebrated Dr Bulhby, where his fuc^ cefs in the Latin plays cufiomarily performed by the fcholars gave him an inclination for the ftage. He was intended for the church ; but running away from fchool to Dublin, he there commenced after. His firft appearance was in the part of Oroonoko, in which he came off with every teftimonial of approbation from the audience. From this time he continued daily impro¬ ving j and, after two fuccefsful campaigns in that king¬ dom, conceived thoughts of returning to his native country, and making a trial of his abilities on the Eng¬ liih llage. To this end, he firll, by letter, reconciled himfelf to his friends ; and then, as a farther flep to¬ wards infuring his fuccefs, obtained a recommendation from Lord Fitzharding (one of the lords of the bed¬ chamber to Prince George of Denmark) to Mr Bet¬ terton, who with great candour and good nature took him und^r his care, and gave him all the afliflance in his BOO Bootli. h[s power. The firft part Mr Booth appeared in at ""V—-' London was that of Maximus in Lord Rochefter’s Va- lentinian, his reception in which exceeded even his moft fanguine expeftations j and very foon after his perform¬ ance of Artaban, in Rowe’s Ambitious Stepmother, which was a new tragedy, eftabliihed hk reputation as fecond at leafl: to his great inftruftor. Pyrrhus, in the Diftreffed Mother, was another part in which he fhone without a rival. But he was indebted to a happy coincidence of merit and chance, for that height of fame which he at length attained in the charafter of Cato, as drawn by Mr Addifon, in 1712. For this play being confidered as a party one, the Whigs, in favour of whofe principles is was apparently written, thought it their duty ftrongly to fupport it, while at the fame time the Tories, who had too much fenfe to appear to confider it as a retledlion on their adminiftra- tion, were dill more vehement in their approbation of it, which they carried to fuch a height, as even to make a colle&ion of 50 guineas in the boxes during the performance, and prefent them to Mr Booth, with this compliment, “ That it was a flight acknowledgment for his honed oppofition to a perpetual dilator, and his dying fo bravely in the caufe of liberty.” Befides this, he had a prefent of an equal fum from the mana¬ gers, in confideration of the great fuccefs of the play, which they attributed in a good meafure to his extra¬ ordinary merit in the performance j and certain it is, that no one fince that time has ever equalled, or even nearly approached, his excellence in that chara&er.— But thefe were not the only advantages which were to accrue to Mr Booth from his fuccefs in this part ; for Lord Bolingbroke, then one of the principal fecretaries of date, in a little time after procured a fpecial licenfe from Queen Anne, recalling all the former ones, and nominating Mr Booth as joint manager with Wilkes, Cibber, and Dogget *, none of whom were pleafed at it j but the lad efpecially took fuch difgud as to with¬ draw himfelf from any further fhare in the management. In 1704, Mr Booth had married a daughter of Sir William Barkham Bart, who died in 17x0, without idue. Being now edablidied in the management, he once more turned his thoughts towards matrimony ; and in the year 1719 united himfelf to the celebrated Mifs Heder Santlow, a woman of a mod amiable dif- pofition, whofe great merit as an a&refs, added to the utmod difcretion and prudential economy, had enabled her to fave up a confiderable fortune. During the 20 years in which Mr Booth continued a manager, the theatre was in the greated credit *, and his illnefs and death, which happened on the 10th of May 1733, contributed not a little to its decline. Mr Booth wrote a dramatic entertainment called Dido and JEneas *, but his maderpiece was a Latin in- fcription to the memory of Mr William Smith, a cele¬ brated a£!or, who died while he was young.—As an aftor, his excellency lay wholly in tragedy, not being able to endure fuch parts as had not drong pafhon to infpire him. And even in this walk, dignity rather than complacency, rage rather than tendernefs, feemed to be his tade. For a particular idea of his abilities, we mud refer to the defcription Mr Cibber has given of him in his Apology •, and the admirable charafter drawn, of him by that excellent judge of dramatic per- B O R fe&ion, Aaron Hill, Efq. in a political paper publi/hed Eooty by him called the Prompter, which may be feen at it length in Theoph. Cibber’s Lives of the Poets, and , ^oraX- Chetwood’s Hidory of the Stage.-—His character as a man was adorned with many amiable qualities, among which, a goodnels of heart, the bads of every virtue, was remarkably confpicuous j and fo particularly was he didinguidied and carelfed, and his company fought by the great, that, as Chetwood relates of him, not one nobleman in the kingdom had fo many fets of horfes at command as he had. BOOTY, whatever is taken from an enemy in time of war.—Among the Greeks, the booty was divided in common among the army, the general only claiming a larger diare. By the military difcipline of the Ro¬ mans, fpoils taken from the enemy belonged to the re¬ public, particular perfons having no right to them. The generals who piqued themfelyes on their probity carried it wholly to the public treafury. Sometimes indeed they divided it among the foldiery, to animate them, and ferve in lieu of a reward. But this didribution depended on the generals, wdio vrere to condudl them- felves herein with great equity and moderation ; other- wife it became a crime of peculate to lay hands on the pillage, as regularly belonging only to the date. The confuls Romulus and Vaturius were condemned for having fold the booty taken from the Equi.—Among the Jews, the booty w'as divided equally between the army and the people, though under the kings a dif¬ ferent kind of didribution obtained.—Among the Ma¬ hometans, two thirds of the fpoils are allowed to the army : the other third to God, to Mahomet and his re¬ lations, and to the orphans, the poor, and the pilgrims.*— Among us, formerly the booty w7as divided among the foldiery. If the general be in the field, every body takes what he can lay hold on : if the general be abfent, the booty is diftributed among the foldiery, two parts being allowed to the cavalry, and one to the infantry. A captain is allowed ten (hares, a lieutenant fix, and a cornet four. BOPPART, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Rhine, and eledlorate of Treves j it is feated at the foot of a mountain near the Rhine, in E. Long. 7. 35. N. Lat. 50. 19. BOPSINGEN, a towrn of Suabia in Germany, feated on the river Egar, in E. Long. 9. 55. N. Lat. 48. 51. BOQUINIANS, in church hiftory, a fe£! of here¬ tics, fo called from Boquinus their founder, who taught that Chrift did not die for all mankind, but only for the faithful, and confequently was only a particular Saviour. BORAGO, Borage. See Botany Index. BORAK, among Mahometans, a fabulous animal, fuppofed to be of the middle kind betw’een an afs and a mule, whereon their prophet was carried in his noc¬ turnal flight from Jerufalem into the heavens. This animal the Arabians call Al-Borak, q. A.JJjining. The night when the journey was performed is called Lailat al Meeraga, i. e. the night of afcenfon ; and the flight itfelf Al Mefra ,• concerning wdiich there is a multi¬ tude of traditions. BORAX, in Chemiftry, a fait in appearance fome- W’hat fimUar to cryftals of alum, brought originally from t 30 1 BOR [ 3 Borbetoma- from the Eaft Indies in an impure ftate, and afterwards g^s freed from its impurities by certain procefles in the Bora-lode European countries. It was long a matter of un- U—certainty whether this fait be a natural or fa&itious fubftance in thofe countries from whence it is brought 5 but it is now beyond a doubt, that it is na¬ turally produced in the mountains of Thibet, from whence other parts of the eaftern continent are fup- plied. According to an account in the Philofophical Tranf- a&ions, vol. Ixxvii. by Mr Blane, it is produced in the kingdom of Jumlate, about 30 days journey north from Betowle, a fmall principality about 200 miles north- eaft of Lucknow. The place where it is found is faid to be a fmall valley furrounded with fnowy mountains, in which is a lake about lix miles in uwcumference j the water of which is conftantly fo hot that the hand cannot bear it for any time. Around this lake the ground is perfectly barren, not producing even a blade of grafs •, and the earth is fo full of a faline matter, that after falls of rain or fnow it concretes in white flakes on the furface like the natron of Hindoftan. On the banks of this lake, in the winter feafon, when the falls of fnow begin, the earth is formed into fmall refervoirs lix inches high : when thefe are filled with fnow, the hot water from the lake is thrown upon it; which, together with the water from the melted fnow, remains in the refervoir, to be partly abforbed by the earth and partly evaporated by the fun ; after which there remains at the bottom a cake of fometimes half an inch thick of crude borax, which is taken up and referved for ufe. It can only be made in the winter feafon, becaufe the falls of fnow are indifpenfably re- quifite, and alfo becaufe the faline appearances upon the earth are ftrongeft at that time. When once it has been made on any fpot, it cannot be made again on the fame until the fnow has fallen and diiTolved three or four times, when the faline efflorefcence appears as before. See Chemistry and Mineralogy Index. BORBETOMAGUS, va. Ancient Geography, a city of the Vangiones on the Rhine } now Worms, in Ger¬ many. BORBONIA. See Botany Index. BORBORITES, in church-hiftory, a feft of Gno- ftics, in the fecond century, who, befides embracing the errors of thefe heretics, denied the laft judgment. Their name comes from the Greek Borbores, “ filth 5” on ac¬ count of a cuftom they had of daubing their faces and bodies with dirt and filth. BORCH, a town of the duchy of Magdeburg in Lower Saxony, feated on the river Elbe, in E. Long, j2. 14. N. Lat. 52. 25. BORCHLOEN, a town of the bifhopric of Liege in Germany, lituated in E. Long. 5. 28. N. Lat. 50. 50. BORCOVIUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Ottadini in Britain, now Berwick on Tweed. BORD-halfpenny, a fmall toll by cuftom paid to the lord of the town for fetting up boards, tables, booths, &c. in fairs and markets. BoRodLands, the demefnes which lords keep in their Lands for the maintenance of their board or table. BoRD-Lode, a fervice required of tenants to carry timber out of the woods of the lord to his hoiife. It is alfo ufed to fignify the quantity of provifion t ] BOR which the bordarii or bordmen paid for their bord- lands. v" BoRD-Service, the tenure of bord-lands, by which £0. Ibme lands in certain places are held of the bilhop of*——^ London, and the tenants now pay fixpence per acre, in lieu of fending provifion anciently for their lord’s table. BORDAT, in Commerce, a fmall narrow fluff, which is manufactured in fome parts of Egypt, parti¬ cularly at Cairo, at Alexandria, and Damietta. BORDE, Andrew, a phyfician, was born at Pe- venfey in Suflex, early in the 16th century, and fup- pofed to have been educated at Weftminfter fchool. In his Introduilion to Knowledge, he fays, that he was a ftudent of Oxford j but of what college he does not mention. He left the univerfity without a degree, and entered himfelf a brother of a Carthufian convent in or near London ; but not liking the fevere difcipline of that order, he returned to Oxford and applied himfelf to the ftudy of phyfic. Some time after, he embarked for the continent 5 and, as he himfelf expreffes it, “ tra¬ velled through and round about Chriftendom, and out of Chriftendom into fome parts^bf Africa.” In the years 1541 and 1542, he refided at Montpelier in France,- where he was made doClor of phyfic, and after his return to England was incorporated into the fame degree at Oxford. From the preface to his introduce tion above mentioned, it appears that he had been in Scotland, which probably wTas foon after his return from France. Having now fatisfied his inclination for tra¬ velling, he fettled firft at Pevenfey wThere he was born, afterwards at Winchefter, and finally in London, where he is faid to have become a fellow of the college of phyficians, and firft phyfician to King Henry VIII. But notwithftanding his eminence in his profeffion, he had the misfortune to fpend the latter end of his life in the Fleet prifon, where he died in the year 1540. As to his charafter, Wood fays,, that “ he was efteem- ed a noted poet, a witty and ingenious perfon, and an excellent phyfician.” Pits call him a man of fufficient learning, but too volatile and inconftant.. Bale and fome others, on the contrary, abufe him grofsly. His writings are, 1. A book of the introduction of know*- ledge, the whych doth teach man to fpeak part of all manner of languages, &c. Lond. J542, 410 j dedi¬ cated, from Montpelier, to the lady Mary daughter to Henry VIII. It is written partly in verfe, and partly in profe, containing 39 chapters, before each of which is a wooden print of a man. 2. The brevi¬ ary of health, wherein are remedies for all manner of fickneffes and difeafes, &c. Lond. 154.7, &.c. 4to. 3. Dietary of health, Lond. 1576, 8vo. 4. The merry tales of the madmen of Gotham. Printed, fays Wood, in the time of Henry VIII. in whofe reign, and' after, it was accounted a book full of wit and mirth by fcholars and gentlemen. Afterwards being often printed, it is now only fold on the ftalls of ballad-fingers. 5. A right pleafant and merry hiftory of the mylner of Abington, with his- wife and his fair daughter, and of two poor fcholars of Cambridge. Lond. printed by Richard Jones, 4to. 6. A book of every region, country, and province \ which (hows the miles and leagues diftance from city to city, and from town to town, with tke noted things in the laid cities and towns. Wood. BOR [32 Border Wood fays that the author lent the manufciipt of this book to his friend Thomas Cromwell, who loft it, to the great grief of. the author, who -would otherwifq 'have publiftied it. In this inftance, however, the an¬ tiquary was miftnformed} for it has ftnce been publiftied by Hearne at the end of Benediflus abbas Pelerb. de vita Henrici ll. Oxf. J735, 8vo. 7. The principles of aftronomy, the whych diligently perfecuted is in a manner a prognofticatidn to the world. Lond. printed by Robert Copland, i2mo. The author fays that he wrote this little book in four days, with one old pen without mending. BORDER, in Gardening, is made to enclofe par¬ terres, that they may not be injured by rvalking in them. Borders are made either circular, ftraight, or in cants $ and are turned into knots, fcrolls, volutes, and other compartiments. They are rendered very orna¬ mental by the flowers, -ftirubs, yews, &x. that are rai¬ led in them. They are always laid with a (harp ri¬ ling in the middle ; becaufe, if they are flat, they are noways agreeable to the eye : and as for their breadth, the largeft are allowed five or fix feet, and the fmalleft commonly four. BORDUNI, or Bordone, Paris, an excellent Italian painter, was born at Venice about the year 3512 ; and, being of a noble family, had a polite edu¬ cation. He was the difciple of Titian ; but has been admired more for the delicacy of his pencil than for the truth of his outlines. He was at the court of France in the reign of Francis I. who had a great efteem for him, and^ for whom he drew' not only abundance of hiftory-pieces, but the portraits of feveral court-ladies, in fo fine a manner, that original nature was hardly more charming. He at length returned to Venice, laden with riches and honour •, and having gained great reputation in all parts of Italy, died in 1587, aged *5* BORDURE, in Heraldry. See there, N° 10. BORE, among engineers, denotes the diameter of the barrel of a gun pr cannon, or rather its whole cavity. BOREAS, a Greek name, now' in common ufe for the north wind. Pezron obferves, that anciently Bo¬ reas fignified the north-eajl wind blowing at the time of the fummer folitice. The Greeks erefted an altar to Boreas. He is reprefented on the temple at A- thens with his robe before his mouth, as if he felt the cold of the climate over which he prefides, agreeably to the defcription of Ovid, who calls him gelidus tyran¬ nies, “ the {hivering tyrant,” Met. vi. ver. 711. But he is ufually deferibed by the Roman poets as violent and impetuous y ibid. ver. 6S6—ver. 7°7* -^n Pa^nf* ing, he is generally reprefented like an old man with a horrible look, his hair and beard covered with fnow or hoar froft, with the feet and tail of a dragon. M. Spierlingius has a treatife in praife of Boreas, wherein he {Hows the honours paid to him by antiquity. Bo¬ reas, according to this author, purifies the air, renders it calm and falubrious, preferves buildings from de¬ cay, drives away the plague and other noxious difea- fes, and expels locufts and other vermine hurtful to the grounds. BOREL, Peter, a learned phyfician, was the fen <}f James Borel v.'ho publiftied feveral poems, and was ] BOR born at Caftres in 1620. He applied himfelf to the BorelH, ftudy of phyfic, of which he was created doftor, and Borgia, pratftifed with great fuccefs in the city of Caftres. To- ' wards the end of the year 1653, he went to Paris, and was foon after made phyfician in ordinary to the king. In 1674, he was received into the academy of feien- ces, and diftinguifhed himfelf by writing a great num¬ ber of works. The moil efteemed are, 1. IHJloria- rum et obfervationum medico■phyficarum centurice quin- que. 2. Bibliotheca chymica, duodecimo. 3. De vero telefcopii invent ore, cum brevi omnium canfpifcillorum hi/loria. He died in 1678. BORELLI, John Alphonso, a famous philofo- p>her and mathematician, born at Naples the 28th of January 1608. He was profeffor of philofophy and mathematics in fotne of the moft celebrated univer- fities of Italy, particularly at Florence and Pifa, where he became highly in -favour with the princes of the houfe of Medicis } but having been engaged in the re¬ volt of Medina, he was obliged to retire to Rome, where he fpent the remainder of his life under the pro- te&ion of Chriftina queen of Sweden, who honoured him with her friendfhip, and by her liberality towards him foftened the rigour of his hard fortune. He con¬ tinued two years in the convent of the regular clergy of St Pantaleon, called the pious fchools, where he in- ftrnfted the youth in mathematical ftudies. He died there of a pleurify, the 31ft of December 1679, in the 72d year of his age. He wwote in Latin, x. Euclid reftored. 2. The theory of the influence of the planets in medicine, deduced from phyiical caufes. 3. Of per- cuffive force. 4. Of natural motions depending upon gravity. 5. An hiftorical and meteorological account of the burning of Mount iEtna, in the year 1669. 6. Of the motion of animals } and feveral other works, fome of which are in Italian. BORGIA, C^sar, natural fon of Pope Alexan¬ der VI. was a brave general, but a moft abandoned vil¬ lain. See [Hi/lory of) Italy.—It is incredible what numbers he caufed to be taken off by poifon, or by the fword j and it is notorious that fwarms of affaflins were conftantly kept in pay by him at Rome, for the fake of removing all who w!ere either obnoxious or inconve¬ nient to him. He experienced various turns of for¬ tune } and was fometimes very profperous, fometimes the reverfe. He very narrowly efcaped dying by poi¬ fon in 1503 } for having concerted with the pope a defign of poifoning nine newly created cardinals at once, for the fake of poffefling their effects, the poifon- ed wune, deftined for the purpofe, wras by miftake brought to and drank by themfelves. The pope died of it; but Ctefar, by the vigour of his youth; and the force of antidotes, after many ftruggles, recovered. He only recovered to outlive his fortune and grandeur, to fee himfelf depreffed, and his enemies exalted 5 for he was foon after divefted of all his acquifitions, and fent a prifoner to Spain, in order to free Italy from an incen¬ diary, and the Italian princes from thole dangers which the turbulent and reftlefs fpirit of Ctefar made thm fear, even though he w'as unarmed. He efcaped from thence; and got fafe to Navarre to King John his bro¬ ther-in-law, who was then at war with his fubje&s. Ceefar ferved as a volunteer in that war, and w as killed in 1507. FORGO, BOR [ 33 ] BOR Borgo BORGO, an ancient town of Sweden, feated on the *! gulf of Finland, in the province of Nyland. E. Long. . 26. 25. N. Lat. 60. 34. Borgo de St Sepulchro, a town of Tufcany, in Italy, fituated in E. Long, 13. o. N. Lat. 43. 30. Borgo de Val de Faro, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, in E. Long. 10. 36. N. Lat. 44. 35. Borgo Forte, a towm of the Mantuan in Italy, fitu- ated at the confluence of the rivers Po and Menzo. E. Long. xi. o. N. Lat. 44. 50. Borgo San Domino, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, with a bifliop’s fee. E. Long. 10. 31. N. Lat. 41. 53. BORGOGNONE, a celebrated painter, whofe true name was Giacomo Cortejji; but he is commonly call¬ ed Borgognone, from the country where he w^as born, about the year 1605. He rvas much admired and high¬ ly applauded for his admirable gufto and grand manner of painting battles. He had for feveral years been con- verfant in military affairs, w'as an officer of confiderable rank in the army, made the camp his fchool, and form¬ ed all his ideas from what he had feen performed in the field. His ftyle is roughly noble, full of fire and fpirit, and there are a few prints etched by his own Land. Towards the clofe of his life he retired to the Jefuits convent at Rome, where he is faid to have ta¬ ken fan&uary to rid his hands of an ill bargain he had got of a wife j but happily furviving her, he lived in great efteem and honour till after the year 1675. BORIA, a fmall town of Spain, in the kingdom of Arragon. W. Long. 2. 2. N. Lat. 41. 50. BORING, in a general fenfe, the art of perforating, or making a hole through any folid body. Boring of Water-pipes. T he method of boring wa¬ ter-pipes is as follows. The poles of alder, which is a very ufeful wood in making pumps, water-pipes, &c. being laid on horfes or traffels of a foot height, to reft the augre upon while they are boring, they fet up a lathe to turn the leaft end of the poles, to fit them to the cavities of the great end of the others. They turn the fmall ends of the poles about five or fix inches in length, to the fize they intend to bore the bigger ends about the fame depth, viz. five or fix inches. This is defigned to make a joint to fhut each pair of poles together, the concave part being the female part, and the other 4;he male of the joint. In turning the male part, they turn the channel in it, or a fmall groove at a certain diftance from tne end } and in the female part they bore a fmall hole to fit over this channel. This being .done,^ they bore the poles through $ and to pre¬ vent them from boring out at the fide, they ftick great nails at each end to be a guide in boring. It is ufual, however to bore them at both ends; fo that if a pole* be crooked one way, they can bore it through and not fpoil it. Boring, in Farriery, a cruel and abfurd method of treating a wrenched ftioulder. See Farriery In- des. Boring, in Mineralogy, a method of piercino- the earth with fcooping irons, which being drawn back at proper times, bring up with them famples of the dif¬ ferent ftrata through which they have paffed; by the examination'of which the fkilful mineralogift will be able to guefs whereabouts a vein of ore or a ftratum Vol. IV. Part I. of coal may lie, or whether it tvill be worth while to Boriquen open a mine for the purpofe of working it. II BORIQUEN, one of the Caribbee iflands in North , ■BorIafe' , America, near that of Porto Rico. The Englifti for- v merly had a fettlement there, but were driven away by the Spaniards. It is at prefent without inhabitants, though agreeable and fertile j the air being wholefome, and the water good. There are a great number of land-crabs, whence fome have called it Crab-ifand, W. Long. 64. 35. N. Lat. 18. O. BORISTHENES, in Ancient Geography, the lar- geft river of Sarmatia Europea, thus defcribed by Me¬ la, who copies verbatim from Herodotus : “ It runs through a cognominal people, is the moft pleafant of all the rivers of Scythia, and calmer than all of them in its courfe, and very agreeable to drink : it feeds very rich paftures, and produces large fifli of the beft fla¬ vour, and without bones j it comes a great way, riling from fprings unknown \ its courfe is a diftance of 40 days, and fo far is it navigable.” It is nbw called the Dnieper or Nieper. BORKELO, a ftrong town in the United Provin¬ ces, in the county of Zutphen, feated on the rivet Bor- kel, in E. Long. 6. 30. N. Lat. 52. 15. BORLASE, Dr Edmund, an eminent phyficiafi and Englifli writer in the 17th century, was the fon of Sir John Borlafe, mafter of the ordinance, and one of the lord juftices of Ireland in 1643. He ftudied in Dublin college, and afterwards at the univerfity of Leyden, at which laft place he took the degree of dodlor of phyfic. He afterwards pra BorTafc II Borneo. • rr „ B . 0 R .. [3+ m folio at Oxford his “ Antiquities of Cornwall $” a fecond edition of which was publiihed, in the fame _ form, at London, 1769, with this title, “ Antiquities, hiltorical and monumental, of the county of Cornwall 5 confiding of feveral eflays on the ancient inhabitants, Druid fuperftition, cuftoms and remains of the moft remote antiquity in Britain and the Britifh ifles, ex¬ emplified and proved by monuments now extant in Cornwall and the Scilly iflands j with a vocabulary of the Cornu-Britilh language. Revifed, with feveral additions, by the author 5 to which is added a map of Cornwall, and twTo new plates.” His next pub¬ lication was, “ Obfervations on the ancient and pre- fent date, of the iflands of Scilly, and their import¬ ance to the trade of Great Britain; Oxf. 1756,” 4to. This wras the extenfion of a paper which had been read before the Royal Society in 1753. In 1758 came out his “Natural hiftory of Cornwall; Oxf.” fol. After thefe publications, he fent a variety of foflils and remains of antiquity which he had de- fcribed in his works, to be repofited in the Afhmolean mufeum: for wdiich, and other benefa&ions of the fame kind, he received the thanks of the univerfity, in a letter from the vice-chancellor, Nov. 18. 1758 ; and, March 1766, the degree of doftor of law^s. He died in 1772, aged 77 years, leaving two fons out of fix, whom he had by a lady he married in 1724. Befides his literary connexions wuth many ingenious and learn¬ ed men, he had a particular correfpondence with Mr Pope; and there is Hill exifting a large colledtion of letters written by that poet to Dr Borlafe. He fur- nifhed Pope with many of the materials which formed his grotto at Twickenham, confining of curious foflils; and there may at prefent be feen Dr Borlafe’s name in capitals, compofed of cryftals, in the grotto. On which occafion Pope fays to Borlafe in a letter, “ I am much obliged to you for your valuable colleftion ©f Cornifli diamonds : I have placed them where they may befi: reprefent yourfelf, in a Jhade, but fhining,” alluding to the obfcurity of the doflor’s fituation, and the brilliancy of his talents. Befides the above works, he fent many curious papers to the Philofophi- eal Tranfa&ions, and had in contemplation feveral other works. BORMIO, a county depending on the republic of the Grifons in Switzerland. It is bounded on the fouth by the ftate of Venice, on the eaft by the ter¬ ritory of the houfe of Auftria, and on the fouth and weft by Caddea. It is 15 miles over both ways; and is divided into five communities, viz. the town of Bor- the valley of Forbia, the Interior Valley, the Lower Valley, and the Valley of Luvino. Bormio is the only town in this diftricl; and has a governor call¬ ed called a podejla, fent by the Grifons to prefide in ci¬ vil and criminal affairs. It is feated at the confluence cf the rivers Addo and Ifalacua, in E. Long. 10. 10. N. Lat. 46. 45. BORNE, a market town of Lincolnfhire in Eng¬ land. W. Long. o. 20. N. Lat. 52. 40. BORNEO, an ifland of Afia, in the Eaft Indies, and one of the three great Sunda iflands. It is thought to be the largeft ifland in the world, next to New Hol¬ land ; being I50&milesin circumference. It is feated under the equator, that line cutting it almoft through the middle. It is almoft of a circular figure ; abounds ] BOR with gold ; and the fineft diamonds in the Indies ate Borneo, found in its rivers, being probably waftied down fromv-—v—-* the hills by torrents. Here are alfo mines of iron and tin, and loadftones. Bird’s nefts f are to be had in thisf SezBirdi* ifland, which are eatable, and reckoned a great deli-^£/?J. cacy. The beafts are, oxen, buffaloes, deer, goats, elephants, tigers, and monkeys. This ifland has fine rivers, efpecially towards the wreft and fouth. In their monfoon from April to September, the wind is wefterly ; and they have continual heavy rains, attend¬ ed with violent ftorms of thunder and lightning. The rainy feafon continues for eight months of the year; and as during that time all the flat country near the coaft is overflow'ed, the air is rendered very unhealth¬ ful, and the inhabitants are forced to build their hou- fes on* floats, which they make faft to trees. The houfes have but one floor, with partitions made with cane; and the roofs are covered with palmetto leaves, the eaves of which reach within four or five feet of the bottom. The weft and north eaft fides of the ifland are almoft defert, and the eaft is but little known. The inland parts are very mountainous; and the fouth- eaft, for many leagues together, is a ftinking morafs, which, being overflowed in the wet feafon, is very un¬ healthy. The Portuguefe, who firft difcovered Borneo, had arrived in the Indies above 30 years before they knew any thing of it more than the name, and its fituation, by reafon of their frequently palling by its coaft. At laft one Captain Edward Corril had orders to examine it more narrowly ; and being once acquainted with the wmrth of the country, they made frequent voyages thither. They found the coafts inhabited by Malayan Moors, wflio had certainly eftablilhed themfelves there by conqueft; but the original inhabitants ftill remain in the mountains, and are ftyled Beajus, wdiich in the Malayan language fignifies a wild man. The moft authentic account of thefe people is the followipg, which was extra&ed from the papers of Father Anto¬ nio Ventimiglia, an Italian miflionary. He wras fent to Borneo from Macao, on board a Portuguefe Ihip, converted great numbers to Chriftianity, and died on the ifland about the year 1691. The Beajus have no kings, but many little chiefs. Some are fubjedl to the Moorilh kings, and pay them tribute ; but fiich as live far up the country are altogether independent, and live according to their own cuftoms. They are generally very fuperftitious, and much addi&ed to au¬ gury. They do not adore idols; but their facrifices of fweet wood and perfumes are offered to one God, who, they believe, rewards the juft in heaven, and pu- nifhes the wicked in hell. They marry but one wfife ; and look upon any breach of conjugal faith, either in the man or woman, as a capital offence. The Beajus are naturally honeft and induftrious, and have a bro¬ therly affefHon for one another. They have a notion of property, which yet does not render them covetous. They fow and cultivate their lands ; but in the time of harveft, each reaps as much as will ferve his family, and the reft belongs to the tribe in common ; by which means they prevent neceflity or difputes. With the Moors on the coafts the Portuguefe for fome time car¬ ried on a confiderable trade, and at their requeft fettled a fadlory there ; which, however, was afterwards fur- prifed and plundered by the Moors, who put moft of the * - V BOR [ 35 1 BOR •Bornholm, the people to the fword. The tnoft confiderable river Bornou. in Borneo is called Banjar, at the mouth of which our ”'r Eaft India Company have a fa&ory. BORNHOLM, an ifland in the Baltic fea, to the fouth-eaft of the province of Schonen in Sweden. It Is twenty-one miles in length, and above thirteen in breadth. It has three confiderable towns, Rattum, Sandwich, and Nexia; with a great number of vil¬ lages j and is fertile and populous. It was conquer¬ ed by the Swedes in 1658 ; but the inhabitants, under the conduct of Jens Roefods, voluntarily furrendered it to the king of Denmark, on account of the bad ufage they received from the former. In 1678, a bo- ' dy of 5000 Swedifti troops, in their paffage from Po¬ merania to Sweden, being (hipwrecked on this ifland, fuch of them as remained were made prifoners of war. The inhabitants defend the ifland by their own militia, without any expence to the crown. The commandant or governor refides at Rattum. E. Long. 14. 56. N. Lat. 55. 15. BORNOU, a kingdom or province of Zaara in Africa, extending from 12 to 22 degrees of eaft lon¬ gitude, and from 17 to 21 degrees of north latitude. * The northern part is poor, and like the reft of the pro¬ vinces of Zaara : but all the reft is well watered by fprings and rivers that tumble down with a dreadful noife from the mountains ; rendering the country pro¬ lific in corn, grafs, and fruits, and giving it a pleafing afpeft. The eaftern and weftern frontiers are divided into mountains and valleys, the latter being all cover¬ ed with flocks of cattle, fields of rice and millet, and many of the mountains with wood, fruit-trees, and cotton. On the north-weft ftands the mountain of Tarton, having plenty of good iron mines j and on the fouth flows the river Niger, which, it is faid, after running a great many leagues under a long chain of mountains, rears up its head again, and mingles its ftreams with the waters of the lake Bornou in its courfe, from whence it wafties the walls of the capital of this kingdom. The compilers of the Univerfal Hi- ftory, however, are of opinion, that in thefe moun¬ tains the river Niger hath its fource, becaufe no river hath been traced to the eaftward, except the Nile, which runs in a different courfe from north to fouth, and the White river, on the weftern frontiers of Abyf- flnia, which is a branch of the Nile. The eaftern and weftern parts of Bornou are inhabited by a people of a roving difpofition, who live in tents, and have their women, children, and every thing elfe, in common ; the wTord property, or any idea equivalent to it, being utterly unknown among them. They have neither re¬ ligion, laws, government, nor any degree of fubordi- nation; and hence they have been fuppofed by Cluve- rius to be the lineal defcendents of the ancient Gara- mantes, and this to have been the refidence of that peo¬ ple. In thefe parts, the natives are almoft to a man fhepherds and hulbandmen. In fummer they go naked, except a ftiort apron before; but in winter they are warmly clothed with the fofteft ftieep-lkins, of which they alfo form their bedclothes j and indeed this is fcarce a fuflicient defence againft the inclemency of the weather at certain feafons of the year, when a cold piercing wind blows from the northern mountains that chills the blood in proportion as the pores of the body have been opened by the fcorching heats of furruner. Baudrand and Draper affirm, that the natives are fcarce Boromseu* fuperior in their underltanding to brutes, not even II having any names whereby to diftinguilh each other, r°u& ^ except what they take from fome perlonal defe£t or Angularity j fuch as lean, fat, fquinting, humpbacked, &c. In the towns, however, it is acknowledged that they are fomething more civilized and polite, being many of them merchants ; but of thefe towns, or in¬ deed of the kingdom in general, very little is known. BOROMALUS. See Borromeus. BORONDON, St, an ifland in the Atlantic o- cean, mentioned by fome writers, particularly Linf- chotten, in their defcription of the Canary iflands, as fomething fupernatural. It is faid to be about 100 leagues diftant from Ferro, probably weft, though no writer has pretended to lay down its exaft fituation. Here it is affirmed feveral ftiips have touched by acci¬ dent, and all agree in their relations of the ftate of the inhabitants and ifland. They affirm, that it is perpe¬ tually clothed with a great variety of wood, chiefly fruit-trees : that the valleys are in a perpetual ftate of verdure $ and continually decked with flowers, grafs, and plants, the fpontaneous produftions of the earth j or with corn and pulfe, cultivated with great care by the inhabitants: that the foil is fo prolific as to raife large quantities of corn for exportation j and that the ftiips that call here never fail of meeting with refreffi- ments of every kind. It is faid to be peopled by Chri- ftians, who have a language of their own, apparently combined of a variety of modern languages j for, fay they, whoever underftands the European tongues may- make ftiift to hold converfation with this people. It is remarkable, that no ftiips, exprefsly fent upon this difcovery, were ever fortunate enough to fall in with * the ifland of St Borondon, though the Spaniards have feveral times attempted it from the Canaries. Hence it has been called the marvellous ijland; and hence in¬ deed we may conclude, either that it exifts wholly in imagination, or at leaft that it is furrounded with fuch currents as infenfibly carry (hips out of their courfe, and prevent their meeting with it. Some writers af¬ firm1 that it aftually difappears upon certain occafions, and ffiifts its pofition : while others, with more appear¬ ance of truth, allege, that it is frequently overcaft with thick and impenetrable clouds, which occafion the difappointment of all the adventurers who have gone in fearch of it. BOROUGH, Burrough, Borow, or Burgh, is frequently ufed for a town or corporation which is not a city. Borough, in its original Saxon horge, or borgh, is by fome fuppofed to have been primarily meant of a tithing or company confifting of ten families, who were bound and combined together as each others pledge. Afterwards, as Verftegan informs us, bo¬ rough came to fignify a town .that had fomething of a wall or enclofure about it: fo that all places which a- mong our anceftors, had the denomination borough, were one way or other fenced or fortified. But, in later times, the fame appellation wjas alfo beftowed on feveral of the villce injigniores, or country towns of more than ordinary note, though not walled. The ancient Saxons, according to Spelman, gave the name burgh to thofe called, in other countries, ci¬ ties. But divers canons being made for removing the E 2 epifcopal BOR [36 Borough epifcopal fees from villages and fmall towns to the li , chief cities, the name city became attributed to epifco- ^En^luh" Pa^ towns> an^ t^at borough retained to all the reft j ■ ' . though thefe too had the appearance of cities, as being governed by their mayors, and having laws of their own making, and fending reprefentattves to parlia¬ ment, and being fortified with a wall and caftle, and the like. Borough, or burgh, is now particularly appropri¬ ated to fuch towns and villages as fend burgeffes or re- prefentatives to parliament. Boroughs are equally fuch, whether they be incorporate or not; there being great numbers of our Englith boroughs not incorpo¬ rated } and, on the contrary, feveral corporations that are not boroughs; e. gr. Kingfton, Deal, Ken¬ dal, &c. Boroughs, in Scotland. See Law. Royal Boroughs, in Scotland, are corporations made for the advantage of trade, by charters granted by fe¬ veral of their kings *, having the privilege of fending commiflioners to reprefent them in parliament, befides other peculiar privileges. The royal boroughs are not only fo many diftinft corporations, but do alfo conftitute one entire body, governed by, and account¬ able to, one general court, anciently called the court of four boroughs, held yearly to treat and determine concerning matters relating to the common advantage of all boroughs. The four boroughs which compofed this court w’ere, Edinburgh, Stirling, Roxburgh, and Berwick j rvhich two laft falling into the hands of the Englilh, Linlithgow and Lanark were put in their places j with a faving to the former whenever they Ihould return to their allegiance. But this court not being fufticient to anfwer the neceflities of the royal „ boroughs, they were all empowered under James III. in 14S7, to fend commiftioners to a yearly convention of their own, which was then appointed to be held at Inverkeithing, but is now held at Edinburgh, under the denomination of the convention of boroughs, veiled rvith great power, and having for their objeft the be¬ nefit of trade, and the general intereft of the bo¬ roughs. BoRouGH-Courts, are certain courts held in bo¬ roughs, by prefcription, charter, or aft of parliament: fuch are the Iheriff’s court, and court of huttings, in London. BoRouGH-EngliJh, a cuftomary defcent of lands or tenements, in fome ancient boroughs and copyhold manors, by which the youngeft fon, and not the eld- eft, fucceeds to the burgage tenement on the death of his father. For which Littleton gives this reafon } be- caufe the younger fon, by reafon of his tender age, is not fo capable as the reft of his brethren to help h?m- felf. Other authors have indeed given a much ftran- ger reafon for this cuftom ; as if the lord of the fee had anciently a right to break the feventh commandment with his tenant’s wife on her wedding night; and that therefore the tenement defcended, not to the eldeft, but to the youngeft: fon, who was more certainly the offspring of the tenant. But it cannot be proved that this cuftom ever prevailed in England, though it cer¬ tainly did in Scotland, (under the name of mercheta, or Tnarcheta), till abolifhed by Malcolm III. But perhaps a more rational account than either may be brought from the praftice of the Tartars 3 among ] BOR whom, according to Father Duhalde, this cuflom of Borough." defcent to the youngeft fon alfo prevails. That nation hc«cl is compofed totally of fliepherds and herdfmen and Borrj[riCUS4 the elder fons, as foon a* they are capable of leading a ■ — ^ paftoral life, migrate from their father with a certain allotment of cattle, and go to feek a new habitation. The youngeft fon, therefore, who continues lateft with his father, is naturally the heir of his houfe, the reft being already provided for. And thus we find, that among many other northern nations it was the cuftom for all the fons but one to migrate from the father, which one became his heir. So that poflibly this cu¬ ftom, wherever it prevails, may be the remnant of that paftoral ftate of the ancient Britons and Germans wEich Caefar and Tacitus defcribe. BoRouGH-head, or Head-borough, called alfo borough- holder, or burjholder, the chief man of the decenna, or hundred, chofen to fpeak and aft in behalf of the reft. Head-borough alfo fignifies a kind of head conftable, where there are feveral chofen as his afliftants, to ferve warrants, &c. See Constable. BOROUGHBRIDGE, a town in the north riding ofYorkftiire in England, feated on the river Your, over which there is a handiome ftone bridge. 1 he town is not large, but commodious, and fends two members to parliament. W. Long. 1. 15* N. Lat, 54. 10. BOROZAIL, or the zeal of the Ethiopians, a dii- eafe epidemic in the countries about the river Senegal, It principally affefts the pudenda, but is different from the lues venerea. It owes its rife to exceflive venery } in the men this diftemper is called afab, and in wo¬ men affabatus. BORRACFIIO. See Caoutchouk. BORRAGE. See Borago, Botany Index. BORRELLISTS, in church-hiftory, a Chriftian feft in Holland, fo denominated from their founder Borrel, a perfon of great learning in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues. They rejeft the ufe of the facraments, public prayer, and all other external afts of wmrfhip. They affert, that all the Chriftian churches of the world have degenerated from the pure apoftolical doftrines, becaufe they have fuffered the word of God, which is infallible, to be expounded, or rather corrupted, by doftors who are not infallible. They lead a very auftere life, and employ a great part of their goods in alms. BORRICHIUS, one of the moft learned men of his age, the fon of a Lutheran minifter in Denmark, was born in 1626. He applied himfelf to phyfic in the univerfity of Copenhagen, and began to praftife during a moft terrible plague that made great havoc in that city. He travelled : but before his departure, in 1660, he was appointed profeffor in poetry, botany, and chemiftry } and at his return difcharged his duties with great afliduity, of W'hich the wrorks he publifhed afford full proof. He was raifed to the office of coun- fellor in the fupreme council of juftice, in l686 j to that of counfellor of the royal chancery, in 16895 and died of the operation for the ftone, in 1690. He publiflred, 1. Lingua pharmacopceorum. 2. Differta- twnes de poeticis Greecis et Latinis, 3. De 01 tu et pi 0- grejfu chemice ; and feveral other works. BQRROMEUS, St Charles, cardinal, and arch- bilhoo BOR [ 37 1 BOR Borromeus. bifhop of Milan ; a perfonage of great note in the Ro- mifh kalendar, and whofe fincere piety, fimplicity of manners, and zeal for reformation, render him indeed a charafter equally interefting and inftru&ive to the members of any church. He was the fon of Gilbert Borromeus count of Arena and of Mary of Medicis, and was born at the caftle of Arona upon La^ Ma¬ jor in the Milanefe, in Oftober 1538. Wheiflie was about 12 years old, Julius Caefar Borromeus religned an abbacy to him of a conMerable revenue, which was confidered as an hereditary inheritance of the family j which Charles accepted, but applied the revenue whol¬ ly in charity to the poor. Having acquired a fuffi- cient knowledge of the languages at Milan, he ftudied the civil and canon law at Pavia, where he lived like another Lot in Sodom, preferving his innocence among a thoufand fnares by which it was endangered. He received great advantage from the company and con- verfation of Francis Alciat, one of the moft learned men of the age, for whom he afterwards procured the purple. He would accept no new benefice but upon condition that he Ihould be at liberty to apply the re¬ venue to public ufes. In the year 1554, Charles be¬ ing then 16 years old, his father died, an event which brought him back to the caftle of Arona j where, though he had an .elder brother, Count Frederick, he was requefted by the family to take upon him the management of the domeftic affairs, to which at length he confented. After fome time he returned again to his ftudies, which, in the year, 1559, being then juft 21, he fi- nilhed by a folemn aft, and took his doftor’s degree. The promotion of his uncle to the pontificate, by the name of Pius IV. which happened the year following, feemed to have very little effeft upon him ; but he was very foon made protonotary, and entrufted both with the public and privy feal of the ecclefiaftical ftate : he was alfo, at the fame time, created cardinal deacon, and foon after archbifhop of Milan. In obedience to the will of his uncle the pope, he lived in great fplen- dour, having a brilliant retinue and a great number of domeftics •, yet his own temperance and humility were never brought into queftion. In order to render even his amufements ufeful, he eftablilhed an academy of feleft and learned perfons, as well ecclefiaftics as laics, from among his houfehold and dependants, who were employed in fome exercife which tended to infpire a love of virtue, and to form a juft tafte. Each of them was to write upon fome chofen fubjeft, either in verfe or in profe, and to communicate to each other in fre¬ quent conferences the fruits of their ftudies. The works produced by this fociety have been publifhed in many volumes, under the"title of NoEIes Vaticance, becaufe thefe ufeful affemblies were held at the Vati¬ can, and at night, after the bufinefs of the day was over. About this time Charles aifo formed a defign of founding a college at Pavia, which fhould at the fame time be a fchool of fcience and an afylum from the vices and vanities of the world. In profecution of this defign, he raifed a large edifice upon the founda¬ tions of feveral houfes which belonged to the family of Borromeus in that city 5 he obtained from the pope feveral benefices, which he attached to his building ; he provided it with all tilings neceffary for the young fcholars out of his own revenue ; and he dedicated his Borromeus* college to St Juftina virgin and martyr. " »' J Upon the death of his only brother Frederick, his relations, his friends, and even the pope himfelf, ad- vifed him to change his ftate, to quit the church, and marry, that his family might not become extinft. Charles, however, contrary to this advice and the ex- peftations of the world, received the priefthood, and addreffed the pope in thefe terms“ Do not complain of me, Holy Father, for I have taken a fpoufe whom I love and on whom my willies have been long fixed.” From this time he became more fervent in exercifes of piety and ecclefiaftical knowledge : He perceived that fome literati who had departed from the faith had alfo corrupted the writings of fome holy doftors of the church, and he thought he Ihould render religion good fervice if he could reftore the genuine reading : Fie therefore employed Achilles Statius, a Portuguefe of great learning, in this work, whom for that purpofe he retained at Rome. To his zeal and attention alfo is owing the congregation of eight cardinals, ftill fub- fifting, to refolve doubts and obviate difficulties which Ihould arife in explanations of the council of Trent. There was a very intimate friendftiip between Bor¬ romeus and Don Barthelemy des Martyrs archbiffiop of Prague, and author of a work entitled Stimulus Pq/lorum. This work falling into Borromeus’s hands gave him an earneft defire to become a preacher, as he was now convinced that preaching was one of the principal duties of a prelate. An almoft incr'nceivable multiplicity of bufinefs, ill health, a feeble voice, and a difficult pronunciation, were no inconfiderable ob- ftacles to his defign, yet he furmounted them all j and though his beginnings wjere weak, yet perfeverance crowned them with fuccefs. Having obtained permiffion to vifit his church, wffiich the pope had hitherto refufed as he found his prefence neceffary at Rome, he prepared to fet out for Milan. He had before fent thither his grand vicar Ormanetus, whofe labours at firft had not been unfuc- cefsful, but who foon found oppofitions fo pertinacious and obftinate as put an end to his hopes : Borromeus therefore faw the neceffity of going in perfon, and he wTas received with the moft diftinguiffied honours. He was, however, foon recalled to Rome, where many things made his prefence neceffary : the pope was gra¬ dually dying j and Charles arrived juft time enough to adminifter to him the laft facraments. Pius IV. died on the 7th of January 1566, and 28 days afterwards Cardinal Alexandrine mounted the papal chair, and affumed the name of Pius V. the fkill and diligence of Borromeus having contributed not a little to prevent the cabals of the conclave. As foon as this event had taken place, and all was quiet at Rome, Borromeus gave himfelf wffiolly up to the reformation of his diocefe, where the moft flagi¬ tious irregularities were openly praftifed, having firft made another reform in his own family. He began by making paftoral vifits in his metropolis, where the canons were not diftinguifhed for the purity of their manners. He foon reftored proper decency and dig¬ nity to divine fervice, by a variety of wife and necel- fary regulations: In conformity to the decrees of the council of Trent, he cleared the cathedral of many pompous 4j \ X BOR Sorromcns. pompous tombs, rich ornaments, banners, arms, and in general of all the trophies with which the vanity of man had disfigured the houfe of God j and in order to give a fan&ion to his zeal by his example, he fpared not the monuments of his neareft relations. Nor did his zeal flop here : he divided the nave of the church through its whole length into two parts, by ftrong thick planks, that the two fexes, being feparated, might perform their devotions without any attention to each other, and with a modefty and recolle&ion more fuitable to the place. This paftoral care extended from the cathedral to the collegiate churches, and even to the fraternities or focieties of penitents, particularly that of St John the Baptift. The duty of this fociety was to attend cri¬ minals to the place of puniihment, to affift, comfort, and prepare them for death ; but the fpirit of the in- ftitution was now forgotten, and the wretches who were condemned to death were commonly dragged to execution like beads, without any fpiritual affiltance or confolation. But the archbifhop revived the original fervour of this order, in the exercife of their peculiar duty, and perfuaded many of the nobility and princi¬ pal perfons of the city to become members of a fociety appropriated to fo eminent a branch of Chriftian cha¬ rity. The reformation of the monafteries followed that of the churches, and the vigilance of the pallor foon extended itfelf from the city to the country round it, which abounded with irregularities that required his correction. The great abufes and irregularities which had overrun the church at this time arofe prin¬ cipally from the grofs ignorance of the clergy j in or¬ der therefore to attack thefe evils at their root, Charles eftablilhed feminaries, colleges, and communities, for the education of young perfons intended for holy or¬ ders. He met with many difficulties, and much op- pofition in his endeavours to bring about a reformation of manners j but he prevailed againft every obltacle by an inflexible conftancy, tempered with great fweetnefs of manners. The governor of the province, and many of the fe- nators, were apprehenfive that the cardinal’s ordinances and proceedings would encroach upon the civil jurif- diClion, and become inconfiftent with the rights of his Catholic majefty, to whom the duchy of Milan was then in fubjecfion. And this was a fruitful fource of remonllrances, reprefentations, and complaints, which long troubled the courts of Rome and Madrid, and which the king of Spain, Philip II. referred entirely to the decifion of the pope. But Borromeus had a more formidable oppofition to druggie with, that of feveral religious orders, particularly the Brothers of Humility. Three provofts of the fociety entered into a confpiracy to cut him off; and one of their confe¬ derates, called Jerom Donat, whofe furname was Fa¬ rina, took upon him to carry the defign into execu¬ tion. For this purpofe he mixed with the crowd that went into the archiepifcopal chapel, where the cardinal fpent an hour every evening in prayer with his dome- flics and other pious perfons ; and having watched his opportunity, he fired a harquebufs at him, which was loaded with a ball fuited to the bore of the piece, and with a confiderable charge of leaden fliot. It is faid that the ball ftruck him on the fpinal bone, but fell down at his feet without doing any other damage than foil- * 2 t 38 I BOR ing his rochet, and that one of the ffiot penetrated his Berromeiw clothes to the Ikin, and there flopped, without im- —y-— printing any wound, which was confidered as a mi¬ racle, efpecially as the other {hot tore away part of a wall, and went quite through a table. In the year 1576, the city and diocefe of Milan were vifited by the plague, which fwept away incredi¬ ble numbers ; and the behaviour of Borromeus, on this occafion, was truly Chnftian and heroic : He not only continued on the fpot, but he went about giving di- reftions for accommodating the fick, and burying the dead, with a zeal and attention that were at once ar¬ dent and deliberate, minute and comprehenfive ; and his example ftimulated others to join in the good wTork. He avoided no danger, and he fpared no expence ; nor did he content himfelf with eftablifhing proper regu¬ lations in the city, but went out into all the neigh¬ bouring parifties where the contagion raged, diftribu- ting money to the poor, ordering proper accommoda¬ tions for the fick, and punilhing thofe, efpecially the clergy, who were remifs in the duties of their calling. Charles, notwithftanding the fatigue and perplexity which he fuffered by thus executing his paftoral charge, abated nothing of the ufual aufterity of his life, nor omitted any of his ftated devotions; for, whatever ap¬ proached to luxury or magnificence, he confidered as incompatible with the propriety of his charafler. It happened, that being once on a vifit to the archbiffiop of Sienna at his palace, a very fumptuous entertain¬ ment was provided for him. Borromeus, though he had been ufed to content himfelf with bread and wa- ter, yet fat down at the table, where however he ate but little, and gave fufficient intimation that he was much difpleafed with fuch oftentatious prodigality ; but what was his furprife when he faw the table again covered with a deffert, confifting of whatever was moft rare, exquifite, and coftly ! He immediately rofe ha- ftily from his feat, as if he had fuddenly recolle&ed fome prefling bufinefs, and gave orders for his depar¬ ture, notwithftanding the rain, and the moft earneft entreaties of the archbifliop. “ My Lord,” faid the cardinal, “ if I fhould tarry here to-night, you would give me another fuch treat as that I have juft feen, and the poor will then fuffer another lofs, great numbers of whom might have been fed wdth the fuperfluities that have been now fet before us.” The continual labours and aufterities of Borromeus naturally ffiortened his life ; he went to Vercal to put an end, if poffible, to the divifions which threatened the moft fatal confequences ; and, when he was there, he received a meffage from the duke of Savoy, re- quefting his prefence at Turin. From Turin he re¬ tired to a place called the Sepulchre, on the mountain Varais, where he was feized w ith an intermittent fever, which fcarce permitted him to return alive to Milan, where he arrived on the 3d of November 1584, and died the next day. He was lamented by the city and the whole province with fuch marks of fincere forrow as are rarely feen ; and he w as immediately worftiipped as a faint without waiting for the pope’s approbation. The pope, however, when he was told of it by Cardi¬ nal Baronius, gave directions that the devotion of the people ftiould not be reftrained, though Borromeus was not canonized till the ift of November 1610, in the pontificate of Leo XI. Since that time many « churches t B OR Bwremeuj, churcWs and chapels have been creeled m honour of . nowing. thjg faint, and many religious focieties inllituted and v '" put under his protection. The foregoing particulars are extracted from an ac¬ count of the life of Borromeus, written fome years a- go by Father Anthony Touron. Upon a comparifon ot this lite with that written by Ribadeneira a Spanifh Jefuit above a century ago, it appears that the im¬ provement of knowledge has made a very ftriking dif¬ ference in this kind of biography. Ribadeneira, who lived in the midft of ignorance and fuperftition, did not fufpeCt that the time was at hand when the incre¬ dible and ridiculous fables he recites could not be be¬ lieved : his life of this faint therefore abounds with particulars which Touron has juftly omitted. We are told that a miraculous light was ieen over the chamber of Borromeus’s mother when flic was in labour : That Borromeus, feeing two perfons carried violently down a rapid river on their horfes, and juft ready to perilh, caufed their horfes fuddenly to leap with them out of the water, by giving them his benedi&ion : That Oc- tavian Varefe, a gentleman of Milan, who was con¬ fined to his bed by licknefs, when Borromeus died be¬ came inftantly wTell, by recommending himfelf to the faint’s interceffion. That a daughter of Julius Bona- cina was inftantly cured of a diforder in her eye, which had taken away the fight of it, by performing an adt of devotion in honour of this faint : That a count of Ferrara was inftantly feized with a violent difeafe upon fpeaking irreverently of Borromeus’s picture, but was cured upon confefling his fault. It would certainly be a work of infinite fervice to the Romilh church, to new-write the lives of her faints in fuch a manner as can now be believed, fince the lives already written might by that means be gradually fuperfeded, which are a better antidote againrt Popery than the arguments of the bell reafoncr in the world. BORROWING andHiring, inZrtu;, are contracts by which a qualified property may be transferred to the hirer or borrower ; in which there is only this dif- ference, that hiring is always for a price or ftipend, or additional recompenfe 5 borrowing is merely gratuitous. But the law iiTboth cafes is the fame. They are both contracts, wdiereby the poffeffion and tranfient proper¬ ty is transferred for a particular time or ufe, on con¬ dition and agreement to reftore the goods fo hired or borrowed, as foon as the time is expired, or the ufe per¬ formed, together with the price or ftipend (in cafe of hiring) either exprefsly agreed upon by the parties, or left to be implied by law, according to the value of the fervice. By this mutual contraa, the hirer or bor¬ rower gains a temporary property in the thing hired, accompanied with an implied condition to ufe it with moderation, and not to abufe it; and the owner or lender retains a reverfionary intereft in the fame, and acquires a new' property in the price or reward. Thus, if a man hires or borrows a horfe for a month, he has the pofleflion and a qualified property therein during that period ; on the expiration of which his qualified property determines, and the owner becomes (in cafe of hiring) entitled alfo to the premium or price for which the horfe was hired. There is one fpecies of this price or reward the molt ufual of any, but concerning which many good and learned men have in former times very much perplexed [ 39 1 BOS themfelves and other people, by raifing doubts about jts legality in faro confeientice. That is, when money is lent on a contract to receive not only the principal fum again, but alfo an increafe by way of compenfation for the ufe,^ which is generally called intereji by thofe who think it lawful, and nfury by thofe who do not fo. But as to this, fee the article Interest. BORROWS! OWNESS. See Burrowstow- NESS. BORSEHOLDER, among the Anglo-Saxons, one of the loweft magiftrates, wdiofe authority extended only over one free burgh, tithing, or decennary, con¬ fiding of ten families. Every freeman who wifhed to enjoy the proteftion of the laws, and not to be treated as a vagabond, was under the neceflity of being , ad¬ mitted a member of the tithing wdiere he and his fa¬ mily refided j and in order to obtain this admiftion, it was as neceflary for him to maintain a good reputa¬ tion ; becaufe all the members of each tithing being mutual pledges and fureties for each other, and the whole tithing fureties to the king for the good beha¬ viour of all its. members, they were very cautious of admitting any into their fociety who W’ere of bad or doubtful charafters. Each tithing formed a little ftate or commonwealth within itfelf, and chofe one of its moft refpe&able members for its head, who was fome- times called the alderman of ftich a tithing or free- burgh, on account of his age and experience, but moft commonly borfeholder, from the Saxon words borh “ a furety,” and alder, “ a head or chief.” This magistrate had authority to call together the members of his tithing, to prefide in their meetings, and to put their fentences in execution. The members of each tithing, with their tithing-man or borfeholder at their head, conftituted a court of juftice, in which all the little controverfies arifing within the tithino- were determined. If any difpute of great difficulty or im¬ portance happened, or if either of the parties was not willing to fubmit to a fentence given in the tithing- court, the caufe was referred or appealed to the next fuperior court, or court of the hundred- BORSET, or BoRgETT, celebrated for its baths,, a place about half a league from Aix!a-Chapelle in Germany. The abbey here is a very magnificent pile of building. It was formerly a monaftery ; but ferves for a nunnery, whofe abbefs is a princefs of the em¬ pire, and lady of Borfet. The waters are warm, and of the nature of thofe of Aix-la-Chapelle > but they are only ufed as baths for the difeafes in wffiich the waters laft mentioned are recommended, and alfo in dropfical and oedematous cafes. The waters are di- ftmguiftied into the upper and lower fprings. The former w^ere found by Dr Simmons to raife^ the ther¬ mometer to 158°, the latter to only 127°. All the baths are fupplied by the firft. Dr Simmons obferved' that thefe waters were much lefs> fulphureous than thofe of Aix-la-Chapelle, probably on account of their great¬ er heat. He likewife found that they abounded much with felenites, which incruft the pipe through which the water paffes, and likewife the fides of the bath. BORYSTHENES. See Boristwenes. ®OS, J0HN Baptist du, a celebrated author and member of the French academy, was born at Beauvais in 1670, and finilhed his ftudies at the Sorbonne. In 16515, he was made one of the committee for foreiga affairs. Borrow- Itownefs- 11 Bos. ——Y—J Bos II Bofcawen, S [ 4° 3 BOS and was afterwards charged great intrepidity as a volunteer under Admiral Verncm,'BofcawenJ at the taking of Porto Bello. At the fiege of Car- thagena, in March 1740-1, he had the command of a party of feamen who refolutely attacked and took a battery of 15 twenty-four pounders, though expofed to the fire of another fort of five guns. Lord Aubrey Beauclerk being killed at the attack of Boca-Chica, Captain Bofcawen fucceeded him in the command of the Prince Frederic of 70 guns, In May I742> returned to England, and married Frances daughter of William Glanville, Efq; and the fame year was e- lefted reprefentative for Truro in Cornwall. In I744> he was made captain of the Dreadnought of 60 guns; and foon after he took the Medea, a French man of war commanded by M. Hoquart, the firft king’s fhip taken in that war. May 3. 1747, he fignalized him- felf under the admirals Anfon and Warren, in an en¬ gagement with the French fleet off Cape Finifterre, and was wounded in the Ihoulder with a mulket ball. Here M. Hoquart, who then commanded the Dia¬ mond of 56 guns, again became his prifoner; and all the French flaps of w-ar, which were ten in number, were taken. On the 15th of July he was made rear- admiral of the blue, and commander in chief of the land and fea forces employed on an expedition to the F.aft Indies; and, on the 4th of November, failed from St Helen’s, with fix fliips of the line, five frigates, and 2000 foldiers. On the 29th of July 1748, he arrived at St David’s, and foon after laid fiege to Pondicherry; but the men growing fickly, and the monfoons being expe&ed, the fiege w^as railed, and Mr Bofcawen {bow¬ ed himfelf as much the general as the admiral in his retreat. Soon after he had news of the peace, and Madrafs was delivered up to him by the French. In April 1750, he arrived at St Helen’s in the Exeter, and found that in his abfence he had been appointed rear- admiral of the white. He w'as the next year made one of the lords commiflioners of the admiralty, and chofen an elder brother of the Trinity-houfe. In February 1755, he was appointed vice-admiral of the blue. On the 19th of April, failing in order to intercept a French fquadron bound to North America, he fell in with the Alcide and Leys of 64 guns each, which were both taken: on this occafion M. Hoquart became his pri¬ foner a third time, and he returned to Spithead wfith his prizes and 1500 prifoners. In J J56, he was ap¬ pointed vice-admiral of the white; and in 1758, admi¬ ral of the blue, and comfnander in chief of the expe¬ dition to Cape Breton; when, in conjun&ion with Ge¬ neral Amherft, and a body of troops from New Eng¬ land, the important fortrefs of Louifbourg and the whole ifland of Cape Breton was taken, for which he afterwards received the thanks of the houfe of com¬ mons. In 1759, being appointed to command in the Mediterranean, he arrived at Gibraltar, wdrere hearing that the Toulon fleet, under M. de la Clue, had palled the Straits, in order to join that at Breft, he got un¬ der fail, and on the 18th of Auguft faw, purfued, and engaged the enemy. His Ihip, the Namur of 90 guns, lofing her main-maft, he ftiifted his flag to the Newark; and, after a (harp engagement, took three large flaps, and burnt two in Lagos bay, and the fame year arrived at Spithead with his prizes and 2000 pri¬ foners. On December 8. 1760, he was appointed general B o affairs under Mr Torez ; with fome important tranfaffions in England, Germa- 1 ny, Holland, and Italy. At his return to Paris, he was handfomely preferred, made an abbe, and chofen perpetual fecretary of the French academy. He was the author of feveral excellent works; the principal of which are, 1. Critical refleftions upon poetry and painting, 3 vols 12mo. 2. The hiftory of the four Gordians, confirmed and illuftrated by medals. 3. A critical hiftory of the eftablithment of the French mo¬ narchy among the Gauls, 2 vols qto, 4 vols 12tno. He died at Paris on the 23d of March 174’2, Bos, Lewis JattJfen, an efteemed painter, was born at Bois-le-Duc. Having been carefully inftrutted in the art of painting by the artifts of his native city, he applied himfelf entirely to ftudy after nature, and rendered himfelf very eminent for the truth of his co¬ louring and the neatnefs of his handling. His favou¬ rite fubjeds were flowers, and curious plants, which he ufually reprefented as grouped, in glaffes, or vafes of cryftal, half filled with water; and gave them fo lively a look of nature, that it feemed fcarce poflible to exprefs them with greater truth or delicacy. It was frequent with this mafter to reprefent the drops of dew on the leaves of his obje&s, which he executed with an uncommon tranfparence ; and embellilhed his fubjeds with butterflies, bees, wafps, and other infe&s, which, Sandrart fays, were fuperior to anything of that kind performed by his cotemporary artifts. He likewife painted portraits with very great fuccefs; and fhowed as much merit in that ftyle as he did in his compofitions of ftill life. He died in I5°7* Bos. See Mammalia Index. Bos, m Antiquity, was peculiarly ufed for an ancient Greek filver coin, which was didrachmus, or equiva¬ lent to two drachms. It was fo called as having on it the impreflion of an ox, and chiefly obtained among the Athenians and Delians; being fometimes alfo ftruck of gold. From this arofe the phrafe Bos in lin¬ gua, applied to thofe who had taken "bribes to hold their tongue. BOS A, a maritime town in the weftern part of the ifland of Sardinia, with a caftle, a good port, and a bilhop’s fee. It is feated on the river Bofa, to the north-eaft of an ifland of the fame name ; and has good fait pits. E, Long. 8. 30. N. Lat. 40. 19. BOSCAGE, the fame with a grove or thicket. Boscage, in a law fenfe, is that food which trees yield to cattle ; as maft, &.c. But Manhood fays, to be quit of bofcage is to be difcharged of paying any duty for windfall wood in the foreft. Boscage, among painters, denotes a landscape re- prefenting much wTood and trees. BOSCAN, John, a Spanifti poet of the 16th cen¬ tury, born at Barcelona. He was the friend of Gar- cilalfo de Viga, another Spanifti poet. Thefe two were the firft who made any great improvement in the poetry of their nation, and their pieces were print¬ ed together. Bofcan, who died about the year 1542, principally fucceeded in fonnets. BOSCAWEN, Edward, a brave Britifh admiral, was the fecond fon of Hugh late lord vifcount Fal¬ mouth. Having early entered into the navy, he was, Jn 1740, captain of the Shoreham ; and behaved with 1 BOS [4i] BOS Bofch general of the marines with a falary of 3000I. per II . annum, and was alfo fworn one of the privy-council. c He died in 1761. BOSCH, Jacob Van den, a painter of Hill life, was bom at Amlterdam in 1636, and painted fum- mer fruits of various kinds, peaches, pears, apples, plums, ne&arines, and cherries, with extraordinary tieatnefs of pencil. He painted all his objefts after nature, and imitated every fort of fruit with fo great truth and delicacy, with fuch natural and tranlparent colour, that they appeared delicious, and almolt real. He died in 1676. BOSCHAERTS, Thomas Willeborts, a cele¬ brated painter, was born at Bergen-op-zoom; and, like the great painters who flouriihed at that time, be¬ gan to draw, when very young, in the books that were intended for other lludies. Preferring his pencil to every thing elfe, he drew his own pidfure, by his re- femblance in a looking-glafs, fo like, that thofe w?ho faw it were aftoniihed. This he did before he had the leaft inftrudlion from any one, and w’hen he was only 12 years of age. Upon this his parents fent him to a mailer, that he might follow the bent of his genius j but his firil mailer being only an indifferent painter, and incapable of fatisfying his earned delTre of learn¬ ing, he left him, and engaged himfelf with Gerard Se- gersj under wdiom, after four years pradlice, he proved a moll accomplilhed artill. Antwerp being at that time the feat of arts, where there was a conflux of the moll eminent painters, he thought it the fittell place for his improvement ; and there executed fuch a num¬ ber of noble pieces as added greatly to the fplendour of that wealthy city. In 1642, Henry Frederic prince of Orange, and his fon Prince William, employed him in their fervice •, in w'hich he continued feveral years, and made thofe excellent pieces that are to be feen in that prince’s palace at the Plague and other parts of Holland, and painted portraits for moll of the perfons ' of quality that were then living. He died in the flower of his age, in 1670. BOSCO, or Boschi, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nefe, feated on the river Orbe. E. Long. 9. 44. N. Lat. 44- 53- BOSCOI, or Bosci, in ecclefiallical hillory, de¬ notes a fpecies or tribe of monks in Palelline, wTho fed on grafs like the bealls of the fields. The word is Greek, fioa-Kti, q. d. “ grazers formed from fioo-Keo, pafco, “ I feed.” The Bofcoi are ranked among the number of Adamites, not fo much on account of their habit, as food. They took no care about provifion 5 but when eating-time came, or any of them w7as hun¬ gry, went into the fields, with each his knife in his hand, and gathered and eat what he could find. BOSCOVICH, Roger Joseph, the founder of an original and fublime theory of natural philofophy, de- ferves to be particularly noticed in a work of this na¬ ture \ but we have to regret that the materials from which our biographical memoir mull be compiled, are infufficient to fatisfy the curiofity concerning the liter¬ ary habits, and the charafteriltic features of this very illullrious man. His rank, indeed, as a philofopher, we are enabled to appreciate by perufing fome of the immortal works which he has bequeathed us; but, for a knowledge of his moral chara6ler, difpofition, and temporal con- Vou. IV. Part I. cerns, wm can only have recourfe to the elogies of his Bofeovlch. friends. Thefe are certainly entitled to much of our confidence j and when the names of M. de la Lande, M. Fabroni, Stay, and Zamagna are mentioned, we may be thought fallidious, in implying the lealt dif- trull of their tellimony. It is our refpedl for the pub¬ lic and for truth, and it is our knowledge of the na¬ ture of elogies, which have made us fo. We have, therefore, endeavoured, rather to relate the incidents in the life of Bofcovich, than to give a tranfcript of friendly effuliorij and yet perhaps it may be difcovered, that our portrait is luminous with eulo- gium, whilll its outlines are poorly defined. Bofcovich was born on the nth of May 1711, at Ragufa, a fea port on the coaft of the Adriatic, and capital of a fmall republic of the fame name, under the protection of the Turks and the Venetians. We know fo little of his parents, that rve can only conjedlure at their circumltances and capacity, from the education which they gave to their fon being liberal and judi¬ cious. It does not appear that our author gave any tokens of fuperior genius, till he was fent to learn grammar and philofophy in the fchools of the Jefuits, who were at that time the principal teachers in Ragufa, and throughout Italy. Among!! them, his docility and o- bedience could not pafs unnoticed, but were lufficient to mark him as a likely fubjeCl for future eminence, and confequently to procure to him particular attention. In his 15th year, after he had gone through the ordi¬ nary courfe of education, and w'hen it was neceffary to determine his further purfuits, application was made to admit him into the order j and for the reafons we have mentioned, was readily complied with. This was a- greeable to his own inclination, and proved the fource of that diftinClion in learning to which he afterwards attained. The Jefuits, it is w'ell known, had much interefl: and authority to promote in the city of Rome $ whither it w7as cullomary in them to fend thofe members whom they knew to be qualified for that purpofe, and thofe youths of whom they had great expectations, for more inftruClion. As Bofcovich was fent there in the year 1725, we may reafonably imagine he had profited much by his teachers, and was fignalized for his abi¬ lities. This zeal in the cultivation of youth, which the Jefuits ever preferved, and which perhaps tended more to the prefervation of their powder than all their religious artifices, w7as attended w-ith confequences the molt beneficial to humanity j and when we recoiled how many and how great the geniufes were w hich it dif- covered, and foltered and brought to maturity, we are almolt induced to believe that it counterbalanced all the ill effeds of their order. Had this education been confined to fome limited fphere 5 had it embraced the prattling dodrines of cafuillry and the unwieldy mafs of cloiltered theology alone; unfortunate and melancho¬ ly for the world would have been this zeal: no refuge for the venial penitent, no fecurity againll boiflerous fedarifm would have remained ; an unmanly lethargy would have debafed the mind, and the moral and the intelledual world would have funk to a dread chaos of confufion. But the Jefuits knew well the benig¬ nant influence of literature, and the falutary elevation of fcience; they faw that wealth, and power, and ho- F nour. BOS [ 42 ] BOS Eofcovich. riour, followed philofophy •, and that plillofophy had driven famine, wrctchednefs, and vice, from their ha¬ bitations. We dare not fay that the intereft and ag¬ grandizement of their order were fecondary confidera- tions, but we will avow it as our opinion, that the fhort reign of the Jefuits, and the objefts at which they aimed, and above all the means which they employed, were more inftruCtive, promifed better, and effected more to humanity, than all the accumulated humility and fan&ity of all the religious focieties of the Romilh church. We have been led into this digreffion by the coincidence of certain confiderations operating at the time on our minds. Bofcovich was of the order of Je¬ fuits •, that order is no more ; its deftruction took place in his life-time •, gratitude for the delight and the in- ilruftion we have received from him and many others of the order •, the prefent difpofition among mankind to detraft from its merits, to magnify its imperfedions, and to confound it with the fanatical and enthufiailic groups of every perfuafion which have difgraced the name and the dignity of religion. But to return ; our author on his arrival in Rome, entered the novicelhip of the order, -where his fludies wore a new afpeft, but were ftill purfued with diligence. Chriilian morality, the rules and conftitutions of the order, claimed his at¬ tention for two years j after which he was inftru£led in rhetoric, and became well verfed in general literature, in a particular manner in Latin poetry, which at that time was very much cultivated. From the noviciate he was fent to the Roman col¬ lege to fuidy mathematics and phyfics. It was in thefe fciences that his elevated genius and uncommon abili¬ ties (hone forth fo confpicuoufly, and procured to him the admiration of his fuperiors. In three years time he was able to give private leflbns on mathematics ) and was then exempted from a law, by which the novici¬ ates wrere bound to teach Latin and the belles lettres for five years before they commenced the lludy of theo¬ logy. This exemption was in confequence of his great predilection to the mathematics, of which he was foon afterwards made public profeffor. It would appear to us, that the fcience of theology, as it was then incul¬ cated, had little attraction for the mind of Bofcovich ; for it is not likely that a mind intimately acquainted with truth, and accuftomed to find her ever plain and undifguifed, could relifh the retiring obfcurities of fo- phiftry, or the flimfy decorations of amyftical religion ; nor can we wonder, that during the four years in which he was conftrained to the itudy, he fliould be¬ come more familiar with Leibnitz, Maclaurin, and Newton, than with Loyola, and Laynez, and Aqua- viva. For the profefforfhip of mathematics he was emi¬ nently qualified, as, belides a thorough knowledge of all the modern productions in the icience, he had acquired a priitine feverity of demonftration by ftudying the works of the ancient geometricians; and he conjoined withal an obliging accommodation of his own powers to the deficiencies of his pupils. It was for their be¬ nefit he at this time compofed elementary treatifes on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. But notwithftanding the arduous duties of his fituation which he invariably fulfilled, he found time to inftruCt and enlighten more than boys 5 for about this pe¬ riod, he entertained fome of thofe original notions Bofcovich-. which were deftined to grow up into fyftem, and one ~J day to aftonifh the whole world of fcience. Thefe, as they grew, were ftrengthened by folid arguments in the public deputations, by anticipating obflacles, overcoming and removing them, and by mighty ef¬ forts in extending and applying them to the moft re¬ mote and difcretive aClions of the univerfe. I he ani¬ mating fpirit of difcovery and invention led him to confider every portion of phyfical fcience j and indeed fo verfatile and fo vigorous was his mind, we would be at a lofs to fpecify one portion, which, within a few years, it did not comprehend, elucidate, and ad¬ vance. In confirmation of this we beg to prefent our readers with an enumeration of the principal fubje&s to which he turned his attention, and concerning which he publilhed differtations whilft he continued in the profefibrihip. The tranfit of Mercury over the fun ; the fpots in the fun ; the aurora borealis 5 the conftru&ion of fpheric trigonometry 5 the figure of the earth ; a new telefcope to determine celeftial obje£ts j the ancient arguments for the rotundity of the earth j ofcillating circles 5 on infinites and infinitely little quantities; the motion of bodies in unrefifting fpaces; the aberration of the fixed liars j the inequalities in terrellrial gravity j on aftronomy; on the limits of certainty in aftronomical obfervations •, on the folid of greatellattradlion; the cycloid; thelogiilic cuive lines; the vires vivee; the comets; light; tides; the rain¬ bow ; the calculation of fractions; the centre of gra¬ vity ; the moon’s atmofphere ; the law of continuity ; lenfes and dioptrical telefcopes; the objeftive microme¬ ter ; the divisibility of matter. Some of thefe are Ihort, but all of them contain curious and valuable matter. It is only by perilling them we are able to difcover the gradual progrefs of his mind ; and to underliand the manner in w'hich he arrived at the theory of na¬ tural philofophy, which alone will render his name im¬ mortal. About this time a talle for philofophical poetry was much prevalent amongll the learned, and fome of our author’s acquaintances had laboured in it with fuccefs. Of thefe we may mention Father Noceti who wrote on the rainbow and the aurora borealis, and the jullly ce¬ lebrated Benedifl Stay, whofe poems on the philofophy of Defcartes, and on the more modern philofophy, are excellent examples of fine Latin compofition and fcien- tific inveftigation. Bofcovich publilhed their works with annotations and fupplements, in which a fplendid fund of information and learning is difplayed. By fuch undertakings, the fame of our author was widely diffufed, and he became an obje£l of general ad¬ miration. The learned focieties of many countries in Europe conferred on him unfolicited honours, and fe- veral foreign princes invited him to their courts. His opinions on various fubje£ls of civil architecture, to¬ pography, and hydrodynamics, were alked and enter¬ tained by Pope Benedia XIV. John V. of Portugal, and others. Thefe neceffarily required his prefence in different Hates, where he never failed to increafe his reputation, and often terminated difputes which might otherwife have gone on to open warfare. He was employed to correa the maps of the papal dominions, and to meafure a degree of the meridian pafling BOS [ 43 ] BOS Bofcovich. paffing tlirougli them. In this he was aflifted by an English Jefuit, Chrittopher Maire. An account of their expedition was printed at Rome and Paris, and is in- terfperfed with fome curious anecdotes, concerning the opinions which the peafants of the Apennines formed of them, and the operations which they had to per¬ form ; but it is valuable on account of the accurate de¬ tail which is given of their obfervations. In the year 1757, he was fent to Vienna by the re¬ public of Lucca, to reconcile fome differences concern¬ ing the draining of a lake, in which the grand duke of Tufcany the emperor Francis I. and that republic, were concerned. It was after he had fucceeded in the object of his vifit to that city, that he publiffied there his Theoria Phi/ofophia Naturalis in 1758 5 and that he gained the efteem of the emprefs queen. Another occafion for his mediating powers foon pre- fented itfelf, and which more nearly interefted him, as his native city of Ragufa required them. It had been liifpefted by the Britiih government, that fome drips of war were fitted out at that port for the fervice of the French, thereby infringing the neutrality. Such a iu- fpicion having no juft foundation, alarmed the fenate of Ragufa, and required fpeedy removal, as the confe- quences of it might be extremely prejudicial to their commerce. Bofcovich, who had often been fuccefsful in fimilar circumllances for other powers, appeared to them the moft proper perfon for this purpofe, and was accordingly intrufted with it. He repaired to London, and here alfo effected the objefl of his million with ho¬ nour to himfelf. He vifited the Royal Society, which received him with diftinguilhing marks of refpeft, and which he foon afterwards complimented with an ex¬ cellent Latin poem on the folar and lunar eclipfes. This was in the year 1760, w-hen Dr Johnfon wras in London. Mr Murphy fpeaks of an interview' w’hich took place between our author and Johnfon j but in or¬ der to magnify the unruly powers of the tremendous companion, he rather unhandfomely tells us of the eafy cant with which a priejl might travel through Italy and France. We are unwilling to mention what effefts on fome minds may have been produced by the formida¬ ble fociety of a Johnfon 5 but if they are a contempt of elegant fimplicity and ingenuous eafe, and an affe&ed devotion to repulfive pomp and authoritative oftenta- tion, be our lot far from his influence, amid the peace and liberty of focial life. • Bofcovich was invited by the Royal Society to be of the party of their members fent to America, to obferve the tranfit of Venus over the fun’s dilk, which happen¬ ed in the year 1762. The nature of his embaffy, and the neceflity of returning home, however, prevented his acceptance of the invitation. Soon after his return, and when his embaffy was fulfilled, he was appointed by the fenate of Milan to the mathematical chair in the univerfity of Pavia, and to fuperintend the obfervatory of the royal college of Brera. He continued in this fituation for fix years, when he was made profeffor of aftronomy and optics in the Palatine fchools of Milan by the emprefs queen ; who alfo requefted him to con¬ tinue his attention to the obfervatory. This he ex¬ pected to be the moft agreeable part of his life. Ad¬ mired by the learned *, beloved by his friends •, having an adequate income, and a conftitution found and vi¬ gorous ; he promlfed to himfelf, happy, becaufe ufeful Eoico days, in the tranquil cultivation of the fciences : but a v~ > cloud long impending now' burft over his head, and thefe bright days never came. The myfterious regulation in the political conftitu¬ tion of the Jefuits, though it had attrafled the keen curiofity of the world, had, fot very fubftantial reafons never been explored ; nay, fuch was the influence of the order over the minds of the moft enlightened ftatef- men, that this impenetrable myftery was held facred by the civil power in many countries, as if no danger could exift in what was not underftood. But the ra¬ pid progrefs of fcience, and the gradual decay of fuper- ilition, required fome evidence of fecurity, and fome proof that it w'as ever neceffary to conceal good inten¬ tions, and to cover virtuous principles with any other garb than what truth could bellow. Thefe it is well known, the Jefuits either could not, or were unwilling to give ; and they, therefore, jullly incurred the fufpi- cion of men. The moft trivial circumftances would augment this fufpicion, and the leaft deviation from redlitude in any of the order wmuld ferve to juftify it : thefe w'ere not wanting, and foon became invincible } the intereft of the Jefuits rapidly declined for many years, and at lait, in 1773, their order was totally abe- lilhed. No exemption from the edict for its downfall could be procured : all who held offices were difmiffed ; and Bofcovich fought refuge in the city of Paris. Thither indeed he w'as invited by the minifter, (we believe Turgot) by whofe means he was made one of the di- reftors of optics for the fea fervice, and received a penfion : but it does not feem that his fituation was agreeable to him ; for it is well known that the peculiar- nature of his circumftances W'as the foie caufe of his long refidence in Paris. Whether his dillike arofe from the envy of fome of the French, his own irritability of temper, or the in¬ congruity of the prevailing manners with his own,'we cannot determine : but it is reafonable to imagine, that the ruin of his order, and the fubfidence of his owm importance, would leave fome indelible mark in hjs mind ; and perhaps when he contemplated the ap¬ parent levity and the real fcepticifm of the age, he might be brought to fear that the degradation or the downfall of the w'orld was concomitant. Sentiments very oppofite to thofe of the French, would thence naturally arife 5 morofity and difconteirt would invade him, and he wiflied to re vifit the fcenes of his youth. Be all this, however, as it may, certain it is, he applied for leave of abfence for two years, after he had refided in Paris for ten years : this he eafily procured, and ac¬ cordingly fet out for Baffano in the republic of Venice. At this place he publifhed in five vols. quarto, a col¬ lection of the works which he had finil'hed in Paris. This forms a body of optical and aftronomical know¬ ledge, well worthy jhe attention of the philofophical and mechanical cultivators of the fciences. It may be worth mentioning, that by proceeding on the princi¬ ples contained in one of the differtations in this collec¬ tion, an amiable philofopher of our own country (Dr. Robifon) believed it poffible to afcertain the motions of the earth, though the obferVer fhould be confined in a cellar; in profecuting the fubjedl, however, he 2 found BOS Bofcovich found that an error into which Bofcovich had w—s ' concerning the aberration of light, undermined the principles°on which he had eretted fuch a wonderful but legitimate problem. The candid and very intereft- ing acknowledgement of the error, nnd his extreme dif- appointment in the difcovery of it, which the do£!or made in the 3d vol. of the Edinburgh Tranfaftions, is at once an evidence of his own liberality, and an un- defeafible teftimony to Bofcovich’s genius. We beg to recommend to our readers the perufal of the works which we have now mentioned; they would tend to form the mind to the true mode of inveftigating the phenomena of nature, and will fatisfaflorily {hew that this mode is always rewarded by difcovery. The following is a pretty juft account of their contents : A new inftrument for determining tne refratfing and di¬ verging forces of diaphanous bodies j a deroonftration of the falfehood of the Newtonian analogy between light and found 5 the algebraic formulae regarding the focufes of lenfes, and their applications for calculating the fphericity of thofe which are to be ufed in achro- matical telefcopes ; the corredlions to be made in oc¬ ular lenfes, and the error of the fphericity of certain glaffes; the caufes which hinder the exaft union of the folar rays by means of the great burning glaffes, and the determination of the lofs arifing from it ; the me¬ thod of determining the different velocities of ligot paf- {intf through different mediums by means of two diop¬ trical telefcopes, one common, the other of a new kind, containing water between the objeftive glafs and. the place of the image j a new kind of objective micro¬ meters j the defeats and inutility of a dioptrical tele- fcope propofed and made at Paris, w’hich gives twTo images of the fame objeft, the one direft, the other in- verfe, with two contrary motions of moveable objecls j maffes floating in the atmofphere, as hail of an extra¬ ordinary fize, feen on the iun with the telefcope, and refembling Ipots 1 the aftronomical refractions, and va¬ rious methods for determining them j various methods for determining the orbits of comets and of the new planet, with copious applications of thefe doctrines to other aftronomical fubje&s, and ftill more generally to geometry and to the fcience of calculation j the errors, the rectifications, and the ufe of quadrants, of fextants, of aftronomical feCtors, of the meridian line, of tele¬ fcopes called the inftturoents of traniits, of the meii- dian, and of the parallactic machine } the trigonome¬ trical differential formulae, which are of fo much ufe in aftronomy •, the ufe of the micrometical rhombus, ex¬ tended to whatever oblique polition j the eiror ariung from refraCtions in ufing the aftronomical ring for a lun- dial, and the correction to be made •, the appearing and the difappearing of Saturn's ring •, the methods of de¬ termining the rotation of the fun by means of the fpots, propofed formerly by the author, and now perfected j [ 44 3 BOS fallen, the greateft exa&nefs poffible in determining the length Bofcovich. of a pendulum ofcillating every fecond of middle time -y—' by the comparifon of terreftrial and celeftial gravity j a compend of aftronomy for the ufe ot the marine, con¬ taining the elements of the heavenly motions, and of the aftronomical inftruments, to be explained to a prince in the courfe of one month } a method for determining the altitudes of the poles with the greateft exa&nefs, by means of a gnomon alone, rvhere other inftrurqents are not to be bad j the determination of the illuminated edge of the moon to be obferved on the meridian 5 a method of ufing the retrograde return of Venus to the fame longitude, for determining the lets certain elements of her orbit $ a method for correcting the Clements of a comet, of which the longitude of the node is given, and the inclination of the orbit has been found nearly ; an¬ other method for the fame purpofe, and for finding the elliptical orbit, wdien the parabolic one does not agree with the obfervations 5 a method for correCHng the ele¬ ments of a planet by three obfervations } the projection of an orbit inclined in the plane of the ecliptic 3 the pro¬ tection of an orbit inclined in any other plane 5 the cal¬ culation of the aberration of the ftars, arifi.ng from the fucceflive propagation of light 3 feme beautiful theorems belonging to triangles, which are of great ule in aftro¬ nomy, reduced to moft fimple demonftrations. After the publication of thefe works, our author lett Baffano, and went to Rome to vifit the companions of his youth. From Rome he proceeded to Milan, where he revifed fome of his own works, and prepared for publication the two laft volumes of Stay s poems. I11 fuch occupations, and amidft friends whom equal misfortune and temporary feparation had ftill more en¬ deared, he had remained happy, and might perhaps have been ftill further ufeful to the world 3 but his leave of abfence was now nearly expired, and his dis¬ like to a refidence in Paris was augmented by tne con- traft w’hich his prefent abode afforded. He was too delicate to apply for more leave of abfence 3 and though he was fenfibie of the gratitude which he owed , to France, he could not reconcile it with the deftiuCtion of his own repofe. About this time alfo he had feve- ral attacks of gout, but he would admit no medical aid. Under thefe diftreffes, and others which we have, before mentioned, our illuftrious autnor at laft iunk _ a melancholy defpondency feized on and fubjugated his mind, fo that for five months he remained perfectly fatuous 3 and an impofthume having burft in his bread, terminated his exiftence on the 13th of February 1787, in the 76th year of his age. The following infeription was compofed by Benedict Stay, and engraved on marble by order of the fenate of Ragufa, in memory of their ufeful citizen the illus¬ trious Bofcovich. Rogerio. Nicolai. F. Boscovichio, SummL Ingenii. Viro. Philofopho. Et. Mathematico. Prseftantiflimo Scriptori. Operum.. Egregiorum Res. Fhyiicas. Geometricas. Aftronomicas Plurimis. Inventis. Suis, AuCtas- Continentium Celebriorum. Europae. Academiarum, Socio Qui. In. Soc. Jefu. Cum. EiTet. Ac. Romae. Mathefim. Profiteretur BenediCtoe, XIV. Mandante Multe. B OS [ 45 ] BOS Bofcovich. Multo. Lahore. Singular!. Induftria —v ■■■—■' Dimenfus. Eft. Gradum. Terreftris. Circuli Boream. Verfu?. Per. Pontificiam. Ditionem. Tranfeuntis Ejufdemque. Ditioni?. In. Nova. Tabula. Situs. Omnes. Defcripfit. Stabilitati. Vaticano. Tholo. Reddundte Portubus. Superi. Et. Inferi. Maris. Ad. Juftara. Altitudinem. Redigendis Reftagnantibus. Per Campos. Aquis. Emittendis. Commonftravit. Viam Legatus. A. Lucenftbus. Ad. Francifcum. I. Caefarem. M. Etruriae. Ducem Ut. Amnes. Ab. Eorum. Agro. Averterentur. Obtinuit Merito. Ab. lis. Inter. Patricios. Cooptatus Mediolanum. Ad. Docendum. Mathematicas. Difciplinas. Evocatus JBraidenfem. Extruxit. Inftruxitque. Servandis. Aftris. Speculam Deletae. Turn. Societati. Suae. Superftes Lutetiae. Pariftorum. Inter. Galliae. Indigenas. Relatus Commiffum. Sibi. Perficiundae. In. Ufus. Maritimos. Opticae. Munus. Adcuravit Ampla. A. Ludovico. XV. Rege. Xmo. Attributa. Penfione Inter. Haec. Et. Poefim. Mira. Ubertate. Et. Facilitate. Excoluit Do&as. Non. Semel. Sufcepit. Per. Europam. Peregrinationes Multorum. Amicitias. Gratia. Virorum. Principum. Ubique. Floruit Ubique. Animum. Chriftianarum. Virtutum Veraeque. Religionis. Studiofum. Prae-fe-tulit Ex. Gallia. Italiam. Revifens. Jam. Senex Cum. Ibi. In. Elaborandis. Edendifque. Poftremis. Operibus Plurimum. Contendiflet. Et. Novis. Inchoandis. Ac. Veteribus. Abfolvendis Sefe. Adcingeret In. Diuturnum. Incidit. Morbum. Eoque. Obiit. Mediolarii Id. Feb. An. MDCCLXXXVII. Natus. Annos LXXV. Menfes IX. Dies II. Huic. Optime. Merito. De. Republica. Civi Quod. Fidem. Atque. Operam. Suam. Eidem. Saepe. Probaverit In. Arduis. Apud. Exteras. Nationes Bene. Utiliterque. Expediundis. Negotiis Quodque. Sui. Nominis. Celebritate. Novum. Patriae. Decus. Adtulerit Polt. Funebrem. Honorem. In. Hoc. Templo. Cum. Sacro. Et. Laudatione Publice. Delatum Ejufdem. Templi. Curatores Ex. Senatus. Confulto M. P. P. Bofcovich. Befides the works which wre have mentioned, he wrote feveral others on various fubje£ls, as, on the pro¬ ject of turning the navigation to Rome from Fiumici- no to Maccarefe 5 a third on two torrents in the terri¬ tory of Perugia ; a fourth on the bulwarks on the river Ponaro; a fifth on the river Sidone in the territory of Placentia ; a fixth on the entrance into the fea of the Adige. He wrote other fuch works on the bulwarks of the Po *, on the harbours of Ancona, of Rimini, of Magna Vacca, and Savona, befides others, almoft all which were printed. He had likewife received a com- miflion from Clement XIII. to vifit the Pomptin lakes, on the draining of which he drew up his opinion in writing, to which he added further elucidations at the defire of Pius VI. ^ - s. , We have fpoken of Bofcovich as the founder of a Theoria * new fyftem of natural philofophy, which has occupied Philofophix much of the attention of the learned, and which alone .Naturalis, will render the name of its author immortal. It be¬ comes us therefore to give fuch a fynopfis of it, as may fatisfy the general reader, or induce the ftudent to fearch for more information in the work from which we ourfelves have derived it. In a fubjeft fo abftrufe and remote from obfervation as many of the principles which we have to confider in this theory, much difficulty in inveftigation is to be expeffed, and perhaps the metaphorical language which wre are conftrained to employ, will tend not a little to embarrafs and miflead us. We are alfo aware- of the many obftacles which a theory of fuch magni¬ tude has to encounter in the improved mode of philofo- phifing of the prefent day ; w7e are aware that at the bare mention of a new theory in natural philofophy, fome of our readers will revolt from our page, affedl a contempt of our labours, and call to their aid the au¬ thority of Bacon. But w7e would afk fuch, from whence does their fpirit arife? we have found it in> thofe who never ftudied a page of Bacon 3 and we have known it accompanied by indolence, and by a fupine indifference to aught that dignifies and elevates humanity. It is furely no hard matter to condemn a theory, merely becaufe it is a theory ; nor is it at all demonftrable that fuch condemnation requires any great effort of genius or underftanding. Now the fpirit of Bacon is a fpirit of zeal, and labour, and per- feverance, and above all, of inveftigation. Not then from his writings has this contempt arifen, but from a total ignorance of them 3 not from his doftrine, but from an imaginary infpiration of his principles. We BOS Bofcovich's We have reafon to believe that the theory of Bof- SNrtunUf cov^c^ woul(i ^ave received the fanftion of the illuf- trious Bacon j becaufe the foundation on which it is [ 4<3 ] BOS Philofophy. divided in¬ to three parts; 3 has fome refem- blance to ether theories, 4 Leibnit- 5 Newto- 6 Principles of it. erefted is confecrated by irradiation from his works. Be this, however, as it may, we are convinced that fuch an example of true genius will be acceptable to every friend of humanity, and to every cultivator of fcience. 1 hat wTe may do juflice to our author in giving a fynopfis of his theory, we (hall follow the order which he himfelf has adopted ; and (hall fubjoin fome general obfervations and remarks which have occurred to us in the courfe of the wrork. Bofcovich’s Theoria Philofophiae Naturalis is divid¬ ed into three parts, of which the JirJl contains the ex¬ plication of the theory, its analytic deduction, and its vindication. The fecond contains the application of the theory to mechanics, and The third the application of the theory to phyfics. Of thefe in order, and firft of the explication of the theory. This theory has fomething in common with the Leibnitzian and the Newtonian. With the former it admits that the elements of mat¬ ter are limple and inextended j but it differs from it, in denying the continued extenfion of the elements, and in affecting that the elements are perfeflly homogeneous. Like the Newtonian, it allows the exiftence of mu¬ tual powers or forces, wdiich vary according to the diftance by certain laws ; but it goes further, in that it afferts thefe powers are both repulflve and attrac¬ tive, and that wTen either of thefe terminates the other begins : but it differs from the Newtonian in explain¬ ing by one principle phenomena to which the latter applies three. This one principle may be expreffed by an algebraic formula, or by one continued geometrical curve ; and it is the law by which the powers of repulfion and at- traftion aft. As continued extenfion of bodies is re- jefted from this theory, it is obvious, that as on the one hand a repulfive po-wer muft render it impoffible, fo on the other an attraftive power muff give rife to the apparent examples of it, to the phenomena of cohe- fion : this accordingly is one effential charafteriftic of the theory. From thefe few remarks we may deduce the princi¬ ples of the theory. The firfl elements or atoms of matter are indivifiM ble, inextended, but fimple, homogeneous, and finite in number. They are difperfed in an immenfe fpace, In fuch a manner as that any two or more may be diftant from each other any affignable interval. This inter¬ val may be indefinitely augmented or diminifhed, but cannot entirely vanifli. Aftual contaft of the atoms is therefore impoffible, feeing that the repulfive power which prevents the entire vanifhing of the interval, muff be fufficient to deflroy the greatefl velocities by which the atoms tend to unite. The repulfive power muff encircle every atom, muft be equal at equal di- ftances from the atoms, and moreover, muft increafe as the diftance from the atoms diminifhes. On the contrary, if the diftance from the atoms increafes the repulfive power will diminifti, and at laft become equal £o nothing, or vanifh : then, and not till then, an at- Plate XCIV. fig. r. traftive power commences, increafes, diminifhes, va- Pofcovich’i nifties. But the theory does not flop here ; for it fup- s>'r;em of pofes, that a repulfive power fucceeds to the fecond or attraftive, increafes, diminifhes, vanifties j and that , ‘n ° there are feveral alternations of this kind, till at the v laft an attraftive power prevails, and though diminifti- ing lenfibly, as the fquares of the diftances iiicreafe, extends to the molt diftant regions of our fyftem. „ Such a procefs as we have now mentioned may feem A geome- complicated and confufed j but the curve line which tdcal curve expreffes it is fo fimple, that we are perfuaded, our^1^^^^5 readers, though unacquainted with geometry, wall com- 0f ^e'1 prehend it, and hence will be able J^o underftand the theory, theory itfelf. We fhall now proceed therefore to exhibit this curve, and to Ihew in what manner it elucidates the principles of the theory. The axis C'AC has an afymptote of a curve in the point A, viz. the indefinite right line AB j on each fide of which are placed two equal and fimilar bran¬ ches of a curve, viz. D'E'F'G', &c. and DEFGH1KL MNOFQRSTV ; the latter of thefe having the afymp- totical arch ED, though indefinitely produced towards the right line AB, will never touch it; but it accedes to the axis C'AC, and touches it in fome point E. From this point it recedes on the oppofite fide of the axis to fome point F, bends again to the axis C'AC, and cuts it in the point G ; from this it recedes in a fimilar manner, on the fide of the axis from whence it originated, and arrives at the point H. From the point H it bends to the axis C'AC, and cuts it in the point I ; and fo on in alternate fits of accefiion and receflion till it has com¬ pleted the remaining arches IKL,LMN,NOP,PQR, R.ST ; after which it becomes afymptotical, forming the arch T/rV, which approaches the axis C'AC on the fide oppofite that from ’which it originated, in fuch a manner as that the diftances from the axis fhall be in the reciprocal duplicate ratios of the diftances from the afymptote BA. Now, if we raife and let fall perpendiculars on the axis C'AC in the points <7, £, jeftions made to it by Leibnitz, on the principle ofat0ms' the fufficient reafon, and the vifible diverfity of bo¬ dies : the former he contends to be falfe, being found¬ ed on that doftrine of neceffity which Leibnitz main¬ tained •, and with refpeft to the latter, he deferibes a beautiful and ftriking analogy, which wre cannot re¬ frain from tranferibing. “ Fieri poflent nigricantes literee, non duftu atra- menti continuo, fed punftulis rotundis nigricantibus, et ita parum a fe invicem remotis, ut intervalla non nifi ope microfcopii difeerni poflent, et quidem ipfse literarum formas pro typis fieri poflent ex ejufmodi ro¬ tundis fibi proximis cufpidibus conftantes. Concipia- tur ingens quaedam bibliotheca, cujus omnes libri con- ftarent literis impreflis, ac fit incredibilis in ea multi- tudo librorum confcriptorum linguis variis, in quibus omnibus forma charafterum fit eadem. Si quis ferip- turae hujufmodi et linguarum ignarus circa ejufmodi li~ bros, quos omnes a fe invicem diferepantes intueretur, obfervationem inftitueret cum diligent! contemplatione, primo quidem inveniret vocum farraginem quandam, quae in quibufdam libris occurrerent ftepe, cum in aliis nufquam apparerent, et inde lexica poflet quaedam componere totidem numero, quot idiomata funt, in quibus lingulis omnes ejufdem idiomatis voces reperi- rentur, quae quidem numero admodum pauca eflent, diferimine illo ingenti tot, tam variorum librorum re- dafto ad illud ufque adeo minus diferimen, quod con- tinerentur lexicis illis, et habereturin vocibus ipfa lexi¬ ca conftituentibus. At inquifitione promota, facile ad- verteret, omnes illas tam varias voces conffare ex 24 tantummodo diverfis literis, diferimen aliquod inter fe habentibus in duftu linearum, quibus formantur, qua- rum combinatio diverfa pareret omnes illas voces tam varias, ut earum combinatio libros efformaret ufque adeo magis a fe invicem diferepantes. Et ille quidem fi aliud quodcunque fine microfcopio examen inffitueret, nullum aliud inveniret magis adhuc fimile elementorum genus, ex quibus diverfa ratione combinatis orirentur ipfm literae j at microfcopio arrepto, intueretur utique illam ipfam literarum compofitionem e punftis illis ro¬ tundis prorfus homogeneis, quorum fola diverfa pofitio ac diffributio literas exhiberet. Haec mihi quaedam imago videtur efle eorum quee cernimus in natura. Tam multi, tam varii, illi libri corpora funt, et quae ad diverfa pertinent regna, funt tanquam diverfis confcrip- ta linguis. Horura omnium chemica analyfis princi- pia quasdam invenit minus inter fe diffbrmia, quam lint libri, nimirum voces. Hsec tamen ipfae inter fe ha- bent diferimen aliquod, ut tam multas oleorum, terra- rum, falium fpecies emit chemica analyfis e diverfis corporibus. Ulterior analyfis horum veluti vocum, li¬ teras minus adhuc inter fe diffbrmes inveniret, et ultima juxta theoriam meam deveniret ad homogenea punftula, quae ut illi circuli nigri literas, ita ipfa di- verfas diverforum corporum particulas per folam dif- pofitionem diverfam effbrmarent: ufque adeo analogia G -ex j3ofcov[ch’s ex Syltem of Natural BOS f 5° ] ipfa naturae confideratione derivata non ad dilTor- B O S .19. Objections to the the¬ ory obvi¬ ated. mitatem, fed ad conformitatem elernentorum nos du- Philofophy. Clt-” . (Theoria, p. 49.) It is from theie fimple principles which we have enumerated that Bofcovich deduces analytically the whole of his fyftem •, and he now proceeds to remove or explain away the obje&ions made to it. It has been obje&ed in the firft place to the mutual ' powers, that they are occult qualities, and that they induce aftion at a diftance. But in reply, fo far from being occult they are very manifeft, an idea of them can eafily be formed, their exiftence is evinced by a pofitive argument, and their efft&s are continually be¬ fore our eyes •, we may add alfo, that the fame objec¬ tion was made to the Newtonian attra&ion, and that the fame arguments ferve to remove it from both. As to the mutual powers inducing a&ion at a dillance, much indeed may be faid, but it is very queftionable if nil that can be faid will ever clear up the obfcurity that perpetually involves this inextricable phenomenon. We referve fome remarks on the commonly received notions on the fubje£f, for our concluflon $ in the mean time, we may affirm, that it is as eafy to conceive motion produced by the powers we have fpoken of, i. e. at a diftance, as produced by immediate impulfe. We know, indeed, that till of late, philofophers were ac- cuftomed to confider the connexion between impulfe and motion fo effential, and their notions on the fub- je£I fo clear and fundamental, that whenever they could reduce any phenomenon to that predicament, they flattered themfelves every difficulty vanifhed, and confequently further inveftigation was fuperfluous. But we alfo know, that till of late, water was held to be a fimple body, and that when it could be ffiewn to arife in any chemical experiment, it was cuftomary in che- mifts to believe it had previoufly exifted in the fubje&s of their experiment. Do we coincide in this belief in the prefent day ? It has been objected, that the theory itfelf admits a fudden tranfition from one power to another j but a due infpeftion of the curve, and the explanation of it which we have given, will convince that this is impof- fible, for that every change is made by paffing through every intermediate degree. The principal objeftions, as might have been ex- pefled, have been made to the rejection of contaft, to the inextenfton of the atoms, and to their indivifibility. But it is allowed, that bodies approach fo near to each other, as to leave no fenfible dirtance between them ; and that the refiftance which we experience is made by the repulfive power which gives us the fame fenfation as adtual contaft. We can form no idea, it is true, of an inextended indivifible atom of matter, becaufe all our ideas of matter are affociated with extenfion and parts and fo difficult is it to break the alfociation, we imagine thefe are effential to it. Bofcovich direfts us to confider the nature of a mathematical point, in which there is involved no notion of extenfion or parts, and that from this we can form an idea of an inextended atom. The notion of an inextended and fimple atom is not peculiar to the theory of Bofcovich. Zeno and his followers among the ancients, and the modern Leibnitzians adopted it. But Bofcovich, by denying a£lual contact and continued extenfion, gets rid of the abfurdities which refvftted from their opinions. Some have afferted that the atoms of this theory do Bofcovich’s not differ from fpxrits, becaufe they have not extenfion, Syftem of which is the charafteriftic of matter. Does then ex-pLMa/-Ur|^ tenfion conftitute matter, and the want of it fpirit ? ‘ v- ] We apprehend not. The difcrimination of matter and fpirit confifts in thefe two circumftances : the former is perceptible by our fenfes, and is incapable of thought and volition j whereas, the latter does not affedi our fenfes, but can both think and will. But the percep¬ tibility of matter arifes from its impenetrability, not from continued extenfion. Befides this, the atoms have repulfive and attradlive powers, though they do not therefore refemble fpirit. For were we to ad¬ mit the exiftence of a kind of being polfeffed of thefe adfive powers, conjoined with inertia, and having at the fame time cogitation and volition ; it would neither be matter nor fpirit, but a tertium quid, diftinguifhed from the former by cogitation and volition, and from the latter by inertia, and by powers which induce impene¬ trability. Bofcovich treats the other metaphyfical objedlions to his theory in a fimilar manner j but we think it very unneceflary to dwell longer on them, and (hall there¬ fore proceed to the fecond part of our fubjedh 20 II. We are obliged to be concife in our account ofApplka- the application of the theory to mechanics, becaufe t‘on rne" though very valuable in itfelf, it can hardly be a_ Panics, bridged, and w'ould prove interefting to thofe only wffio are verfed in mechanical fcience. There remain, how¬ ever, fome further circumftances of the curve to be confidered, which are eflential to the fully underftand- ing the theory itfelf, and the manner in which it is to be applied either to mechanics or to phyfics. We pro- pofe to deliver them in this place in conformity with our author’s plan, though they are equally fuitable to any of the three parts. 2I The circumftances we mean are of three kinds. Further re- iff, The arches of the curve. 2dly, The areas com-marks on prehended betwixt the axis, and the arches wffiich thetIie curve* ordinates generate by continually flowing. 3dly, The points in which the curve cuts the axis. 2a 1. The arches are either repulfive or attra&ive, ac-Arches^ cording as they are fituated on the fame fide of the ax¬ is with the afymptotic limb ED, or on the fide oppo- lite, and terminate the ordinates exhibiting the repul¬ five or the attractive powers. The arches may bend towards the axis, and turn again from it without touch¬ ing or cutting it, as in the arch P ef; this bending may be repeated, and may occur on either fide of the axis, and it may admit of many varieties in figure and fize, fo as to exprefs every poffible aCtion and mode of ac¬ tion. 2. The areas may be of any magnitude however Areas., great or fmall, or they may be infinite, according as the arches depart more or lefs from the axis, or become afymptotical with refpeCI to it. The abfciffes repre- fent the diftances betwixt the atoms, and the ordinates the prefent force by w'hich they are aCting : the areas which the ordinates run through, exprefs the increment or the decrement of the fquares of the velocities which are generated. From thefe principles it is eafy to fee in what manner the doClrine of dynamics may be applied in the theory. And from this very circumftance it is clear that this theory does not interfere with principles in mechanics which are deduced from reafoning ab- ftraCledly Bofcovichfs Syftem of Natural Philol'ophy. . =4 Points. Limits of cohefion. 26 Of non-co. •hdion. B 0 S . . C. 5 ftraftedly on fpace, velocity, and time, and in which the nature and properties of matter have no place. This remark is momentous, becaufe it ferves us in form¬ ing an adequate opinion of the merits of the theory, and it completely overthrows the fcepticifm concerning mechanical knowledge into which fome have been led by imperfe&ly underftanding the object and the prin¬ ciples of Bofcovich. We beg to imprefs this on the minds of our readers, and to allure them, that though the theory of Bofcovich be moft fatisfactorily eftablifh- ed, there will not one fundamental principle in the fcience of mechanics be overturned. This will no doubt mortify the ignorant fceptic, but it will animate the true ftudent to greater exertions, and it may open to him a field in which glory and fame remain yet to be reaped. To return, the afymptotic area included betwixt any afymptote and ordinate may be either in¬ finite, or finite of any magnitude however great or fmall: or more generally, the area is infinite if the or¬ dinate increafes in the fimple reciprocal ratio j but if the ratio be lefs in any degree, the area is finite. 3. The points in which the curve cuts the axis are of two kinds, one where the tranfition is from repulfion to attrafHon, the other where it is from attraction to re¬ pulfion. Nowr thefe are called limits, and though they have fomething in common with each other, yet do they effentially differ. They have this in common, that if two atoms be placed at the diffance of any limits from each other, no mutual power is exerted by them j con- fequently if they are refpeCtively at reft, they continue fo. But if they be moved from their rcfpeClive reft, then an effential difference is obfervable betxvixt thefe two kinds of limits. In the limit of the firft kind, viz. where the tranfition is from repulfion to attraction, the atoms refift further feparation, and endeavour to regain their former diftance by the attractive power then op¬ erating and they refift nearer approach than the limit, and endeavour to regain their former diftance, by the repulfive power then operating. This therefore is cal¬ led a hmit of cohefon, feeing that if an atom be any way removed from it, it endeavours to regain it. But in the limit of the fecond kind, if the diftance betxvixt the atoms be in the leaft increafed, then will thefe atoms tend from each other more and more, by the repulfive poxver then operating j and if the diftance be¬ twixt them be in the leaft diminifhed, then they wrill tend to each other more and more, by the attractive poxver then operating. This therefore is called a lim¬ it of non-cohejian, feeing that if an atom be any way re¬ moved from, it departs more and more from it. Now the limits of cohefion may be very ftrong or very weak j for if the curve cuts the axis perpendicularly, it is evi¬ dent that the ordinates on each fide of the limit are the greateft, and therefore the forces which they ex- prefs the greateft. On the other hand, if the curve cuts the axis in a very fmall angle, it is alfo evident that the ordinates on each fide of the limit are very fmall, and therefore the forces xvhich they exprefs very fmall j and thefe in any proportion. Of the limits of non-cohefion w’e may obferx'e that, in a fimilar man¬ ner, according to the angle formed by the curve in cut¬ ting the axis at the points reprefenting them, the atoms will recede from,, or accede to each other xvith greater or fmaller velocity, xvhen their refpe&ive diftance is changed. [ ] BOS The remarks which xve have now made, together EofcovkIA with the former explanation of the curve, are fufficient to acquaint our readers xvith the general principles of philofophy. the theory, and xvill ferve to exhibit the manner in —y'-— which it may be applied to mechanics and to phyfics. Of the former, we have already mentioned, it is diffi¬ cult to give even an abridgment $ we propofe then to employ the remainder of this part in enumerating the particular fubjefls in mechanics to which our author has applied his theory, and in giving our opinion of the degree of iuccefs with which his application is attend¬ ed. . 27 He commences by ftiowing in what manner maffes Combina- of matter may be formed by the atoms, fuppofing them tion of the endowed with the poxvers of repulfion and attraction j atomi and firft of the combination of two atoms, then of three, and fo to the moft Complicated bodies. He proves that the maffes fo formed will be poffeffed of different properties, in confequenceof the difpofitionof the powers wfirich in certain cafes xviil alxvays attraCt, in others al¬ ways repel, and in others again will do neither, i. e. will be neutral. From thefe differences will neccffarily refult peculiarities in the mode of the aCtion of different mafles, and thefe fo endlefs and diverfified, as to in¬ clude every poffible phenomenon in nature. It is eafy to conceive that the varieties in figure xvill readily re¬ fult from the pofition of the atoms, and the influence of the powers in refpeCl to each other. Thus a pyra¬ mid may be formed of four atoms, and a cube of eight ; thefe fmaller or primary maffes may be combined to 2g form fecondary, and fo on to any order. Regular and forming dif- irregular bodies will thence be formed j and yet it may terent be ftiown that the moft irregular and complicated may bodies> be reduced to the primary or original forms, from whence they were conftru&ed. The cryftallization of falls, for example, may in this manner be accounted for, and the reduction of them into the primitive forms be explained on the principles of the theory. Thefe phe¬ nomena imply compofition and equilibrium of forces, which ftriCtly belong to mechanics ; our author there¬ fore proceeds to confider thefe and other fubjeCts con¬ nected with them : as the centre of graxuty j the equa¬ lity of aCtion and reaction ; the collifion of bodies ; the centre of equilibrium ; the centre of ofcillation ; the centre of percuflion. In all @f thefe we may obferve caufing the his law of the forces is ftri&ly applicable; that by it mechanical fome very difficult problems are folved, and fome in- phenomena tricate phenomena explained, with an accuracy and precifion highly creditable to Bofcovich, and ftrongly prefumptive of the value of his theory. The formula} xvhich his inveftigations afford are certainly curious and interefting to the fpeculative, and may be ufeful to the practical mechanic. He adds a few remarks on the preffure and velocity of fluids, which are equally clear, and in our opinion fatisfaCtory. HI. We have already anticipated fome of the prin-Apphcatlon ciples which more properly belong to this part, in which to phyfics. we confider his application of the theory to phyfics. This neceffarily comprehends all the general properties of matter, fome of which have already engaged our at¬ tention when treating of the analytic deduction and vindication of the theory, but ftill require fome parti¬ cular obfervations. 1 he impenetrability ot the atoms is a neceffary con- Impenetra- fequence of the interior repulfive power iucreafing as Why. G 2 the 32 £xtenfion. 33 . Figurabi- lity. BOS [52 Bofcovich’s the diftance dnninirties j but it alfo arifes from the in- Sgem of extenlion of the atoms, and their indivifibility : becaufe Philofophy as Aiace infinitely divifible, it is infinitely improbable i - y - »that any two atoms fhould ever meet in the fame part of it, though no repulfive power exilted, feeing that they may move in an infinite number of the parts of -fpace which are unoccupied. So that, independent of any repulfive power, it is infinitely improbable that any compenetration Ihould occur. Phyfical extenfion neceflarily arifes from the impene¬ trability of the atoms j becaufe by it, no two atoms can occupy the fame part of fpace, and are therefore kept without each other 5 but it is not mathematical or con¬ tinued extenfion, feeing that feme fpace mult intervene betwixt all the atoms. Our fenfes, it is true, cannot perceive this fpace on account of its fmallnefs j no more can they perceive the difiances betwixt the particles of water or other fluid, and yet from certain phenomena it is demonftrable that fuch difiances exift. From extenfion arifes Jigurability^ feeing that by the combination of the atoms certain iorms muft be produ¬ ced : it can be eafily fhown that, on account of the va¬ rious limits of cohefion, there may be very different quantities of matter under the fame figure j and this involves the confideration of denfity. The mafs of a body is the whole quantity of matter pertaining to it, or the number of atoms which compofe it. But it may be remarked that our idea of the mafs is very vague, arbitrary, and confufed, owing to the apparent hetero¬ geneity of bodies. The inertia of bodies is the confequence of the iner¬ tia of the atoms and of the mutual powers ; and by it we underfiand the determination to perfevere in the fame ftate of reft or uniform motion in a right line, unlefs forced by fomething external to change from it. Mobility, one of the general properties of bodies, be¬ ing eflential to the atoms, is fo to the mafies formed of them. It is a confequence of the mutual powers of the theory. Now all the motion we obferve is merely relative, either in refpedt of the earth, the planetary fyftem, or the fyftem of the fixed ftars. From this perhaps we may derive an argument for the univerfality of the law of continuity in the cafe of motion, feeing that the inftances where the law appears to be broken, muft be explained by the combined influence of mov¬ ing powers which aft continually and gradually 5 and that there is not one example of abfolute reft in the univerfe. Though continued extenfion and divifibility be deni- 1 BOS 34 Inertia. 35 Mobility. 36 Componibi- lity. 37 Oravity. ed to the atoms, it is allowed that they may be infi¬ nitely compounded •, and hence componibility is contrafi- ed with divifibility in the theory. General gravity, according to the Newtonian prin¬ ciples, is allowed in this theory, as we have before men¬ tioned } and we may now remark, that the objeftion urged againft it, as tending to produce an aggregate of all the matter in the univerfe, by drawing the planets, comets, and fixed ftars, into one portion of fpace, may be obviated by fuppofing that a repulfive power fucceeds the attraftive after it has reached to the comets of our fyftem or that as by the curve, the limb TpsV ceafes to be afymptotical, arid cuts the axis fo as to exhibit an arch of repulfion on the oppo- fite fide. Of all the general properties of matter, that of co- hejion is moft fimply and beautifully explained by this Bofcovieh’5 theory ; but as we have already fpoken of its limits S^letmr°^ and their varieties, we need not now enlarge on ^'Philefophy. We have to confider certain other properties of bodies, which from not being general have been called fecond- 38 ary. Of thefe the principal are folidity and fluidity. Coheiion. Fluidity.—Bofcovich imagines that the particles of 39 fluid bodies are fpheiical, and that their forces arerIuidlt>v more direfted to their centres than to their furfaces: by which motion is allowed freely when any' force is applied to them from without *, and that when at reft; all the particles are in equilibrium in refpeft of each other, but that the preffure of incumbent bodies, and containing velfels, always caufes feme deviation from it. He fays there are three kinds of fluids : one in which the particles or maffules have no mutual power \ one in which they have repulfive power, and the other in which they have an attractive power. Of the firft we have examples in fand and fine powders j of the fecond are the elaftic fluids, as air j and of the third, all liquors, as water, mercury, &c. Now thefe three kinds are produced by the original differences in the primary particles which compofe them j and we are able on the principles of the theory to fpecify the caufes of the di- verfity in the phenomena which they exhibit. ^ Solidity is the confequence of the irregular figure of Solidity, the particles and their great deviation from fphericity,by which free motion among them is prevented, and their cohefion better fecured. Now the diverfity in folids arifes from the various degrees of ftrength in the li¬ mits of cohefion ; and the fame principles will give rife to a clafs of bodies intermediate betwixt folids and fluids, viz. the vifeous, whofe particles attraft each other more ftrongly than the fluids, and not fo ftrongly as the folids., If we imagine the particles to be fo formed as to Organiza- attraft on fome fides, and to repel on others, and to at-t!0n- traft certain particles fimilarly conftrufted, and to re¬ pel others, we may conceive in what manner the re¬ gular bodies denominated organized are compounded j and for thefe the varieties admitted in the limits of co¬ hefion, fituation, and combination of atoms, will abun¬ dantly fuffice. Humidity is only relative, feeing that water, e. g. adheres to our fingers, and may be eafily fpread out on glafs, wood, &c. whereas it does not affeft oleaginous and refinous bodies : now this is in confequence of the partial arrangement of the powers in different bodies, and the varieties in the combina¬ tion, &c. of the particles. Of the chemical operations Bofcovich remarks in chemical general, that they may be all traced to the fame prin- phenomena, ciple, the law of the forces, and the differences in the particles which thence arife 5 and that were they fub- jefted to the obfervation of our fenfes, a general rea- fon for them would be difeovered 5 but for this there are requiied an intimate knowledge of the texture of all the particles, and a power of geometry and analyfis which far exceeds the human mind. He explains fome of them in the following manner : And firft of fclution. The particles of feme folids have a lefs attraftion for each other than for the particles of fome fluids, and eonfequently when thefe are applied to each other, the particles of the former will Separate and combine with thofe of the latter, fo as to form a mixture in which the two bodies are fufpended in combination* But BOS [53 Bofcovich’s But tfie reparation of the particles of the folid can on- Syftem or jy p]ace f0 long as the particles of the fluid are Philofophy ^ie ^P^ere their attra£lion ; and when either of i t ■ them get beyond it, or when the attraction of the mix¬ ture fo formed, becomes equivalent to the attraction of the particles of the folid for each other, then no more folution will take place, and the menitruum is faid to be faturated. But if into this mixture another folid, whofe particles have a greater attraction for the menftruum thaw thofe of the former, be thrown, then the menitruum will leave the former folid, or its par¬ ticles, and adhere or combine with the latter; in •which cafe the former folid in the form of powder will fall to the bottom, or what is called precipitation will occur. In fhort, he gives pretty nearly the common explanation of the phenomena ; and on fimilar princi¬ ples he accounts for the mixture of fluids. Now if the particles of two fluids which are mixed together, come into the limits of cohefion, a folid will be thereby ge¬ nerated, of which we have fome examples. On the other hand, two folids triturated together rnay compofe a fluid, in confequence of the particles of each depart¬ ing from the limits of cohefion. If we confider that the firft limb of the curve exhi¬ bits impenetrability, the laft gravity, and the interfec- tions the various kinds of cohefion, we may form fome notion of the manner in which fermentation, evapora¬ tion, deflagration, &c. are caufed; for whilft atoms accede to each other with any velocity, they increafe the velocity in every attractive arch, but they dimi- nilh it in every repulfive arch j whereas on the contrary, whilft they recede from each other, they increafe it in every repulfive arch, and diminifh it in every attrac¬ tive arch, until in the former cafe they arrive at a repulfive arch, or in the latter an attraCHve one, which is fufliciently ftrong to extinguilh the whole velocity. When they do fo, they are reflected in the fame courfe, and ofcillate backwards and for¬ wards. Befides this, if bodies compofed of particles which have different properties, in confequence of the different fituation and combination of the powers, be mixed together, an agitation among them muft necef- farily arife in order to attain an equilibrium ; hence of- cillations, perturbations of various kinds, will follow, and caufe the great diverfity of phenomena which are obferved. Now all of thefe take place within the fphere of general gravity, which does not immediately influence the operations. Subftances which are dif- folved may not only be obtained again by precipita¬ tion, but alfo by evaporation of the menftruum in which they are diffolved. In this latter cafe the bodies generally affume fome regular forms, denominated cryftals. Now this arifes from the particles coming gradually into the fphere of the attraftive power of each other, and confequently attaining to fome limit of cohefion by the menftruum, which formerly kept them afunder, being gradually removed ; whereas in the former cafe, where we obtain them by precipita¬ tion, the menftruum is fuddenly removed from betwixt the particles, which are confequently left beyond the fphere of attraction of each other, and do not therefore affume any regular form. It will follow from this, that the more flowly evaporation is performed, the more regular will be the cryftals which are depoftted j and this is verified by obfervation. ] BOS We profefs not to underftand Bofcovich’s notion of Bofcovieh s the nature of fire •, but left our readers may require it, we beg to tranfcribe his own words : “ Ignem ego arbitror efle quoddam fermentationis genus, quod ac- ....... ^ quirat vel potiflimum, vel etiam fola fulphurea fubjlan- ^ tia, cum qua fermentat materia lucis vehementiffime, pire. fi in fatis magna copia colleCla fit. Ignem autem vo- co eum, qui non tantum rarefacit motu luo, fed et ca- lefacit, et lucet j quee omnia habentur, quando ma¬ teria ilia fulphurea fatis fermentefcit.” And he ob- ferves in another place, that if fire be excited only by a fermentation of lulphureous fubftance, where there is none of this fubftance there is no danger of fire ! 44 Bofcovich retains the Newtonian opinion concerning Light, light, viz. that it is an effluvium or emiffion from the fun, propagated with immenfe celerity, and retained iu certain bodies, from which it may be extricated by cer¬ tain means. He holds the atoms of light to be im¬ menfe, but ftill finite in number, and endeavours on the principles of his theory to account for the wonder¬ ful properties with which light is endowed. In do¬ ing fo, he makes extenfive ule of the repulfive power, the varieties in the limits of cohefion, and we may add, with much plaufibility and fuccefs. Sir Ifaac Newton, in explaining the reflexion of light, found it neceflary to admit the exiftence of a repulfive power, for which, however, he had made no provifion inhisfyflem. The late experiments in optics by Mr Brougham ferve to confirm the fuppofition of the exiftence of a repulfive power in regard of light at leaft. Bofcovich refers his reader to his differtation De Lutnine for more informa¬ tion concerning the reflexion, refradlion, &c. of light and colours, and for the application of the principles of his theory to them. He proceeds to explain many of our fenfations j Seniations- but we muft confefs there is very little praileworthy in his remarks concerning them : indeed we can fee no reafon why they fhould be introduced at all into a fyftem of natural philofophy, erebled on fuch or any other foundation which concerns the external world only. In the fmall example of the ardour of fyftema- tic arrangement and application of phyfical principles . to the intelledfual world, which Bofcovich has given us, we obferve a ftriking coincidence with the dodfrine of Hartley ; but our opinion of that dodtrine is not in the leaft meliorated by fuch coincidence. It is a doc¬ trine which affedls to teach more than it is given to man to know ; a dodfrine by wdaich we are induced to depart from the humble but fecure path of obfervation, and to wander in the boundlefs incomprehenfible field of tranf- cendentals, and which, howfoever harmlefs its con- • fequences may be, as it augments the vanity of man, prevents the employment of his faculties in the inquiry into familiar truths. ^ Bofcovich adopts Franklin’s hypothefis of ekdlri-Eleclncity^ city, which he defends on the principles of his theory ; anti. mag- but we muft refer our readers to the work itfelf, for his reafoning on eledtricity and magnetifm. We would only remark, that as our knowdedge of thefe curious phenomena is much augmented even fince the time of Bofcovich, his theory was applied to them with difad- vantage 5 but perhaps thefe very phenomena afford the belt proofs of the truth of fome of its principles. We have now followed Bofcovich through the con-Conclwdb*- fideratfon of his theory, and we flatter owrlelves that, remarks. • hi BOS [ 54 ] BOS JJofccmeh's in fo doing, we have given fiich an exhibition of its ^Natm-af peculiar principles as will at leaft excite the curiofity of Philofophy. °ur readers, though it may not gratify it ; and indeed, little more could be expedted from us in detailing a fyftera of fuch magnitude, and affedting to comprehend fo much. We have however engaged ourfelves to give fuch obfervations and remarks as may have been fuggefted to us in the courfe of the work. In confor¬ mity wdth this, we beg the retrofpettion of our readers to thofe circumftances in the theory which are moll pe¬ culiar to it, and which ferve to fix on it thecharadlerillic feature of originality. Of thefe the rejedlion of con- tad!, as it is the moft confpicuous, fo it requires the moll particular attention, as on it refts the greatdl part of the reafoning and fabric of the fyllem. We have feen that Bofcovich fupports this princi¬ ple on the univerfality of the law of continuity, and on the exiftence of the interior repulfive power. Of the former we have to obferve, that the mode of proving it by indudfion is ftridfly philofophical, juft, and con¬ vincing ; but that the metaphyfical or pofitive argu¬ ments ufed for the fame purpofe are by no means fo. We do not mean to aftert that thefe arguments have -no tveight, but only that they are not fo far removed from a confiderable fource of error and mifconception, as to prevent all fufpicion of their accuracy, and to en¬ title them to an unqualified application to the fubjedf we confider. It is true indeed, that no appeal to ob- fervation can diredlly determine the queftion, and there¬ fore, it may be faid, wTe muft have recourfe to fome other authority. But, to us at leaft, it feems as true, that the proof by indudlion is the only fatisfadlory one we can have j and that if we are careful to keep in view that precept of philofophy which teaches us not to multiply caufes unneceffarily, and to reafon from analogy on the fimplicity and fteady uniformity of na¬ ture, there will be no occafion to have recourfe to other authority. We are difpofed to believe, that the metaphyfical arguments which Bofcovich employs may be retorted on the theory itfelf. Does not the theory feem to ad¬ mit a breach in the law of continuity, when it de¬ nies the continued extenfion of bodies ? Or, as it rejedts the dxvifibility and extenfion of atoms, muft we not ima¬ gine and believe, on the faith of the law of continuity, that thefe atoms are mere nuclei of repulfive powers ? Or ftiall we admit that the law of continuity depends on fome higher principle not yet difeovered, a princi¬ ple in which extenfion or duration are concerned 5 that where there is neither extenfion nor duration, the law does not holdj that confequently, in the cafe of the atoms and their mode of union, this law fuffers a breach; i. e. that the metaphyfical arguments do not prove its univerfality, or that a breach of it is impoHible ? Such are the myfteries into which we are enveloped, when we wander from, that path which is afligned to human reafon. As to the exiftence of the interior repulfive power, It may be obferved, that if it be proved or evinced to us, the impoflibility of contad! muft be admitted. Now we are of opinion that a power of repulfion does exift in the neareft vicinity of many bodies j but we pretend not to know the law by which it operates, or even that it increafes to infinity on the diminution of the diftance. We are fatisfied that it occafions many very curious phe- 1 nomena, fome of which have been explained by it jBofcovicDs and we fincerely believe that the inveftigation of its Syftem of law's and the extent of its infiuence will fabricate a crown ^f.a,rural as unfading as that of Newton. But wre are convinced , 1 that were the theory of Bofcovich concerning it tacit¬ ly confided in, fuch a crown could "never be obtained. Nay we infift further, that though by reafoning it could be determined that fuch a power does exift, it would be ufelefs to us, till the moft laborious indudlion be pradlifed to difeover how* far it influences obfervable phenomena, and how far it may be fubjedted to human artifice and ingenuity. The phenomena which give evidence of the exift¬ ence of a pov'er of repuliion are chiefly optical •, but it belongs not to this article to explain them. We xn£y however juft mention that we allude to the experiments of the objedl-glafles of long telefcopes, the brilliancy of dew drops w'hile fupported on leaves or rolling on the furface of water, in which it is demonftrable that a certain fpace intervenes betwixt bodies which are ap¬ parently in contadl, and that this fpace can be caufed by repulfive power alone. Sir Ifaac Newton himfelf virtually admitted the exiftence of fuch a pow'er, as ap¬ pears from the laft queftion of his optics *, indeed it is very certain that the attradlive power alone will not produce many of the phenomena of which he fpeaks. Concerning the other principles of the theory we have little to remark, feeing that moft of them refult from thofe wre have now confidered. The tranfitions of the pow'ers are in our opinion to be afeertained only by obfervation, and this it muft be confefied is no eafy matter : the phenomena of fermentation, effervefcence, &c. to which we are referred for proofs of the ex¬ iftence of thefe tranfitions, feem to be eafily explained on fuch a fuppofition ; but it is neverthelefs probable that the fuppofition was prior to the obfervation of the laws by which thefe phenomena are regulated. It may be worth while remarking, that if we are able to con¬ ceive thefe tranfitions as exifting, we can alfo conceive how motion may be produced at a diftance, which was held up as an abfurdity in the fchools. It muft be very evident to our readers that the theory of Bofco¬ vich fuppofes this produdlion of motion, and that any other mode is impoflible, feeing that contadl is fo. But we are not therefore to believe that the repulfive or at¬ tradlive powers are efficient caufes ; though they cer¬ tainly are phyfical ones, i. e. they are higher principles than the phenomena which fucceed them, and may for aught we know depend on fome one more general principle which this theory does not comprehend. We do not therefore forefee any dangerous confequences of the fuppolition of matter adling on matter at a diftance j nor can we believe that thefe two exprefiions are equi¬ valent or confecutive, viz. if matter adl where it is not, it may adl when it is not. The one is a reference to fpace, the other to time, and betwixt thefe we know no mean of comparifon. We fee then that the theory of Bofcovich is inti¬ mately connedled with the moft abftrufe metaphyfical inquiries and dilquifitions that can employ the mind of man 5 in -particular, that which attempts to difeover the mode in which our perception of the material world is carried on. For fuch, we confefs, we hhve not ta¬ lents of inveftigation, and indeed we are convinced that no inv.elligation has yet been, or ever will be, fuccefs- BOS [ ?5 J BOS Bofcovich’s ful; but we are alfo convinced, that if the theory of ^Natural^ ®0^cov^c^ eftabliihed, many prepofterous dogmas Philofophy. overturned : as fuch we prefer it to any that w——y—»/ has hitherto been offered to the world. But it is to be confidered as valid, in fo far only as indu&ion fatis- fies us of its principles ; that it can be fatisfadlorily ap¬ plied to the folution of many phenomena where other theories fail us j that it does not in anywife inform us of the nature, or fuperfede inquiry into the laws of matter. We are of opinion that it was his very inti¬ mate knowledge of thefe laws, and his diligent inquiry into matters of faft, that led Bofcovich to the difcove- ry of the law of continuity and of the forces, and made him fee the propriety of ere&ing fome new fyftem in which thefe might bear a part. The merit of Bofco¬ vich confifts not in having difcovered the caufe of mo¬ tion, or on what it depends. He attempted a more humble (train : he inveftigated familiar operations, and acquainted himfelf with vulgar things. No myfterious analogy indeed conducted him either to the harmony or to the beauty of the fpheres •, but then, no ftupen- dous vacuum intercepted his path, and no unruly vor¬ tices whirled him from re£titude. That he (topped not where prudence might have directed, and beyond which his guide could go no farther, was the failing of genius elevated by fuccefs, the lot of the refplendent few who are dazzled by their own luftre. But it would ill become his followers to attempt conti¬ nuing to the end on that path which he pointed out j moderate minds (hould accompany him as their friend, only fo long as they perceive he is dire&ed by a friend which is greater than him : let them remember that it is his obfervations alone which are wrluable, the fimple arrangement of them which they (hould efteem; it is the plain narrative of the honed traveller which will a (Tift them, not the pompous fabric of the felf-de- luded novelid. The only theory with which we can properly com¬ pare this of Bofcovich, is the Newtonian, and in fo doing its fuperiority will appear j but for very obvi¬ ous reafons we enter not minutely into the compari- fon, and will only add that in the Newtonian, we mud have recourfe to the three principles of gravity, BofcovkhY cohefion, and fermentation, for the explanation of phe- nomena \ and even thefe are infufficient in the modern pjjiiofophy, chemidry : but we learn from the former that thefe are u—y—j only portions of a more general principle, that they refult from one fundamental law, and that to this law may be referred as well the formation of a dew drop, as the rolling of the fpheres (a). Some of the admirers of Bofcovich may be furprifed that we affirm, his theory gives no information of any one efficient caufe in nature, and that all the difcovery he has made is, that of fome events which precede the Newtonian gravity. We have already borne ample tedimony to the merits of Bofcovich, and we think we are fecure from any fufpicion that we endeavour to de¬ preciate the value of his theory ; fuch indeed is far from our thoughts, but we mud fay it is farther from our thoughts to confider it as the ultimatum in natural philofophy, or that it difclofes to us the mod fupreme procefs in nature. We will venture farther ; for we will maintain, that though all the principles of the theory were edabliffied on a firm and invariable foun¬ dation, as they are not, it would be impoffible for any one to determine what (hall be the confequences re- fulting from them, prior to experience of the regulari¬ ty and the condancy of the conjun&ion of events; and that of confequence the fame, nay greater, labour of induction and obfervation i» required in the pheno¬ mena of the material world; greater, becaufe the ob¬ jects are increafed in number by the difcovery which Bofcovich has made. But this affertion concerns the laws of nature alone, not the laws of human thought, of which, in our opinion, Bofcovich has made too free ufe. He tells us that one confequence of the interior repulfive power is, the impoffibility of contact, and that another is the impenetrability of the atoms. Now it requires no great exertion of underdanding to perceive that he is difplaying a law of human thought, for thefe confequences of which he fpeaks are parts of the fame conception, and that no reafoning a priori is employed to determine their- connexion j for we cannot poffibly imagine, that contaft or penetrability of the atoms (hould (a) It may be a fatisfa&ion to our readers to know that Sir Ifaac Newton entertained notions very fimilar to thofe of Bofcovich concerning the caufes of motion at the infenfible didances, though it is to be regretted that he had made no provifion for them in his fydem. The lad quedion in his optics plainly indicates that he himfelf was convinced that no law by which an attra&ive force might be fuppofed to aft would be fufficient for the explanation of certain phenomena which take place in the immediate vicinity of the atoms of matter. “ And if all thefe things are fo, then all nature will be very fimple, and confident with itfelf, effefting all the great motions of the heavenly bodies by the attraftion of gravity, which is mutual between all thofe bodies, and almod all the lefs motions of its particles by another certairr attraftive and repulfive force, which is mutual between thofe particles. Now it feems that thefe elementary particles not only have in themfelves the vis inertice and thofe paffive laws of motion which neceffarily arife from that force, but that they likewife perpetually receive a motion from certain aftive principles 5 fuch as gravity, and the caufe of fermentation, and of the cohefion of bo dies. And I confider thefe principles, not as occult qualities, which are feigned to flow from the fpecific forms of things, but as umverfal laws of nature, by which the things themfelves were formed. For that truly fuch principles exifi, the phenomena of nature (hew, although what may be their caufes has not as yet been explain ed. 1 o affirm that every fpecies of things is endued with fpecific occult qualities, by which they have a certain power, is indeed to fay nothing ; but to deduce two or three general principles of motion from the phenomena^ of nature, and then to explain how the properties and aftion of all corporeal things follow from thofe principles this truly would be to have made a great advancement in philofophy, although the caufes of thofe principles were not as yet known. \\ herefore I do not hefitate to maintain the above faid principles of motion, feeingr they extend widely through all nature.” Newton's Optics. BOS I 56 1 BOS -Bmcovich’s fliould occur, If fuch a repulfive power exifts, or that Syftem of the impoflibility of the former, and impenetrability, Philolbih fhoulcl be cauled by any thing elfe than fuch a power. *1 ° °P yl The mod ignorant of the fons of men are as well qua¬ lified to underftand this as the greateft philofophers who have adorned humanity ; and if it be entitled to the name of difcovery, it is one in which all mankind have fhared •, but for having expreffed it in words, and incorporated it with others which fome kindred genius -alone could have made, all are indebted to Bofcovich, and mud acknowledge that in his hands it has ferved to fabricate a lading monument of genius, indudry, and fagacity. We are not therefore to confider that thefe are indances wherein any confequences have been determined a priori \ and they do not affe£t our afler- tion, that prior to experience of the regularity and the condancy of the conjun&ion of events, it would be im- pofiible for any one to determine a priori what diall be the confequences refulting from the principles of the theory. To illudrate our meaning in the a{Tertion,we diall fuppofe that the tranfitions of the powers have been difcovered to exid in the conditution of matter 5 and we then alk, if, prior to the knowledge of the phe¬ nomena of fermentation, See. it could have been de¬ termined that thefe phenomena diould neceflarily re- fult from them : we apprehend it could not, and our reafon is, that we cannot find any mode of connexion betwixt any tranfitions of any forces and thefe pheno¬ mena *, for we can conceive the former to exid with¬ out the latter, and this might have been the cafe, for aught we know to the contrary j and we think we are authorized in faying, that thefe tranfitions are only rules or methods obferved in the produdlion of fuch phenomena, that they are events prior to fermentation, &c. and remain themfelves to be accounted for. We may fay the fame of the repulfive and attraddive powers, and of all the other principles in the theory which are not laws of human thought. Caufation is infcrutable , the labours of every age ferve only to add to its my. dery, feeing that they conduft us nearer to the boun¬ daries of human obfervation, and difcover to us the de- lufive glare of every weak meteor which promifed per¬ manent and enlightening ludre. We have feen that the general properties of matter may be w-ell explained by the theory*, and fo far there¬ fore we mud admit that the theory is applicable to the objedts of invedigation, and may be uieful to conned: together fome general principles. There remains to us to make one remark concerning one of thefe, viz. Newtonian gravity. The fuppofition that it terminates beyond the comets of our fydem, and is fucceeded by repulfion, appears to us very unneceffary, not to fay unlikely, though highly worthy the ^ accommodating genius of Bofcovich. We are of opinion, that the ob- iedions urged againd Sir Ifaac Newton on this fub- jed, may be much better and more fimply obviated by a fuppofition which the modern improvements in adrono- my have nearly confirmed, viz. that there arc fydems of funs and revolving planets, fimilar to, and reaching to the limits of, our own *, and that thofe are fudicient to counterad the neceffary effeds of univerfal gravity or attradion. If fuch be the cafe, inequalities in our fydematic motions, relative to others, may arife from the varying fituations of the other fydem j and, if we eb'.ifider' the fixed dars as forming thefe, we may ob- ferve differences in their pofitions and magnitudes, mEokxmddc confequence of fuch variations. Our adronomical readers will perceive that we allude to the apparent approach of our fun to the condellation Hercules in 1 • the northern hemifphere, the gradual widening of the dars in that quarter of the heavens, and the confe¬ quences of it. But without any fuch confirmation it mud be acknowledged, that our fuppofition is much more probable, and gives a more elevated notion of the great Artificer’s {kill than that of Bofcovich, and we are the more anxious to retain it, that one of the principles in the theory may not be broken, that the tranfitions of the powers occur in the infenfible didances. We requed the attention of our readers to Bofcovich’s provident fuppofition on another account. Does it not indicate one of the modes by which his theory w^as formed ? Does it not plainly drew* us how far genius will be exerted when obfervation fails ? Does it not fatisfaftorily demondrate that part of this fplendid theory is the ofispring of an imagination heated by fydematic love, and animated by a reconciling enthu- fiafm ? Indeed when the imagination is the provider, the reafon can be w^ell fatisfied *, for what is wanting can be readily fupplied, what is difpleafing can be eafily reje&ed, what is undrapely can be fafhioned to conformity, and all can be decorated and adorned, till at lad there arifes fome fine fabric to pleafe and to delight. But we require more than delufive orna¬ ment, and yet we expedl not perfe&ion ; w*e know that every theory of natural philofophy has failed hi¬ therto, not from a deficiency but rather from a luxu- riancy in grandeur, wdiich, furpading, has eclipfed the minute gems that glitter below j no one has failed in explaining the dupendous drudlure and the mighty rollings of wmrlds, wdiich no eye ever comprehended, and no hand ever approached j but take it from its god¬ like work to the mean purpofes and the trivial ufes of man, and behold the airy phantom Ihrink from our view. It is in explaining familiar circumdances, or, fo to fpeak, the events of our neighbourhood, that every one has failed j but it is confoling to mankind to know, that in every fucceeding one, there is a greater approximation to perfection, a greater extent and more facility of application j and we will acknow¬ ledge that this of Bofcovich, though not totally invul¬ nerable, certainly leaves the lead uncovered. The obfervations which we have now' made feem to us very proper to introduce thofe we have to offer on the application of the theory to phyfics. _ We are of opinion that Bofcovich, in his account of folidity and fiuidity, has rather given a defeription, and related fome properties, than propofed an explanation or de¬ duction on the principles of his theory : but in a fydem of fuch extent, and promifing fo much, we re¬ quire more than this, and it is our opinion that more may be given. Without pretending that W'e have com¬ plete fuccefs in our attempt, or wilhing to preclude others, we offer the following as at lead a proba¬ ble one. . We can imagine, that any number of atoms diall come into the limits of cohefion of each other in fuch a manner as that a mafs of fome determined form diall be produced ; and that the powers on each fide of thefe limits are fo drong, as to withdand confiderable divellent force from without. Nov/ in a mafs fo con- dru&ed BOS [ S7 ] BOS Ikncovieli’s ftrucled every atom is retained in its fituation hy Syftem ot p0Wers 0f the lame kind, afting by the fame laws, and Philofo'hy which cannot be increafed or diminilhed by any other , means than varying the diftance betwixt thefe atoms. The powers fo iniluenced are thofe only which belong to the particular atoms whofe refpeftive didances are changed ; for the powers of the atoms wbofe diftances are not changed remain the fame $ therefore a portion of the mafs may be feparated, or the whole mafs’ may be moved, without caufing any relative motion among the atoms ; for, in the former cafe, a few only, in the latter, none, of the limits of cohefion are dilturbed. This then is the ftrufture which the atoms of matter would form, did fuch laws as we have confidered cxift •, and it appears to us that it is the natural druc- ture } for we ourfelves cannot conceive how a fluid body diould be compofed by -fuch laws, independent of compofition of them. But admitting compofition, we would explain fluidity in the following manner : As in a mafs, fuch as we have delcribed, there are fpaces betwixt all the atoms; it is poflible that other atoms may be introduced within it, or that in the va¬ cant intervening fpace the powers of other atoms may operate. Now, it is eafy to conceive, that in the for¬ mer cafe very various effects will refult in confequence of the differences in the proximity of the atoms ; for iome will quit the limits of cohefion in which they were prior to the introduftion of the adventitious atoms, and will enter into new ones, and will vibrate from one to another, if there be a condant addition of atoms made, or if any of thofe which have been introduced be removed j and that in the latter cafe, in confe¬ quence of the compofition of forces, very different ef¬ fects will refult, according as the compofition is of fimilar or different powers afling in the fame or dif¬ ferent dire£lions, and of different intenfities : in either cafe relative motion among the particles will occur, and the mafs will yield to the lead extrinfic force j an equilibrium will fometimes be produced, but it will be dedroyed very readily in different ways, as by the addition or fubtraftion of the adventitious atoms, and by the application of forces to the mafs. We might fpecify fome of the particular circumdances which would tend to the produdfion of different fluids did our limits permit; but as this would be prolix, we {hall only mention fome of the confequences which may be deduced from the principles we have dated, and granting that they are well founded, we {hall con- fider how far they coincide with the phenomena we obferve. Every fluid mufl he a compound body. This will be pretty generally admitted by modern chemids; for though they well know that the compofition of fe- veral fliids is not yet difeovered, they will allow that the rational prefumption from analogy is, that when our analytical powers are augmented, we (hall be able to difeover the compofition of all of them ; nor is it any objedfion to the rationality of the prefumption that many of the gafeous tiui&s are fimple or elementary, for it mud be remembered, that all of them are com¬ bined with caloric or the matter of heat. Nay caloric xtfelf, wdiich we hold to be a fubdance, may, for ought rve know to the contrary, be a folid body *, it is indeed almod univerfally believed to be fluid, and eflentially fo ; but, for this belief wre can find no other reafon than that it caufes fluidity, and furely that is a very Vox,. IV. Part I. unphilofophical one ; for in a fimilar manner, and we EofcovIclA venture to fay, with as much truth, il matter or its ^‘r‘m atoms be condrudled in the way Bofcovich deferibes j and if they poffefs the power of repulfion and attiac- -v_ tion, then all matter is fluid, for all the atoms of it will caufe fluidity in certain circumdances. We do not deny that when it combines in fufficient quantity with bodies it caufes fluidity ", but we beg to remind our readers that there are cafes of fluids being gene¬ rated by the trituration of folids together, and furely they will acknowledge, that what is true in the one cafe, is at lead poflible in the other •, but we will even admit, that caloric is the principal caufe of fluidi¬ ty (though wTe are aware that in admitting it, we de¬ part from true philofophy), and yet we do not per¬ ceive, that the lead objection to our fuppofitlon will thence arife. May not caloric be compofed of the very fmalleff, or the primary atoms of matter, and confequently be more eafily infinuated betwixt the atoms of other bodies which are compofed of the ag¬ gregates of thefe primary atoms ? Do we not find that it correfponds pretty accurately with the defeription of thefe atoms which Bofcovich has given ? Does it not feem in the leaft didances to repel its own parti¬ cles, and at greater didances to be attracted by the par¬ ticles or atoms of other bodies ? The condant addition of adventitious atoms to the interdices in a folid body, as we have before mentioned, will caufe vibrations, and will at lad, by totally feparat- ing the atoms from the limits of cohefion and the fphere of the attraflive power, render them fufceptible of the influence of furrounding bodies, fo that they leave each other, and combine with thofe which furround them. When caloric is the body added, the mod general effect w hich refults from its repeated and conflant addition is evaporation. Now the particles of an evaporated fluid will recombine if the fuperabundant caloric which holds them afunder be withdrawn, provided the bodies with which they unite do not attract them more powerful¬ ly than they do each other. But it is poflible that fuch an addition will in certain cafes ftrengtben the combi¬ nation of a folid, i. e. that fluidity will not always be the confequence of infinuating atoms into the vacant fuaces, for it is poflible to fpecify circumdances, in which a body already fluid, may be rendered folid by interpofing amongfl its particles, the particles of ano¬ ther fluid. When the adventitious atoms are removed, one of two confequences will occur, either the atoms of a fo¬ lid which has been rendered fluid by fuch infinuation, will be left w-ithin their fpheres of attraction, and confe¬ quently will enter into limits of cohefion, and form a folid again, or they may be left beyond thefe fpheres, fo as not to enter into limits of cohefion, but to form a loofe uncombined pulverulent fubdance. It may hap¬ pen that in the latter cafe, the particles being feparated from each other beyond their fpheres of attraction, will enter into combinations with other bodies, of whofe in¬ fluence they are now' fufceptible. We have indances of both of thefe in the fufion of metals : fometimes on cooling thefe form again into folids; others, having their atoms too far feparated from each other, cannot fo unite, but combine wuth other bodies, (generally oxygen) and form powders which retain no charafteridics of metals; and fome combine with other metals conftituting alloys. H ° We BOS [ 58 ] BO We recommend the profecution of this fubjeft to the merited much attention, though Uofcovich’s Natural P^lo^0phical chemiit ; and though we encounter the •Philofophy. charge of vanity, we cannot help flattering ourfelves with having pointed out a mode by which, though no¬ thing fhould be difcovered, yet to refolve fome ap¬ parently unconnected phenomena into one general prin¬ ciple, and hence to abridge the labour of acquiring the fcience of chemiftry, and to facilitate the application of it to the praftical purpofes of life. We are of opi¬ nion that the fads in chemiftry are now fo numerous, as to require a generalizing fpiiit to reduce them into fome kind of order, to (hew their connexion in the chain of nature, and to derive from them by indudion, cer¬ tain principles which may be employed in the fynthe- tic procefs. Indeed without fuch it will foon be found that no ordinary memory can retain what may be ule- ful, but certainly is elegant in the art, and that a great body of evidence is infufficient to enforce convidion, if it be huddled together in chaotic confufion : pillars and porticoes and carved ftones may be colleded, and may aftonifti us by their grandeur ; but unlefs they be methodized, conneded, and combined, our aftonifh- ment will refemble that w'hich we feel, when we con¬ template the prepofterous ftrudure of fome natural mon- fter, whofe limbs are individually elegant, but ferve by their elegance to magnify the error of their pofition. We do not wilh to depreciate the merits of modern chemifts, but we muft confefs, they appear to us more fcrupulous about afcertaining the few grains of earth in fome cockle Jhell, than anxious to ered a temple to their fcience, and are themfelves too much elevated by the difcovery of a femi-metal, to be concerned about the deities which prefide. What we have faid may be thought mere declamation, if we do not accompany it ^vith fome example of the employment of fuch a ge¬ neralizing fpirit; we know not how far it may become us to do fo, but as the confideration of the theory of Hcfcovich, in which we have been engaged, has na¬ turally led us to thofe phenomena which feem beft qua¬ lified to admit of its application, and as therefore, in fome fort refulting from, or conneded wuth our fubjed, we ihall attempt to give a fmali fpecimen of it. It is well known to chemifts, that although certain indivi¬ dual or fingle bodies of the faline clals be very foluble in water, the compounds formed of them are very in- foluble in that fluid, i. e. that though alkalies or acids be fingly very foluble in water, the neutral falts formed by them are very infoluble ; and that many varieties in the degrees of folubility are to be met wuth in the compound bodies or neutral falts, which are contrary to what we ftiould exped from reafoning on the varie¬ ties of thefe degrees, in the Jtmple or elementary bodies which compofe them. For example, the fulphuric acid is very foluble in water, and fo is the vegetable alkali or potafs j but the fulphate of potafs, which is a compound of thefe, is fo difficult of folution, that 16 times its own weight of \vater, at the temperature of 6o°, is required to effed it. The acetite of potafs affords another example, though not fo remarkable, requiring only about 10 times its own weight of water at the fame temperature. In¬ deed, there are many inftances of a compound or neu¬ tral fait being lefs foluble than either the alkali or the .acid which enter into its compofition ; but in thofe we have mentioned, the difference is fo great as to have w as far as we know, Bofcovich’s there has not been affigned a reafon for it. Now wre syftem apprehend the reafon to be, that as both the Ample bo-p^11™1. dies have an attradion for water, or that as there is. 1 an attradion betwixt water and thefe two bodies, the degree of attradion will be equal to the difference only of the feparate attradions betwixt water and the bo¬ dies individually ; or, in other words, the attradion betwixt water and one of the bodies will be leffened by the attradion betwuxt water and the other body, fo that the difterence only of thefe twm will influence. Now, in certain cafes, this difference will be equal to nothing, w'hen the attradions are equal 5 but in every cafe, it is evident, it will be lefs than the greater of the attradions, and, of confequence, the folubility of the compound will be lefs than that of the Ample bodies x which compofe it. Now this confequence is not affed- ed by the abfolute folubility of the Ample bodies, but by their folubility in refped to each other, i. e. rela¬ tive alone ; therefore, the compound of Ample bodies, which themfelves are highly foluble, may be no mere foluble than the compound of Ample bodies, which themfelves are very little foluble. The principle is univerfal. Other confequences will refult, which are not only curious, but, in our opinion important; and we do not in the leaft heAtate to affert, that the principle may be applied to deter¬ mine a prion the degrees of folubility of neutral falts, provided we are fufficiently acquainted with the rela¬ tive folubility of the Ample bodies which compofe them. One confequence will be, that a compound formed of a very foluble and a very infoluble Ample body will be nearly, or quite, as foluble as the former, feeing that the attradion betwixt it and wTater will be little or not at all diminilhed by the attradion betwdxt the other very infoluble body and water. As a proof of this, we may take the inftance of the fulphat of magneAa, which is foluble in its own w eight of wrater at temperature 60 : Now in this cafe, the magneAa is foluble to a very fmall amount only j but the acid, it is well known, is fo'to a great degree *, even the fmall folubility of the magneAa, however, does in a certain degree impair the folubility of the compound. The fame is true of the nitrat and muriat of magneAa $ and, did our limits permit, we might adduce very many ex¬ amples of the fame : we might ftiew, that the com¬ pounds of very foluble acids with the metallic oxyds are foluble, if thefe oxyds are not fo ; but if they are, the folubility of the compound is impaired : and we might alfo apply the principle to bodies foluble in al¬ cohol and other menftma, where it will be found to hold. But we leave the profecution of the fubjed to our chemical readers, confeffing, how’ever, that we have found exceptions to its univerfality, which as yet we have not been able to reconcile. Perhaps, a prin¬ ciple ftill more general, and higher in the order of e- vents, may influence or modify this which wre have fpe- cified; it may be conneded with fome of thofe varieties in the compoAtion of forces, which muji take place in the infenfible diftances, changing the limits of cohefion, and modifying the poAtion and the adion of the atoms of matter. We have ventured far in the expoAtion w^e have given j did we perfevere, there might be imputed to us temerity. We have attempted to apply Bofcovich’s theory to feveral BOS [ Bofcovidi’s feveral otner chemical phenomena, particularly thofe ^NT-tural^ e^e^*ve attraftion and difpofing affinity ; but though Philofophy our hiccefs has been fomervhat flattering, we have not || been able hitherto to collect and arrange our principles Bothies- and refults, fo as to prefent them properly to the pub- . Men’ , lie. At fome future ftage of this work, however, fuch may be in our power, when we hope to convince our readers, that the theory is fufficientiy accommodated to that obje£l, and that it will affift. us in deducing principles more general, than any yet received in che¬ mical fcience. It is now time for us to conclude our account of the theory of Eofcovich •, and in fo doing, it becomes us to recommend to our readers, that they endeavour to form a juft and an adequate opinion of its merits, of the objedls which it has in view, and of the means which it employs to accomplifti them. Confidered in refpedl to itfelf only, as the produdtion of a great and an enlightened mind, no labour to comprehend it can be in vain or worthlefs, and no one can comprehend it without receiving the moft elevated pleafure ; but there is another inducement for us to efleft this purpofe, dif¬ ferent from any we have yet mentioned : we mean the tendency it will have to modify, and to fubvert, many of the leading doftrines in the metaphyfics of the day. Nor ought this to alarm any of our readers, for if thefe do&rines be true and legitimate, they wall be para¬ mount to all objedlions, and the improvements made in every other fcience will ferve to confirm them ; but if they are not fo, furely the fooner they are fubverted the better it will be for fcience and for us all; at all events, an inquiry into them is rational, and it may do good. 'I his, however, we dare not now propofe to ourfelves, and will therefore recommend our readers to perufe the Efiays on Perception, by Profelfots Reid and Stewart, where they will find fentiments which derive moft of their validity from fome of the Bofco- vichian principles. They are fentiments in which we have the honour to agree with thefe true philofophers; though it is fomewhat mortifying to us to confefs, that they have convinced us that the phenomenon of which they treat is inexplicable. It is indeed very moitifying to humanity to be con¬ vinced, that for many, very many centuries, our fore¬ fathers have been unceafingly attempting to explain phenomena intelledlual and material by a nullity, on principles which do not exift ; but it would be ftill more mortifying to find, that though there is ground for fuch conviftions, men calling themfelves philo¬ fophers ftiould perfevere ftedfaftly in the fame invaria¬ ble courfe of error and abfurdity. In our own days, a light, clear and authoritative, has arifen to diredt and to animate us in the fearch after truth ; it is our own faults if we ftmt our eyes againft its fplendour, and fuf- fer the interior man to be dark and unenlightened. Of this light the theory of Bofcovich forms a part : it has fucceeded and furpafled that of Newton ; it wall be the parent of a greater than either ; it profeffes to condudl us to the interior veil of the temple of nature *, but it has failed in this very fublime attempt, failed, how¬ ever, only after it has condudled us beyond Defcartes, Leibnitz, and Newton. BOSEA, golden-rod tree. See Botany In¬ dex. BOSHIES-MEN, a fpecies of Hottentots, fo call- 59 ] BOS ed, according to Dr Sparrman, from their dwelling in Boflne; woody or mountainous places. They are fworn ena- Meiu mies to a paftoral life.. Some of their maxims are, to "" • “* live on hunting and plunder, and never to keep any animal alive for the fpace of one night. By this means they render themfelves odious to the reft of the inhabi¬ tants of the Cape *, and are purfued and exterminated like the wild beafts, whofe manners they have affumed. Others of them again are kept alive, and made Haves of. Their weapons are poifoned arrows, which fliot out of a fmall bow will fly to the diftance of 200 paces, and will hit a mark with a tolerable degree of certain¬ ty at the diftance of 50 or even 100 paces. From this diftance they can by Health, as it were, convey death to the game they hunt for food, as well as to their foes, and even to fo large and tremendous a beaft as the lion j this noble animal thus falling by a weapon which perhaps it defpifed, or even did not take notice of. The Hottentot, in the mean time, concealed and fafe in his ambufli, is abfolutely certain of the opera¬ tion of his poifon, which he always culls of the moft virulent kind ; and it is faid he has only to wait a few minutes in order to fee the wild beaft languilh and die. The dwellings of thefe foes to a paftoral life are gene ¬ rally not more agreeable than their maxims and man¬ ners. Like the wild beafts, bullies and clifts in rocks by turns ferve them inftead of houfes ^ and fome of them are faid to be fo far worfe than beafts, that their foil has been found clofe by their habitations. A great many of them are entirely naked *, but fuch as have been able to procure the fkin of any fort of animal, great or fmall, cover their bodies with it from the ftioulders downwards as far as it will reach, wearing it till it falls off their backs in rags. As ignorant of a- griculture as apes and monkies, like them they are o~ bliged to wander about over hills and dales after cer¬ tain wild roots, berries, and plants (which they eat raw), in order to fuftain a life that this miferable food would foon extinguilh and deftroy were they ufed to better fare. Their table, however, is fometimes com- pofed of feveral other difties, among which may be reckoned the larvee of infects, or that kind of cater¬ pillars from which butterflies are generated ; and in like manner a fort of white ants (the termes), graffiop- pers, fnakes, and fome forts of fpiders. With all thefe changes of diet, the Bofhies-man is neverthelefs fre¬ quently in w'ant, and famithed to fuch a degree as to wafte almoft to a fliadow. “ It was with no fmall a- ftonilhment (fays Dr Sparrman), that I for the firft time faw in Lange Kloof a lad belonging to this race of men with his face, arms, legs, and body, fo mon- ftroufly fmall and withered, that I could not have been induced to fuppofe but that he had been brought to that ftate by the fever that was epidemic in thofe parts had I not feen him at the fame time run like a lapwing. It required but a few wrecks to bring one of thefe ftarvelings to a thriving ftate, and even to make him fat ; their ftomachs being ftrong enough to digeft the great quantity of food with which they are crammed, as they may rather be faid to bolt than eat. It fome¬ times happens indeed that they cannot long retain what they have taken in ; but this circumftance, it is faid, does not hinder them from beginning again upon a new fcore.” The capture of flaves from among this race of men H3 is BOS [ ] BOS is by no means difficult; and is effc&ed (Dr Sparrman informs us) in the following manner. “ Several far¬ mers that are in want of fervants join together and take a journey to that part of the country where the Bolhies-men live. They themfelves, as w’ell as their Lego-Hottentots, or elfe fuch Bofhies-men as have been caught fome time before, and have been trained up to fidelity in their fervice, endeavour to fpy out where the wild Bofinies-men have their haunts. "This is belt difcovered by the fmoke of their fires. They are found in focieties from 10 to 15 and 100, reckon¬ ing great and fmall together. Notwithftanding this, the farmers will venture in a dark night to fet upon them with fix or eight people, -which they contrive to do by previoufiy ftationing themfelves at fome diftance round about the craal. They then give the alarm by firing a gun or two. By this means there is fuch a eonfternation fpread ever the whole body of thefe fa- vages, that it is only the moft bold and intelligent a- mong them that have the courage to break through the circle and Ileal off. Thefe the captors are glad enough to get rid of at fo eafy a rate ; being better pleafed with thofe that are ftupid, timorous, and ilruck with amazement, and who confequently allow them¬ felves to be taken and carried into bondage. They are however, at firlt treated by gentle methods ; that is, the vidlors intermix the faireft promifes with their threats, and endeavour, if poffible, to (hoot fome of the larger kinds of game for their prifoners, fuch as buffaloes, fea-cows, and the like. Such agreeable baits, together w ith a little tobacco, foon induce them, con¬ tinually cockered and feaffed as they are, to go with a tolerable degree of cheerfulnefs to the colonift’s place of abode. There this luxurious junketting upon meat and fat is exchanged for more moderate portions, con- fifting for the moft part of butter-milk, frumenty, and hafty-pudding. This diet, neverthelefs, makes the Bo- fhies-man fat in a few^ weeks. However, he foon finds his good living embittered by the maundering and grumbling of his mafter and miftrefs. The words t'guxeri and t'gaunatji, which perhaps are belt tranf- lated by thofe of “ young forcerer” and “ imp,” are expreffions which he muft frequently put up with, and fometimes a few curfes and blows into the bargain ; and this for negleft, remiflhefs, or idlenefs: which laft failure, if it cannot be laid to be born with him, is however in a manner naturalized in him. So that, both by nature and cuftom detefting all manner of la¬ bour, and now from his greater corpulency becoming ftill more flothful, and having befides been ufed to a wandering life fubjeft to no controul, he moft fenfibly feels the want of his liberty. No wonder, then, that he generally endeavours to regain it by making his e- fcape : but what is really a fubjeft for wonder is, that when one of thefe poor devils runs away from his fer¬ vice, or more properly bondage, he never takes with him any thing that does not belong to him. This is an inftance of moderation in the favages towards their tyrants which is univerfally attefted, and at the fame time praifed and admired by the colonifts themfelves j which, however, I cannot eafily reconcile with what I have learned of the human heart/ Is it in confe- quence of their fearing to meet with harder ufage in cafe they fhould be retaken ? This far, however, is certain, that none of this fpecies of Hottentots are 2 much given to violence or revenge. Free from many wants and defires that torment the reft of mankind, they are little, if at all, addicted to thieving, if we except brandy, vidtuals, and tobacco. It is not im¬ probable likewile, that the advantages accruing from a theft may be overlooked by them, when their thoughts are taken up with regaining their liberty, the greateft; of all treafures. It is neceffary to obferve here, that fome of the Hottentots or Eclhies-men, who are thus forced into the fervice of the colonifts, live in fmall focieties peaceably and quietly in defert tra£b, where the colonifts cannot eafily come at them, and are fome¬ times in the poffeftion of a few cows. Thefe people probably originate from Bolhies-men who have run away from the colonifts fervice. “ I muft confels (continues our author), that the Bofhies-men in fome hufbandmen’s fervice are treated in the gentleft manner, and perhaps even without ever having a harfh word given them ; live very well with regard to provifions ; are well clad, relatively to their condition in life } and are very comfortably lodged, in comparifon of what others are, in their own ftraw cot¬ tages. The chief of their bufinefs perhaps confifts in tending a herd of cattle or flock of fheep during the heat of the day, when they have an opportunity of getting into a gentle ftate of intoxication by fmoking tobacco j a ftate wdrich excites in them fenfations of ax agreeable a nature as the frenzy produced by fpirituous liquors and opium feems to afford to many others, wTho are never at eafe but when they can procure to them¬ felves this delicious pleafure. And yet, though they may thus agreeably pafs away the otherwife tedious hours of their lives in fmoking and fieep, they never- thelefs generally run away. The colonifts wonder at this, as a procedure entirely devoid of reafon ; with¬ out perceiving, that in fo doing they fuppofe the Hot¬ tentots not endued with a defire, which has its imme¬ diate foundation in nature, and which is common to the human race, and even to moft brute animals, viz. an earneft longing after their birthplace and families., and efpecially after their liberty. “ The Have bufinefs, that violent outrage to the natural rights of mankind, always in itfelf a crime, and which leads to all manner of mifdemeanors and wickednefs, is exercifed by the colonifts in general with a cruelty towards the nation of Bofhies-men which merits the abhorrence of every one •, though I have been told that they pique themfelves upon it: and not only is the capture of thofe Hottentots confidered by them merely as a party of pleafure, but in cold blood they deftroy the bands which nature has knit between hufbands and their wives and children. Not content, for inftance, with having torn an unhappy woman from the embraces of her hufband, her only prateffion and comfort, they endeavour all they can, and that chiefly at night, to deprive her likewife of her infants; fcr it has been obferved, that the mothers can feldom per- fuade themfelves to flee from their tender offspring. The amiable tendernefs of the mother, which perhaps glow's with a more lively flame in the breaft of this poor heathen than in thofe of her Chriftian tyrants,, is the very circumftance laid hold on by their perfecu- tors in order to rivet the chains of this wretched fe¬ male fo much the fafter. There are fome mothers, however, that fet themfelves free, when they have loft all BOS [ < . iofTia- all hopes of faving their children. After having made ferago efc.ape, they fometimes keep fecretly about the Bofquets. neighbourhood, in hopes of finding fome opportunity * v—i > of recovering their infants again.” BOSNA-serago, a large and ftrong town of Tur¬ key in Europe, and capital of the province of Bofnia. E. Long. 18. 57. N. Lat. 44. 40. BOSNIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, feated between Sclavonia and Dalmatia. It belongs entirely to the Turks j but they were on the point of being expelled from it by the Chriftians, when the Spaniards invaded Sicily, and obliged the emperor to conclude the peace of Paffarowitz in 1718, by which he gave up Bofnia to the Turks. It is 200 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is a barren country, and but little cultivated : the principal revenue arifing chiefly from the filver mines. Among the game thrre are falcons, which are held in great efteem. BOSPllORUS, or Bosporus, in Geography, a long and narrow fea, which it is fuppofed a bullock may fwim over. In a more general fenfe, it is a long narrow fea running in between two lands, or feparating two continents, and by which twro feas, or a gulf and a iea, are made to communicate with each other : In which fenfe, bofphorus amounts to the fame wuth wrhat we otherwife call an arm of the fea, channel, or ftrait; the Italians,yizro; the luT&vns, fretum; and the French, pas, manche. The word is Greek, fioa-Trogos, formed , from /Sag, “ bullock,” and “ paflage.” The name bofphorus, is chiefly confined to two ftraits in the Mediterranean fea, viz. the bofphorus of Thrace, commonly called the f rails of Conjlantinople, or channel of the Black fea ; and the Cimmerian or Scythian bofphorus, fo called, it feems, from its refem- blance to the Thracian ; now more commonly the Jlraits of Kapha, or Kiderleri, from two cities Handing on it. The origin of the name is better agreed on than the reafon why it was firfi: given to the Thracian bofpho¬ rus. Nymphius tells us, on the authority of Accari- on, that the Phrygians, defiring to pafs the Thracian ftrait, built a veffel, on whofe prow was the figure of a bullock 5 and which . w’as hence called /Ss?, “ bul¬ lock ; and ferved them for a ferry-boat. Dionyfius, Vallerius Flaccus, Callimachus, Apollodorus, Marcel- linus, &c.. fay, that lo, being transformed into a cow by Juno, paired this flrait fwimming, which hence W’as called bofphorus. Arrian tells us, that the Phrygians were enjoined by the oracle, to follow the rout which a bullock Ihould mark out to them ; and that, upon llirring one up, it jumped into the fea to avoid their purfuit, and fwam oyer this ftrait. Others fay, that an ox, tormented by a gad-fly, threw itfelf in, and fwam over : and others, that anciently the inhabitants of thefe coafls, when they would pafs over, joined lit¬ tle boats together, and had them drawn over by bul¬ locks, &c. BOSQUETS, in Gardening, groves fo called from hofchetta, an Italian word which fignifies a little wood. They are compartments in gardens formed by branches of trees difpofed either regularly in rows, or wildly and irregularly, according to the fancy of the owmer. A bofquet is either a plot of ground enclofed with pali- fadoes of horn-beam, the middle of it being filled with tall trees, .as elm or the like, the tops of which make rt 1 BOS a tuft or plume ; or it confifts of only high trees, as Eoffage horfe-chefnut, elm, &c. The ground fliould be kept very fmooth and rolled, or elfe covered with grafs, after , the manner of green plots. In planting bofquets, care fliould be taken to mix the trees which produce their leaves of different fliapes, and various (hades of green, and hoary or mealy leaves, fo as to afford an agreeable profpedt. Bofquets are only proper for fpacious gar¬ dens, and require a great expence to keep them up. BOSSAGE, in archite&ure, a term ufed for any ftone that has a projefture, and is laid rough in a build¬ ing, to be aftenvards carved into mouldings, capitals, coats of arms, &c. Boffage is alfo that which is other- wife called rufic-work ; and confifts of ftones which ad¬ vance beyond the naked or level of the building, by reafon of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Thefe are chiefly ufed in the corners of edifices, and thence called rujlic quoins. The cavities or indentures are fometimes round, fometimes chain-framed, or bevel¬ led, fometimes in a diamond form, fometimes enclofed with a cavetto, and fometimes with a liltel. BOSSE, Abraham, an able engraver, born at Tours, was well fkilled in perfpeftive and architecture. He wrote two treatifes, which are efteemed j the one on the manner of defigning, and the other upon en¬ graving. BOSSINEY, or Boss-castle, a town of Corn¬ wall, in England, which fends two members to parlia¬ ment. W. Long. 5. o. N. Lat. 50. 40. BOSSU, Rene le, born at Paris in 1631, was ad¬ mitted a canon regular in the abbey of St Genevive, in 1649 ; and after a year’s probation, took the habit. He taught polite literature wuth great fuccefs in feveral religious houfes for 12 years, when he gave up the talk for retirement. He then pu-blifhed a parallel betwixt the principles of Ariftotle’s natural philbfophy and thofe of Des Cartes, with a view to reconcile- them } which wras-but indiffierendy received. His next trea- tife was on epic poetry y.whick Boileau declared one of the beft compofitions on that fubjeCl in. the French language, and w'hich produced a great friendfliip be¬ tween them. He died in 1680, arid left a great num¬ ber of MSS. which are. kept iiv the abbey of St John de Chartres-. BOSSUET, James Benigne, bifliop of Meux, w7as born at Dijon, on the 27th of September, 1627.. He diftinguilhed himfelf by his preaching, and the zeal he difcovered in his endeavours to bring over the Proteftants of France to the Romifti church j by his ■ oppofition to quietifm ; and by his numerous wri. tings both in French and Latin, which have been col¬ lected together, and printed at Paris in 17 vols 4to. This famous divine died at Paris, in 1704, aged 77. BOSSUPT, a town: of the Auftrian Netherlands, in the province of Brabant. E. Long. 4. 30. N. Lat. 5°* 52i BOSSUS,.Matthew, diftinguilhed by his virtue and his learning,.w'as born in 1427. He devoted, him- felf to the ecclefiaflieal ftate in 1451, in the congrega¬ tion of regular canons of Lateran, and. afterwards taught divinity at Padua. His orations, his fermons, and his letters, have been often printed. He alfo wrote a fort of an apology for Phalaris, and other works. He died at Padua in 1502, aged 75. BQST, a very ftrong town of Perlia, and capital.of the BOS [ 62 Boflangis, the province ofZableftan. E. Long. 64, 15. N. Lat. . Bofton- 31. 50. u,-v- -■ BOSTANGIS, in the Turkifti affairs, perfons em¬ ployed in the garden of the feraglio, out of whofe num¬ ber are colle&ed thofe that are to row in the Grand Signior’s brigantines, when he has a mind to divert himfelf with fifhing, or to take the air upon the canal. They who row on the left hand are only capable of mean employments in the gardens : but they who row on the right hand may be promoted to the charge of boftangi-bachi, who has the general intendency of all the grand fignior’s gardens, and commands above 10,000 boftangis. BOSTON, a corporation town of Lincolnlhire in England, which fends two members, to parliament. It is commodioufly feated on both fides the river Wi- tham, over which it has a handfome high wooden bridge ; and, being near the fea, enjoys a good trade. It has a fpacious market-place, and the largeft parifh church without crofs aifles in Europe, the fteeple of which ferves for a land-mark to failors. Bofton is a barony in the Irby family. E. Long. o. 15. N. Lat. S3- 3- Boston, the capital of New England in North A- merica, built in 1630, in a peninfula of about four miles in circumference, at the bottom of Maffachufets bay, in a very convenient fituation for trade. The fol¬ lowing is a defcription of this capital before the com¬ mencement of the late American war. “ The town ftands in W. Long. 71.5. N. Lat. 42. 24. about nine miles from the mouth of the bay. At the entrance of this bay are feveral fmall rocks which appear above water, and upwards of a dozen of fmall iflands, fome of which are inhabited. There is but one fafe channel to approach the harbour ; and that'fo narrow, that two Ihips can hardly fail through abreaft ; but within the harbour there is room for 500 fail to lie at anchor in a good depth of water. On one of the if ands of the bay ftands Fort William, the moft regular fortrefs in Britifti America. This caftle is defended by 100 guns, 20 of which lie on a platform level with the water, fo that it is fcarce poflible for an enemy to pafs the caftle. To prevent furprife, they have a guard placed on one of the rocks, at two leagues diftance, from whence they ] EOT make fignals to the caftle when any fhips come near it. Bofwonli, There is alfo a battery of guns at each end of the town. Botallns. At the bottom of the bay is a noble pier near 2000 feet in length $ along which on the north fide extends a row of warehoufes for the merchants y and to this pier {hips of the greateft burden may come and unload without the help of boats. The greateft part of the town lies round the harbour in the form of a half moon, the country beyond it riling gradually and affording a delightful profpeft. The neck of land which joins the peninfula to the continent is but 40 yards over; which fituation, if properly improved, might render the town impregnable on the land fide. Bofton contains only about 18,000 inhabitants. They were more nu¬ merous 50 years ago; but the furprifing increafe of Newbury port, Salem, Marble-head, Cape Ann, Ply- mouth, Dartmouth, and the illand of Nantucket, check¬ ed the growth and trade of the capital. The trade of Bofton, howrever, was fo confiderable, that, in 1768, 1300 fail entered and cleared at the cuftom-houfe there. The predominant religion is the Independent y though there are other perfuafions, and ten churches ferve for them all, but the Independents have fix.” Bofton has frequently fuffered by fire, but the houfes that were thus deftroyed have always been rebuilt to advantage. The late American war began here by the attack at Bunker’s-hill, when many brave men loft their lives.” BOSWORTH, a town of Leicefterftiire in Eng¬ land, fituated in W. Long. 1. 24. N. Lat. 52. 25. It has a lofty fituation on a hill, and the country about it is fertile in corn and grafs. It is memorable for the decifive battle fought near it between Richard III. and the earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII. where¬ in the former loft his crown and life. BOTALLUS, Leonard, phyfician to the duke of Alen5on, and to Henry III. wras born at Afti in Piedmont. He introduced at Paris the praftice of frequent letting of blood y which was condemned by the faculty •, but foon after his death it came into pradlice with all the phyficians. He publiftied feveral books in phyfic and furgery *, and the beft edition of his works is that of Leyden in 1660, oftavo. BOTANY TS that fcience which arranges, diftinguilhes, and names all plants or vegetables, to enable us to ftudy their properties and ufes. Vegetables confift of an innumerable fucceflion of individuals which it is impoflible to examine, and would be ufelefs if it were poflible. It is therefore neceffary to ditninifti the labour by forming them into groups or claffes, that the fame name may apply to a great number of individuals. Now certain individual plants have fo clofe a refemblance to others in their flower, fruit, leaves, and general appearance, that al- moft every man at firft fight would give them the fame name. Thus every man who has feen the com¬ mon daify once, and knows its name, will probably apply the fame name without miftake to every other individual of the fame fpecies. This forms the firft ftep in botany, or what is called arranging and naming plants according to their fpecies. Nor is it only the firft, but the eafieft ftep in botany. It is alfo the moft important; for all the individuals of the fame fpecies muft in fimilar circumftances poffefs the fame qualities. For example, we have no reafon to doubt that each individual plant of common hemlock, or of foxglove, poffeffes the fame medical qualities, though from their place of growth thefe qualities may differ in degree. It is therefore the individuals of the fpecies alone that are ufeful y and the whole value of any arrangement confifts in enabling the botanift to diftmguilh and name the individuals, with the greateft eafe and accuracy. If the number qf fpecies were fmall, definitions, or de- fcriptions B O T felements. fcriptions of them would alone be fufficient ; but as they amount perhaps to 40,000 or 50,000 or more, to fearch for every fingle fpecles amid fuch a multitude would be a talk for which neither human patience nor human life would be fufficient. To fhorten the labour, it has been found very ex¬ pedient to arrange plants into various divifions ; firft into fome very general divifions which may reduce them into a fmall compafs, then to fubdivide thefe ge¬ neral divifions into others lefs compiehenfive, and thefe into others, till we arrive at the particular fpecies which we are in fearch of. Thus the arrangement defcends from a general divifion of all plants to every parti¬ cular fpecies. Many plans of this kind have been attempted by various botanifts, but the arrangement of the celebra¬ ted Linnaeus is incomparably the moft ingenious, moft accurate, as well as the fimpleft and eafieft. That il- luftrious botanift divided all plants into clafies, the claffes into orders, the orders into genera, and the ge¬ nera into fpecies. The orders too, and the fpecies, when numerous, he frequently fubdivided into feftions. Objections have been made to the arrangement of Linnaeus, becaufe it admits divifions which do not ap¬ pear natural. But fuch perfons, though diltinguifhed botanifts, feem to us to have mifunderftood the ufe and intention of that arrangement. It is not, and ought not to be, its objeCt to give what has been called a na¬ tural arrangement; for nature does not clafs her pro¬ ductions. She places before us innumerable indivi¬ duals, and leaves us to claftify them according to the purpofe which we have in view. If nature had formed plants into clafTes, orders, and genera, the botanift would have nothing to do but to ftudy thefe. But in none of her wmrks has nature done this. Clafiification is the work of man j and it is neceflary for man merely on ac¬ count of the limited nature of the faculties of his mind. Claftification enables us to accomplifti by feveral fteps or operations what we cannot accomplifh by one. But were our faculties much more exalted, were our penetration much more acute, and our memories per¬ fectly retentive ; could we at once furvey all the qua¬ lities of objefts, difcern their relations to one another, and retain the remembrance of thefe accurately, we ftieuld have no occafion to generalize at all. As ge¬ neralization or claffification is neceffary to aid our li- ELEMENTS The parts of a plant which it is neceflary for the young botanift firft to know, are the flower, and fruit. Thefe include feven; the calyx, corolla, ftamen, piftil, pericarp or feed-veffel, feed and receptacle. We will defcribe thefe in the order which will make them moft eafily diftinguifhed. 1. The corolla, which in common language is call¬ ed the flower, and in fruit-trees the bloflbm, is the part which is moft beautifully coloured, wdiich is of the fin- eft texture, and is often odorous. It is to be found of every colour, except green, a hue wdrich it very fel- dom aflumes. It is white, as in the blofibms of the cherry, yellow as in the primrofe and ranunculus or butter-cup, red as in the rofe, blue as in the violet. It is fometimes of one piece, and fometimes divided in- A N Y. 63 mited faculties, the beft claftification is that which Elements, leads us without error, and by the eafieft procefs, to the particular objeft which we have occafion to inveftigate. The arrangement of Linnaeus is therefore the beft : It is, however, not fo perfeft in fome of its parts as it may yet be rendered. This is the cafe in fome of the genera which are diftinguiihed by marks that are too minute. But when we confider the indefatigable mind of that illuftrious man, the chaos in which he found bo¬ tany, and the beautiful arrangement which he gave to it, we may juftly inroll the name of Linnaeus in the fame lift with Bacon, and Newton, and Locke. A botanical fvftem is a dictionary by which a per- fon who has ftudied the rudiments of the fcience may find out the name of every plant which lie meets with. This diftionary has been much enlarged by the labours of the great many eminent botanifts of the prefent time. We (hall therefore point out the method of confulting it, after giving a very concife view of the principles upon which it is founded. We will give a concile view, becaufe we think moft or perhaps all the elementary books of this fcience tend to confound and difguft beginners by phyfiological definitions, and by the multiplicity of terms which they require to be ftudied at the very firft outfet. Their plan is juft as if a teacher of Latin was to require his pupils firft to make themfelves mafters of a Latin dictionary before he allowed them to tranflate. Our plan is to require of a beginner no more elementary knowledge than what is fufficient to enable him to confult the fyftem as he would do a dictionary. The meaning of the reft of the botanical terms we think can beft be learned by having recourfe to an explanation in an alphabetical form, as they occur in the inveftigation. This we in¬ tend to add to the prefent article. And we wifh fin- cerely that every man who publifhes a fyftem of bo¬ tany would do the fame j for we have ftrong reafons to believe that different writers ufe the fame words in different fenfes from one another. Linnaeus, indeed, has defined his botanical terms; but in his two works, Delineatio Plantarum and Phii’ofophia Botanica, he fometimes defines the fame word differently. Now we ought to know which of his definitions fuccceding botanifts have adopted. Befides almoft every botanift: introduces terms of his own which we fhall look for in vain in the definitions of Linnaeus. OF BOTANY. to diftinCt pieces, called petals. When the corolla con- fifts of one petal, the outer or upper part which is broad is named the /imb or border; and the lower part which is narrow and hollow, by which it is fixed, is called the tube. When the corolla confifts of more than one petal, the lower part is called a c/aw, and the upper lamina. In the corolla it is neceffary to attend to its form, its divifions, the number of its petals, its colour and the part to which it is attached. See Plate XCV. Fig. 11. a corolla of one petal: a, the tube ; b, the lami- nas. Fig. 13. a corolla of more than one petal : a, the claw ; b b, the laminas. 2. The calyx is fituated on the outfide of the co¬ rolla, and enclofing it commonly at the bafe. It is ge¬ nerally 4 B O T Elements, nerally ot a greenilh colour and of a coarfer texture tjian t|ie corolla. It confifts of one part, or of two, three, &c. and is then laid to be one-leaved, two¬ leaved, three-leaved, many-leaved. The calyx is of various fhapes, tubular, globular, inflated, &c. There are icven fpecies of calyx, perianth, involu¬ cre, glume, ament, fpatbe, calyptre, and volve. For explanation of thefe confult the vocabulary and Plate XCV. Fig. 18. <7, the calyx. 3. The piftil, or piltils, commonly appear in the centre of the corolla, from which they rife like fo many columns. There are from one to twelve in the fame flower, and fometimes more. A piftil confiits of three parts, the fligma, the ftyle, and the germen. I. The ttigma is the higheft part of the piftil} which is fometimes globular, fometimes cleft, fometimes crofs-fhaped, &cc. 2. The ftyle is the pillar or thread which fupports the ftigma. 3. The germen is the pedeftai or bafe of the piftil, moft commonly of a roundifh or globular fhape j but fometimes long and flender. Sometimes there are feveral germens together. Sec Plate XCV. fig. 12. c. the ftigma} b, the ftyle, <7, - the germen. 4. The ftamens, which refemble threads or pillars, ufually Hand between the corolla and the piftil, are placed in regular order round the piftils, or alternate with the petals. They are in number on one flowTer from one to feveral hundreds. Butdt is not neceffary to count them when they are more than twenty. A ftamen confifts of two parts, the anther and the filament. 1. The anther is the fummit of the ftamen, containing a mealy or powdery fubftance called pollen, and is generally of a different colour from the filament. They are of different forms, globular, horned*, &c. 2. The filaments are the threads or pillars which fup- port the anthers. The ftamens are attached to the corolla, to the calyx, to the receptacle, or to the ftyle. See Plate XCV. fig. 18. Filaments marked by e, e, e, ef e,e. Anthers/,/,/,//,/ 5. The pericarp, or feed-veffel, is the cafe or cover¬ ing of the feed, and is the external part of the germen come to maturity. It is of various ftiapes} globular, as in the poppy; long, as in the pod of the common gar¬ den or field pea: it is pulpy with a ftone in the mid¬ dle, as in the plum; pulpy, containing feeds enclofed in a cafe, as in the pear; juicy, and containing feeds which have only an external cafe, as the currant and goofe- berry. There are eight fpecies of pericarp; capfule, filiqne, legume, follicle, drupe, pome, berry, and ftrobile. A defcription of thefe will be given in the vocabulary. Confult alfo Plate XCV. fig. 23. to 30. 6. The feeds are fo wTell known, that they require no defcription in the elements of the fcience. 7. The receptacle is a point, line, or broad bafe, to which fome or all of the fix parts now defcribed are attached. When it is the bafe of all thefe parts, it is called the receptacle of the fruttification. When the calyx, corolla, and ftamens only are attached to it, it is called the receptacle of the flower* When the ger¬ men together with the piftil only is fixed to it, it is called the receptacle of the fruit. It is called proper when only one flower with its fruit is inferted into it. It is called common when many flowers are attached to A N Y. it, as in the common dailies, dandelion. See Plate XCV. Elements.' Fig. 13. c, a proper receptacle. Fig. 9. 10. a com-' _v'.' mon receptacle. Attention to the receptacle is moft neceffary chiefly in claffes tlth, 13th, and 19th. Befides thefe feven, which are called the parts of fruc¬ tification, becaufe when they exift together, they are fuppofed neceffary for producing proper fruit, there is another part which Linnaeus calls the nectary, that re¬ quires attention, as it is the foundation of fome genera. It is difficult for beginners to diftinguifti it, as it varies much in its appearance, and is not Very difcernible in a great many fpecies. It is fometimes the name of a fmall gland ; fometimes of a fcale or a number of fcales; fometimes of a cup; fometimes of a horn or fpur on the corolla, as in larkfpur and violet ; fome¬ times of a groove or excavation. In Ihort, it appears to be a name for any Angular or irregular appearance of any of the parts of the flower. In all accurate and perfpicuous fyftems, it is fo well defcribed that it c m be eafily found out. If this be done the name may be admitted, but if not it muft lead to ambiguity and want of precifion. OF THE CLASSES. The defcriptions now given are fufficient to ena¬ ble the young botanift to underftand the claffes and orders. All plants are arranged into 24 divifions, called claffes. In 23 of thefe claffes, the flowers, or the pif¬ tils and ftamens, or at leaft the ftigmas and anthers, are evident. The 24th clafs comprehends all plants in which the flowers are invifible to the naked eye, as moffes, ferns, mufhrooms. The principles upon which the claffes are formed are few, Ample, and beautiful. All plants which have on¬ ly one ftamen, are of the firft clafs ; thole that have only two, are of the fecond ; thofe that have only three, are of the third : and fo on, the number of fta¬ mens being the fame with the number of the clafs in the firft ten claffes. See Plate XCIV. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In the next three claffes, the place to which the fta¬ mens are fixed muft be attended to as well as the num¬ ber of the ftamens. Thus the 11th contains thofe plants which have from 12 to 19 ftamens inclufive, fix¬ ed to the receptacle. The 12th thofe that have 20 ftamens fixed to the infide of the calyx. In this clafs the place of infertion is more to be relied on than the number of the ftamens, for they are fometimes lefs than 20, often more. The 13th clafs comprehends thofe that have more than 20 ftamens attached to the recep¬ tacle. See Plate XCIV. fig. 11, 12, 13. For an ex¬ ample of the 1 2th clafs a rofe may be examined, and for an example of the 13th a poppy, or a ranuncu lus. The 14th and 15th claffes depend upon the number and proportion of the ftamens. When there are four ftamens in a flowTer, of which two are longer, it be¬ longs to the 14th clafs. When there are fix ftamens, of which four are longer, it belongs to the f 5th clafs. For an example of the 14th clafs the flowers of the dead nettle, mint, thyme, or fox-glove, may be exa¬ mined ; B O T dements, mined, and for a fpecimen of the 15th clafs, infpeft the flowers of ftiepherds purfe, or mudard. See alfo Plate XClV. lig. 14. and 15. The 16th, 17 th, 18th, and 19th claffes depend upon the manner in which the ftamens are connefted, whe¬ ther they be joined by their filaments into one fet, or two fets, or more than twoj or be united by the an¬ thers into a cylinder. In the 16th clafs the ftamens are united by their fila¬ ments into one fet, forming a cafe round the lowter part of the piftils, but feparating at the top. A geranium forms a fpecimen of this clafs. In the 17th the corollas are papilionaceous, like the bloflom of a bean; the fta¬ mens are connected by their filaments, but divided into two fets or parcels, one of which is thicker and forms a cafe round the piftilj the other is fmaller and leans towards the piftil. Specimens of thefe may be found in the flow’ers of peas and beans. In the 18th clafs, the ftamens are united by their filaments into mere than twro fets, or parcels. See Plate XCIV. fig. 18. The 19th clafs is difficult to a beginner. It confifts of compound flowers, as the common daify, dandelion. They are called compound, becaufe each Angle flowrer 'Confifts of a colleftion of little fkwers or florets, at¬ tached to the fame broad receptacle, and contained within one calyx. Each floret confifts of a corollet, or little corolla, five ftamens united by their anthers into a hollow or tubular cylinder, and a piftil which pafles up through the tube of the cylinder. See J’late XCIV. fig. 19. and examine a dandelion, or thiftle, or common groundfel, or a fun-flowrer. See alfo the beginning of the 19th clafs in the fyftem, where a ful¬ ler account will be given of this clafs. In the 20th clafs, the ftamens are attached to the piftil. An orchis will afford a fpecimen of this. See alfo Plate XCIV. fig. 20. In the three next claffes, the piftils and ftamens are fituated on feparate flowers, or diftinft plants, or on plants which bear flowrers with piftils and ftamens, others with ftamens or with piftils, or flowers of both kinds. The 21 ft clafs contains thofe plants which have flowers of different kinds on the fame plant, fome bearing piftils, and others bearing ftamens only. The flowers with piftils we fliall call pijtillar or Jh'grnate, and thofe with ftamens Jlaminal or authored. The birch affords an example of this clafs. See alfo fig. 21. The 22d clafs confifts of thofe fpecies which have ftamens on one plant and piftils on another. Inftances of this may be found in the willow', poplar, and juni¬ per. See fig. 22. The 23d clafs comprehends thofe plants which have at leaft twm and fometimes three kinds of flow'ers. i. Some anther-ftigmate, or with piftils and ftamens on the fame flow'er. 2. Others having piftils only, or ftamens only. 3. Or having flowers with piftils only, or flow'ers with ftamens only. This may be expreffed more concifely. Some having flow'ers anther-ftigmate, fome ftigmate, or fome anthered, or having both an- thered flowers and ftigmate flow'ers. The common afh tree may be examined for a fpecimen of this clafs. See alfo fig. 23. The names of the claffes are formed from Greek words, and exprefs the chara&eriftic of each clafs. The firft ten claffes are named from the Greek im- Vol. IV. Part I. A N Y. Gj- merals and the word nndna, which the botaruft mu ft Elements, confider as fynonymous with ftamens. 1. Mon -andria. 2. Di -andria. 3. Tri -andria. 4. Tetr -andria. 5. Pent -andria. 6. Hex -andria. 7. Hept -andria. 8. Off -andria. 9. Enne -andria. 10. Uec -andria. 11. Dodec-andria, 12 ftamens, 13. Icos -andria, 20 ftamens. 14. Di -dynamia, 2 powers. 15. Tetra-dynamia, 4 powers. 16. Mon -adelphia, one brotherhood. 17. Di -adelphia, two brotherhoods, 18. Poly -adelphia, many brotherhoods. 19. Syn -genefia means origin or produiftion together* fo called from the ftamens being united by the anthers. 20. Gyn -andria, piftils and ftamens together. 21. Mon-cecia, one houfe. 22. Di -oecia, tw'o houfes. 23. Poly-gamia, many kinds of flowers. The etymo- logy here w'ould throw no light upon the clafs to a beginner j nor does it throw any on the next clafs. 24. Crypto-gamia, therefore, is to be underftood to mean invijible flowers. OF THE ORDERS. The formation of the orders is as ingenious and fimple as that of the claffes. In the firft thirteen claffes, the names and characters are taken from the number of piftils or ftyles j when thefe are wanting, from the number of ftigmas. Thus : Mono -gynia, I ftyle. Dia -gynia, 2 ftyles. Tri -gynia. 3 ftyles. Tetra -gynia, 4 ftyles. Penta -gynia, 5 ftyles. Hexa -gynia, 6 ftyles. Hepta -gynia, 7 ftyles. Deca -gynia, 10 ftyles. Dodeca-gynia, 12 ftyles. Poly -gynia, many ftyles. In the 14th clafs Didynamia there are only two or¬ ders, which depend on the prefence or abfence of the pericarp or feed-veffel. 1. Gymnospermia. Four naked feeds in the bottom of the calyx \ as in mint, dead-nettle, thyme. 2. Angiosperm 1 a. Seeds enclofed in a pericarp} as in fox-glove, eye-bright, toad-flax, fig-wort. In the 15th clafs, tetradynamia, there are alfo two orders, which are taken from the form of the pericarp. I. SilicuLosa. Seeds enclofed in a filicle or round- ilh leed-veffel, confifting of two pieces called valves, and the feeds fixed to both edges or fu¬ tures, as in Ihepherds purfe, feurvy-grafs. I 2. SiLIQUOSA. 66 Elements. 2. SiliquosA. v feed-vefl’el: Seeds enclofed as in murtard. 13 O T in a filique or long In the 16th, 17th, and 18th claiTes, the names and charafters of the orders are taken from the number of flamens. In the 19th clafs there are fix orders, which it is difficult at firfl: to diflinguifh accurately. 1. Polygamia JEoualis. Florets anther-ftigmate, or having both ftamens and piftils in the fame floret j as in dandelion, thiftle, fow-thiftle, arti¬ choke. 2. Polygamia Superfi.ua. When the flower is compofed of two parts, a difk or central part, and rays projefting outwards ; as in corn-mary- gold, tanfy, daily, golden-rod, groundfel, chamo¬ mile, milfoil. The florets of the dilk are an¬ ther-ftigmate ; thole of the ray ftigmate. 3. Polygamia Frustranea. Florets of the dilk anther-ftigmate ; thofe of the rays with ftyles but no ftigmas; as blue-bottle, knapweed. 4. Polygamia Necessaria. Florets of the difk an- ther-ftyled, without ftigmas thofe of the rays ftigmate. Garden marygold will afford a fpeci- men. 5. Polygamia Segregata. When each of the flo¬ rets has a calyx, befides the common or general calyx of the flower. Specimens of this can only be found in botanic gardens. 6. Monogamia. When the flower is not compound but Angle, and the anthers united. This or¬ der ought to be transferred to the clafs pentan- dria, as, indeed, has been done in fome very va¬ luable fyftems. Examples of it may be found in the violet. In the claffes gynandria, monoecia, and dioecia, the orders are formed from the number of ftamens, with three of a different kind, monadelphia, fyngenefia, and gynandria, in the claffes monoecia and dioecia. In the 23d clafs there are three orders. :i. Monoecia. When the flowers are anther-ftigmate and anthered ; or anther-ftigmate and ftigmate, on the fame individual plant. 2. Dioecia. Wrhen the flowers are anther-ftigmate and anthered, or anther-ftigmate and ftigmate, on two different individual plants. 3. Trioecia. When the flowers of one individual plant of the fame fpecies are anther-ftigmate; up¬ on a fecond individual plant, anthered j and upon a third individual plant, ftigmate. The orders into which the 24th clafs, cryptogamia, >s divided, will be explained in the introdu&ion to that clafs. OF THE SECTIONS. The orders are generally fubdivided into what may be called ye^/onj-. Thefe may vary in number, ac¬ cording as the fyftem is partial or univerfal; but they are almoft as well eftablifhed as the claffes and orders. Sections are not employed in the 1 ith, 1 2th, 16th, 18th, 39th, 2oth, 21ft, 22d, 23d claffes. The principles on, which they are formed are few and very fimple. A 1 N Y. In the firft ten clafles they depend upon the follow- Elements, ing circumftances j on the flower being fuperior or in- y-— ferior or naked, complete or incomplete, calycled, en¬ clofed in a fpathe or glume, aggregate, umbelled, in- volucred ; on the number of petals, the feeds being na¬ ked or encloled ; on the number of feeds, and the num¬ ber of cells in the capfule or feed veffel, or number of berries. The flower is faid to be fuperior when the recepta¬ cle of the flower is above the germen, and inferior when the receptacle is below the germen. A flower is faid to be naked when the calyx is abfent ; it is call¬ ed complete when it has both a calyx and corolla, and incomplete when either of thefe is wanting. It is faid to be calycled when the calyx has a fmall calyx or ca- lyclet at the bafe. An aggregate flower, is a flower compofed of florets Handing on footftalks, attached to a broad receptacle. An umbelled plant, is one which fends out towards the top, from the fame point or centre, a number of branches like the fpokes of an umbrella, and bearing flowers on the top. All the fpokes, with their flow¬ ers, form a univerfal umbel. Ou the top of each fpoke arifes an umbellet, or partial umbel. At the bafe of the fpokes of the umbel, or univerfal umbel, is a fort of calyx, called an involucre, or univerfal invo¬ lucre 5 and at the bafe of the fpokes of the umbellet is a partial involucre, or an involucret. This will fuf- fice for explaining the fe&ions of the firrt ten claffes. The fe&ions of the 13th depend on the number of petals. In the 14th clafs, didynamia, the feftions depend up¬ on the calyx j which is faid to be cleft when it is cut or divided into fo many parts, and two-lipped when its mouth has a refemblance to two lips. In the 15th clafs the fedions depend on the filicle and calyx. The filicle in one fedion is notched at the point, and in another unnotched or entire. In the firfl; fedion of the order Jthquofa, the calyx is clofed by its own leaflets. In the fecond it is not doled, and the leaflets are feparated at the upper end. In the 17th clals, diadelphia, and the order decan- dria, there are fix fedions. 1. The firrt comprehends- thofe flowers which have their ftamens all united as iu the clafs monadelphia, and therefore forms an excep¬ tion to the regularity of the clafs. 2. In the fecond, the ftigma is pubefeent or hairy. The flamens not.. 3. The feed-veflel or legume, has two cells, without the conneded marks of the former fedions. 4. The legume contains only one feed, without the marks of the former three fedions. 5. The legume is fome- what jointed, without the marks of the former. 6. The legume has only one apartment, but many feeds, with¬ out the marks already mentioned. The only remaining clafs, whofe orders are divided into fedions, is the 19th, fyngenefia. j. In the firft; ledion of the firft order, the conflicts are ligulate, that, is, flat towards the exterior or upper end,, and tubular only at the bafe. 2. Capitate or headed, when the; flowers grow in globular forms 5 as the thiftle. 3. Dif- coid, when the corollets are all tubular, not ligulate. In the order polygamia fuperflua are two fedions,. 1. Difcoid corollets. 2. Rayed or radiate, when all the corollets are ligulate. Wc B O T Wo will now prefent a conne&ed view of the Claffes and Orders in a Table. I. Monandria, l flamen. x. Monogynia, I flyle. 2. Digynia, 2 flyles. II. Djandria, 2 flamens. 1. Monogynia, I ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. III. TrianDria, 3 ftamens. 1. Monogynia, x ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. IV. Tetrandria, 4 ftamens. If the two neareft fta¬ mens be fhorter, the plant belongs to clafs 14th. 1. Monogynia, 1 ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Tetragynia, 4 ftyles. V. Pentandria, 5 ftamens. 1. Monogynia, I ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. 4. Tetragynia, 4 ftyles. 5. Pentagynia, 5 ftyles. 6. Polygynia, more than 5. VI. Hexa ndria, 6 ftamens. If the two oppofite fta- mens be {hotter, the plant is of the 15th clafs. 1. Monogynia, 1 ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Tetragynia, 4 ftyles. 4. Polygynia, more than 4. VII. Heptandria, 7 ftamens. 1. Monogynia, x ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Tetragynia, 4 ftyles. 4. Heptagynia, 7 ftyles. VIII. OCTAN dria, 8 ftamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. 4. Tetragynia, 4 ftyles. IX. Enn eandria, 9 ftamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 ftyle. 2. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. 3. Hexagynia, 6 ftyles. X. Decandria, 10 ftamens. 1. Monogynia, 1 ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. 4. Pentagynia, 5 ftyles. 5. Decagynia, 10 ftyles. XI. Dodecandria, 12 to 19 ftamens, inferted in the receptacle. 1. Monogynia, x ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. 4. Pentagynia, 5 ftyles. 5. Dodecagynia, 12 ftyles. ANY. 67 XII. Icosandria, 20 ftamens or more faftened to the Elements, infide of the calyx. ' " v 1 ^ 1. Monogynia, 1 ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. 4. Pentagynia, 5 ftyles. 5. Polygynia, more than 5 ftyles. XIII. Polyandria, more than 20 ftamens faftened to the receptacle. x. Monogynia, I ftyle. 2. Digynia, 2 ftyles. 3. Trigynia, 3 ftyles. 4. Tetragynia, 4 ftyles. 5. Pentagynia, ? ftyles. 6. Hexagynia, 6 ftyles. 7. Polygynia, more than 6 ftyles. XIV. Didynamia, 4 ftamens, 2 longer than the reft. 1. Gymnofpermia, 4 naked feeds in the bottom of the calyx. 2. Angiofpermia, feeds enclofed in a feed-veflel. XV. Tetradynamia, 6 ftamens, 4 longer than the reft. 1. Siliculofa, feeds contained in afilicle or round- ifti feed-veflel. 2. Siliquofa, feeds contained in a filique or long feed-velfel. XVI. Monadelphia, ftamens united by their fila¬ ments into one fet or body. 1. Triandria, 3 ftamens. 2. Pentandria, 5 ftamens. . 3. Oftandria, 8 ftamens. 4. Enneandria, 9 ftamens. 5. Decandria, 10 ftamens. 6. Endecandria, 11 ftamens. 7. Dodecandria, 12 ftamens. 8. Polyandria, more than 12 ftamens. XVII. Diadelphia, ftamens united by their fila¬ ments into two bodies. 1. Pentandria, 5 ftamens. 2. Hexandria, 6 ftamens. 3. O&andria, 8 ftamens. 4. Decandria, 10 ftamens. XVIII. Polyadelphia, filaments united and divided into more than two fets. 1. Pentandria, 5 ftamens. 2. Icofandria, 20 ftamens. 3. Polyandria, more than 20 ftamens. XIX. Syngenesia, anthers united into a cylinder. 1. Polygamia sequalis, florets all anther-ftigmate. 2. Polygamia fuperflua, florets of the difk anther- ftigmate ; florets of the ray ftigmate. 3. Polygamia fruftranea, florets of the diik an¬ ther-ftigmate j florets of the ray ftyled, but not ftigmate. 4. Polygamia neceflaria, florets of the dilk anther- ftyled ; florets of the ray anther-ftigmate. 5. Polygamia fegregata, feveral calyclets in one calyx. 6. Monogamia, flowers Angle, not compound, with anthers united. I 2 XX, €8 B O T Elements. XX. GynAndria, flamens faftcned to the piftils. 1. Diandria, 2 ftamens. 2. Triandria, 3 ftamens. 3. Tetrandria, 4 ftamens. 4. Pentandria, 5 ftamens. 5. Hexandria, 6 ftamens. 6. Decandria 10 ftamens. '7. Dodecandria, 12 ftamens. 8. Polyandria, more than 12 ftamens. XXI. Monoecia, ftamens and piftils not in the fame flowers, but in the fame plant. 1. Monandria, 1 ftamen. 2. Decandria, 2 ftamens. 3. Triandria, 3 ftamens. 4. Tetrandria, 4 ftamens. 5. Pentandria, 5 ftamens. 6. Hexandria, 6 ftamens. 7. Heptandria, 7 ftamens. 8. Polyandria, more than 7. 9. Monadelphia, filaments united. 10. Syngenefia, anthers united. 11. Gynandria, ftamens fixed to piftils. XXII. Dioecia, ftamens and piftils on different plants. 1. Monandria, I ftamen. 2. Diandria, 2 ftamens. 3. Triandria. 4. Tetrandria. 5. Pentandria. 6. Hexandria. 7. O&andria. 8. Enneandria. 9. Decandria. 10. Dodecandria. 11. Polyandria. 12. Monadelphia. 13. Syngenefia. 14. Gynandria. * XXIII. PoLYGAMIA. 1. Monoecia, anther-ftigmate and ftigmate, or anthered in the fame plant. 2. Dioecia, anther-ftigmate and ftigmate, or an¬ thered in two plants. 3. Trioecia, anther-ftigmate in one plant, ftig¬ mate, in a fecond, and anthered in a third. XXIV. Cryptogamia. 1. Filices, or ferns. 2. Moffes. 3. Algae, or fea-weeds. 4. Fungufes. OF THE GENERA. Having now (hewn how plants are arranged into claffes, orders, and fettions, we come to the next di- vifion called genera. The charafteriftic marks of the genera are derived from the flower and fruit. A ge¬ nus confifts of a certain number of fpecies, which re- femble one another in fome parts of the flower or of the fruit, or both. By way of illuftrating the princi¬ ples on which the formation and diftindftion of genera are founded, we ftiall run over the Britiilr genera in each clafs. A N Y. I. In the firft clafs, Order I. fe or partial um¬ bel : c, Involucrum univerfale, univerfal involucre ; d, partialey or partial involucre. Fig. 5. Calyptra, calyp- tre, or veil; a, capitulum; b, operculum; parts of mofles. Fig. 6. Amentum. Fig. 7. Strobilus, ffrobile. Fig. 8. a, Pileus, cap; b, volva ; c, Jlipes; parts of fungi or mufhrooms. Fig. 9, a, Rcceptaculum commune nudum, the common receptacle, or bafe of the flower when the flamina, piftillum, capfule, &c. are taken off. Fig. 10. Rcceptaculum commune paleis imhr'catvrn, or common receptacle imbricated with paleae or membra¬ naceous lamellae. Fig. j 1. a the tube, b the edge or margin, of a one-petaled corolla. Fig. 12. is a flower laid in a proper pofition for fhowing its different parts, a, Germetiy which includes the feeds and capfule in which they are enclofed ; b,Jlyle, a continuation of the germen ; c,JIigma, or top of the ftylus ; d d d d d d, Jilamerits, or threads ; e e e e e, anthers ; f f f f f, petals. Fig. 13. a, the claws, b, the lamince or plates, of a many-petaled corolla. Fig. 14. a, Bell fhaped nec¬ tary of the narciffus. Fig. 15. Horned nedlaries of monkshood. Fig. 16. Horned neftary in the calyx of the tropceolum. Fig. 17. a a a a, The neftaries of the parnaffia grafs, five in number, each of which has 13 ftyles, with round buttons on their tops. Parts of Fructification.—Fig. 18. a, Peri¬ anth ; b, germen ; c, Jlyle ; d,Jligma ; e e, filaments ; f f, anthers, fome fliedding the pollen or dull; g, the appearance of the anther before it Iheds the pollen. Fig. 19. a, the f lament, and b, the anther, feparated from the flower. Fig. 20. a, one grain of the pollen magnified by a microfcope ; b, an elaflic aura fuppofed to be neceflary for impregnating the feeds. Fig. 21. a, Germen; b, fyle; c c, figma. Fig. 22. Follicle: The feeds not adhering to the future, are enclofed in a particular receptacle, a. Fig. 23. Legume, or a double- valved pericarp, having the feeds fixed only to one of the futures a a. Fig. 24. Silique, or a double-valved pericarp, with the feeds fixed to both futures or mar¬ gins, a b. Fig. 25. Pome, ora flelhy pericarp, contain- •-A ' ■ Throrv of BOSCO VIC'H . riat c xriv. PI at e XC VI t . BO TANY. f a-C.tJ . Hate XCVll /&&.. , eM £? f/e/es‘m/'/tsv/t&rt . r Tlale XCYIU B O T ing a capfule in which the feeds are enclofed, as in the apple, &c.; a, the pericarp ; b, the or feed-cafe. Fig. 26. a, Drupe, or pericarp containing a nut or ftone, and having no valve, b, The nucleus, or ftone. Fig. 27. Bacca or berry, a pericarp containing naked feeds difperfed through the pulpy part* Fig. 28. A capfule opening at the top to allow the feeds to fall out. Fig. 29. Four capfules included in a common pericarp, a a, The valves ; b b, the diffepiment, or partition which feparates the different feed-capfules from one another j c, columella, or central column, by which the capfules are connedled. Fig. 30. A capfule cut open longitudinally, to Ihow the receptacle of the feeds. Fig. 31. Pappus, or down ; a, long-haired } b, feathered \ c, feed ; d,Jlipe. Peduncuh or Footjla/ks of Flowers.—Fig. 32. Corymb. 33. Raceme. 34. Spike. 35. Verticil. 36. Panicle. Plates XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. contain delinea¬ tions relative to the SPECIES of plants. 1. Leaves as to figure. A, Simple.—Yig. 37. Orbicular, of a circular figure. Fig. 38. Subrotun- dum, roundiih or nearly circular. Fig. 39. Ovate. Fig. 40. Oval or elliptical. Fig. 41. Oblong. Fig. 42. Lanceolate. Fig. 43. Linear. Fig. 44. Subulate, or awl-ihaped. Fig. 45. Reniform, or kidney-lhaped. Fig. 46. Cordate, or heart-lhaped Fig. 47. Lunulated, or crefcent form. Fig. 48. Triangular. Fig. 49. Sagittate. * 5 Ste/Iaria minor, creeping, y Cal. autumnalis. Knglifh Water Star-wort. Flowers from IV. to X. The whole plant floats in fpring, and after the feafon of flowering finks a little. Roots fibrous Ample. Stems filiform, branched, leafy, fmooth. Leaves oppofite fpatulate, obtufe, entire, triple, nerved, pellucid, fniooth. Lower leaves linear, with one nerve, emarginate. Flowers axillary, folitary, feflile, fmall, wdiite, herma¬ phrodite or anther-ftigmate, the piftils and ftamens fome- times intermingled. Fruit fmall, feflile, with four keels. The variety y which has been called Ca/. Autumna- hs, and confidered as a dillindl fpecies, is entirely im- merfed, all the leaves uniform, linear, emarginate j all the flowers anther-ftigmate. It flowers in the begin¬ ning of fummer. 28. Blitum. Cal. 3-cleft. Petals none. Seed 1, in a berried calyx. ANY. 7£ 1. Bl. little heads fpiked, terminal. South of Eu-tapitatum. rope, efpecially of the Tyrol, Switzerland. 0. 2. Bl. little heads fcattered and lateral. virgeitum, /3. Bl. chenopodioides, little heads verticilled and juicelefs. 1'artary, Spain, and France. ©. ‘ 29. Mniarum. Cal. 4-parted, fuperior. Cor. none. Seed 1. 1. Mn. New Zealand and Terra del Fuego. % • bijloruni, This plant very much refembles the genus Minuartia in the 3d clafs. 30. Cinna. Cal. a glume 2-valved, one flow^er. Cor. a glume 2- valved. 1. Cin. Canada. %. This plant feems to be aarundina* fpecies of agrojlis, though evidently diftintt from Ac-retf. rostis Cinna. In the clafs Monandria are 30 Genera; and 84 fpecies, 8 of which are Britifli, CLASSIS II. DIANDRIA. ' Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Seth. I. Flores inferi, monopetali, regnlares. 36. Olea. Cor. 4-fida: laciniis fubovatis. Drupa monofperma. 37. Chionanthus. Cor. 4-fida: laciniis longifli- mis. Drupa monofperma, nuce ftriata. 35. Phillyrea. Cor. 4-fida. Bacca monofperma. * 34* Ligustrum. Cor. 4-fida. Bacca tetrafperma. 4a Pimelea. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. nullus. Stam. fauci inferta. Nux corticata unilocularisv 38. Syringa. Cor. 4-fida. Capf. bilocularis. 41. Eranthemum. Cor. 5-fida : laciniis obovatis planis. Capfula. 31. Nyctanthes. Cor. 4-fida: laciniis truncatis. Capf. 2-locularis marginata. Sem. folitaria. 32. Jasminum. Cor. 5-8-fida. Baccadicocca. Sem. folitaria ariilata. 33 Galipea. Cor. 4-5-fida. Stam. 4-duo fterih'a Capfula ? CLASS II. DIANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Sect. I. Flowers inferior. 36. Olea. Cor. 4-cleft, fegments fubovate. Drupe I feed. 37. Chionanthus. Cor. 4-cleft, fegments very long. Drupe 1 feed. Nut ftriated. 35. Phillyrea. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry x feed. * 34- Ligustrum. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry with 4 feeds. 40. Pimelea. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. o. Stam. infer- ted into the throat. Nut. 38. Syringa. Cor. 4-cleft. Capfule corticated x- celled. 41. Eranthemum. Cor. 5-cleft, fegments obovate, plane. 31. Nyctanthes. Cor. 4-cleft, fegments trunca¬ ted. Capf. 2-celled, rparginate. Seeds folitary. 32. Jasminum. Cor. 5-8-cleft. Berry 2-grained. Seeds folitary, arillate. 23. Galipea. Cor. 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4, 2 barren. Seel. II. Fiores inferi, monopetali, irregulares. Fruc- SecL II. tus capfnlaris. Flowers inferior, one-petaled, irregular. Fruit capfular. 45. Pa:derota. Cor. 4-fida, fauce glabra. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. 2-locul. 46Wulfenia. Cor. 4-fida, fauce barbata. Cal. g- partitus. Capf. 2-locul. * 44 Veronica. Cor. 4-fida, limbo planiufculo; la- ciuia inferiore anguftiore. Capf. 2-locul. 2 45. P/Ederota. Cor. 4-cleft, fhroat bare. Cal. c- parted. Capf. z-celled. 46. Wulfenia. Cor. 4-cleft, throat bearded. CaL 5-parted. Capf. 2 celled. * -44* Veronica. Cor. limb 4-parted, lower fegment narrowed:. 49. Gratiola, B O T 49. Gratiola. Cor. 4-fida bilabiata refupinata. Stamina 4 : duo fterilia. Capf. 2-locul. 50. Schwenkia. Cor. fubasqualis: ore plicato-ftel- lato glandulofo. Stam. 5 : 3 fterilia. Capf. ■2-locul. 48. Justicia. Cor. irregularis. Capf. 2-locul. ungue elaftico difliliens: Diflepimentum contrarium adnatum. 47. Cyrtandra. Cor. irregularis, Stam. 4: 2 fte¬ rilia. Dacca 2-locularis. * 53. Pinguicula. Cor. ringens: calcarata. Cal. 5- fidus. Capf. i-locul, 51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringens inflata. Cal. 4-fi- dus. Capf. 2-locul. 4-valvis. 52. Baea. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. 2- locul. 4-valvis. *. 54. Utricularia. Cor. ringens calcarata. Cal. 2- pbyllus. Capf. i-locularis. 55. G mini A. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-ariftatus. Nux carnofa 4-locul. 66. Sciuris. Cor. ringens. Stam. 5 : 3 fterilia. Capf. 5 coalitte. 7- Hemimeris fab u lof a, (Uffufa, moniana. Bignonia Catalpa, longijfima. A N Y. Diandria, 49. Gratiola. Cor. 4-cleft, bilabiate, refupinate. Stam. 4, 2 barren. Capf. 2-celled. 50. Schwenkia. Cor. fubequal, mouth plaited-ftel- late glandular. Stam. 5, 3 barren. Capf. 2-celled. 48. Justicia. Cor. irregular. Capf. 2-celled, burft- ing, with an elaftic claw. 47. Cyrtandra. Cor. irregular. 4 ftamens, 2 bar¬ ren. Berry. * 53. Pinguicula. Cor. ringent, fpurred. Cal. 5- clelt, 1-celled. 51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringent, inflated. Cal. 4- cleft. Capf. 2-celled, 4-valved. 52. Baea. Cor. ringent. Cal. 5-parted. Capf. 2- celled, 4-valved. * 54. Utricularia. Cor. ringent, fpurred. Cal. 2- leaved. Capl. 1-celled. 55. Ghinia. Cor. ringent. Cal. 5-awned. Nut fleftiy, 4-cclled. 66. Sciuris. Cor. ringent. 5. Stam. 3, barren. Capf. 5, united. Plants apt to be confounded with thofe are, Hemimeris fabulofa, diffufa montana. Bignonia catalpa, longijjima. Seel. III. Flores inferi monopetali, irregulares. Fruc- tus gymnofpermu Soft. III. Flowers inferior, one-petaled, irregular. Seeds naked. * 56. Verbena. Cor. fubaequalis. Cal. lacinia fupre- * 56. Verbena. Cor. febequal. Cal. higheft fegment ma breviore. ftrorter. * 57. Lycopus. Cor. 4-fida fubaequalis ; lacinia unica * 57. Lycopus. Cor. fubequal. Stamens diftant. emarginata. Stam. diftantia. 58. Amethystea. Cor. 5-fida fubaequalisj lacinia 58. Amethystea. Cor. 4-cleft fubequal, longeft; infima concava. Stam. approximata. fegment concave cleft. Stamens near. 60. Ziziphora. Cor. ringens: galea reflexa. Cal. 60. Ziziphora. Cor. ringent, helmet refledled. Cal. filiformis. filiform. 6/. Monarda. Cor. ringens: galea linear! obvol- 6i.Monarda. Cor. ringent, helmet linear covering vente genitalia. the piftils and ftamens. 62. Rosmarinus. Cor. ringens : galea fornicata 62. Rosmarinus. Cor. ringent, helmet arched, 2- bifida. Stam. curva cum dente. cleft. Stam. crooked. * 63. Salvia. Cor. ringens. Fil. tranfverfe pedi- * 63. Salvia. Cor. ringent. Fil. on a tranfverfe foot- cellata. ftalk, with a dent. 59. Cunila. Cor. ringens galea plana. Stam. 4 : 59. Cunila. Cor. ringent, helmet plane. 4 Stam. 2 fterilia. ^ 2 barren. 64. Collinsonia. Cor. fubringens: labio capillari 64. Collinsonia. Cor. fubringent, lip capillary multifido. many cleft. Se6l. IV. Flores inferi polypetali. Se£t. IV. Flowers inferior, many-petaled. 42. Fontanesia. Cor. 2-petala. Cal. 4-partitu«. Capf. 2-locul. non dehifeens. 68. Lithophila. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyllus. Peric. 2-locul. 69. Linociera. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 2-locul. 39. Dialium. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. nullus. f Polycnemwn fclerofpermum. Se£l. V. Flores fuperi. 42. Fontanesia. Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 4-parted. Capf. 2-celled, not dehifeent. 68. Lithophila. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Peric. 2 cells. 69. Linociera. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-dented. Ber¬ ry 2 cells. 39. Dialium. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. none. Flower fometimes Diandrous. Polycnemum fclerofpermum. Seel. V. Flowers Superior. 65. Momna. Cal. fructus dentato-ariftatus; floris bifidus. 1 65. Morina. Cal. double, that of the fruit dented, that of the flower 2-cleft. *43. ClRCjEA, Diandria. B O T * 43* Circ^a. Cal. 2-pliylluss Cor. 2-petala obeor- data. 67. Gloeba. Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. 3-fida. Capf. 3- locularis. Flowers fometimes Diandrous, refembling tbofe of Seft. V. f T aleriana C ornucop'uv. Boerhaavia erect a, hirfuta fcandens. Se£t. VI. Flores apetali. 70. Ancistrum. Cal. 4-phyllus. Drupa exfucca hifpida i-locul. 71. Aruna. Cal. j-partitus. Bacca i-locularis. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. * 72* Anthox:anthum. Cal. gluma 2-valvis 1-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis acuminata ariftata. 73. Crypsis. Cal. gluma 2-valvis i-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis mutica. Flower relembling thefe. Saccharum cylindricum, Thunbergi:, Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. 74* Piper. Cal. o. Cor. o. Bacca i-fperma. ANY. gi 43. Circ^a. Cal, 2-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled. 67. Geobba. Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft. Capf, 3- celled. Se£l. VI. Flowers without Petals. . 7p. Ancistrum. Cal. 4-leaved. Drupe juicelefs, hifpid 1-celled. 71. Aruna. Cal. 5-parted, Berry i-cell. Order II. DIGYNIA. 72. Anthoxanthum. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume,^acuminate awned. 73. Crypsis. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume, awnlefs. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 74* Piper. Cal. none. Cor. none. Berry 1 feed. 31. Nyctanthes. ^or. falver-fhaped, the fegments truncated. Capf. 2- celled marginate. Seeds folitary. ^ I* Nyct. with a ftem four-cornered, leaves ovate tnjlis. iharp-pointed, feed-veflels membranaceous and flatten¬ ed. . Fall Indies. 32. Jasminum, Jafniine. Cor. falver-fliaped from five to eight-cleft. Berry 2- grained. Seeds folitary in a leed-coat. Subdiv. I. Leaves Jimple. famcac. 1. Jas. with leaves Ample, oppofite elliptical ovate, membranaceous and opake; the branchlets and foot- flalks pubefcent, the fegments of the calyx awl-lha- ped. India. F?. With a Ample flower. /3 With a multiplied flower, fegments oblong acute fliorter than the tube. V WIth full flowers, fegments roundilh, longer than t e tube. 2. Jas. with leaves ovate, (harp-pointed a little wa- ved, the branches columnar. Malabar. b- hirfutum. . 3. Jas. with leafftalks and fruitftalks villous. In¬ dia. F? . angujlifo- 4. Jas. with leaves blunt, lanceolate and ovate. In- hum. dia. b. vimineum. 5. Jas. with leaves oppofite, ovate dagger-pointed, fruitflalks axdlarv,one flowered, thofe terminating three Vcl. IV. Part I. florvered. b • Java and Malabar. Has a great affini¬ ty to the preceding. 6. Jas. with leaves oppofite ovate, heart-ffiaped ^n-pubefcent. befcent on both Aides. b • Calcutta. 7. Jas. with leaves oppofite, fimple, ovate-oblong, tapering; panicles right-angled; fegments of the calyx briftle-lhaped bent back. Bengal. 8. Jas. with leaves heart-ftiaped, lanceolate, acute, and long; branches columnar. Nyfianthes elo/igata oi Linn. Suppl. Eaft Indies. 9. Jas. with leaves oppofite, fimple, lanceolate, glofiy, glaucum. the legments of the calyx awl-fliaped. NySlanthes glauca of Linn. Suppl. b • Cape of Good Hope. 10. Jas. with leaves oppofite, fimple, ovate, tapering, trinerve. three-nerved ; footflalks axillary and commonly one- flowered. Java. ^ .II,JAS-with leaves oppofite ovate-lanceolate fimxAe.jimplicifb- Friendly Iflands. J Subdiv. II. Leaves ter note. 12. Jas. with leaves ternate oppofite, leaflets ovate,angulare. blunt; branchlets angular and leafflalks villous, fruit¬ ftalks axillary, three flowered. Jaf/mnum capenfe oi Thunberg. Cape of Good Hope. 13. Jas. with leaves oppofite ternate, leaves oi auricula- the flower bearing branchlets fimple ; the calyxes ao-tum. gled, the branches columnar and pubefcent. Mala¬ bar. 14. Jas. fmooth with leaves ternate and oppofite,yfearf/V, Item climbing, branches columnar. Eaft Indies. L 15. Jas. 82 didymum. cczoricum. frutlcans. bumile. ochraiijfi- tnum. officinale. grandijlo- rum. trjoliata. Vulgare. japonleum. media. tnguflifo- Ua. B O T 75. Jas. fmooth with leaves ternate, oppofite, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, branches axillary. Society lllands. 16. Jas. with leaves ternate, oppofite, leaflets ovate and a little heart-fliaped waved, branches fmooth, co¬ lumnar, the fegments of the calyx equal to the tube. Azores. 17. Jas. with leaves ternate and alternate, leaflets ob- ovate, wedge-lhaped and blunt, branches angled, feg¬ ments of the calyx awl-fhaped. South of Europe, and the Levant. a 8. Jas. with leaves ternate, alternate acute pinnated, branches angled, the fegments of the calyx very (hort. ObJ'. Pinnated leaves are feldom found in this fpecies. 19. Jas. with leaves ternate, alternate bluntilh and pinnated, branches columnar, fegments of the calyx very fnort. Madeira. Subdiv. III. Leaves pinnated. 20. Jas. with leaves oppofite and pinnated, leaflets iharp-pointed, the buds a little ereft. India and Swit¬ zerland. 21. Jas. with leaves oppofite and pinnated, leaflets bluntiih, buds horizontal. Eaft Indies. 33. Galipea. Cal. four or five-cornered four or five-toothed. Cor. falver-fliaped four or five parted. Stamens four, two barren. 1. Gal. Gr.iana. h 6 feet high with leaves alter¬ nate on footftalks ternate, leaflets feflile, lanceolate fliarp-pointed entire. The flowers fmall, grow in a cyme. 34. Lieu strum, Privet. Cor. 4-cleft, berry fuperior, 2-celled, with four feeds. * 1. Lie. leaves ellipfe-lanceolate obtufe mucronu- lated. Privet, Print or Prim-print. Grows in woods, thickets, and hedges, efpecially in a gravelly moiil foil. Europe. h • Flowers in V. and VI. The branches are wand-like. The leaves oppofite fubfef- lile, dark green, fmooth, lanceolate) fometimes el¬ liptical, entire, pointed like a dagger, but not very fharp, fometimes continuing through the winter •, pa¬ nicles terminating and crowded with flowers. Flowers milky, ftrong fmelled. Berries black, very bitter, as are alfo the leaves and bark. This plant is not injur- red by the fmoke of towns. 2. Lig. with leaves ovate, {harp-pointed} panicle obtufe-angled. Japan. 35. Phillyrea. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry one feed. j. Phil, with leaves oblong-lanceolate, ferrated. cc Phil, ligujlrifolia with leaves oblong-lanceolate. ji Pif-fi. virgata, with leaves lanceolate, branches e- reft and wand-like. y Phil, pendula, with leaves lanceolate, branches obtiife-angled, hanging. § Phil, olecefolia, with leaves oblong-lanceolate, branches nearly ereft. t Phil, buxifclia, with leaves oval-oblong and blunt- ifh. South of Europe. 2. Phil, with leaves linear-lanceolate and very en¬ tire. ANY. Diandria, a Phil, lanceolata, with lanceolate leaves, andftraight branches. /3 Phil, rofmartnifolia, with leaves lanceolate awl- fhaped, long, branches ftraight. 7 Phil, bracbiata, with leaves oblong-lanceolate fliorter, branches obtule-angled. South of Europe. 3. Phil, with leaves ovate-heartfhaped, ferrated. latifolia. u Phil, lavis, with leaves ovate, plane, indiftinflly ferrated. Phil, fpinofa, with leaves ovate-oblong acute, fliarply ierrated and plane. 7 Phil, obliqua, with leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, ferrated, bending obliquely. South of Europe. 36. Ole a, Olive. Cor. 4-cleft, fegments nearly ovate. Drupe one feed. 1. Ol. with leaves lanceolate very entire, racemes axillary and condenled. u. Ol. communis, with leaves lanceolate plane, hoary beneath. /3 Ol. verrucofa, with leaves lanceolate, plane, whit- ifh beneath, branches w-arted. 7. Ol longifclia, with leaves linear-lanceolate, plane, filvery beneath. £ Ol. latifolia, leaves oblong plane, hoary beneath. g Ol. ferruginea, leaves lanceolate, rufty beneath. £ Ol. obliqua, leaves oblong bending obliquely, pale beneath. >} Ol. buxifolia, leaves oblong-oval. Common olive. h . South of Europe, and north of Africa. /3 Cape of Good Hope. 2. Ol. wdth leaves ovate very entire, branches -pa- capnfis. nicled obtufe-angled. ot Ol. coriacea, leaves ovate-oblong lliflf plane, with red leafstalks. /3 Ol. undulata, leaves elliptical waved, leafstalks green. Cape olive. h • Cape of Good Hope. 3. Ol. with leaves lanceolate-elliptical very entire, americana. racemes narrow, all the bra£leas permanent, connate and fmall. Carolina and Florida. 4. On.with leaves oblong lanceolate very blunt} xti- cernua. cemes axillary, Ample } flowers drooping. Madagaf- car. h. 5. Ol. with leaves elliptical, flowers racemous with-apetala. out petals. New Zealand. 6. Ol. wuth leaves elliptical acute, bra&eas excelfa. liate } the loweft cup-lhaped permanent} the higher leafy, large, deciduous. Madeira. 7. Ol. with leaves lanceolate and ferrated, leafstalksy'/YJgran.r. lateral, aggregate, bearing one flower. Cochinchina, China, and Japan. 37. Chionanthus, Fringe-tree. Cor. 4-cleft, fegments very long. The kernel of the drupe ftriated. 1. Chio. with a panicle terminating 3-cleft, fruit*virginica. flalks bearing three flowers, the leaves acute. North America. a Chio. latifolia, with leaves ovate-elliptical. /8 Chio. angujlifolia, with leaves lanceolate. Obf. The corolla varies with 4, 5 or 6 fegments, and 4 fta- mens. 2. Chio. with a panicle terminating trichotomous, footftalks bearing three flowers, leaves blunt. Ceylon. 3. Chio. Diandn ccmpafia. zeylanlca. sncrajfata. Vulgaris. Indicum. guineenjis. linifolia. gnidia. pilofa. prnjlrata. tapetife. angujljo- lium. parvifo- lium. falfoloides. a. B O T 3. Chio. with panicles trichotomous, the laft flowers almofl head-fhaped, the calyxes villous, the leaves lan¬ ceolate oblong, the anthers fharp-pointed. Caribees. 4. Chio. the branches of the axillary panicle oppo- llte, flowers almoft feflile. b • Ceylon. ?. Chio. with panicles axillary trichotomous, all the flowers feparate, the anthers blunt. Guiana and Ja¬ maica. v f » 38. Syringa, Lilac. Cor. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-celled. 1. Syr. with leaves ovate heart-lhaped. Common li¬ lac. h . Perfia. ot Str. c&rulea, with blue flowers. Blue lilac. SrR. violacea, with violet flowers. Violet lilac, y SrR. alba, with white flowers. White lilac. 1. Syr. with leaves ovats lanceolate, b* China. 3. Syr. with leaves lanceolate. Perfia. « with leaves lanceolate entire. fl Syr. laciniata, leaves pinnatifid. y Syr. ccerulea, with leaves Ample, flowers blue. £ Syr. alba ; leaves Ample, flowers white. 4. Syr. with leaves ovate ferrated and ternate. Japan. 39. Dialium. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. o. Stam. on the higher flde. 1. Dial, with a panicle Ample and nodding. b • India. 2. Dial, with a panicle, more than doubly com¬ pound, and eredf. Guinea. 40. Pimelea. Cal. none. Cor. 4-cleft. Stam. inferted into the throat. The nut corticated and 1-celled. 1. Pim. with leaves linear-lanceolate, heads termi¬ nating involucredj corolla villous on the outAde. New Holland. 2. Pim. with leaves oblong-lanceolate acute, very fmooth, corolla villous on the outflde. New Zealand. Bankjia gnidia of Forfter. PaJJerina gnidia of Lin. Suppl. 3. Pim. hairy, 'with leaves linear blunt. New Zea¬ land. Banhfia toinentofa of Forfter. Banhjia pilofa, Bofferina pilofa of Lin. Suppl. 4. Pim. hairy, leaves ovate feflile flefhy. New Zea¬ land. Bankfia profrata of Forfter. Pajferina pro- frata of Lin. Suppl. 41. Eranthemum. Cor. 5-cleft, tube thread-fhaped. Anth. without the the tube. Stigma Ample. 1. Er. with leaves lanceolate-ovate on footftalks. Ethiopia. 2. Er. with leaves linear remote acute-angled to the ftem. Ethiopia. 3. Er. with leaves ovate-linear imbricated. Cape of Good Hope. 4. Er. fhrubby, leaves flefliy fomewhat tapering linear very fmooth^ racemes axillary and the calyxes pubef- cent, tube bowed downwards. 42. Fontanesia. Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 4-parted inferior. Capf. mem¬ branaceous, not opening, 2-celled j cells contain one feed. ANY, 1. Font. Syria. 43. Fraxinus, the Ajh. Cal. none or 4-parted. Cor. none or 4-parted. Capf. fuperior, 2-celled, leafy above, comprefied. Seeds fb- litary, pendulous. Some of the flowers have piftils only. * Frax. with leaflets ferrated, flowers deftitute of aexcelfior- calyx and corolla. Common Afh Tree. There is a variety with pendulous branches, called •weeping afj. b • Flowers in IV. and V. and thrives beft in calca¬ reous foils on mountains. It is a very lofty and Weu« tiful tree, its bark is of the colour of wood-afhes, its buds are large and black. The flowers grow in loofe panicles piftoftaminal, intermixed with piftils fome- times very numerous. The anthers are large, dark- purple. When thefe fall off, the leaves unfold them- felves. This is the lateft of all our native trees of coming into leaf. The leaves are pinnate terminated by an odd one, ferrated, fometimes Ample, very eaii- ly injured by froft in autumn. The capfules foon fall The feeds are flat. 44. Circjea, Enchanter's night fade. Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 2-leaved, fuperior. Capf. 2-cel¬ led. Seeds Angle. * 1. Circ. with ftem upright, leaves egg-{haped,/«fr/Lrnj. edged with fmall teeth, opaque, pubefcent. Common enchanter's nightfhade. Grows in (hady moift places. Europe and North America, if. Flowers in VI. and VII. The root creeps, and can fcarcely be eradicated. The ftem is ere£t, not much branched, having com¬ monly but one raceme, which is terminal. The leaves when full grown are egg-fliaped, faintly green, pubef¬ cent, opaque, fomewhat repand, edged with fmall teeth not ferrated. The calyx not membranaceous. * 2. Circ. with a ftem afcending, leaves heart-lha- ped, ferrated, and glofly, the calyx membranaceous. Mountain enchanter's nightfhade. Grows in fliady moift places in mountains and rocks 5 in Lancalhire, Weftmorland, and Cumberland, at the foot of the mountains $ about Loch Broom, Rofslhire, and in Ha¬ milton Wood, Scotland j and in the cold countries of Europe. %. Flowers in VII. and VIII. The root creeps, and the whole plant is lefs pubefcent than the former. The ftalk is fhort, fpreading at the bafe ; the knee-joints red, the leaves tender, pale-green, gloflfy, heart-fhaped, tooth-ferrated, the leaf-ftalks edged with a membrane. 45. Veronica, Speedwell. Cor. 4-cleft, wheel-fhaped, the lovveft fegment leaft. Capf. fuperior, 2 celled. Subdiv. x. Spiked. BRITISH species, * 1. Ver. with a terminating fpike the leaves oypo-fpicata. Ate, bluntifh, notched-ferrulated, very entire at the ex¬ tremity •, the ftalk afcending, very Ample. Spikedfpeed- •well. Grows in meadows and calcareous foils. On Newmarket heath and Gogmagog hills; on Cavenham heath near Bury ; and near Penny-bridge, Lancalhire. Flowers in VII. and often continues in flower till IX. The ftalks are feven inches high, afcending. Ample, L 2 fomewhat s phillyreco: des. 84 EOT round, leafy, fomewliat woody, pubefcent. The leaves oppofite, commonly blunt, fometimes a little Iharp- pointed, crenate-ferrulated, entire at the extremity, hairy. Spike ereft, many flowered. The flowers are of a deep blue, the throat of the corolla bearded. This fpecies varies, with leaves linear and almoft entire. hybrid#. * 2. Ver. with fpikes terminating, leaves oppofite, el¬ liptical, blunt, unequally crenate-ferrated, the ftalk fomewhat erefh We/Jh fpeedwell. Grows on the Tides of mountains, but is very rare. It is found on Craig Wreidhin, Montgomerylhire, and at Cartmel Wells, Lancaftiire. %. Flowers in VII. Nearly allied to tue preceding, but twice as large in every part j the fpikes generally numerous } the ftalk and leaves more rugged above, and more deeply ferrated: the leaf- ftalk in the former is oftener found winged. tfJicinaVis. * 3. V er. with lateral ipikes on footltalks, leaves op¬ pofite, fcabrous, ftalk procumbent. Europe. Male or common fpeedwel/. Grows commonly in barren fandy paftures. Flowers in V. and VI. The ftalk has wide fpreading branches 5 the leaves pale, a little ftiff and roughifh j the fpjkes axillary, folitary, on footftalks, ma¬ ny-flowered, hairy, longer than the ftalk ) the flowers of a faint blue, with deeper veins. ✓ Subdiv. 2. Corymb racemous. Jaxatilis. * 4* Ver. with a corymb terminating and bearing few flowers, the leaves elliptical, ftalks fpreading, capfule egg-fhaped, 4-waived. Blue rock fpeedwell Grows on Ben Lawers, Perth (hire; and on the Alps. %. Flowers in \TI. The ftalks decumbent at the bafe, fomewhat fhrubby branched, the branches afcending, Ample, leafy ; the leaves oppofite, fmall, elliptical, or elliptical-lanceolate, blunt, very entire, fometimes but feldom ferrated on the middle, light green, fome¬ what flefhy, fmooth, crowded at the bafe of the branch¬ es, more diftant above ; the flowers three or five in a terminating corymb, on footftalks which are three or four times longer than the floral leaf or braflea, large, beautiful, of a blue-violet hue, the throat red. The ca¬ lyx 4-cleft, almoft equal, blunt, pubefcent; the capfule pubefcent, egg-fhaped, 4-valved. It duffers from the fruticulofa in having generally broader leaves, ftalks more fpreading, in having a larger corolla, which is blue and not flefh-coloured j and is ftill more diftinguifh- ed by having longer footftalks, fewer, and in being corymbous, not fpiked. fruticulofa.* 5. Ver. with a corymb terminating many-flotv- ered, fpiked, leaves elliptico-lanceolate, ftalks ereft, capfule egg-fhaped, 4-valved. Flejh-coloured Jhrub- hy fpeedwell. Grows in Cruachan, Argylefhire, and Ben Lawers, Perthfhire. Alfo on the Alps Pyrenees. %. Flowers in VII. The ftalks are branched at the bafe, twifted, lying upon the ground, a little fhrubby, afterwards becoming ere&, ftiff, and ftraight, feven inches long, firaple leafy, round, a little pubefcent. i he leaves are oppofite, el- bptico-lanceoiate, moft commonly entire, fometimes ferrated, pale green, hollowifh, and a little (bag¬ gy on the edge.. i he corymb is terminating, pubef¬ cent, a little fpiked, and afterwards extended into a long leafy raceme. I he flower-bearing footftalks are of the fame length with the brafteas, and thofe which bear the nuit half as long again. The calyx is four- Cieft, almoft equal, blunt, fhaggy. The corolla of a ^ N Y, Diandria. pale flefh colour, with purple lines lefs than the pre¬ ceding. The capfule egg-fhaped, fhaggy, four-valv- ed. * 6. Ver. with a corymb terminating, a little fpiked, leaves oval, fmooth, (lightly ferrated, the calyx ciliater ftem afcending and Ample. Alpine fpeedwell. Grows on wet fpongy places, on mountains about Garway- moor, on Ben Nevis, and on the mountains of Ba- denoch, and on the Alps. %. Flowers in VII. and \ III. '1 he (talks are a finger long, afcending, Am¬ ple, leafy, rooting at the bafe. The leaves oppofite, elliptic-oval, thin, (lightly fhaggy, often entire, fome¬ times notched, commonly three-nerved, pale-green, fhming. The flowers are fmall, blue, on a fmall co¬ rymb, wdiich afterwards extends into a flrort raceme. 1 he fruitftalks are of the fame proportion as in the preceding. The calyx ?» nearly equal, bluntifh, ci- liate, and often fhaggy. The hairs jointed like the pubefcence of the leaves. The capfule elliptical, emar- ginate, two-valved, pubefcent, terminated with a ftiort perfifting ftyle. * 7. Ver. with a raceme terminating approaching to zferpylUfo* fpike ; the leaves oval, a little notched, three-nerved, fmooth •, the capfule obcordate, (horter than the ftyle. Europe and N. America. /3 Vkr. Humifufa. Smooth Speedwell, or Paul’s Betony. The firft variety grows in meadows and paftures $ the fecond on the higheft mountains in Scotland, un¬ der wet fhady rocks. %. Flowers in V. and VI. The plant is fhining, fomewdiat flefhy ; in moift pla¬ ces fmooth, in mountains rough-haired. The ftalks decumbent and taking root, leafy ; the branches com¬ monly erefl. The leaves on footftalks oval or round- ifli, more or lefs crenated, three-nerved. The raceme terminating, long, loofe, many-flowered, oftener pu¬ befcent. The brafteas elliptical. The fegments of the calyx are obovate-elliptical, fmoothifli, equal. The corolla of a blue or flefn-coloured whitifh colour, with violet ftreaks. The capfule obcordate, double, of the length of the ftyle or a little fhorter. I he variety called humifufa, has a procumbent ftem wdth a fhorter raceme. * 8. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves elliptical andheccalunga plane, and ftalk creeping. Brooklimc. Europe. Grows frequently in rivulets and ditches containing clear wa¬ ter. 7;. Flowers in VI. and VII. The plant is very fmooth and glofiy. The ftalks decumbent or fwira- ming, columnate. The leaves on flrort footftalks, el¬ liptical, broad pointed, indiftindlly ferrated, of a beautiful green, fomewhat flefhy. The racemes axil¬ lary, oppofite, on footftalks many-flowered. The bratfteas linear lanceolate, (horter than the fruitftalks. The fegments of the calyx (harp-pointed. The corol¬ la blue. The capfule almoft double. '* 9- Ver. with racemes lateral and oppofite, leavtsanaga!lisa. lanceolate and ferrated, ftalk ere ft. JVater fpeedwell, or long-leaved brookhme. Europe and the Levant. Grows in ditches and marftres.. %. Flowers in VII. It is diftinguifiied from the former by leaves lanceolate, longer, a little ovate or elliptical, and by an ereft ftalk. The racemes are longer and more pointed. * Ver. wdth racemes lateral and alternate, fruit-fcutellatity ftalklets divaricate, leaves linear and denticulate. l\arrow-leaved marjh fpeedwell. Europe. Grows in marflies and places that have been overflowed with water Diandria. B O water in a fandy foil. % . Flowers in VII. and VIII. 7 he idalks are feeble and have fpreading branches. The leaves are linear lanceolate, feldom very entire, often dentletted, fometimes ferrated. The racemes are axillary, folitary, alternate, never oppofite, loofe, di¬ varicate, varying in length. The dowers are fmall, of a blue flelh colour, ftreaked. The capfule approach¬ ing to double. Sometimes its tlalk and leaves are pu- belcent. Montana. * u. Ver. with racemes lateral, long, thread-fhaped, few-flowered ; leaves ovate, ferrated, on footftalks, the flalk hairy on all fides. Mountain fpeedwell, or moun¬ tain madwort. Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Grows in woods, in moiif (hady places, and beflde hedges in a calcareous foil. It is found in Charlton wood, Kent 5 in the Devil’s ditch, Newmarket heath j at Linton, in Gamlingay park and Kingfton wood, near Worcefter, near Virginia water, about Kirkftal abbey near Leeds, at Shortwood, Pucklechurch, Glou- cefterihire ; and is very common in Yorkihire. Alfo in the woods at Dunglafs, near the river, Berwicklhire, and on the banks of the Elk near Rodin, Mid¬ lothian. %. Flowers in V. and VI. The root is fibrous. The tlalks decumbent, feeble, hairy on all fides, leafy. The leaves grow on footftalks ovate, ferrated with teeth of unequal fize, llender, gloffy, fomewhat hairy. The racemes axillary, alternate, flaccid, few-flowered. The flowers light blue, di- verfified with purple. The capfule circular, double, flat, acutely edged, ciliated. flanuedrys.* 12. Ver. with lateral racemes, leaves ovate, feflile, wrinked, inched, ferrated; the ftalk hairy on two fides. Europe. Germander fpeedwell, or wild germander. Grows in meadows and paftures, and under hedges, and is very common. %. Flowers in V. The ftalks form an acute angle with the branches, are decumbent, and have a longitudinal line of hair on each fide. 1 he leaves are feflile, ovate, ferrated with unequal teeth, the edge, very hairy. The racemes are axil¬ lary, oppofite, many-flowered, longer than the ftalk. The flowers are large, beautiful, of a fine blue colour in the infide, and flefti-coloured on the outfide. The capfule is obcordate and fmall, Subdiv. 3. Flowers Solitary. Ggrejlis. * 13. Ver. with flowers folitary, leaves ovate, incifed, ferrated, fhorter than the flower-ftalk, ftalk procum¬ bent, feeds pitcher-ftiaped. Procumbent fpeedwell, or germander chick weed. Grows in cultivated grounds, and among rubbiflk ©. Flowers from IV. to ix! The ftalks are feveral, procumbent, fimple towards the top. The leaves fcattered, almoft feflile, heartftraped- ovate, widely ferrated. Footftalks axillary, folitary, one-flowered, of the length of the leaves or longer ; the fruitftalks curved downwards. The fegments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, broad at the points, ci¬ liated. The corolla fmall, and of a bright blue co¬ lour. The capfule double, fwelling in the middle, rough-haired. The feeds fixfold on each fide, dimpled and wrinkled. Kirvenfis. * 14. Ver. with flowers {blitary, leaves ovate, incifed- ferrated ; flowers lanceolate, longer than the leafstalk, ftalk ere£L Europe. Wall fpeedwell, or fpeedwell chickweed. Grows frequently in dry cultivated grounds, on walls, and among, rubbiftt, ©. Flowers in V,. A N Y. g The ftalk is often branchy at the bafe, ereeft, (even inches high. The flowers are feflile, ilfuing from the axils of lanceolate brafleas, which are quite diflimilar to the leaves. For which reafon, this fpecies might have been arranged among the Spiked Veronicas, wmre it not for its affinity to the preceding and following Ipecies. The fegments of the calyx are lanceolate, un¬ equal and acute. I he corolla is pale blue. The cap¬ fule is feflile, ered, obcordate, flattened. The feeds are elliptical, plane and furrowed in the middle. * 15. Ver, with flowers folitary, leaves heart-lhaped,hedcrifolia* plane five-lobed, the fegments of the calyx heart- lhaped, the feeds pitcher-lhapcd. Europe. Ivy-leaved fpeedwell, ox fmall henbit. Grows in cultivated "grounds and among rubbifli. ©. Flowers from IV. to IX. The ftalks are procumbent and unbranched. The leaves alternate on longer footftalks, kidney-heart- ftiaped, five-lobed, the central lobe being largeft. The fruitftalks are longer than the leaves. The fegments of the calyx are widely heart-lhaped, acute, ciliate. The corona is pale blue. 1 he capfule is double, and fwelling in the middle. The feeds are large, two on each fide, dimpled, wrinkled. 16. Ver. with folitary flowers, fuperior leaves dlwiA-tnphyllos.- ed to the bafe, fruitftalks longer than the calyx, feeds flattened. Europe.^ Fingered fpeedwell, or upright chickweed. Grows in fandy cultivated grounds, but rare. It is found on the borders of Norfolk and Suf¬ folk, near Bury, and near Roflington, Yorkihire. ©. Flowers in IV. The ftalk commonly branchy, flexuofe. The loweft leaves entire, feldom lobed, the higher al¬ moft feflile, three-parted, the central lobe largeft, obo- vate, the lateral lobes commonly two-parted. The flowers on long footftalks and ere&, as well as the fruit. The fegments of the calyx are obovate-oblongy blunt, ciiiate, unequal. The corolla a deep blue. The capfule circular emarginate, flattened. The feeds nu¬ merous, obovate-flattened. The plant becomes black- i!h wThen dried. * 17. \ er. with flowers folitary, leaves deeply AWid-verncu ed, the fruitftalks fhorter than the calyx; the ftalk ftift and ftraight. Germany, Sweden, and Spain, Ver- nal fpeedwell. GrowTs in dry fandy cultivated fields. Is found near Bury, and at Foulden, Norfolk. ©. blowers in I\'. It refembles the arvenjis in its habit, in the figure of its feeds and fituation of its flowers; but is of a pale colour, and never growTs blackifh when dried. It is fufficiently diftinguifhed by leaves deeply divided, by the central lobe being obovate ; the floral leaves are three-parted. The ftalk is fcarcely a finger length, ftift and ftraight, often branchy. The fegments • of the calyx are lanceolate acute, nearly equal. The capfule obcordate flattened. Subdiv. 1. Spiked. foreigh' 18. Ver. with fpikes terminating, leaves in k\tx\sftbirica. verticilled, ftem a little fhaggy. Dauria. 2£_. 19* Ver.. with fpikes terminating, leaves in foursvlrginlca, or fives. Virginia and Japan. 20. Ver. with fpikes terminating, leaves lanceolate,/Wi* equally ferrated.- South of Europe, of Siberia, and Thuringia. If. 21. Ver. with fpikes terminating, leaves nearly heart-maritime. lanceolate, unequally ferrated. Var. with broader leaves. European fea-coafts. 22. Ver., 86 longifolia. ineana. pinnata. 1 aciniata. incifa. calarraihs. elliptic a. macrocar- pa. falicifolia. parviflora. allionil. decujfata. aphylla. lellidoides. gentianoi- des. pone. integrifo- lia. tenclla. teucrium. pilofa. i B O T 2 2. Ver. with fpikes terminating, leaves lanceolate {harp-pointed 1’errated. Tartary, Auitria, and Swe¬ den. %. 23. Ver. with fpikes terminating, leaves oppollte, crenated blunt, flem ereft, downy. Native of the Uk- rain, Samara. 2/. Obf. It varies with a white flower. 24. Ver. with fpike terminating, leaves linear, pin- natifid, bunched ; fegments thread-lhaped, forming an obtufe angle. Siberia, if.. 25. Ver. with a raceme approaching to a fpike, and terminating, leaves pinnatifid, jagged. Siberia. 2{:. 26. Ver. with fpikes terminating, leaves lanceolate, cut into irregular fegments, pinnatifid, fmootb, Sibe¬ ria. %. 27. Ver. with racemes terminating flexuofe, flem fomewhat fhrubby, leaves lanceolate, ferrated. New' Zealand. b • 28. Ver. with racemes lateral, ftem fhrubby, leaves elliptical, very entire. New Zealand. b • 29. Ver. with racemes almofl terminating ere£f, leaves lanceolate, very entire, fmooth, plain, ftem fhrubby. Newr Zealand. b • 3c. Ver. -with racemes lateral nodding, leaves lan¬ ceolate, very entire, ftem fhrubby. New Zealand, b • 31. Ver. with racemes almolt terminating, leaves linear-lanceolate, very entir^, fmooth, dagger-pointed, flem fhrubby. New Zealand. b • 32. Ver. with fpikes lateral, on footftalks, leaves oppofite, roundifh, gloffy, rigid; ftalk fmooth, creeping. The Alps. b • 33. Ver. with racemes axillary, few-flow^ered, leaves elliptical, perennial, very entire; ftem fhrubby. Falk¬ land iflands. b • ANY. » Diandria, 42. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves oblong, ovate,projlrata, and ferrated, ftalks procumbent. Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. 2£. 43. Ver. with racemes lateral, leafy, leaves oblong,peSinata. comblike-ferrated, items procumbent. Conftantinople. 44. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves pinnatifid, onen/a/w. fmooth, acute, tapering at the bafe ; the calyxes un¬ equal, the footftalks capillary, and longer than the bra£tea. Armenia. 2/. 45. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves many-part- ed, fegments pinnatifid, lobes decurrent, footftalks fhort, calyx very fmooth, ftalk villous. Siberia. %. 46. Ver. with racemes lateral; leaves a little ba\xy,aujlriaca» linear, pinnatifid, lowed fegments longer; the calyxes a little hairy, the foetitalks fhorter than the braftea. Auftria, Silefia, and Carniola. 2£. 47. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves a little hairy, t auric a. linear, undivided, and pinnatifid, denticulate; foot¬ ftalks longer than the bractea, the calyx four-cleft, fmooth. Tauria. 2/. 48. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves heart-fhaped, wr/zVz/i?* feflile, fharply ferrated, fharp-pointed, ftem ft iff and//a. flraight, the leaflets of the calyx in fours. Switzer¬ land, Bithynia, Auitria, and Bavaria. 2f. 49. Ver. with racemes lateral, leaves heart-fhaped, feffile, wrinkled, bluntly ferrated, ftem ftiff and ftraight, leaflets of the calyx in fives. Auftria and Switzer¬ land. 24. 50. Ver. with racemes lateral and very long, leavespaniculata. lanceolate, in threes, ferrated, Item afeending. Tar¬ tary and Bohemia. Veronica dentata of Schmidt. '4. Subdiv. 3. Fruitflalhs hearing one Flower. Subdiv. 2. Corymb-racemous. 34. Ver. with a corymb terminating, and naked ftem. u, Ver. Kamtchalka, rough-haired, raceme three- flowered, long, lateral, and without leaves; leaves ovate, oblong, ferrated, rough-haired, hairs jointed. The Alps and north of Alia. 35. Ver. with a corymb terminating, ftem afeending, two-leaved; leaves obtufe, crenated; calyx fhaggy. Pyrenees and Alps of Switzerland. b • 36. Ver. with a corymb terminating, ftem afeend¬ ing, leaves lanceolate, cartilaginous on the edge, the lower leaves connate, fheathing. Cappadocia and Ar¬ menia. %. 37. Ver. with a raceme terminating, ftem very little branched, leaves heart-ovate, dented, feflile. Var. 1. Pumi/a, with unbranched ftem, terminating with a bunch of flowers; leaves ovate, acute, dented. Native of the Pyrenees, the var. pumila on the top of the Piedmontefe Alps. 38. Ver. with a corymb terminating, leaves oppofite, elliptical, blunt, very entire, calyxes hairy. The Alps. %. 39. Ver. with leaves oblong, crenated, Items creep- ing, calyxes villous. Pyrenees and Piedmontefe Alps.' %. 40. Ver. -with racemes lateral, and very long, leaves ovate, wrinkly, dented, bluntifh ftalks, procumbent. Oh/'. This is a doubtful fpecies. 41. "V er. with racemes axillary, leaves ovate, blunt, plaited, deeply dented, ftalk procumbent, hairy on both Tides. Auftria. Obf. Dr Smith fufpe£ts that this is only a variety of the latifolia. l 51. Ver. with flowers folitary, leaves heart-lanceo- late, dented, the fegments of the calyx equal, ovate, fharp pointed, three-nerved. Cappadocia. ©. 52. Ver. with flowers folitary, leaves hean-lbaped,JUijbrmis. crenated, fhorter than the fruitilalk, fegments of the calyx lanceolate. Levant. Q 53. Ver. with flowers folitary, feflile, all the leaves digilata. finger-parted, Item ftiff and ftraight. Bohemia, Mont¬ pelier, and Spain. © 54. Ver. with flowers on footftalks folitary, leavesafinifolia* ovate, fmooth, crenated, ftem cre£t, a little hairy. a. Ver. romana of Allionius and Schmidt. Warm climes of Europe. © 55. Ver. with flowers feflile and folitary; leaves per egrina. lanceolate-linear, fmooth, blunt, very entire, item eredt. North of Europe. © 56. Ver. writh flowers folitary, on footftalks, leaveslellardi. linear, very entire, rough haired, longer than the flower, ftalk very little branched, eredt. Pied¬ mont. © 57. Ver. with flowers folitary, feflile, leaves Ym.ear,marilandi~ items with fpreadxng branches. Virginia. ca. 45. PiEDEROTA. Cor. ringent, four-cleft, the throat naked. Cal. 5-parted. Capf. 2-celled. 1. Pjed. with leaves fharply pointed, helmet of theageria. corollas two-cleft. Paderota lutea of Lin. Suppl. Carniola and Italy. % . 2. P;en. with leaves roundifh-ovate, the helmet oibonarata* the corollas entire. Alps. X. Pcederota Ccerulea of Linn. Suppl. 3. P^D. Dlandrla* B O T minimus. 3. P^d. with leaves oblong, entire, oppofite, flowers axillary, oppolke, teeth of the calyx hairy within. India. 46. Wulfenia. Cor. ringent, upper lip fhort, entire j the inferior three-parted; throat bearded. Cal. 5-parted. Capf. 2-celled. carinthia- I. Wulf. Pcederota. Wulfchii of Lamarck. Cil¬ ea. rinthian Wulfenia. Highelt mountains of Carin- thia. % 47. CvRTANDRA. Cor. five-cleft, irregular. Cal. five-dented, almoft 2- lipped. Stamens four, two of them barren. Berry 2-celled. liflora. 1. Cyrt. with fruitftalks fomewhat branched, leaves elliptical, almoft quite entire, fmooth. Otaheite. cymofa. 2. Cyrt. with fruitftalks nearly cymous, leaves ovate, crenated, oblique at the bafe, pubefeent beneath. Tanna. fajlucfa. Forjkdtlei. purpurea. verticHla- ris. Orijlata. ehinenfs. trflora. fulcata. bicalycula- ta. hivalvis. falcata. fexangula- ris> 48. JuSTICIA. Cal. fimple, fometimes double. Cor. of one petal, ir¬ regular. Capl. burfting by means of an elaftic claw, the partition oppofite, and adhering to the valves. Subdiv. 1. Calyx double, one anther. 1. Ju. with thyrfes terminating, pointing one w-ay, leaves lance-elliptical. Tranquebar. b 2. Ju. with thyrfes axillary, terminating, leaves ovate, (harp-pointed. Arabia Felix and India. b . JuJliciii paniculata of Forfkael. 3. Ju. rvith fpikes axillary, and terminating, brac- teas lanceolate, imooth, branches pubefeent. China. 4. Ju. villous, with flowers axillary, verticilled, ex¬ terior calyxes awnlefs, leaves ovate. Cape of Good Hope. 5. Ju. villous, with flowers axillary and verticilled, exterior calyxes awned, leaves ovate. Cape of Good Hope. 6. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, verticilled, three- cleft, bra&eas ovate, dagger-pointed, coloured at the bafe. China and Arabia Felix. 7. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, long, three-dowered, brasfteas linear-lanceolate. Arabia Felix. Subdiv. 2. Calyx double, anthers two. 8. Ju. with fpikes terminating, dowers verticilled, leaves ovate, heart-draped. Arabia Felix. 9. Ju. with panicles axillary and dichotomous. J. li- gulata of Lamarck. Dianther a Malabarica of Lin. Suppl. Dianther a bicalyculata of Retz. Dianther a paniculata of Forfkael. JuJlicia Malabarica of Aiton. Malabar and Arabia Felix. 0 10. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, three-cleft, fruit- ftalklets lateral, two-dowered, bracleas ovate, awned, nerved. Arabia and India. Tj 12. Ju. with dowers axillary, nearly fedile, leaves ovate-lanceolate. Mauritius. Tj Subdiv. 3. Calyx Jingle, corollas 2-lipped, lips undivided. 13. Ju. rvith fruitftalks bearing three dowers, brac- teas wedge-fhaped, leaves ovate, branches fix-angled. Vera Cruz, and Jamaica. © ' A NT Y. S7 14. Ju. with fpikes axillary, arched doAvmt’ards.yrorprWa. leaves lanceolate-ovate, lhaggy, feflile. Vera Cruz, b 15. Ju. with racemes terminating, axillary andgangetica. fimple, flowers alternate, pointing one wTay, bradteas in- diftiucl. India. 16. Ju. Avith fpikes axillary, terminating, branched, dowers alternate, bradteas linear. Jamaica and Santa Cruz. Subdiv. 4. Calyx Jingle, corollas 2-lipped, lips divided. One anther. 17. Ju. ftemlefs, leaves crenated, veins villous be.-acaulit. neath. Tranquebar i;. Var. 1. with leaves lyre-pinnatifid, veins fmooth. Obf. It is doubtful Avhether the var. 1. be not a diftindt fpecies. 18. Ju. Avith fruitftalks terminating, many-dow'ered,Zif/pLhr. fegments of the calyx and bradleas linear arvl-ftiaped, ciliated, leaves oblong-lanceolate, branches hifpid-pu- befeent. Sierra Leona. b 19. Ju. with fpikes terminating, four-cornered, brac-rrW;wtf?,» teas ovate, imbricated, ciliated, dagger-pointed j the helmet of the corollas linear, and bent back. Arabia, Malabar, and Ceylon. h • JuJlicia viridis of For-' fkael. 20. Ju. with fpikes terminating, four-cornered; brae- tttragontf* teas ovate, imbricated, keel-fhaped, ciliated; leaves crenate and fmooth. Cayenne. b 21. Ju. wdth fpikes terminating, leaves and bsaCteascoccinea. elliptical, bare on the edge, the helmet of the corollas lanceolate, bent back at the apex. Cayenne. L 22. Ju. with fpikes terminating and axillary, brae-pulcberri- teas oA'ate, imbricated, ciliated, and awnlefs, helmet oima. the corollas lanceolate, eredf. South America. Tj 23. Ju. with fpikes axillary, terminating four-corner- ed, bradleas oblong, imbricated, ciliated. Carthagena and Martinico. 24. Ju. with fpikes axillary, terminating four-corner-^zV/«/d. ed, bradleas ovate, imbricated, hirfute, leaves dented. Java. 25. Ju. with fpikes axillary, oppofite, double on eachJpherofper- fide, .bradleas linear, lengthened, feeds globular, andma. fhining. Caribbees. 26. Ju. with fpikes terminating, leafy, flowers xtrdi-gendarvjfa. cilled, leaves lanceolate, lengthened. Ceylon, Java, and Malabar. Tj 27. Ju. with fpikes axillary, terminating, calyxes oiprocum- four fegments, ciliated, bracleas of the length of the bens. calyx, leaves lanceolate. Ceylon. % 28. Ju. Avith fpikes axillary and terminating, ca-dijfufa. lyxes of four fegments, fmooth, bradteas fhorter than the calyx, leaves elliptical. India. Tj 29* Judith fpikes axillary, oppofite, pointing one echloides. waya, Lending, linear, rough with hair. Malabar and Ceylon. %. 3°. Ju. with fpikes axillary, double, oppofite, point-longifolia* ing one way, leaves lanceolate, long. Make. 31. Ju. with fpikes terminating, a little branched, in-latifolia, ferior leaves verticilled, leaves ovate, lharp-pointed. F.aft Indies. Tj* 32. Ju. Avith racemes axillary, and terminating,//^, flowers verticilled, leaves ovate and coloured. Alia. L. 33- Ju- with racemes terminating, a little branched,nitida, flowers commonly verticilled, leaves lance-ellipti¬ cal, 88 B O T cal, tapering. Martinico, Santa Cruz, and Guada- loupe. Tj. variegata. 34. Ju. with fpikes terminating, axillary fimple, flo’ivers oppofite, calyxes hilpid, leaves ovate and feffile. Jlrifta. 35. Ju. with racemes axillary, two-parted, flowers pointing one way, leaves lance-elliptical, filaments fmootb. Malabar. paniculata. 36. Ju. with panicles axillary, terminating, dichoto¬ mous, flowers pointing one w-ay, filaments hirfute, cap- fules flattened, leaves lanceolate. Eaft Indies. nutans. 37. Ju. wdth racemes terminating, nodding at the apex, flowers reverfed, leaves dented. Java. nafuta. 38. Ju. with fruitflalks axillary, and dichotomous, leaves elliptical, and very entire. India. T?. fcandens. 39. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, trichotomous, obtufe angled, leaves ovate, (harp-pointed, fomewhat repand, the branches villous. Malabar. Tj. dliarls. 40. Ju. with flowers axillary, oppofite, leaves lan¬ ceolate. Q. Subdiv. 5. Calyx Jingle, corollas two-lipped, the lips divi¬ ded. Anthers two. Jecunda. 41. Ju. with racemes terminating, compound ra- cemelets pointing one way, leaves ovate-lanceolate, (harp-pointed. Trinity ifland. deiidis. 42. Ju. with fpikes axillary and terminating, brafteas ovate, imbricated, and ciliated. Arabia Felix. b • violaeea. 43. Ju. with fpikes terminating, brafteas lanceolate, imbricated, ciliated, leaves lanceolate. Arabia Felix. Dianther a violac.ea of Vahl. Fj brafleolatc* 44. Ju. with a raceme terminating, fruitftalks three- flowered, leaves tapering oblong, Item four-cornered, ■edge fcabrqus. Caraccas. b- rohrii. 45. Ju. with fpikes terminating, compound, imbrica¬ ted, pubefeent, bradleas ovate, leaves elliptical, very entire. Cayenne. polyjlachia. 46. Ju. with fpikes axillary, oppolite, pointing one wTay, brafteas ovate, hirfute, leaves lanceol-ovate. Cayenne. retufa. 47. Ju. wnth fpikes terminating, bradleas obovate, commonly retufe, imbricated, leaves ovate, (harp- pointed. Santa Cruz. Jlava. 48. Ju. with fpikes terminating, flowers in pairs, bradleas lanceolated, blunt, leaves lanceol-oblong. A- rabia Felix. b • Dianthera Jlava of Vahl. D. A- mericana Jlava of Forlkael. americana. 49. Ju. with fpikes axillary, flowers crow'ded, fruit¬ ftalks long, alternate, leaves lanceolate. Virginia and Florida. punctata. 5c. Ju. with fpikes terminating, flowers diftant, com¬ monly verticilled, bradleas lanceolate, (harp-pointed, leaves lanceol-ovate. Arabia Felix. Dianthera punc¬ tata of Vahl. D. Americana alba of Forlkael. eujlachia- 51. Ju. with fpikes axillary and terminating, flowers na. in pairs below, above folitary, bradleas Wedge-ftiaped. St Euftatius. b • caracafma 52. Ju. with (pikes axillary and terminating, brac- teas (harp-pointed, (liorter than the calyx, leaves o- vate, (harp-pointed, waved, pubefeent. Caraccas. T? . peSoretliS'. 33. Ju. with a panicle terminating, dichotomous. St Domingo and Martinico. -4. comata. 54. Ju. with fpikes terminating, thread-ftiaped, fpike- let verticilled. Jamaica. If. Dianthera comata. undulata. 55. ju. with fruitftalks terminating, umbeiltd, fim- A N Y. Diandria, pie, three-cleft, leaves lanceolate, undulated, Java and Malabar. 56. Ju. with utnbels axillary, compound, on \QVig.frondofa. footllalks, bradleas obovate, rhomboid, blunt, fmooth. Otaheite. 57. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, oppofite, four-flower-^K^f/2-,f«>f, ed, on fruitftalklets, bradleas ovate, roundifti, dagger- pointed, pubefeent. Botany ifland. Dianthera Gcerulea of Forlkael. 58. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, oppofite, bt'A.xmglcevigata, three flowTers on fruitftalklets, bradleas oblong, dag¬ ger-pointed, pubefeent. Java. Tj. 59. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, verticilled, bva.TxwQcufpidatct. commonly three flowers on fruitftalklets, bradteas wedge-fhaped, awned, anthers double. Arabia Felix. Dianthera VerticiUata of Forfkael. 60. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, verticilled, hcaxlngUtbo/per- one flower, bradleas linear-lanceolate, leaves oblong, fcabrous. If • 61. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, twTo-fiowTered; leaves <7. ovate, equal, bradleas awl-(haped. Eaft Indies. Tj. 62. Ju. with flowers axillary, folitary, and {tSAe.feJJUts, leaves ovate and crenated. St Euftatius. Tj. Subdiv. 6. Calyx Jingle, corollas ringent ; one anther. 63. Ju. with fpikes axillary, and oppofite braReas,adhatodai ovate, acute, nerved. Ceylon. Tj. Malabar Nut. 64. Ju. with fpikes terminating, bradleas ovate, Huax^-betonica. pointed, vein-netted, coloured. India. Tj. 65. Ju. with fpikes axillary, terminating, and fmooth,r^rnr. bradleas dorfal, pointing two ways, membranaceous at the edge. If. 'Ceylon, 66 .Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, folitary, bearing cx\tfanguine- flowTer, alternate, leaves oblong, ftalk creeping. Ceylon. Obf. The whole plant is of a blood colour. Subdiv. 7. Calyx fngle, corollas ringent; two anthers. 67. Ju. with fpikes axillary and terminating, peruviana. ovate and acute. Lima. % . 68. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, alternate, common- ly bearing four flowers on fruitftalklets, bradleas lan¬ ceolate, ciliated. Japan. ©. Dianthera Japonic a oi Thunberg. 69. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, ufually bearing daxzztrifulca. flowers, flowers feflile, leaves oblong, blunt. Arabia Felix. "b • 70. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary, generally bearing one flower, leaves lanceolate, blunt. Canaries. . lia. 71. Ju. with flowers axillary, folitary, almoft {ett\\z,periploci- leaves ovate, ftiarp-pointed. Caraccas. Obf. It is xxx\-folia. certain whether this be a diftindl fpecies or a variety of the peruviana. 72. Ju. with fruitftalks one-flowered, axillary, leavesorrZi/G/l&r. lanceolate, rigid, acute. Cape of Good Hope. Fj. 73. Ju. with fruitftalks axillary one-flowered, \z2cMz%madurenfts oblong and dented. F?. Madeira. 74. Ju. with flowers axillary, folitary, and izfi\\e,cuneata. leaves obovate emarginate. Cape of Good Hope. I? . * 75. Ju. with flowers axillary, folitary, feflile, \zavzstranquela- obovate, branches hoary. Tranquebar. F? . Juficianenfu. Parvifoha of Lamarck. 76. Ju. with flowers axillary, feflile, oppofite, leavesor/ora, roundifti, branches fmooth. Arabia Felix. Dian¬ thera Odora of Forlkael. Subdiv. Diandria. B O T 89 iafundilu- lif or mis. finuata. ‘u'meoides. fpin of a. Subd. 8. Calyx Jingle % corollas almojl equal. 77. Ju. with fpikes terminating, leaves lanceol-ovate, in fours. India. b . 78. Ju. with fruitllalks axillary, trifid, leaves linear, finu-pinnifid. Tanna. h • J- longifolia of Forlkael, 79. Ju, with fruitftalks axillary, generally bearing one flower, leaves ovate, llalk unarmed. Madagaf- car. b . 80. Ju. with fruitftalks beating one flower, leaves ob¬ long, fpikes axillary. South America. b • Subdiv. 9. Species indeterminate in the calyx and corolla. repanda. Sn Ju. fttrubby, leaves ovate repand, fruitftalks axil¬ lary, trifid. Tanna. b • armata. 82. Ju. Ihrubby, prickly, leaves oblong emarginate, ftiff like leather, gloffy. Jamaica. b • ■acicularis. 83. Ju. ftirubby, branches fpreading, thorny, thorns briftle-fhaped, flowers on footftalks axillary and foli- tary. Jamaica. b • parviflora. 84. Ju. with branches fpreading, leaves ovate, en¬ tire, fpikes pointing one way, bradleas lanceolate, an¬ terior, winged. Calcutta. If. remsrfa. 85* Ju. with a ftalk herbaceous, four-cornered, a lit¬ tle eredt, leaves ovate-lanceolate, fpikes ovate. Ja¬ maica and Hifpaniola. %. japonica. 86. Ju. herbaceous, with leaves ovate and ferrated, fpikes terminating, bradleas briftle-ftiaped, Item form¬ ing an acute angle. Japan. iancea. 87. Ju. with flowers verticil-aggregate, leaves entire, lanceolate. Japan. ©. reptans. 88. Ju. twro-anthered, ftalk herbaceous creeping, leaves blunt, fpike terminating and undivided. St Domingo. ©. humifufa. 89. Ju. two-anthered, ftalk herbaceous decumbent, leaves ovate and heart-fhaped, fpikes umbelled. Ja¬ maica. ©. officinalis. monnieria. rtpens. rotundi- folia. lucida. veronici- folia. hyffopioides lebelioidcs. trijida. 49. Gratiola. Cor. irregular, reverfed. Stam. two, barren. Capf. two-celled. Calyx of feven fegments, the two outer fegments fpreading. 1. Grat. with leaves lanceolate and ferrated, flowers on footftalks. South of Europe. a. Gkat. alpina. 2. Grat. rvith leaves oblong entire, fruitftalks bearing one flowrer, leaves longer, ftem bending. Antilles. %. 3. Grat. with leaves ovate, ftalk creeping, calyx five-leaved, ftyle bifid. Jamaica. 4. Grat. with leaves ovate, three-nerved. Mala¬ bar. 5. Grat. with a ftalk branched, fpreading, taking root, leaves heart-ovate, dented 5 fruitftalks axillary, longer than the leaves. Malabar, Amboina, and China. 6. Grat. with a ftalk creeping, leaves ovate-lanceo¬ late acutely ferrated, flowers terminating, oppofite, ca¬ lyx 5-leaved. India. 0. 7. Grat. with leaves lanceolate, fomewhat ferrated, ftiorter than the ftem joint. Tranquebar. ©. 8. Grat. with ftem almoft naked, ftipulated, leaves oblong, very entire, panicle dichotomous, capfules a little globular. India. ©. 9. Grat. with leaves linear lanceolate, in fours, dent- Vol. IV. Part I. A N Y. ed at the apex, trifid, capfules hairy, Malabar. ®. Gratiola chamaedrifolia of Lamarck. 10. Grat. with leaves lanceolate, blunt, a little dent- virginica. ed. Virginia. n. Grat. with flowers almoft fefl'de. Peru. peruviana. 12. Grat. with ftalks decumbent, leaves ovate, its-grandijlora rated, fruitftalks oppofite, capfules awl-lhaped. Tran¬ quebar, Madras, Siam, Malacca. 13. Grat. with ftem afeending, leaves lanceolate, ferrated, fruitftalks oppofite to the leaves. Tranque-folia. bar. 14. Grat. with ftem very little branched, Xeawespuftlla. ovate, notched, acute, fruitftalks axillary, bearing one flower, longer than the leaves. India. ©. 50. SCHWENKIA. Cor. nearly equal, throat plaited, glandular. Sta¬ mens three, barren. Capf. 2-celled, with many feeds. 1. Schwenkia. Berbice. $. americatut, 51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringent, inflated. Capf. 2-celled, 2-valved. Cal, 4-pa:ted, equal. 1. Calc, with leaves pinnated. pinnata. Var. wuth pinnas of the leaves fewer and broader. Peru. ©. 2. Calc, with leaves lanceolate, wrinkled, integrifolia flowers panicled and terminating. Peru. 3. Calc, with a branched ftem, leaves ovate znA ovata. crenated. Peru. ©. Calceolaria dichotoma of La¬ marck. C. integrifolia of Lin. Suppl. 4. Calc, with ftem perfoliate, leaves fagittate, vi\-perfoliata. lous on both fides. New Grenada and Peru. 5. Calc, wuth leaves feflile oblong, acute, crenated; crfHote. flowers cymous, terminating the ftalk and branches. Peru. 6. Calc, with leaves linear, very entire, bent hack, rofmarini- at the edge, downy below, ftem fmooth. Peru. folia. 7. Calc, with leaves battledore-fnaped, very tx\Xhe,fotbergillii, fruitftalks fcape-like, bearing one flower. Falkland iflands. $. 8. Calc, wuth fcapes bearing few flowers, leavesplantagintd rhombous and ferrated. Calceol. biflora of Lamarck. S. America near the Straits of Magellan, if.. 9. Calc, with fcapes bearing one flower, leaves ovate and very entire. Calceol. unflora of Lamarck. S. America near the Straits of Magellan. % . 52. Baea. Cor. ringent, tube very fliort, upper lip plane, 3-dented, the lower lip plane and 2-lobed. Cal. 2-celled, 4- valved, contorted. Capf. 5-parted, and equal. 1. Baea. Near the Straits of Magellan. %. magellanico 53. Pinguicula, Bulterwort. Cor. ringent, fpur-ihaped. Cal. 2-lipped 5-cleft. Capf. 1-cell. * I. Prsc. with a blunt ne&ary fhorter than the pe-A/fta/uVtf, tal, the fcape villous, the capfule globular. Synon. Pinguic. villofa. Viola pahflris. Pale Bulterwort. It grows on the fides of marlhes and bog's. % . Flowers in VI. and VII. * 2. Ping, with a cylindrical neftary, acute, and vulgaris. of the length of the petal, the capfule ovate* Com- M > mon 9° B O T tnon buttervuorty or TorkJljire fanicle. Grows in fpongy marfhes. Europe. % . Flowers in V. and VI. The inhabitants of Lapland and of the north of Sweden, give to milk the confidence of cream, by- pouring it when warm from the cow upon the leaves of this plant. They then drain it, and lay it afide for two or three days, till it becomes a little acid. In this date they are extremely fond of it. grandiflora 3. Ping, nedlary awl-draped, draight, upper lip fpreading, emarginate. Alps. %. alpina. 4. Ping, nedlary awl-draped, bent down, drorter than the petals. Lapland, Switzerland, and Audria. %. •villofa. 5. Ping, fcape fliff draight and pubefcentj nedlary verydrort; leaves nerved. Lapland and Siberia. X • 54. Utricularia. The corolla is ringent and fpur-fhaped. The calyx has two equal fegments. The capfule fuperior and one-celled. vuJgarit. minor. alpina. foliofa. cbtufa. fubulata. gibba. bifida. capillacea. carulea. fiellaris. * 1. Utr. with a conical nedlary, and a fcape with few dowers. Lentibularia of Ray. Common bladder- ivorty or hooded milfoil. Grows in dagnant waters. Europe. %. Flowers in VI. * a. Utr. with a nedlary, keel-draped, very fhort and blunt. Lentibularia minor of Ray. Lefs-hooded milfoil. Grows in ditches and tnarfhes, but rarely. Eu¬ rope "4. Flowers in VI. 3. Utr. with an awl-draped nedlary, leaves ovate and very entire. Martinico. 4. Utr.. with a conical neftary, fruits drooping, rootlets without any bottle or bladder. S. America. 5. Utr. with neftary bent inwaids, blunt, fome- what emarginate. Jamaica. 6. Utr. with awl-draped neflary. Virginia. Obf. The leaves are like hairs, the dowers white. 7. Utr. with gibbous nedlary. Virginia. 8. Utr. w-ith a fcape naked and bifid. China. 9. Utr. feape naked, capillary, commonly bearing three nodding dowers, capfule awl-draped. India. 10. Utr. with a naked fcape, feales alternate, Mat¬ tered, awl-diaped. Ceylon. 11. Utr. verticilIq utriculario braciearum ciliari Lin. Suppl. India. 5£. Ghinia. Cal. 5-awned. Cor. ringent, limb 5-cleft. Nut defhy, 4-celled. Seeds folitary. fpinofa, 1. Ghin. with fruits having 4 fpines or thorns, leaves fmooth. Verbena curajfavica. Antigua and the Caribbee idands. Q. mutica. 2.Ghin. with fruits awmlefs, leaves downy. Guiana.©. 56. \erbena, Vervain. Cor. funnel-draped, almoft equal, curved. C3I. with one dent, truncated. Seeds two or four naked. Subdiv. 1. Diandrous, two anthers, and two feeds. orubica. . 1. \ erb. with fpikes very long and leafy. Oruba in North America. indica. 2. Verb, fpikes long, defhy, naked, leaves lanceol- ovate, obliquely dented, ftalk polifhed. Ceylon. ©. jamaiccnfs. 3. Verb, fpikes defhy, naked, leaves battledore-o¬ vate, ferrated ; dem rough with hair. Caribbees. mutabilis. 4. Verb, fpikes defhy, naked j leaves ovate, long at A N Y. Diandria. the bafe, dented, downy beneath,'ftalk fhrubby. South America. b. 5. Verb, fpikes loofe, calyxes alternate, prifmatica, truncated, awned, leaves ovate, blunt. Jamaica. ©. 6. Verb, fpikes loofe, calyxes of the fruit turned wx/Vuna. downwards,v rounded and double, hifpid. Mexico, of.. 7. Verb, fpikes ovate, leaves lanceolate ferrate-plait-y?oec/ta^//V' ed, ftem fhrubby. Jamaica. lia. Subdiv. 2. *1 etrandrous, or fpecies with fourfiamens. 8. Verb, fpikes globular, leaves lanceolate, crenated^/o^fonr. Wrinkled j fcabrous, ftem flrrubby. South America. Tj • 9. Verb, fpikes cylindrical, leaves rhomb-ovate cxe-javanica. nated, ftem ereft. Java. 10. Verb, fpikes capitate-conical, leaves wedge-flia-HoJi/foryx, ped, dented) ftalk creeping. Naples, Sicily, E. and W. Indies, and Virginia. % . 11. Verb, fpikes fafcicled, leaves lanceolate, Hitm-lonarienfis, clafping. Buenos Ayres. %. 12. Verb, fpikes long, {harp-pointed) leaves haftate. Canada. %. 13. Verb, flowers panicled, leaves in threes, Remtriphy/la. fhrubby. Chili. . 14. Verb, calyxes fruit-bearing, roundifli, inflated, lappulacea. feeds echinated. Caribbee iflands. 15. Verb, the calyxes fruit-bearing, roundifh, beak-fofkaelei. ed-fharp-pointed, feeds rounded, wrinkly. Arabia Felix. 16. Verb, fpikes thread-fhaped, leaves undivided, carolinia- lanceolate-ferrated, feflile. North America. %. na. 17. Verb, fpikes panicled, leaves undivided, ovate, urticifolia. ferrated, on footftalks. Virginia and Canada. X • 18. Verb, fpikes loofe, folitary, leaves trifid, incifl-aubktia. ed. Virginia. ©. 19. Verb, fpikes thread-fhaped, leaves multifid-la-^wfir. ciniated, ftems numerous. Canada and Virginia. 20. Verb, fpikes thread-fhaped, panicled, leaves officinalis. multifid-laciniated, ftem folitary. Common vervain. Europe. ©. 21. Verb, fpikes thread-lhaped, folitary, leavesy«^/«a. doubly-pinnatifid. 57. Lycopus. Cor. four-cleft, one fegment emarginate. Stamens diftant. Seeds four, retufe. * 1. Lyc. with finuate-ferrated leaves. L.palufirisgla- europaus. her of Ray. Marrubium aquaticum of Gerhard. Water horehound, ox gypjywort. Banks of rivers and lakes, Eu¬ rope. %. Flowers in VII. and VIII. 2. Lyc. leaves pinnatifid-ferrated at the bafe. Italy, exaltatus. Obf. The ftem is about the height of a man. 3*.Lyc. with leaves equally but {lightly bexxattd.virginicusl Virginia. %. 58. Amethystea. Cor. five-cleft, lowed: fegment more fpreading. Stamens near. Cal. almoft bell-fhaped. Seeds four, gibbous. Amet. Siberia. ©. carulea, 59. Cunila. Cor. ringent, upper lip ereft, plane. Filaments two, without anthers. Seeds four. 1. Cun. with leaves linear, rolled back, downy be-fruticofa, neath, flowers axillary, ftem fhrubby. New Hol¬ land. Diandria. B O T land. Tj. Obf. This fpecies is not probably well af- certained. capitata. 2. Cun. with leaves ovate, flowers terminating, um¬ bel roundifli. Siberia. tnariana. 3. Cun. with leaves ovate, ferrated, corymbs termi¬ nating and dichotomous. Virginia. %. pulegiaides, 4. Cun. with leaves oblong, having two dents, flowers verticilled. Virginia and Canada. ©. thymoldes. 5. Cun. with leaves oval, very entire, flowers verti¬ cilled, ftem four-cornered. Montpelier. 0. Capitata. hifpanica. tenuior. acinoidet. 60. ZlZIPHORA. Cor. ringent, upper lip bent back, entire. Cal. thread-fliaped. Seeds four. 1. Ziz. with fafcicles terminating, leaves ovate. Syria, Armenia, and Siberia. ©. 2. Ziz. wuth leaves ovate, flowers raceme-fpiked, bra&eas obovate, nerved, acute. Spain. 0. 3. Ziz. with flowers lateral, and leaves lanceo¬ late. 0. 4. Ziz. with flowers lateral, leaves ovate. Siberia. ©• 6i. Monarda. Cor. unequal, upper lip linear, wrapping the fila¬ ments. Seeds four. JiJulofa. 1. Mon. with leaves oblong-lanceolate, heart-lha- ped, villous, plane. Canada. 0;. oblongata. 2. Mon. leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded, and ta¬ pering at the bafe, villous, plane. N. America, if. didyma. 3- Mon. with leaves ovate fmooth, heads verticil- led, flowers approaching to the didynamious, the ftem acute-angled. Pennfylvania and New York. if. rugofa. 4. Mon. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, heart-ftiaped, fmooth, wrinkled. North America, if. -clinopodla. 5. Mon. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the bafe, unequal, fmooth. Virginia, if. Obf. This refembles the preceding, but it bears leaves like C/i- nopodr.’m. Its fpike is not red but purple, and its leaves very fmooth. pundata. 6. Mon. with flowers verticilled, corollas dotted, brafteas coloured. Obf. The corollas are yellow with purple dots. jciliata. 7. Mon. with flowers verticilled, corollas longer than the involucre. Virginia. 62. Rosmarinus. Cor. unequal, upper lip two-parted. Filaments long, curved, Ample with a dent. ■cJUcinalis. I. Rosm. with feflile leaves. S. of Europe. . ibilenfts. 2. Rosm. with leaves on footftalks. Chili. ^ • Obf. This plant has not been properly examined. 63. Salvia, Sage. Cor. unequal. Filaments tw-o, very fliort, fupport- ing two others fixed tranfverfely upon them almoft by the middle. Seeds four, and naked. pratenfs. * I. Sal. with leaves heartlhaped oblong and crenated, the higheft ftem-clafping. The verticils commonly without leaves, the corollas glutinous in the upper lip. Meadow Clary. In dried meadow's and under hedges, but rarely. Europe, if. Flowers in VII. This is a beautiful fpecies, with large corollas of a blue violet colour, arched. ANY. 91 * 2. Salv. with leaves ferrated, finuated and fmoothiih, verbena* the corollas narrower than the calyx. Wild Englifhcea. clary. Grows in meadow's and paftures. Europe, if. Flowers from VI. to X. 3. Salv. with leaves lanceolate, {lightly ^tx\\.tA.agyptiaca. flowers on footftalks. Mclijfa perennis of Forfkael. Egypt and the Canaries. 0. Obf. The flowers are often tetrandrous. 4. Salv. with leaves linear-oblong, dent-pinnatifid, fum. hifpidum. nitidum. pellucidum alpinum. hifpidu- lum. tenellum. acumina¬ tum. blandum. b o T 4. Pir. leaves obovate, blunt veined, fpike fingle ter¬ minating. Weft Indies. b . 5. Pip. leaves ovate, nerved awl-pointed, nerves villous. Cape of Good Hope. 6. Pip. leaves ovate, fomewhat (harp, fcabrous be¬ neath, 5-nerves railed beneath. E. and W. Indies. 7. Pip. leaves broad-ovate with 5 nerves very fmooth, of different colours behind, fpikes flexible, flo¬ rets remote. Jamaica. b • 8. Pip. with leaves ovate, awl-pointed oblique, a little heart-ftiaped at the bafe, 5-nerved, fpikes axillary nodding. b. 9. Pir. leaves lanceol-ovate, 5-nerved, wrinkled. Jamaica and Hifpaniola. b • 10. Pip. leaves heart-ftiaped, having about 7-nerves, veined. India. b • 11. Pip. leaves circular-heart-ftiaped, having about feven nerves, fruitftalks terminating Angle, 2-cleft, ftem woody. New Zealand. b • 12. Pip. leaves heart-ftiaped, on footftalks feffile. India. b • 13. Pip. leaves heart-ftiaped, awl-pointed many- nerved, fpikes axillary, fingle, very ftiort on footftalks fpreading very much. S. Sea iflands. b • 14. Pip. leaves circular-heart-fliaped, nine-nerved; fpikes axillary, aggregate, on footftalks. S. Seaiflands. b • 15. Pip. leaves heart-ftiaped, 9-nerved, netted. Mar- tinico and Caraccas. b • It feems a variety of the re- ticulatum. 16. Pip. leaves heart-ftiaped, feven nerved, netted. Martinico, Brafil, and Hifpaniola. b • 17. Pip. leaves oblong-ovate, awl-pointed, unequal at the bafe, veined; fpikes fingle axillary, hooked at the end. Jamaica. b • 18. Pip. leaves ellipfe-ovate, awl-pointed, fmooth, unequal at the bafe, veined, leaf-ftalks appendicu- late, fpikes axillary and fingle. Jamaica and Martinico. h- 19. Pip. leaves oblong awft-pointed, oblique, many nerved or veined, fmooth, ftem and branches kneed. Jamaica. b • 20. Pip. firft herbaceous, then woody; leaves oblong awl-pointed, oblique, many nerved or veined, fmooth, coriaceous, ftem and branches warted. P. tubercula¬ tum of Jacquin. Jamaica and Guiana. b • 21. Pip. leaves ovate, awl-pointed, oblique, hirfute wrinkled ; nerves (or veins,) alternate, fpikes eredh Jamaica. b • 22. Pip. leaves lanceol-ovate, oblique at the bafe, fmooth, glofly. Jamaica. b • 23. Pip. leaves heart-ftiaped, on footftalks, ftem her¬ baceous. S. America. 24. Pip. herbaceous, ftem ereft, and a little fimple; leaves ovate-roundifti acute, without veins beneath, fpikes axillary. Jamaica. %. 25. Pip. herbaceous, fomewfttat ereft, leaves round- ifti on very flender leaf-ftalks, rough haired above. 26. Pip. herbaceous, fimple decumbent, leaves 2- ranked, ovate, veinlefs, ciliated on the margin, fpike afeending. Jamaica. ©. 27* Pip. herbaceous, leaves lanceol-ovate, nerved flefhy, ftem a little eredl. S. America. %. 28. Pip. leaves in threes, lanceolate, awl-pointed, 3-nerved, ciliated, dotted below. Caraccas. %. A ^ Diandria, 29. Pip. fub-herbaceous, leaves lanceol-ovate, fttm- amp/exi- clafping, nerved, flefliy; ftem erea, fimple. Eaft In-cau/e. dies. %. 30. Pip. leaves alternate, obovate, commonly 5-pallidum. nerved, lipikes fingle, ufually terminating. Society iflands. 31. Pip. with leaves obovate and nervelefs. South America. 32. Pip. leaves obovate and retufe. Cape of Goodretufum. Hope. 33. Pip. herbaceous, with leaves ovate, glabellum. ed ; ftem declining, taking root, much branched. Ja¬ maica. 34. Pip. herbaceous, with leaves ovate, acute; ftemfeandens^ taking root, fimple, afeending. Jamaica. 35. Pip. herbaceous, with leaves roundifh-acutey£;y5eff,r. plane, of different colours, ftem creeping. Jamaica. 36. Pip. herbaceous, with leaves inverfely heaxt-cordifo- ftiaped, plano-convex, flefhy; ftem creeping. Jamaica. 37. Pip. herbaceous, with leaves circular, convtx-nummula- concave ; ftem threadlike, creeping, taking root. ]&-rifolium. maica. 38. Pip. herbaceous, with leaves roundifh, fiwci&rotundi- fleihy, ftem threadlike and creeping. S. America. folium. 39. hip. leaves target-fliaped ovate. St Domingo, maculofum 40. Pip. leaves target-fliaped, circular heart-ftiaped,/Wito/aw. blunt repand, fpikes umbelled. St Domingo. 7;. 41. Pip. leaves fomewhat target-ftiaped, cucxAzr-fubpelta- ] heart-fliaped, awl-pointed, fpikes umbelled. Am- turn. boyna. %. 42. Pip. leaves ovate, awl-pointed, fpikes conju-diftachyon* gate, ftem taking root. S. America. %. 43* PIp* leaves circular heart-ftiaped, aw\-ipo'mted umbella- veined,fpikes umbelled; ftem ere£t, furrowed, pubefeent. turn. Eaft Indies. ^ . 44* Pip* leaves in threes and roundifti. America, trifolium. . 45- Pip* leaves verticilled in threes or fours, t\\\p-perefkiafo- tical, three-nerved, fmooth; fpike terminating fingle,Hum. ftem fpotted. %. Venezuela. 46. Pip. leaves vcrticilled, rhomb-ovate very tn-poly/la- tire on footftalks, three-nerved, pubefeent. Jamaica, %.cbion. 47* Pip* leaves in fours, wedge-fhaped, ohovattquadrifo- emarginate aim oft feflile, ftem eretf. S. America. Hum. 48* Pip. leaves verticilled in fours, elliptical, hYxint^verticilla- 3-nerved. Jamaica. ©. ‘ turn. 49. Pip. leaves verticilled, commonly in fours ob-fellatum, long, awl-pointed, 3-nerved. Jamaica. %. Obf. This fpecies differs from the verticillatum in having leaves awl-pointed, and fpikes three times longer. 50. Pip. leaves in fours, rhombous flefhy, turned refexurn. back and fpreading, ftem creeping. E. Indies. Cape of Good Hope. Piper tetraphyllum of Forfter. 51* Pip* leaves in fours, almoft feflile oblong, utixt-pulchellum lefs, very entire, fpikes terminating. Jamaica. %. 52. Pip. herbaceous, with leaves linear blunt, thefiliforme. higheft verticilled, the ftem threadlike and creeping. Jamaica. Obf. It is remarkable that of the 52 fpecies of piper here deferibed, 21 fpecies are natives of Ja¬ maica. In the clafs Diandria are 39 Genera, which include 299 Species ; 29 fpecies are found in Britain. CLASSES Triandria. BOTANY, 95 CLASSIS III. s CLASS m TRLVNDRIA. TRIANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Seel. I. Floresfuperi. * 75* Valeriana. Cor. 5-fida bail gibba. Sem. u- nicum. . 84. Melothria. Cor. 5-fida rotata. Bacca tri- locularis. * 92. Crocus. Cor. 6-partita, ereflo-patula. Stig. convoluta colorata. 95. Antholyza. Cor. 6-flda tubulofa recurvata : laciniis inaequalibus. 94. Gladiolus. Cor. 6-partita tubulofa: laciniis fubaequalibus, fuperioribus convergentibus. * 97. Iris. Cor. 6-partita j laciniis alternis reflexis. Stig. petaloideum. 93. Ixia. Cor. 6-partita patens. Stig. tria fim- plicia. .96.. Aristea. Cor. 6-petala. Styl. declinatus. Stig. infundibuliforme hians. 98. Mor^a. Cor. 6-petala 5 petalis alternis inse- qualibus patentibus. 100. Dilatris. Cor. 6-petala hirfuta. Fil. ter- tium reliquis minus. Stigma fimplex. Seel. II. Flores injeri. 101. Wit sen 1 a. Cor. 6-partita cylindrica. Stig. emarginatum. Cal. o. 99. Marica. Cor. 6-partita : laciniis alternis du- plo minoribus. Stigma petaloideum trifidum laciniis indivills. Cal. o. 103. Wachendorfia. Cor. 6-petala insequalis. Cal. o. H^modorum. Cor. 6-petala, tria interiora fupra medium ftaminifera. Stigma obtufum. Capf. infera trilocularis. 102. Xiphidium. Cor. 6-petala aequalis. Cal. o. 104. Commelina. Cor. 6-petala: Petal, 3 f. 4 ca- lyciformibus. Ne£t. cruciata pedicellata. 76. Oxybaphus. Cor. 5-dentata infundibuliformis. Cal. 5-fid. Nux 5-gona calyce alata ! 78. Macrolobium. Cor. 5-petala insequalis. Cal. duplex: exterior 2-phyll. inter. 5-dentatus. Legumen. 79. Rohr 1 a. Cor. 5-petala inaequalis. Cal. 5-par- titus. Stig. 3 revoluta. Capf. 89. Hippocratea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partit. Capf. 3, bivalves. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Seel. I. The Flowers inferted above the Germen. * 75. \ aleriana. Cor. 5-cleft, gibbous at the bafe. Seed 1. 84. Melothria. Cor. 5-cleft, wheel-ftiaped. Ber¬ ry 3-celled. * 92. Crocus. Cor. 6-parted equal. Stigma con¬ volute. 95. Antholyza. Cor. 6-cleft tubular, arched downwards j the fegments unequal. 94. Gladiolus. Cor. 6-parted and tubular; the fegments nearly equal, the higher fegments converging. * 97. Iris. Cor. 6-parted, petals alternate, turned back. Stigma petaliform. 93. Ixia. Cor. 6-parted and fpreading. The llig- mas three and fimple. g6. Aristea. Cor. 6-petaled. Style declining. Stigma funnel-fhaped and gaping. 93. Morzea. Cor. 6-petaled ; the petals alternate, unequal and fpreading. 100. Dilatris. Cor. 6-petaled and hirfute. The third filament lefs than the reft. Stigma fimple. Plants refembling thefe belonging to other clalfes. I. Boerbaavia excclfa, repanda chcerophylloides, plum- baginea. VI. Pontederia limofa. Se£l. II. The Flowers inferted below the Germen. 101. V itsenia. Cor. 6-parted and cylindrical. Stigma emarginated. Cal. none. 99. Marica. Cor. 6-parted ; the alternate feg¬ ments half the fize of the reft. Stigma petal-fhaped, 3-cleft, the fegments not divided. Cal. none. 103. Wachendorfia. Cor. 6-petaled, unequal. Cal. o. Hjemodorum. Cor. 6-petaled, the three interior petals ftaminiferous above the middle. Stigma obtufe. Capf. inferior and 3-celled. 102. Xiphidum. Cor. 6-petaled, equal. Cal. o. 104. Commelina. Cor. 6-petaled; petals 3 or 4 calyxform. Nedl. cruciform and on a fruitftalklet. 76. Oxybaphus. Cor. 5-dented, funnel-lhaped. Cal. 5-cleft. Nut 5-angled, winged at the calyx. 78. Macrolobium. Cor 5-petaled, unequal. Cal. double, the exterior calyx 2-leaved, the interior one 5-dented. A legume. 79. Rohria. Cor. 5-petaled, unequal, Cal. 5- parted. Stigmas three, rolled back. 89. Hippocratea. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-parted. Capf. three, 2-valved. 90. Tonsella. 96 B O T 90. T0NSELLA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partit. Ne£l. urceolatum. Bacca i-locul. 4*lperma* 87. Loeflingia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. i-locularis 83. Willichia. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 2- locularis. 105. CallisiA. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. '3-pliyllus. Capf. 2-locularis. 106. Syena. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-pliyllus. Capf. 3- valvis unilocularis. 80. Rump hi a. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-fidus. Dru- pa nuce 3-loculari. 91. Fissilia. Cor. 3-petala cohaerens: petalis 2, bifidls. Cal. urceolatus integer. Stam. 8 j quorum 5 fterilia. Nux i-fperma. 81. Cneorum. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-dentatus. Bacca 3-cocca. 107. Xytis. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 2-valvis. Capf. 3-locularis. 82. Comocladia. Cor. 4-partita. Cal. 3-partitus. Stylus o. Drupa. 77. Olax. Cor. 3-fida. Cal. integer. Gians. 85. Rotala. Cor. o. Cal. 3-dentatus. Capf. 3- locul. 86. Ortegia. Cor o. Cal. 5-pliyil. Capf. 1- iocul. 88. Polycnemum. Cor. o. CaL 5-phyll. fubtus 3-phyll. Sem. 1. Becl. III. Flores gramtnei; valvulis glunue calycina. * x 11. Schoenus. Cor. o. Cal. paleis fafciculatis. Sem. fubrotundum. * 112. Cyperus. Cor. o. Cal. paleis diftiebis. Sem. nudum. * 113. Scirpus. Cor. o. Cal. paleis imbricatis. Sem. nudum. * 115. Eriophorum. Cor. o. Col. paleis imbrica¬ tis. Sem. lana cinftum. no. Mapania. Cor. o. Cal. 6-valvis. Involucre. triphyllum. 117. Nardus. Cor. bivalvis. Cal. o. Scm. tec¬ tum. 114. Miegia* Cor. 2-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Ne£I. 1- valve germen involvens. 109. Kyllingia. Cor. 2-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Ament imbricatum. 119. Cenchrus. Cor. 2-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Involucr. 3 f. 4-florum laciniatum echinatum. 118. Lyceum. Cor. 3-valvis. Cal. fpatlia. Nux 2- locularis. 116. Pommereulia. Cor. 3^4 bivalvis arifta- tae. Cal. turbinatus bivalvis. 108. Fuirena. Cor. 3-valvis. Cal. o. Ament imbricat, fquamis ariftatis. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. 127. Panicum. Cal. 3-valvis 5 tertio dorfali mi- aoru ANY- Triandna. 90. Ton sella. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-parted. Ne6l. pitcher-fhaped. Berry 1-celled, and 4-feeded. 87. Loeflingia. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Capf. 1-celled. 83. Willichia. Cor. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-ceiled. 105. Callisia. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Capf, 2-celled. 106. Syena. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Capf. i-celled, 3-vpdved. 80. Rumphia. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-cleft. Drupe with nut, 3-celled. 91. Fissilia. Cor. three petals coheringj two pe¬ tals 2-cleft. Cal. pitcher-lhaped, entire. Stam. eight, of which 5 are barren ; the nut i-feeded. 81. Cneorum. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-dented. Berry 3-grained. 107. Xyris. Cor. 2-petalled. Cal. 2-valved. Capf. 3-celled. 82. Comocladia. Cor. 3-parted. Cal. 3-parted. Style none. A drupe. 77. Olax. Cor. 3-cleft. Cal. entire. 8 Rotala. Cor. none. Cal. 3-dented. Capf. 3-celled. 86. Ortegia. Cor. none. Cal. 5-leaves. Capf. 1-celled. 88. Polycnemum. Cor. none. Cal. 5-leaved. Seed one. Plants of other clalfes refembling thefe are thus clafled. •J- VI. Fradefcantia multijlora. V. Hirtella tnandra. IV. Fagara fpin of a, acuminata. Seel. III. Grajfcs. The glumes of the calyx valved. * 111. Schoenus. Glumes chaffy, crowded, the ex¬ terior one barren. Seeds roundifh. * 112. Cyperus. Glumes chaffy, tiled in two ranks. * 113. Scirpus. Glumes chaffy, tiled on all fides. * 115. Eriophorum. Glumes chaffy, tiled on all fades, Seed furrounded with very long wool. no. Mapania. Cor. o. Cal. 6-valved. Invo¬ lucre 3-leaved. 117. Nardus. Cor. a 2-valved glume. Cor. o. 114. Miega. Cor. 2-valved. Neel, i-valved in- cloiing the germen. 109. Kyllingia. Cor. 2-valved. Cal. 2-valved. Ament imbricated. 119. Cenchrus. Cor. 2-valved. Cal. 2-valved. 3 or 4-flowered, laciniated and echinated. 118. Lyceum. Cor. 2-valved. Cal. a fpathe. Nut 2-celled. 116. Pommereulia. Cor. 3 or 4 bivalve, avvned. Cal. top-fliaped bivalve. 108. Fuirena. Cor. 3-valve. Cal. o. Ament, imbricated, the feales awned. Order. II. DIGYNIA. 127. Panicum. Cal. I-valved, the third valve Icafl. 120. Cornucopia. Triandria. 97 B ' O T 120. Cornucopia. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. i-valvis. Involucrum commune l-phyllum multiflorum. 146. Ar 1 st 1 da. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. i-valvis, apice ariflis tribus. * 129. Alopecurus. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. i-valvis apice fimplici. * 128. Phleum. Cal. 2-valvis, truncatus, mucrona- tus, fefiilis. * 125. Phalaris. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis carinatis ae- qualibus, corollam includentibus. 126. Paspalum. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis fubrotundis figura corollae. * 130. Milium. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis ventricofis co¬ rolla majoribus, fubcequalibus. ^ 131. Agrostis. Cal. 2-valvis: valvis acutis co¬ rolla brevioribus. * 137, Dactylis. Cal. 2-valvis: valva majore lon- giore comprefla carinata. * 141. Stipa. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. arifta terminali inarticulata. 143. La gurus. Cal. 2-valvis villofus. Cor. ariftis 2 terminalibus et 1 dorfali. 122. Saccharum. Cal. 2-valvis, lanugine extus veftitus. Cor. 2-valvis. 1 21. Muhlenbergia. Cab i-valvis. Cor. 2-val- \is. 123. PEROTIS. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valvis, lanugine ex¬ tus veftita. J24. Leersia. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valvis claufa. Sedt. II. Fiores biflori, vagi. * 132. Aira. Cal. bivalvis. Flofculi abfque rudi- mento tertii. * 133. MelicA. Cal. 2-valvis. Rudimentum tertii inter flofculos. Holcus. Cab 2-valvis. Cor. ariftata. Se£t. III. Flonven multiflori, vagi. 136. Uniola. Cal. multivalvis, carinatus. * 135. Briza. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. cordata : valvis ventricofis. * I ^4. Poa. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. ovata : valvis acu- tiufculis. * 139. Festuca. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. oblonga: val¬ vis mucronatis. * 140. Bromus. Cab 2-valvis. Cor. oblonga: val¬ vis fub apice ariftatis. ■* 142. Avena. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. oblonga : valvis dorfo arifta contorta. '* 144. Arundo. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. bafi lanata, mutica. 145. Pappophorum. Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. 2-val¬ vis multi-ariflata. Yol. IV. Part I. ANY. 120. Cornucopias. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. i-valved. Common involucre 1-leaved, many flowered. 146. Aristida. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. i-valved, 3 awns at the apex. * 129. Alopecurus. Cab 2-valved. Cor. i-valved, the apex fimple. * 128. Phleum. Cal. 2-valved, truncated, dagger- pointed and feflile. * 125. Phalaris. Cal. 2-valved; the valves keeled, equal, enclofing the corolla. 126. Paspalum. Cal. 2-valved; the valves round- ifti, of the figure of the corolla. * 130. Milium. Cal. 2 valved ; the valves ventri- cofe, greater than the corolla, nearly equal. * 131. Agrostis. Cab 2-valved ; valves acute, fhorter than the corolla. Stigmas feathered. * 137. Dactylis. Cal. 2-valved, flattened; the greater valve keel-lhaped. * 141. Stipa. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. with termina¬ ting awn, jointed at the bafe. 143. Lagurus. Cal. 2-valved, awns villous. 122. Saccharum. Cal. 2-valved, covered with down on the outfide. Cor. 2-valved. 121. Muhlenbergia. Cal. i-valved. Cor. 2- valved. 123. Perotis. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valved, covered with down on the outfide. 124. Leersia. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valved, {hut. Plants belonging to the third Seft. of this order re- fembling thefe. Arundo epigeios, calamagrq/Hs, arenaria. Se£L II. Flovuers fcattered, 2 in each calyx. * 132. Aira. Cal. 2-valved. Florets without the rudiments of a third. * J33.MELICA. Cal. 2-valved commonly 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third. Holcus. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. awned. Plant refembling thefe. Fripfacum hermaphroditum. Se£t. III. Flowers fcattered, many in each calyx. 136. Uniola. Cal. many-valved, keeled. * 135. Briza. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. bellied, valves heart-fiiaped, blunt. Seed adhering to the corolla. * 134. Poa. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. valves ovate, a little fharp, awnlefs. * 139. Festuca. Cal. 2-valved. Spikelet oblong, glumes fharp-pointed. * 140. Bromus. Cal. 2-valved. Spikelet oblong, glumes awned under the apex, the inner one ciliated. * 142. Avena. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. a glume round- ifli awned on the back. Awn contorted. * 144. Arundo. Cal. 2-valved. Florets furrounded by permanent wool. Awnlefs. 145. Pappophorum. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 2-val¬ ved with many awns. N 153. Lappagcl 98 Triandria; zulra. ANY, 153. Lappago. DaBylis glomerata. Sc£t. IV. Flowers /piked on an awl-JIoaped receptacle. * 148. Rottboellia. Cal. i-flowered preffed to the fpine. * 150. Secale. Cal. 2-flowered. * I52- Triticum. Cal. 2-valved, folitary, many- flowered. Spine toothed. * iji.Hordeum. Cal. 2-valved, 3-fold, i-flowered. * 149. Ely mu s. Cal. 2-valved. aggregate many- flowered. * 147. Lolium. Cal. i-leaved, fixed, many-flowered. * 138. Cynosurus. Cal. -2-valved. Partial recep¬ tacle on one fide, leafy. B o T 15:3. Lappago. Cal, fubtrivalvis. Cor. 2-valvis refupinata. Se£l. IV. Spicatij receptaculo fubulato. * 148. Rottboellia. Cal. i-florus rachi adprefifus. * 150. Secale. Cal. biflorus. * 152. Triticum. Cal. multiflorus. * 151. Hordeum. Involucr. hexaphyllum triflorum. Flos fimplex. * 149. Elymus. Involucr. tetraphyllum biflorura. Flos compofitus. * 147. Lolium. Involucr. monophyllum, uniflorum. Flos compofitus. * 138. Cynosurus. Involucr. monophyllum, late- rale. Flos compofitus. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. Sect. I. Flores inferi. * 157. Holosteum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. apice dehifcens. * 159. Polycarpon. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyl¬ lus. Capf. 3-valvis. 164. Lechea. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 3-cocca. * 154. Eriocaulon. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. compofit. Sem. 1, coronatum. * 155. Montia. Cor. i-petala. Cal. 2-phyllus. Capf. 3-valvis, 3-fperma. 161. Mollugo. Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 3-locularis. 162. Minuartia. Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. i-locularis, polyfperma. 163. Queria. Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. i-celled. 158. Koenigia. Cor. nulla. Cal. 3-phyllus. Sem. J, ovatum. ^ Sect. II. Flores fuperi. 160. Donatia. Cor. polypetala. Cal. 3-phyllus. 15^’Lroserpinaca. Cor. nulla. Cal. 3-partitus. Sem. 1, triloculare. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flowers inferted below the germen. * 157. Holosteum. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 5-gnawed; Capf. almoii cylindrical, opening. * 159. Polycarpon. Cal. 5-leaved. Petals 5. Capl. 3-valved, many-feeded. 164. Lechea. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. of 3 petals. Capf. 3-celled. * 154. Eriocaulon. Cor. of 3 equal petals. Sta¬ mens above the germen. * 155. Montia. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. i-petaled. Capf. 3-valved and 3-fided. 161. Mollugo. Cor. none. Cal. c-leaved. Capf. 3-celled. 162. Minuartia. Cor.none. Cal. 5-leaved. Capf. I-celled, many-feeded. 163. Queria. Cor. none. Cal. 5-leaved. Capf. I-celled. 158. Koenigia. Cor.none. Cal. 3-leayed. Seed t, ovate. Plant refembling Fill a; a. Sect. II. Flowers inferted above the germen. 160. Donatia. Cor. many-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. 156. Proserpinaca. Cor. none. Cal. 3-parted. Seed 1, 3 celled. S31 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Valeriana, or Valerian. No calyx.. Cor. monopetalous, hence bulging at the bafe. Superior. 1. V. with tailed flowers j leaves fpear-fhaped, very entire. 14- 2. V. tailed flowers ; leaves very entire ftrap-fliaped. S. of Europe. % . i‘t/ J J 3. V. monandrous flowers j leaves with winged c\d\.s.calcitrapa Portugal and the Eaft. ©. ^ * 4. V. flowers ftaminiferous and piftilliferous on diffe- dioica. rent plants, with very entire winged leaves, if. 5. V. triandrous flowers, with leaves winged, capen/is. florets oval toothed. C. of G. Hope. 6. V. Triandria. B O T officinalis. * 6. V. leaves all winged and toothed. It is this fpe- cies which is in fo much repute as a medicine. The root has a tlrong, but not an agreeable fmell. Its tafte is warm, bitteriih, and fubacrid. It communi¬ cates its properties to wine, water, and fpirit j but it is bell in fubftance, and may be taken from half a drachm to two drachms for a dofe. There is no doubt of its pofleflxng antifpalmodic virtues in an eminent de¬ gree. It is often prefcribed with advantage in hylteri- cal cafes, and inftances are not wanting where it ap¬ pears to have removed fome obftinate epileplies. In habitual coftivenefs it is an excellent medicine, and fre¬ quently loofens the bow'els when other ftronger purga¬ tives have been tried in vain. Cows eat the leaves. Sheep are not fond of them. Cats are greatly delighted with the roots. Rats are faid to be equally fond of them, and that the rat-catchers employ them to draw the rats together. phu. 7- V. with ftem leaves winged, thofe iffuing from the root undivided. Europe. If. tnpterts. 8. V. toothed leaves, thofe riling from the root un¬ divided j thofe of the Hem in threes, oval-oblong. Alps, it. montana. 9. V. leaves oval-oblong, nearly tootli-lhaped with an undivided ftem. celtica. 10. V. leaves oval-oblong, obtufe very entire. The Alps. %. tuberofa. 11. V. root leaves fpear-fhaped, very entire $ the reft winged, cleft. S. of Europe, at. faxatilis. 12. V. leaves nearly toothed 5 the root leaves oval $ the ftem leaves ftrap-fpear-lhaped. S. of Europe. %. elongata. 13. V. radical leaves oval5 ftem leaves heart-lhaped fitting, fnipt nearly, halbert-lhaped. S. of Europe. X . pyrenaica. 14. V. ftem leaves heart-lhaped, toothed, having leaf- ftalks; the higheft in threes. Pyrenees. % . fcandens. 15. V. leaves in threes, the ftem climbing. mixta. 16. V. ftem. 4-cleft, the loweft leaves double-wing¬ ed cleft, with a feathery down. fupina. 17. V. fmall involucrums 5-leafed, 3-flowered j the leaves entire. Alps, at. •uillofa. 18. V. inferior leaves ear-lhaped, the fuperior leaves v toothed, woolly. Japan. polyjlachya 19. V. winged leaves, with a compound fpike in whirls. fibirica. 20. V. winged cleft leaves; feeds connected with an oval chaff. Siberia. 0. ruthenica. 21. V. leaves oval, flelhy, winged cleft, toothed ; feeds connefted with an oval chaff. Siberia, at. carnofa. 22. V. oval, toothed, flelby, hoary leaves. cornucopia. 23. V. fldwers diandrous, leaves oval fitting. S. of Europe. ©. echinata. 24. V. toothed leaves, fruit ftrap-fhaped 3-toothed ; the outward larger and bent back. S. of Europe. 0. olitoria. 25. V. forked ftem; leaves fpear-fhaped, very entire; fruit naked. Europe. ©. denial a. 26. V. ftem forked; leaves fpear-fhaped entire; fruit 3-toothed; 2 teeth very fliort. Europe. ©. 'veficaria. 27. V. ftem forked, leaves fpear-fhaped, toothed ; fruit inflated globular. Crete. ©. coronata. 28. V. ftem forked; leaves fpear-ftiaped, toothed; fruit 6-toothed. Portugal. ©. difeoidea. 29. V. ftem forked, leaves fpear-fhaped, toothed ; fruit 12-toothed with hooked teeth. radiata. 30. V. ftem forked, leaves oblong-obtufe, little heads with involucrums. a n y. 99 31. V. forked ftem, the lowet leaves toothed, \\\Gputmla. higheft ftrap-fhaped, many-cleft. As we have already given to our readers an example of the mode in which the different fpecies of plants are diferiminated by botanifts, and as fuch extreme minute- nefs might feem inconfiftent with the nature of our work, we fhall avoid purfuing it, unlefs where the pe¬ culiar nature of any fpecies may appear to require fuch a degree of attention, either as an objedl of fcientific curiofity, or of general utility. At the commence¬ ment of the fucceeding clafs, how-ever, wre fhall give a further example, taken from the extenfive genus Pro¬ tea, of the manner in which the fpecies of plants ought to be defined. With this exception, however, we fhall confine ourfelves to the definition of the more impor-* tant plants. At the fame time that our work may be as complete as its nature wdll permit, we fhall ftate the names of all the fpecies included under every genus, (excepting the almoft boundlefs clafs of Cryptogamiee') taking care to diftinguifh the foreign from the Britifh plants, by affixing to the latter the ufual mark (*). Thus there will be exhibited to the reader, nearly a complete enumeration of the objects contained under this extenfive and curious branch of fcience ; together with an account of whatever it contains moft intereft- ing or ufeful. 76. OXYBAPHUS Contains one fpecies ; viz. vifeofus. 77. Olax. One fpecies ; viz. zeylanica. Ceylon. 78. Macrolobium. Three fpecies; viz. pinnatum, hymenaeoides, fphae- rocarpum. 79. Rohria. One fpecies ; viz. petioliflora. Cape, Japan, Weft: Indies. 80. Rumphia. One fpecies; viz. amboinenfis. Amboyna. 81. Cneorum, Widow zeal/. One fpecies ; viz. tricoccon. S. Europe. 82. Comocladia, or Maiden-plume. Four fpecies ; viz. integrifolia, dentata, ilicifolia, am gulofa. Jamaica, S. America. 83. Willichia. One fpecies ; viz. repens. Mexico.) 84. Melothria, or fmall creeping cucumber. One fpecies ; viz. pendula. N. America. 85. Rotala. One fpecies; viz. verticillaris. E. Indies. 86. Ortegia. Two fpecies; viz. hifpanica, dichotoma. S. Europe, 87. Loeflingia. Two fpecies; viz. hifpanica, indica. India, Spain. 88. PoLYCNEMUM. Five fpecies ; viz. monandrum, fclerofpermum, ar- venfe, falfum, oppofitifolium. S. Europe. N 2 89. 100 fatlvus. i pjeudaco- B 0 T §9. Hippocratea. Three fpeciesj viz. volubilis, indica, comofa. S. Am. 90. Tonsella. Two fpecies ; viz. fcandens, africana. Guiana. 91. Fissilia. One fpecies \ viz. pfittacorum. Ifle Bourbon. 92. Crocus, or Saffron. Two fpecies j viz. *fativus, *vernus. * C. (heath one valve riling from the root; tube of the bloflbm very long.—The fummits of the piltils of the Cr. officinalis carefully collefted, and moderately dried, are the faffron of the (hops. That collefted in Eng¬ land is preferred to all other. It affords a beautiful colour to water, wine, or fpirit, and gives out the whole of its virtues to them. It has been held in high re¬ pute as a cordial •, but modern praflice pays no great attention to it, fince it has been found to produce no fenfible effe&, even when given in dofes greatly larger than thofe generally prefcribed. 93. IxiA. 47 Species; viz.fruticofa, minuta, rofea, chloroleuca, *bulbocodium, cruciata, fragrans, humilis, pilofa, hir- ta, fecunda, villofa, rubrocyanea, pumicea, purpurea, crifpa, cinnamomea, corymbofa, heterophylla, anemo- naeflora, cceleftina, fpicata, plantaginea, linearis, incar- nata, patens, capillaris, flexuofa, angufla, radiata, vir- gata, longiflora, fcillaris, ariftata, pendula, bulbifera, leucantha, erezxsin canefcens, a panicle ; awn not longer than the cal. * 6. A. leaves like briftles; llieaths fmooth, angular, with furrows ; panicle fpike-like ; awn taller than the cal. * 7* A. leaves like briftles; Iheaths fmoothilh, far-caryophyl* rowed ; panicle wide fpreading when ripe ; awns tal- lea. ler than the cal. To thefe add the fpecies called arundinacea, minuta, involucrata, pubefeens, of N. of Europe : fubfpicata and alpina, of the Alps: antar£lica of N. Zealand : chinenfis, of China : fetacea. 133. Me Lie A or Me Lie, or Rope-grafs. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, with a little fubftance on a. pedicle betwixt the florets; nefl. 1 leaf; ftamens dilated at the bafe. * 1* M. petals not fringed; panicle drooping, undi- nutans. vided. * 2. M. panicle compact ; flowers cylindrical; ftraw rarru/erf. without knots. * 3. M.. panicle thinly fet; cal. with 2 florets, 1 hex-uniflora. maphrodite, the other neutral. Add to thefe ciliata, gigantea, geniculata, decumbens, racemofa, ramofa, ca~ penfis, minuta, papilionacea, altiflima. Chiefly of Cape of Good Hope. 134. Poa, or Meadow-grafs. Cal. 2-valved, many flowered; fpikets egg-fliaped; valves fliining at the edge, rather acute. * 1. P. panicle fpreading; fpikets ftrap-fliaped, 6-aquatica. flowered. * 2- P- panicles with fubdivided branches; fpiketsdijlans. 5-flow7ered ; florets diftant, blunt; cal. valve very un¬ equal. * 3. P. panicle fpreading ; fpikets 5-flow7ered, fmooth ftraw cylindrical ; upright (heath ; fcale fliort and J blunt. This is an excellent grafs, w'hen fown upon rich loams. * 4. P. panicle fpreading, very much branched ; fpi- alpina. kets 6-flowered, heart-ftiaped. * 5. P. panicle fpreading; fpikets 4-flowered, pubef- cent; ftraw cylindrical, upright ; root-leaves doubled lia. together, very (lender; (heaths fmooth, (heath-fcale (hort, lopped. * 6. P. little fpikes egg-fliaped ; florets fmoothifti. bulbofa. acute ; ftraw upright, bulbous at bottom. "* 7* P- panicle fpreading horizontally ; branches in annua, pairs; 104 trivialls. cnjlata. nemoralis. minima, rigid a. B O T pairs; fpikets moilly 4-florvcred j leaves fiat; {heath s fmooth. * 8. P. panicle fpeading j fpikets flowered, woody at the bafe ; ftraw upright, rough ; flreath-fcale tapering to a point. It is laid that Mr Boys of Betihanger in Kent has been the largefl: cultivator of this fpecies in the kingdom, and fold large quantities of the feed $ but gave it up for want of a demand. It is an excel¬ lent grafs on good and found and moifl loams. It is accounted in Lombardy “the queen of meadow plants” {/a retina dell erbe) whether for dry paftures or water meadows; multiplying itfelf much by feed and little by the root ; fo that if attention be not paid to per¬ mit fome feed to fall, its quantity will fenfibly dimi- nifh. Excellent for all forts of cattle. * 9. P. panicle fpike-like. Cal. hulks rather hairy, 2 or 3 (rarely) 4-flowered, longer than the little fruit- ftalk •, petals awned, awn-pointed. * 10. P. panicle (lender, open when in flower 5 fpikets moftly 2-flowered, pointed, rough j ftraw feeble. * 11. P. cal. 1-flowered. * 12. P. panicle fpear-fhaped, fomewhat branched j branches alternate, pointing one way j fruit-ftalk bor¬ dered. rupejlrls. * 13. P. panicle fpear-fhaped, branches alternate 5 cal/ribbed, 3 or 4 flowered j ftraw* knee-jointed. maritlma. * 14. P- panicle compact, branched j branches in pairs; fpikes oblong j florets blunt; leaves (harp, edges rolled in 5 ftraw cylindrical, flanting. comprejfa. * 15. P. panicle compact} ftraw* flanting, comprefled. decumbens. * 16. P. panicle clofe j outer petal hairy at the edge > ftraw lying down. glauca. * 17. P* panicle open j fpikets moftly 3-flowered j florets tapering to a point; woolly at the bafe j leaves awd-fhaped. To thefe add the fpecies called laxa of Europe 5 biflora, of India •, hirta and ferruginea, of Japan ; cili- anenfis, nervata, trinervata, fudetica, rubens, anceps, (lava, barbata, pilofa, paluftris, glutinofa, prolifera, amabilis, eragroftis, badenfis, cynofuroides, unioloides, racemofa, cyperoides, verticillata, abyflinica, capillaris, japonica, malabarica, chinenfis, punftata, nutans, te- nella, fpinofa, farmentofa, ftriata, amboynenfis, vif- eofa, contrafta, filiformis, difticha, bifaria, bromoides, fpicata, divaricata, peruviana, glomerata, ciliaris, (ilu- mofa. Chi fly of the warmer climates. minor. media. 135. Briza, or Quaking-grafs. Cal. 2-valved, many-flowmred j fpiket 2-rowed *, valves heart-lhaped, blunt j the inner minute. * 1. B. fpikets triangular j cal. longer than the flo¬ rets. * 2. B. fpikets egg-fliaped, forming a bunch. Add virens, of S. Europe ; geniculata and capenfis, of C. of Good Hope •, and eragroftis, of S. Europe. 136. Unjola, or Sea-Jide Oats of Carolina, Has three fpecies, viz. paniculata, mucronata, fpi¬ cata, of America or India. JlrlSa. 137. Dactylis, or Cocksfoot Grafs. Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered j valves broader on one (ide. Cor. 2-valved, inclofing the feed. Nec¬ taries 2. 1. D. fpikes terminating fometimes in pairs ; florets not expanding; ftraw and leaves ftiff and ttraight. ANY. Triandria. * 2. D. panicle crowded, pointing one way. TDdisglomerata. grafs is cultivated to advantage on wet loams on a clayey marl bottom, upon which the finer grafles are apt to give way to the indigenous produce. If fuffer- ed to rife high, it is very coarfe j but, when fed clofe, is a very valuable fheep-pafture. Vr omen and chil¬ dren are faid to make good earnings in gathering the feed at 4s. a bufhel. Upon an Englilh acre two bu- ftiels may be fown, with ten pounds of common red clover. When the clover wears out, the grafs covers the land, and abides well in it. It grows well in win¬ ter. Add the fpecies cynofuroides, cefpitofa, littoralis, loevis, villofa, ferrata, ciliaris, hifpida, geniculata, brevifolia, lagopoides, pungens, of America, India, and Africa. 138. Cynosurus, or Dogs-tail Grafs. Cal. 2-valved, many flowered, equal 3 cor. 2-valved j 1 valve concave, longer. Neft. 2-leaved. * 1. C. floral leaves, with winged clefts. _ The crefted crifatus. dogs-tail is highly fpoken of in the Milanefe. I he Rev. Arthur Young fpeaks thus of it: “ To judge CcmmunUa- from the appearance of the bents of this grafs, in poor*'™ upland but moift paftures, a man would think it a very iuref‘soi unpromifing plant 3 but the rich marfhes of Bridge- water and Bofton 3 the famous pafturages of Paniton in Devonftiire, and thofe clofe to Mr Buller’s caftle near Lelkeard in Cornwall 3 Mr Thorne’s bullock ground, on Dun (lone bottom, near Taviftock 3 Mrs William’s at Little Malvern in Worcefterftiire, (which are among the richeft paftures in the kingdom) all abound very greatly in this grafs 3 in fome of them it is the predo¬ minant herbage. Mr Marfhal places it as the moft prevailing plant in the beft grafs meadows of the vale of Pickering 3 fome of which will feed a large cow from Mayday to Michaelmas. Very fortunately it abounds much with feed 3 fo that I have had many bufliels gethered in a feafon by poor women and chil¬ dren, at is. a pound, and laid down many acres of it fuccefsfully. Attention (hould be paid to its being ripe 3 for I once ordered eight buftiels to be fown on eight acres, and it failed from deficiency in ripenefs.” 2. C. floral, leaves winged, fegments awned. echlnatus. 3. C. floral leaves entire 3 fpike nearly egg-ftiaped.rer. leaves rough. * B. panicle fpreading 3 fpikets oblong 3 florets two-flerilis. rowed 3 cal. taper-pointed. Awns very long, * P. panicle drooping 3 fpikets egg-oblong. arvenfis. * B. panicle drooping; fpikets four-flowered, ft\or\.zxgiganteus. than the awns. * B. ftraw undivided; fpikets alternate, nearly hx\vc\ dicocci, fuperi. Stella- tee. * 187. Rubia. Cor. campanulata. Fruftus beccati. '* 185. Galium. Cor. plana. Frudlus fubglobofi. * 179. Asperula. Cor. tubulofa. Fru&us fubglo¬ bofi. * 178-. SherardiA. Cor. tubulofa. Fru£tus coro- natus. Sem. 3-dentatis. 177. Spermacoce. Cor. tubulofa. Fru&us co- ronatus. Sem. 2-dentatis. 182. Knox 1 A. Cor. tubulofa* Fru&us bipartibilis fulcatus. ANY. IC9 S. Cor. tubulous, with a border rolled back. Cal, 4-cleft. A drupe with I feed. R. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with I feed. . I. or American JeJFaminc. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4- partite. A 2 celled berry ; 2 feeds. P. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A 2-celled berry, many-feeded. C. or Lily Lhorn. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with 1 cell, many feeds. F. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. Berry 1 dry feed. Seed coated. H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft j no filaments. A berry with 2 cells and many feeds. E. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. A 2-celled berry, 1 feed. S. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with 2 cells ; 1 feed in each. C. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Cal. 4-cleft. A berry in¬ flated, with 2 cells and many feeds. M. Cor. double, tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry 4-feeded, double-flowered, cleft. H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. double, many feeds, with an open top. O. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. double ; many feeds; opening between the teeth. H. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. an¬ gular, 2-celled, with oppofite partitions. The feeds folitary. M. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 8-leaved. Capf. 1 cell. C. Cor. tubulous rough-haired within. Cal. 4-cleft, Capf. 2 cells, many feeds. B. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-celled, di- vifible into two. Many feeds. * S. or Greater Wild Burnet. Cor. flat above. Cal. 2-leaved j bent downwards. Capf. 4-gonous between- the cal. and the cor. Sett. VI. Flowers monopetalons, 2 capfules united* each with one cell, inferior. H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. Capf. 2-celled j 2-valved. Se£l. VII. Flowers monopetalous, 2 capfules united, each with one cell, fuperior. Starlike. * R. or Madder. Cor. bell-fhaped. Fruit a berry. * G. or Ladies Bed-fraw. Cor. flat. Fruit nearly round. * A. or Wood-roof. Cor. tubulous. Fruit nearly round. * S. or Little Yield-madder. Cor. tubulous. Fruit crowned. Seed 3-toothed. S. or Butter-weed. Cor. tubulous. Fruit crowned. Seed 2-toothed. K, Cor. tubulous. Fruit divifible j furrowed. i8oa no B O T 180/Diodia. Cor, tubulofa. FrmStus tetragonus connatus, 2-valvis. , 186. Crucianella. Cor. tubulofa, aiiftata. Fruc- tus nudus. Sem. linearia. Se£t. VIII. Flores monopetali, tetracocciy inferi. 189. SiphonAnthus. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 5-par¬ titas. Bacca 4, i-fpermae. Sc£l. IX. Flores tetrapetali, inferi. 227. Epimedium. Petala nedlar. 4-incumbentxa. Cal. 4-pby]lus. Cal. 4-phyllus. Siliqua i-locularis. 235. P^elea. Pet. coriacea. Cal. 4-partitus. Stigmata 2. Samara monofperma. 234. Blackburnia. Petala oblonga. Cal. 4-den- tat. Stigma fimplex. Bacca 1 fperma. 236. Skimmia. Pet. concava. Cal. 4-partit. Bac¬ ca 4-fperma. 233. Monetia. Pet. linearia. Cal. 4-fid. Bac¬ ca 2-local. 230. Samara. Pet. bafi lacuna. Cal. 4-partitus. Drupa fubrotunda Stigma infundibuliforme. 232. Hartogia. Pet. patentia. Cal. 5-fid. Drupa nuce 2-fperma. 247. Curtisia. Pet. obtufa. Cal. 4-part. Dru¬ pa nuce 4 f. 5-locul. 231. Fagara. Pet. ftaminibus breviora. Cal. 4- fidus. Capf, 4-valved, x fperma. 237. Othera. Pet. lanceolata. Cal. 4-part. Stig¬ ma feffile. Capf. * 238. Orixa. Pet. lanceolata. Cal. 4-part. Stig¬ ma capital. Capf. 241. Am ann 1 A. Pet. rariflime prefentia. Cal. tubulofus, 8-dentatus. Capf. 4-locularis. f Evonymus europeeus, japonicus. Portulaca meridiana. Melafioma tetrandra. Cardatnine hirfuta. Se£t. X. Flores tetrapetali fuperi. ' 243. Trap a. Cal. 4-partitus. Nux armata fpi- nis conicis oppofitis. 226. Cxssus. Cal. cingens germen. Bacca 1- fperma. 229. Glossoma. Cal. 4-dentat. Drupa nuce 1- fperma. * 228. Corn us. Cal. 4-dentatus, deciduus. Dru¬ pa nuce 2-loculari. 239. Ludwigia. Cal. 4-partitus. Capf. 4-locu¬ laris, tetragona. 25,1. Sa-ntalum. Cor. 4-petala calyci innata. Bacca 1-fperma. Se£t. XL Flores incompleti inferi. 252. Struthiola. Cor. 4-fida. Bacca i-fperma ficca. Neftar. 8-glandulis. 175. Opercularia. Cor. 4 f. 5-fida. Siam, re- ceptaculo inlerta. Semina fqlitaria receptaculo im- merfa. A N Y. Tetrandria* D. Cor. tubulous. Fruit 4-cornered, united at the bafe, 2-valved. C. or Petty Madder. Cor. tubulous, awned. Fruit naked. Seed ftrap-ihaped. Se£t. VIII. Flowers monopetalousy with 4 capfules united, each with I cell, inferior. S. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 5-partite, 4 berries j one feed in each. Se£l. IX. Flowers four-pet alous, inferior. E. 4 honied petals, incumbent. Cal. 4-leaved. A pod with 1 cell. P. or Shrub Trefoil. The petals leather-like. Cal. 4. partite. Twol’tigmas. Seed-vdTel i-feeded. B. Petals oblong. Cal. 4-toothed. Stigma fingle. A i-feeded berry. S. Petals concave. Cal. 4-partite. A berry, 4-feed- ed. M. Petals ftrap-fhaped. Cal. 4-cleft. Berry 2- celled. S. Petals with a pitted bafe. Cal. 4-partite. A roundilh drupe. Stigma funnel-lhaped. H. Pet. expanding. Cal. 5-cleft. A drupe with a nut and 2 feeds. C. or HaJJagay-tree. Pet. obtufe. Cal. 4-partite. A drupe, and 4 or 5 cells. F. The petals fliorter than the ftamens. Cal. 4- cleft. Capf. 4-valved, 1 feed. O. Pet. fpear-fhaped. Cal. 4-partite. Stigma fit¬ ting. Capf. O. Pet. fpear-fhaped. Cal. 4-partite. The fligma with a head. Capf. A. Pet. rarely prefent. Cal. tubulous 8-toothed. Capf. 4-celled. Seel. X. Flowers four-petaled, fuperior. T. or Floating IVater-caltraps. Cal. 4-partite. A nut armed with oppofite conical thorns. C. Cal. furrounding the feed-bud. A berry 1 feed. G. Cal. 4-toothed. A drupe with a nut, and I feed. * C. or Dogwood, or Cornel-cherry. Cal. 4-toothed, deciduous. A drupe with a 2-celled nut. L. or Bafe Virginian Loofefrife. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. 4-celled, 4-cornered. S. or Sanders. Cor. 4. Pet. fixed in the cal. A berry with 1 feed. Sect. XI. Flowers incomplete, inferior. S. Cor. 4-cleft. A berry with 1 feed, dry. Honied with 8 glands. O. Cor. 4 or 5-cleft. The ftamens inferted in the receptacle. The feed foljtary, funk in the receptacle. 165. Tetrandria. B O T 165. Protea. Cor. 4-fida. Antherge infra apices corollas in'ertae. Nux i-lperma. 167. Rupala. Cor. 4-petala. Stamina medio pe- talorum inferta. Bacca i-fperma. 166. Banksia. Cor. 4-petala. Stamina limbo inferta. Capf. 2-valvis, 2-fperma. Semina alata. 168. Embothrium. Cor. 4-petala. Stam. lim¬ bo inferta. Folliculus polyfpermus. Sem. alata. 245. Pothos. Cor. 4-petala. Spatha i-phylla. Bacca 2-locul. 253. Krameria. Cor. 4-petala. Bacca licca 1- fperma, ecbinata. 255. Rivjna. Cor. 4-petala. Bacca i-fperma. Sem. fcabrum. 248. Chloranthus. Petalum 3-lobum. Bacca I-fperma. 256. Salvadora. Cal. 4-fidus. Bacca i-fperma. Sem. aril latum. 257. Camphorosma. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. i-fper- ma. 258. Alchemilla. Cal. 4-fidus. Sem. 1, calicc inclufum. 244. Dorstenia. Cal. recept. planum, carnofum, commune. 246. Cornetes. Umbella 4-phylla, 3-flora. Capf. '3-cocca. f Cor chorus cor eta. Convallaria bifolia. Ammannuu Se£t. XII. Flores incompleti, fuperii. 250. Gonatocarpus. Cor. 4-fida. Drupa nuce I -fperma. 254. AciENA. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca echinata 1- fperma. 242. Isnardia. Cal. campanulatus, perfiftens. Capi. 4 locularis. t 249. El^eagnus. Cal. companulatus, deciduus. Drupa. f Fhejium alpinum* Ordo II. DIGYNIA. 260. Bufonia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. tetraphyllus. Capl. 1-locularis, 2-valvis, 2-fperma. 263. Hypecoum. Cor. 4-petala, insequalis. Cal. 2-phyllus. Siliqua. 261. Hamamelis. Cor. 4-petala longiflima. Cal. duplex. Nux 2-locularis bicornis. * 262. Cuscuta. Cor. 4-fida, ovata. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 2 locularis circumfcifla. 264. Nerteria. Cor. campanulata. Cal. o. Ba¬ ca 2-locul. 265. Galopina. Cor. campanulata. Cal. o. Sem. 2- muricata. 259. Cruzita. Cor. o. Cal. 4-phyllus, exterior 3- phyllus. Sem. 1. A N y; P. or Silver-tree. Cor. 4-cleft. The anthers in- ferted below the points of the cor. A nut, 1 feed. R. Cor. with 4 petals. The ftamens inferted in the middle of the petals. A berry with 1 feed. B. Cor. with 4 petals. The ftamens inferted in the border. Capf. 2-valved, 2-feeded j the feeds winged. E. Cor. with 4 petals. The ftamens inferted in the border. An air-bag, many-leeded 5 feeds winged. P. or Scunkweed. Cor. with 4 petals. Sheath 1- leaved. A berry with 2 cells. K. Cor. 4-petaled. A dry berry, 1 feed, prickly. R. Cor. 4-petaled. A berry with one feed. Seed rough. C. or Tea-leaved Chu-Ian. Pet. 3-lobed. A berry with 1 feed. S. Cal. 4-cleft. A berry wdth one feed. Seed coated, C. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 1 feed. A. or Ladies Mantle. Cal. 4-cleft. Seed 1, in the calyx. D. or Contrayerva. Cal. and receptacle flat, flefhy common. C. an umbel 4-leaved, 3-flowered. Capf. 3-celled Seel. XII. Flowers incomplete) fuperior. G. Cor. 4-cleft. A drupe with a i-feeded nut. A. Cal. 4-leaved. A prickled i-feeded berry. I. Cal. bell-lhaped, permanent. Capf. 4-cleft. E. or Oleajler, or Wild-olive. Cal. bell-fliaped, de¬ ciduous. A drupe. Order II. DIGYNIA. B. or Toad-grafs. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. 1 cell, 2 valves, 2 feeds. H. Cor. 4-petaled, unequal. Cal. 4-leaved. A pod. H. or Witch-ha%el. Cor. 4-petaled, very long. Cal. double. A nut, 2-celled, 2-horned. * C. or Dodder. Cal. 4-cleft, oval. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-celled, cut round. N. Cor. bell-fliaped. No cal. A berry with 2 cells. G. Cor. bell-fliaped. No cal. A feed, thorny on two fides. C. No cor. Cal. 4-leaved. On the outfide 3- leaved. Seed 1. f Herniaria fruticofa. Gentemv quadrijida?. Swertia corniculata dichotoma. Ordo B Q T ANY. Tetrandria, i ia Ordo III, TRIGYNIA, 266. Boscia. Cor. 4-petala, Cal. 4-dentatus. Capli 4-locularis, Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. 267. Ilex. Cor, i-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bac- ca 4-fperma. 268. Golden 1 A. Cor. i-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus, Sem. 2, bilocularia. 271. Sagina. Cor. 4-petala, Cal. 4-p’hyllus. Capf. 4-locularis, polyfperma. 272. Till^a. Cor. 3 f. 4-petala. Cal, 3 f. 4- phyllus, Capf, 3 f. 4-polyfpermse. 273. Myginda. Cor. 4-petala, Cal. 4-partitus. Drupa i-fperma. 269. Potamogeton. Cor. o. Cal, 4-phyllus. Bern. 4, feffilia. 270. Ruppia. Cor. o. Cal, 0, Sem.4, pedicel- lata, Order I. MONOGYNIA. 165. Protea, or Silver-tree. Cor. 4 cleft. The anthers, ftrap-lhaped, xnferted in the petals beneath the apex. No proper calyx. A nut. i feed. decumbens I • P. with leaves, 3-cleft, thread-fhaped j the Item decumbent. C. of G. Hope. F?. jlorida. 2. P. with leaves, 3-cleft, winged, thread-fhaped $ ftem ereft, with folitary little heads, furrounded by leaves. b • C. of G. Hope. cyanoides. 3. P. with leaves 3-cleft, winged, thread-draped ; Item ereft, naked, folitary, little heads, b • C. of G. Hope. patulcu 4. P. wdth leaves 3-cleft, thread diaped ; erefl ftem, little heads incorporated. b • C. of G. Hope. pulchella. 5. P. with leaves double winged, fmooth, thread- fhaped, with terminal heads, club-ihaped, without floral leaves. b • N. Holland. fphaero- 6. P. with double winged thread-fhaped leaves j fruit- cephala. flalks fhorter than the tops, with the fcales of the cal. oval, woolly at the bafe. b * C. of G. Hope. ferraria. 7. P. with double winged, thread-fhaped, hairy leaves 5 fruitftalks longer than the tops 5 with the fcales of the cal. egg-fpear-fhaped and hairy. b • C. of G. Hope. triternata. 8. P. wdth double winged, thread fhaped, fmooth leaves. The fruitftalks longer than the head, with the fcales of the cak fpear-fhaped and hairy. b • C. of G. Hope. 'g/omerata. 9. P. with double winged tbread-fhaped leaves j and naked, common, elongated fruitftalk ; the pedicles longer than the knobs. b • C. of G. Hope. phylicoides 10. P. with double winged, thread-fhaped leaves $ and terminal knobs, folitary, and cottony, b • C. of G. Hope. Order III, TRIGYNIA. B. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal, 4-toothed. Capf. 4-cell* ed. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. I. or Hally. Cor. 1-petal. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry 4-feeded. C. Cor. i-petal. Cal. 4-leaved. Two feeds, 2- celled. S. or Pearlwort. Cor. 4 petaled. Cal. 4-leaved, Capf. 4-celled, many-feeds. T. or Small Annual Houfeleek. Cor. 3, or 4-pe- tated. Cal. 3 or 4-leaved. Capf. 3, or 4, Many* feeds. M. Cor, 4-petaled. Cal. 4-partite. A drupe wdth I feed. P. No cor. Cal. 4 leaved. Seeds 4-fitting. R. or Sea or Tajjel-grafs. No cor. No cal. Seeds 4, on a pedicle. 11. P. with double-winged, thread-flraped leaves j and aggregate knobs in fpikes. b • C. of G. Hope. 12. P. with double-winged thread-fhaped Xzwts \fpicata. and heads fpiked and diftindft. b • C. of G. Hope. 13. P. wdth double-wdnged inferior leaves ; the in-fceptrum. perior being 3-cleft and entire. b • C. of G. Hope. 14. P. with fmooth 5-cleft leaves j ftem eredf ; and crinita. terminal heads by three’s. b • C. of G. Hope. 15. P. with 5-toothed fmooth leaves j ftem ereft andcotfoorr/tf, a terminal head. b • C. of G. Hope. 16. P. with 3-toothed, fmooth, elliptical Xvavzs \elliptica. ereft ftem and terminating head, b • C. of G. Hope. 17. P. with 3-toothed fmooth leaves, a decumbenthypophylla ftem and terminal head. b • C. of G. Hope. 18. P. with 3-toothed fmooth leaves and lateral heads. b . C. of G. Hope. 19. P. with 3-toothed cottony leaves. b* C. oUomentofa. G. Hope. 20. P. with 4-toothed entire leaves, and ftem decum-^T'mj- bent. b • C. of G. Hope. phylla. 21. P. with thread-fhaped leaves, and flowers pinifolia. and fmooth, cal. not double. b ■ C. of G. Hope. 2 2. P. with leaves thread-fhaped j flowers cottony, racemofa. in bunches, with a double cal. b • C. of G. Hope. 23. P. with leaves thread-fhaped, bent inwmrds, andincurvaf fmooth, and bunchy fpiked cottony knobs, b • C, of G. Hope. 24. P. with hairy thread-fhaped leaves, and fitting, to. fpiked heads or knobs. b • C. of G. Hope, 25. P. wuth thread-fhaped channelled leaves, a tcv-brafteata. minal knob, and many-cleft floral leaves. 12. C. of G. Hope. 26. P. with inferior thread-fhaped leaves, the comofa. rior fpear-fhaped, and a terminal or terminating knob. b • C. of G. Hope. 27. P, with ftrap-fliaped, bent back leaves, cxooktdipurpurea. terminal Tetrandria. B O T terminal knobs, and decumbent flem. . C. of G. Hope. prolifera. 28. P. witb awl-fhaped comprefled leaves, and a flower¬ bearing Item, b. C. of G. Hope. corymbofa. 29. P. with ftrap-awl-lhaped contiguous leaves, and little flat-topped branches in -whirls. I2. C. of G. Hope. nana, 30. P. with ftrap-awl-fliaped leaves, a terminal knob and coloured calyx, h • C. of G. Hope. tanata. 31* P* with contiguous 3-fquare leaves, and a wool¬ ly terminal knob, h • C. of G. Hope. torta. 3 2. P. with oblique, ftrap-fhaped, obtufe leaves, b* C. of G. Hope. alba. 33. P. wuth ftrap-lhaped, Alky, cottony leaves, b* C. of G. Hope. aulacea. 34. P. with ftrap-battledore-lhaped, fmooth leaves $ flowers in bunches j Angle calyx, b • C. of G. Hope. imbellata. 35. P. with ftrap-battledore-fliaped, fmooth leaves ; terminal knobs, many-cleft j floral leaves, b* C. of G. Hope. tinearis. 36. P. with ftrap battledore-lhaped fmooth leaves j a cottony terminal knob, b • C. of G. Hope. einerea. 37- P- with ftrap-wedge-lhaped Alky leaves, and a Alky terminal knob. C. of G. Hope. fcolymus. 38. P. with fharp fpear-lhaped leaves, and a round terminal knob or head, b • C. of G. Hope. abyjjinica. 39. P. with fpear-lhaped leaves, obtufe and flender at the bafe, and a hemifpherical terminal knob. b • Abyflinia. mellifera. 40. P. with flxap-elliptical-lhaped leaves, and an ob¬ long terminal knob. b • C. of G. Hope. repens. 41. P. with Ipear-elliptical-fliaped fmooth leaves, an oval knob, and fliort decumbent Item. b • C. of G, Hope. plumofa, 42. P. with fpear-wedge-lhaped hoary leaves, an ob¬ long terminal knob, petals fmooth beneath, and hairy above, b • C. of G. Hope. obhqua. 43. P. with ftrap-fpear-lhaped, callous, fmooth, ob¬ lique leaves, and a terminal knob belonging to the flem. b . C. of G. Hope. parvijlora. 44. P. with elliptical obtufe, callous, oblique leaves, and fmooth terminal heads of little branches, b • C. of G. Hope. pailens. 45. P. with leaves fpear-fhaped, flender at the bafe, fmooth, {harp, callous j and a terminal knob fenced with a pale cover, fj. C. of G. Hope. Conifer a. 46. P. with leaves fpear-fhaped, attenuate at the bafe, fmooth, acute, callous, and a terminal head, fenced with a long fharp cover of the fame colour, b • C* of G. Hope. levifanus. P. with leaves inverfely egg-fhaped, obtufely tapering, tiled fmooth, a hairy flem, and a head with an obtufe long covering, b • C. of G. Hope. Jlrobilina. 48. P. with elliptical leaves, blunt, callous, fmooth, and a terminal knob, b * C. of G. Hope. imbricata. 49. P. with leaves fpear-fhaped, fmooth, fcored, tiled, and a terminal knob, b • C. of G. Hope. fericea. 50. P. with leaves fpear-fhaped ; Alky, thread-fha- ped branches; ftem decumbent, b* C. of G. Hope. Jal'igna. 51. P. with fpear-fhaped Alky leaves; a fhrubby flem ; and oblong enveloped knobs. b • C. of G. Hope. argentea. 52. P. with leaves fpear-fhaped, Alver-cottony, frin¬ ged, with woody ftem and globular knobs, b • C. of G. Hope. Vol, IV. Part I. ANY. nj 53. P. with leaves oblong and fmooth; a globular acaulis, knob or head ; and a ihort decumbent ftem. b • C. of G. Hope. 54. P. with oblong fmooth leaves; and aggregate myrtifolia, terminal knobs, b ‘ C. of G. Hope. 56. P. with fmooth oblong leaves without Veins, glabra. hemifpherical knob, and a ftirub-like ftem. b • C. °f G. Hope. 57. P. with oblong fmooth leaves* an oblong \^no\>,fpeciofa. the fcales of the calyx barbed at the point, h » C. of G. Hope. 58. P. wdth oval, fmooth, callous leaves; cor. hairy, totta. and cylindrical, b • C. of G. Hope. 59. P. with fmooth, oval leaves; and lateral flowers.bir/a. b • C. of G. Hope. 60. P. with oval leaves; and cottony terminal knobs.pubera. b • C. of G. Hope. 61. P. with hairy oval leaves, terminal knobs, and divaricata. ftradling branches, b • C. of G. Plope. 62. P. with fmooth, battledore conical leaves, b .fpathulata. C. of G. Hope. 63. P. with leaves nearly round ; and fmooth \z2Ji-cyanar0i~ ftalks. b • C. of G. Hope. des. 64. P. wdth heart-fhaped leaves, b • C. of G. Hope, cordata. 166. Banksia. Recept. common, elongated, fcaly. Cor. 4 petals. The ftamens inferted in the border. The capf. 2-val- ved, 2-feeded. A moveable partition between the feeds, W'hich are winged. Of this genus there are 8 fpecies, viz. ferrata, gran- dis, integrifolia, pyriformis, dentata, fpinulofa, eiicae- folia, gibbofa. N. Holland. 167. Rupala. This genus has two fpecies; viz. montana, and fef- Afolia, 168. Embothrium. Eight fpecies; viz. fpecioftflimum, coccineum, gran- diflorum, umbellatum, hirfutum, buxifolium, fericeum, Alaifolium. 169. Globularia, or Blue Daify. Nine fpecies ; viz. longifolia, nana, nudicaulis, o- rientalis. S. Eur. 170. Cephalanthus, or Button-wood, Has one fpecies ; viz. occidentalis. N. America. 171. Dipsacus, or Teatzel. Has four fpecies; viz. *fullonum, * fylveftris, laci- niatus, and *pilofus. * D. leaves Atting, ferrated ; chaff bent backwards, fullonum, It is cultivated for the ufe of the clothiers, who employ the heads with crooked awns, to raife the knap upon woollen cloths. For this purpofe they are Axed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is made to turn round, and the cloth is held againft them. The plant flowers in June and July, and the heads are colledled in Auguft. It is fometimes fown along with caraway and coriander; by which means three crops are on the foil at once, without inconvenience, as they ripen at differertt periods. 172. Scabiosa, or Scabious, Has 41 fpecies; viz. alpina, uftulata, rigida, atte- nuata, fcabra, tranfylvanica, fyriaca, leucanthia, *fuc- cifa, integrifolia, amplexicaulis, humilis, decurrens, P tatarica, ii4 B O T tatarica, *arvenfis, uralenus, fylvatica, gramuntia, *co- lumbaria, pyreaaica, ficula, rutaefolia, * maritiraa, ftel- lata, prolifera, atropurpurea, argentea, indurata, afri- cana, monfpelienfis, pumila, cretica, limonifolia, gra- minitolia, lyrata, paleftina, iietenfis, ucranica, ochro- leuca, pappofli, and pterocephala. S. Eur. Ind. Afr. fuccifa. * S. bloffoms 4-cleft, equal 5 llem undivided ^ branches approaching; leaves Ipear-egg-lhaped. The dried leaves are ufed to dye wool yellow or green. (Linn.) A ftrong decoftion of it continued for a confiderable length of time, is an empirical fecret for gonorrheas. arvenjis. * S. bloffoms 4-cleft, radiating j leaves wing-cleft, and jagged; ftem rough with ftrong hairs. Sheep and goats eat this fpecies. Horfes and cows are not fond of it. It is flightly aftringent, bitter, and faponaceous. 173. KnautiA, Has four fpecies j viz. orientalis, propontica, palsef- tina, and plumofa. Levant, Archipel. 174. Allionia, Has two fpecies j viz. violacea, and incarnata. Am. 175. Opf.rcularia, Has three fpecies j viz. umbellata, afpera, diphylla. N. Holland. 176. Hedyotis, Has 11 fpecies 5 viz. fruticofa, racemofa, auricula- ria, hyfpida, maritima, pumila, diffufa, herbacea, gra- miuifolia, virgata, rupeflris. E. & W. Ind. S. Amer. 177. Stermacoce, or Button-weed, Has 20 fpecies j viz. tenuior, latifolia, coerulefcens, alata, hexagona, proftrata, radicans, longifolia, verti- cillata, fumatrenfis, afpera, hirta, villofa, hifpida, fca- bra, articularis, ftrifta, linifolia, procumbens, fpinofa. E. Ind. Afr. Amer. 178. Sherardia, or Little Field-madder, Contains three fpecies 5 viz. arvenfis, muralis, fruti¬ cofa. Eur. Ifle of Afcenfion. 179. Asperula, or Woodroof Has feven fpecxes; viz. odorata, hexaphylla, arvenfis, taurina, craffifolia, calabrica, arilfata, tinftoria, py- renaica, cynanchica, laevigata. Eur. odorata. A. leaves 8 in a whirl, fpear-fliaped j flowers in bun¬ dles on fruitftalks. The fcent of it is faid to drive a- wray ticks and other infefls. (Linn.) It gives a grateful flavour to wine. Cows, horfes, fheep, and goats eat it. 180. Djodia, Has 6 fpecies •, viz. virginica, fimplex, verticillata, profirata, fcandens, farmentofa. Amer. Jamaica. X-81. Hydrophyx,ax, Contains only one fpecies 5 viz. maritima. 182. Knoxia, Has under it two fpecies j zeylanica, and corymbofa. Ceylon. ' 183. Carphalea. Has one fpecies j viz. corymbofa. Madagafcar. 184. Houstonxa. Has three fpecies j coerulea, longifolia, and purpurea. N. America. 185. Galium, or Ladies Bed-Jlraw, Includes 50 fpecies, viz. rubioides, * paluftre, trifi- dum, fruticofum, *montanum, tinftorium, capenfe, mu- cronatum, expanfum, afperum, glabrum, auftriacum, bocconi, vifcofum, faxatile, tenue, jufliei, pyrenaicum, A N Y. Tetrandria. minutum, *pufillum, *fcabrum, * verutn, mollugo, fyl- vaticum, linifolium, rigidum, ariftatum, hierolblymi- tanum, pafchale, glaucum, purpureum, rubrum, mega- lofpermum, fpurium, harcynicum, * uliginofum, * bo- reale, rotundifolium, bermudianum,ericoides, hirtum,ru- thenicum, aparine, *aparine, album, microcarpum, pa- rifienfe, pilofum, maritimum, groecum. Eur. Arab. N. Amer. Of thefe the following deferve notice. * G. leaves 8 in a whirl, llrap-flxaped, furrowed j flower- verum* ing branches ftiort. The flowers will coagulate boiling milk ; and their juice changes blue infufions to a red colour, thereby difcovering mai-ks of acidity. The French preicribe them in hyfteric and epileptic cafes. Boiled in alum-water they tinge wool yellow. The roots dye a very fine red, not inferior to madder, and are ufed for this purpofe in the ifland of Jura. (Pen¬ nant 1772. p. 212.) Sheep and goats eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. Cows are not fond of it. It is fubjeft to a difeafe, in which the ftem and plants are fet with flefhy balls, about the fize of a pea, hollow" within and covered with a purplifli fldn. * G. leaves 4 in a whirl, fpear-ftxaped, fmooth, 3-fibred; ftem upright. The roots afford a red dye for woollens. *. G. leaves 8 in a whirl, fpear-fhaped ; keel rough aparine* with prickles pointing backwards j joints woolly. The branches are ufed by the Swedes inftead of a foi to ftrain milk. Young geefe are very fond of them. The feeds may be ufed inftead of coffee. The plant is eaten by horfes, cows, fheep and goats. Swine refufe it. (Linn.) I he expreffed juice of the ftem and leaves, taken to the amount of four ounces night and morning, is very efficacious in removing many of tfiofe cutaneous erup¬ tions, which are called, although improperly, fcorbutic. It muff be continued for feveral weeks. 186. Crucianella, or Betty madder. Nine fpecies $ viz. anguftifolia, latifolia, aegyptiaca, patula, ciliata, pubefeens, maritima, capita, monfpeliaca. S. Eur. Arab. 187. Rubia, or Madder. Seven fpecies; tinftorum, or dyers madder, with an¬ nual leaves and a prickly ftem, if.; chilenfis, pere- grina, lucida, fruticofa, anguftifolia, cordifolia. Siber. S. Eur. Canar. ; 188. Mattuschk;ea, One fpecies ; viz. hirfuta. Carolina. 189. Siphonanthus, Two fpecies; viz. indica, and anguftifolia. India. 190. Roussea, One fpecies ; viz. fimplex. Mauritius. 191. Froelichia. One fpecies; viz. paniculata. I92. SCOLOSANTHUS. One fpecies ; viz. verficolor. J93. Catesbjea, or Lily Thorn. Two fpecies; viz. fpinofa, and parviflora. Jam. Ifle of Providence. 194. Ixora, or American JeJfamine. Six fpecies ; viz. coccinea, parviflora, alba, ameri- cana, fafciculata, and multiflora. E. Ind. Jam. S. Am. 195. Pavetta. \ Five fpecies; viz. indica, villofa, longiflora, caffra, pentandra. C. of G. Hope. 196. Tetrandria. T B O 196. Ernodea. One fpecies j called littoralis. Jamaica. I97. SlDERODENDRUM. One fpecies j called triilorum. S. Amer. 198. PetesiA, Three fpecies j viz. ftipularis, carnea, tomentofa. 199. Hoffmannia. One fpecies; called pendunculata. Jamaica. 200. Chomelia. One fpecies ; called fpinofa. 2or. Petitia. One fpecies; called domingenfis. St Domingo. 202. Myonima. Two fpecies ; viz. obarata, lanceolata. Me of Bourb. 203. Pyrostria. One fpecies; viz. falicifolia. 204. CuNNINGH AMIA. Two fpecies ; farmentofa, verticillata. Guiana, Me «f Bourbon. 205. ^.GIPHILA. Eight fpecies ; viz. martinicenlis, elata, mixia, vil- lofa, arborefcens, laevis, foetida, trifida. W. Indies. 206. Mitchella. One fpecies ; viz. repens. N. America. 207. Coccocypsilum. Three fpecies; viz. repens, unidorum, biflorum. Jam. 208. Wallenia. One fpecies ; viz. laurifolia. Jamaica. 209. Callicarpa, or Johnfonia. Ten fpecies ; viz. americana, cana, lanata, macro- phylla, ferruginea, reticulata, longifolia, integrifolia, villofa, japonica. N. Amer. Jap. Jamaica. 210. Aquartia. Two fpecies ; viz. aculeata, microphylla. S. Amer. 211. WlTHERINGIA. One fpecies ; viz. folanacea. S. Amer. 212. Myrmecia. One fpecies ; viz. fcandens. Guiana. 213. Polyphremum, or Carolina F/ax. One fpecies ; viz. procumbens. N. Amer. 214. Labatia. Two fpecies ; viz. feffilifiora, pedunculata. Hifpan. 215. Lasiostoma. One fpecies ; viz. cirrhofa. Guiana. 216. Manettia. Five fpecies; viz. reclinata, lygiftum, coccinea, pic- ta, lanceolata. S. Amer. Jamaica. 217. Bellardia. One ipecies; viz. repens. Guiana. 218. Pen^a. Nine fpecies; viz. farcocolla, mucronata, marginata, lateriflora, tomentofa, fucata, fquamofa, fruticulofa, myr- toides. Cape of G. Hope. 219. Blaeria. Nine fpecies; viz. cricoides, fcabra, fafcicula, articu- lata, purpurea, mufcofa, pufilla, glabella, ciliaris. Cape. 220. Buddleia. Nine fpecies; viz. americana, occidentalis, globofa, A N Y.n 115 falvifolia, madagafcarienfis, falicitolia, diverfifolia, vir- gata, incompta. Cape, S. Amer. W. Ind. 221. Exacum. 18 Species ; viz. vifcofum, pedunculatum, albens, aureum, felhle, cordatum, pun£tatum, quadrangulare, gujanenfe, diffufum, tenuifolium, *filiforme, aphyllum, heteroclitum, fpicatum, ramofum, verticillatum, hyffo- pifolium. Afia, Africa. 222. Plantago, or Plantain. 33 Species ; viz. * major, crafla, afiatica, maxima, * media, virginica, altiffima, * lanceolata, capenfis, la- gopus, lufitanica, patagonica, albicans, hirfuta, alpina, bellardi, cretica, barbata, *maritima, fubulata, recur- vata, macrorhiza, ferraria, *coronopus, loeflingii, cor- nuti, amplexicaulis, pfyllium, fquarrofa, indica, pu- mila, cynops, afra. Eur. Egypt, China, N. Amer. * P. leaves fpear-lhaped; fpike nearly eggdhaped, ws.-lanceolata. ked ; llalk angular. It is ufually called rib-wort or rib-grafs. Linnaeus fays it is eaten by horfes, flieep, and ^oats, and that cows refufe it ; but Haller attri¬ butes the richnefs of the mijk in the famous alpine dai¬ ries to this plant, and to the alchemilla vulgaris.—The total abfence of this plant in marlhy lands, is a certain criterion of the wretched quality thereof: in proportion as fuch foils are meliorated by draining, this plant will flourilh and abound. When fown for pafturage upon rich fands and loams, this plant gives a confiderable herbage; and on poorer and drier foils, it does well for Iheep, but is inferior to fome others. Mr Marfhall ob- ferves that it has flood the tell of 20 years eftablifhed practice, in Yorkfhire, and is in good eflimation, though not well affefted by horfes, and bad for hay from re¬ taining its fap. The plantago major or great plantain, is called feptinervia, from its having 7 large nerves or ribs running along each leaf; the narrow-leaved fort, above defcribed, has only five ribs, and hence it is cal¬ led quinquenervia. The leaves are lightly affringent, and the feeds are faid to be fo ; and hence they fland recommended in haemorrhages and other cafes of this kind where medicines of this kind are proper. The leaves bruifed a little are the common application of the common people to flight tlefh wounds. Plantain has been alleged to be a cure for the bite of the rattle-fnake; but for this there is probably little foundation, although it is one of the principal ingre¬ dients in the remedy of the negro Csefar, for the difco- very of which he received a confiderable reward from the affembly of S. Carolina. 223. Scoparia. Three fpecies; viz. dulcis, procumbens, arborea. Egypt, N. America. 224. Centunculus, or Bafe Pimpernel. One ipecies; called minimus. Germany, S. Eur. 225. Sanguisorba, or Great Wild Burnet. Three fpecies ; viz. * officinalis, media, canadenfis. Eur. N. America. 226. Cissus. 18 Species; viz, vitiginea, capenfis, repanda, lati- folia, cordifolia, rotundifolia, ficyoides, quadrangula- ris, acida, cirrhiofa, trifoliata, microcarpa, crenata, car- nofa, obovata, japonica, pentaphylla, pedata. Arabia, Ind. Jam. 227. Epimedium, Barren-wort. One fpecies; viz. *alpinum. P 2 228, ji6 B O T 22?. Corn US, or Dog-wood Cornel Cherry. 12 Species; viz. *fuecica, canadenfis, florida, maf- cula, japonica, * fanguinea, alba, fericea, circinata, ftri- ata, paniculata, alternifolia. Alia, Amer. Janguinea. * C. branches flraight ; leaves egg-lhaped, green on both fides ; tuft flatted. The wood is very hard and fmooth, fit for the purpofes of the turner. The leaves change to a blood red in autumn ; the berries are bit¬ ter and flyptic, they dye purple. Horfes, flieep, and goats eat it. Swine and cows refufe it. 229. Glossoma. One fpecies ; viz. arborefeens. Guiana. 230. Samara. Four fpecies; viz. la;ta, coriacea, pentandra, floii- bunda. Cape, E. Ind. Jam. Guiana. 231. Fagara. 12 Species ; viz. triphylla, evodia, pterota, piperita, tragodes, zanthoxyloides, horrida, capenfis, armata, avi- cennse, o&andra, elaphrium. W. Ind. Japan. 232. Hartogia. One fpecies ; viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. 233. Monetia. Twto fpecies; viz. barlerioides, diacantha. E. Ind. 234. Blackburnia. One fpecies; viz. pinnata. 235. Ptelea, or Shrub Trefoil. One fpecies; viz. trifoliata. N. Amer. S. S. ifles. 236. Skimmia. One fpecies; viz. japonica. Japan. 237. Othera. One fpecies; viz. japonica. Japan. 238. Orixa. One fpecies ; viz. japonica. 239. Ludwigia, or Bafe Virginian LoofeJlrife. Five fpecies ; alternifolia, hirfuta, juffiacoides, op- pofitifolia, erigata. Ind. Amer. Jam. 240. Oldenlandia. 13 Species; viz. verticillata, digynia, trinervia, de- preffa, capenfis, uniflora, biflora, pentandra, umbella- ta, corymbofa, hirfuta, debilis, foetida. 241. Ammania. Seven fpecics; latifolia, ramofior, debilis, fanguino- lenta, oclandra, baccifera, pinnatifida. Ind. Virginia. 242. Isnardia. One fpecies ; viz. paluftris. Eur. China, N. Amer. W. Ind. 243. TrApa, or Floating Water-caltrops. Two fpecies; viz. natans, bicornis. Eur. China. 244. Dorstenia, or Contrayerva. Fen fpecies; viz. cordifolia, braffilienfis, arifolia, houftoni, contrajerea, drakena, caulefcens, lucida, pu- befeens. Arab). S. America. 245. Pothos, or Scunh-weed. 12 Species; viz. fcandens, acaulis, lanceolata, cre- A N Y» Tetrandria* 247. CurtisiA, or Hajfagay-tree. One fpecies ; viz. faginea. C. of G. Hope. • 24S. Chloranthus, or Tea-leaved Chu-lan. One fpecies; viz. inconfpicuus. Cape, China, Jap. 249. Eleagnus, or 0leafier or Wild Olive. Ten fpecies ; viz. anguflifolia, orientalis, fpinofa, pungent, latifolia, crifpa, multiflora, umbellata, glabra, macrophylla. S. Eur. China, Japan. 250. Gonatocarpus. One fpecies ; viz. micranthus. Japan. 251. Santalum, or Sanders. One fpecies; viz. album. What is ufually called White Sanders wood, is brought from the Eaft Indies, in billets about the fize of a man’s leg, of a pale whitifh colour. It conftitutes the outer part of the timber or that part of the tree which is neareft the bark. This white part has little fenfible fmell or tafte. The inner part of the timber, which ufually receives the appella¬ tion of Tellow Sanders wood, is of a pale yellowdftt colour, of a pleafant fmell and a bitterifh aromatic tafle, accompanied with an agreeable fort of pungency. Dx- flilled with water it yields a fragrant effential oil, which thickens in the cold to the confiftence of a balfam. Digefted in pure fpirit it imparts a rich yellow tindlure, which being committed to diftillation, the fpirit arifes without bringing over any thing confiderable of the virtues of the fanders. The refiduum contains the virtues of fix times its wreight of the w7ood. Hoffman looks upon this extraft as a medicine of fimilar virtues to ambergris, and recommends it as an excellent refto- rative in great debilities. 252. Struthiola. Five fpecies; viz. virgata, nana, juniperina, ere&a* ovata. C. of G. Hope. 253. Krameria, One fpecies; viz. ixina. S. Amer. 254. Acaena. One fpecies ; viz. elongata. Mexico. 255. Rivina. Four fpecies; viz. humilis, leevis, brafilienfis, o&andra. W. Indies. 256. Salvadora. One fpecies; viz. perfica. Perfia, India. 257. Camphorosma. Five fpecies; viz. paleacea, monfpeliaca, acuta, gla¬ bra, pteranthus. S. Eur. Cape. 258. Alchemilla, or Ladies-mantle. Six fpecies; viz. capenfis, ^vulgaris, *alpina, pen- taphylla, aphanoides, aphanes. Alps of Eur. A. leaves gafhed. The whole of this plant is aftrin- vulgaris^ gent. In the province of Smolandia in Gothland, they make a tinfture of the leaves, and give it in fpafmodic or convulfive difeafes. Horfes, fheep, and goats eat it; fwine refufe it; cows are not fond of it. Order II. DIGYNIA. ata, viotacea. cramnervxa, cordata, macrophylla, pin- ata, palmata, digitata, pentaphylla. Ind. Amer. 246. Comeths. One fpecies; viz. alternifloria. E. Ind. Surat. 259. Cruzita. One fpecies ; viz. hifpanica. 260. Bufonia, or Toad-grafs. One fpecies; viz. * tenuifolia. 26*. Pentandrla. T 117 B O 261. Hamamelis, or Witch Hazel. One fpecies ; viz. virginica. Carol. Virgin. 262. Cuscuta, ox Dodder. Five fpecies; viz. europea, americana, africana, mo- nogyna, chineniis. curopcea. * C. flowers fitting, moftly 4-cleft. The feeds of this fpecies fown in a pot produce plants, but which foon die, unlefs they can attach themfelves to fome other plant. As foon as the fhoots have twined about an adjoining plant, they fend out from their inner fur- face a number of little veficles or papillae, which at¬ tach themfelves to the bark or rind of the plant. By degrees the longitudinal veflels of the ftalk, which ap- pear to have accompanied the veficles, fhoot forth from their extremities and make their way to the fofter plant, by dividing the velfels and infinuating themfelves into the tendered part of the fta’k ; and fo intimately are they united with it, that it is eafier to break than to difengage them from it. 263. Hypecoum. Four fpecies ; viz. procumbens, littorale, pendulum, ereftum. 264. Nerteria. One fpecies j viz. depreffa. S. America. 263. Galopina. One fpecies 5 viz. circteoides. C. of G. Hope. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 266. Boscia. One fpecies ; viz. undulata. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. 267. Ilex, or Holly. 19 Species j viz. *aquifolium, japonica, opaca, cro- cea, ferrata, latifolia, perado, prinoides, cafline, vo- mitoria, crenata, emarginata, falicifolia, afiatica, inte- gra, rotunda, obcordata, acuminata, cuneifolia. Afia, N. America. aquifolium * !• leaves egg-fhaped, acute, thorny, on leaf-ftalks; flowers in a kind of umbel, axillary.—All the varieties which gardeners reckon, to the amount of 40 or 50, are derived from this one fpecies, and depend upon the ANY. variegation of the leaves or thorns, and the colour of the berries. Sheep are fed in the winter with the croppings, as are alfo deer. Birds eat the berries. The bark fermented, and afterwards walked from the woody fibres, makes the common bird-lime. It makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping; nor is its verdure, or the beauties of its fcarlet berries ever ob- ferved to fuffer from the fevereft of our winters. The wood is ufed in fineering, and is fometimes ftained black to imitate ebony. Handles for knives and cogs for mill-wheels are made of it.—It is faid to have been obferved by Linnaeus, that the low'er branches within reach of cattle bear thorny leaves, whilft the upper ones which fland in need of no fuch defence are with¬ out thorns. 268. ColdeniA. One fpecies ; viz. procumbens. E. Indies. 269. Potamogeton, or Pond-weed. 14 Species; viz. natans, fluitans, heterophyllum, per- foliatum, denfum, *lucens, *crifpum, ferratum, *com- preffum, *pe6Hnatum, * fetaceum, *gramineuin, *ma- rinum, *pufillum. Eur. N. America. P leaves oblong egg-lhaped, on leafftalks, floating, nataaf. The leaves of this plant floating upon the furface of water, afford an agreeable ihade to filh, and are the habitation and food of the phalcena potamogeton. The roots are a favourite food of the fwan. 270. Ruppia. One fpecies 5 viz. *maritima. 271. Sagina, or Pearl-wort. Five fpecies; viz. * ceraftoides, * procumbens, * a~ petala, *ere America, W. Indies. In the clafs Tetrandria are 117 Genera, which include 638 Species. Of thefe 56 fpecies are found in Britain. CLASSIS V. CLASS v. PEN TAND RIA. PENTAND RIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA Seel. I. Flores monopetaliy inferiy tnonofpermi. 373. Mirabilis. Nux infra corollam. Cor. in- fundibilif. Stigma globofum papillofum. 295. Tricratus. Nux 5-angularis. Cor. infundi- bilif. laciniis bilobis. Cal. 0. 318, Seel. I. Flowers monopetalouSy inferiory one feeded ,M. Nut beneath the cor. The cor. ftmnel-lhaped. Stigma globular pimpled. I. Nut 5-angular. Cor. funnel-lhaped with 2-I0- bed fegments. No calyx. 118 EOT 318. Plumbago. Sem. 1. Stam. valvis inferta. Cor. infundibilif. Stigma. 5-fidum. 317. Weigelia. Sem. 1. Cor. infundibilif. Stylus a latere germinis. 470. Quinchamalia. Sem. i. Cor. tubulofa. An- tberae feffiles. 408. Corymbum. Sem. 1, lana involut. Cor. in¬ fundibilif. Cal. 2-phyll. Anth. connatae. Seel. II. Flores monopetaliy inferiy difpenni. Af- perifolia. 281. Cerinthe. Cor. fauce nuda ventricofa. Nuc. 2, ofleae, 2-loculares. 287. Messerchmidia. Cor. fauce nuda, infundib. Nuc. 2. fuberofae, 2-fpermse. Se£l. III. Flores monopetaliy inferiy tetrafpermi. Af- perifolue. 286. Echium. Cor. fauce nuda, irregularis, cam- panulata. 274. Heliotropium. Cor. fauce nuda, hypocra- terif. lobis dente interjedlis. Sem. 4. 279. Pulmonaria. Con fauce nuda, infundib. Cal. prifmaticus. 276. Lithospermum. Cor. fauce nuda, infun¬ dib. Cal. 5-partitus. 282. Onosma. Cor. fauce nuda, ventricofa. Sem. 4. 280. Symphytum. Cor. fauce dentata, ventricofa. 283. Borago. Cor. fauce dentata, rotata. 285. Lycopsis. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. tubo curvato. 284. Asperugo. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. Fruftus comprelfus. 278. Cynoglossum. Cor. fauce fornicata, infun¬ dib. Sem. deprelfa, latere affixa. 277. Anchusa. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. tubo bad prifmatico. 275. Myosotis. Cor. fauce fornicata, hypocra- terif. lobis emarginatis. Seel. IV. Flores monopetaliy inferiy pentafpermi. 289. Nolana. Cor. monopetala. Nuces 5, 2 f. 4-loculares. Se£f. V. Flores monopetaliy inferiy angiofpermi. 374. Coris. Capf. i-locularis, 5-valvis. Cor. ir¬ regularis. Stigm. capitatum. 303. Hydrophyllum. Capf- i-locularis, 2-valvis. Cor. nedtariis 5, exarata. Stigma bifidum. 434. Galax. Capf. i-locularis, 2-valvis. Cor. hypocrat. Stigma fubrotundum. 432. Barreria. Capf.? Cor. rotata. Anth. co- Iiserentes. Stigmata 3. 294. Cortusa. Capf. i-locularis, oblonga. Cor. rotata. Stigma fubcapitatum. 306. Anagallis. Capf. i-locularis, circumfcif. Cor- rotata. Stigma capitatum. ANY. Pentandria P. Seed 1. Stamen inferted in the valves. Cor. fun- nel-fhaped. Stigma 5-cltft. W. 1 Seed. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Style with late¬ ral feed-buds. I Seed. Cor. tubular. Anthers fitting. C. 1 feed covered with wool. Cor. funnel-fiiaped. Cal. 2-leaved. Anthers united at the bafe. Se£l. II. Flowers mo?iopetalouSy inferiory 2-feeded. Rough leaves. C. Cor. with a naked mouth, diftended. Nuts 2, hard as bone, 2-celled. M. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-lhaped. Nuts 2, eroded beneath, 2-feeded. Se£l. III. Flowers monopetalousy inferiory 4-fteded. Rough leaves. E. Cor. with a naked mouth, irregular, bell-lhaped. H. Cor. with a naked mouth, and lobes divided by a falver-fhaped tooth. Seeds 4. P. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-fhaped. Cal. prifm-lhaped, i. e. differing from cylindrical in the cup being angular. L. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-fhaped. Cal. 5-partite. O. Cor. wdth a naked mouth, diftended. Seeds 4. S. Cor. with a toothed mouth, diftended. B. Cor. wdth a toothed mouth, wftieel-fhaped. L. Cor. wdth a vaulted mouth, funnel-fhaped, tube curved. A. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-fhaped, fruit compreffed. C. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-fhaped. Seed depreffed, fixed in the fide. A. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-fhaped, the tube prifmatic at the bafe. M. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, falver-fhaped , lobes notched at the end. Se£t. IV. Flowers monopetalousy inferiory $-feeded. N. Cor. monopetalous. 5 Nuts, 2 or 4-celled. Sect. V. Flowers \~petalouSy inferior. Seeds in a cap- fule. C. Capf. I-celled, 5-valved. Cor. irregular. The ftigmas growing in heads. H. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. furrowed with 5 neftaries. Stigma 2-cleft. G. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. falver-fhaped. Stigm. nearly round. B. Capf. ? Cor. wheel-fhaped. Anthers coher¬ ing. Stigmas 3. C. Capf. 1-celled, oblong. Cor. wheel-fhaped. Stig¬ ma nearly growing in heads. A. Capf. 1-celled, cut round. Cor. wTheel-fhaped. Stigma growing in a head. 3°5* J Pentandria. EOT 305. Lysimachia. Capf. i-locularis, 10-valvis. Cor. rotata. Stigma obtufum. 300. Doroena. Capf. i-locul. i-valv. polyfper- ma. Cor. 5 nda. Stigma emarginatum. 298. Cyclamen. Capf. i-locularis, intus pulpofa. Cor. reflexa. Stigma acutum. 297. Dodecatheon. Capf. i-locul. oblonga. Cor. reflexa. Stigm. obtufum. 296. So LOAN ELL A. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. lace- ra. Stigm. fimplex. 395. Lita. Capf. i-locid. 2-valv. Cor. hypocra- terif. Anth. in tubo fefliles. Stigma truncatum. 293. Primula. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. infundib. fauce pervia. Stigma globofum. 291. Aretia. Capf. i-locul. Cor. bypocraterif. Stigma depreflb capitatum. 302. Bacopa. Capf. i-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Cal. inaequal. Stigma capitatum. 301. Hottonia. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. Sem. depreffa, latere affixa. 313. Sheffieldia. Capf. i-locul. 5-valv. Cor. campanulata. Stam. alterna fterilia. 299. Menyanthes. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. vil- lofa. Stigma bifidum. 479. Alla man da. Capf. i-locularis, lentiformis, bivalvis, valvulis cymbiformibus. Sem. imbricata. 507. Theophrasta. Capf. i-locularis, maxima. Cor. campanulata. Stigma acutum. 371. Geniostoma. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. infundi- bilif. fauce villofa. 308. Spigelia. Capf. 2-locularis, didyma. Cor. infundib. Stigma fimplex. 334* Sphehoclea. Capf. 2-locul. circumfcifla. Cor. 5-fid. calyce minor. Stigma capitatum. 309. Ophiorhiza. Capf. 2-locularis, 2-partita. Cor. infundib. Stigma 2-fidum. 321. Retzia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. cylindrica, ex- tus villofa. Stigma 2-fidum. 323. Con volvulus. Capf. 2-locularis, 2-fperma. Cor. campanulata. Stigm. 2 fidum. 310. Li si an thus. Capf. 2-locularis, polyfperma. Cor. infundib. ventricofa. Styl. perfiftens. 377- Datura. Capf. 2-locul. 4-valvis. Cor. in¬ fundib. Cal. deciduus. 378. Hyosciamus. Capf. 2-locularis operculata. Cor. infundib. Stigma capitatum. 379. Nicotiana. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. infun¬ dib. Stigm. emarginatum. 376. Verbascum. Capf. 2-locular. Cor.' rotata. Stigma obtufum. Stam. declinata. 394- Chironia. Capf. 2 locular. Cor. tubo urce- olato, Antherae defloratae fpirales. 322. Porana. FrmRus bivalvis. Calyx in fruftu grandifaftus. Stylus elongatus, femibifidus. 290. Diapensia. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. hypo- crat. Cal. 8-phyllus. 320. Phlox. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. hypocrater. tubo curvo. Stigm. trifidum. 326. Polemonium. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. 5-par¬ tita. Stam. valvis impofita. 324. Cantua. Capf. 3-locul. 3-valv. Sem. alata. Cor. infundibilif. Stigm. 3-fid. 325* Ipomoea. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. infundib. Stigma capitatum. ANY. L. Capf. i-celled, with ID valves. Cor. wheel- fhaped. Stigma blunt. D. Capf. 1-celled, i-valved, many-feeded. Cor. 5- cleft. Stigma notched at the end. C. Capl. 1 celled, pulpy within. Cor. bent back. Stigma lharp. D. Capf. i-celled, oblong. Cor. bent back. Stig¬ ma blunt. S. Capf. 1-celled. Cor. ragged. Stigma undivid¬ ed. L. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. falver-lhaped. Anthers fitting in the tube. Stigma lopped. P. Capf. 1-celled. Cor. funnel-lhaped with a per¬ vious mouth. Stigma globular. A. Capf. 1-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped, flat-headed. B. Capf. 1-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped. Cal. un¬ equal. Stigma headed. H. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-fliaped. Seed funk, fixed in the fide. S. Capf. 1-celled, 5-valved. Cor. bell-fhaped. Al¬ ternate ftamens barren. M. Capf. i-celled. Cor. woolly. Stigma 2-cleft. A. Capf. i-celled, globular, but comprefled, 2-val¬ ved, with boat-fhaped valves. Seed tiled. T. Capf. i-celled, very large. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stigma acute. G. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped, with woolly mouth. S. Capf. 2-celled, double. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stig¬ ma undivided. S. Capf. 2-celled, cut round. Cor. 5-cleft, lefs than the calyx. Stigma headed. O. Capf. 2-celled, 2-partite. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stigma 2-cleft. R. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. cylindrical, outfide woolly. Stigma 2-cleft. C. Capf. 2-celled, 2-feeded. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stig¬ ma 2-cleft. L. Capf. 2-celled, many-feeded. Cor. funnel-fhaped, diftended. Style permanent. D. Capf. 2-celled, 4-valved. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Cal. deciduous. H. Capf. 2-celled, covered with a lid. Cor. fun¬ nel-fhaped. Stigma headed. N. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stigma notched at the end. V. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-fhaped. Stigma obtufe. Stamens bent. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. with a pitcher-fhaped tube,. Anthers twifled after having fhed their pollen. P. Fruit 2-valved. Calyx fwelling with the fruit. Style elongated, half-cleft. D. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped. Cal. 8- leaved. P. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped, with a crook¬ ed tube. Stigma 3-cleft. P. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. 5-partite. Stamens placed on valves. C. Capf. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds winged. Cor, funnel-fliaped. Stigma 3-cleft. I. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stigma with a little head. 375* 119 120 Pentandria* \ B O T 375. Bross^ea. Capf. 5-locul. Cor. truncata. Cal. carnofus. ;i2. Azalea. Capf. 5-locularrs. Cor. campanu- lata. Stigm. obtufum. 315. Ep^eris. Capf. 5-locul. Cor. infundibulif. villofa. Squama neftarif. 481. Nerium. Follic. 2, eredli. Cor. fauce coro- nata. Sem. pappofa. 482. Echites. Follic. 2, ere£li. Cor. infundib. fauce nuda. Sem. pappofa. 483. Plumieria. Follic. 2, retra&i. Cor. infun¬ dib. Sem. alata. 484. Cameraria. Follic. 2, lobati. Cor. hypo- crat. Sem. alata. 485. TaBERN ^MONTANA. Follic. 2, pulpofi. Cor. hypocrat. Sem. iimplicia. 480. Vine A. Follic. 2, ereai. Cor. hypocrat. Sem. fimplicia. 475. Cerbera. Drupae 2, nuces fubmonofpermoe. Cor. infundibulif. 339. Thouinia. Drupa. Cor. campanulata, extus hifpida. Cal, 5-phyll. 402. Tectona. Drupa ficca, mice 3-locul. Cor. infundibulif. 391. Ardisia. Drupa i-fperma. Cor. hypocra- terif. limbo reflexo. 401. Bumelia. Drupa i-fperma. Cor. hypocra- terif. limbo dentibus interjefto. Neft. 5-phyll. 474. Gynopogon. Drupa nuce femibilocul. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigma globofum villofum. " 399. Langeria. Drupa i-fperma. Nux 5-locu- lar. Stigm. capitatum. 398. Varronia. Drupa i-fperma. Nux 4-locul. Stigm. 4-plex. 396. Cordia. Drupa i-fperma. Nux 4-locularis. Stigma dichotomum. Cal. baccae accretus. 386. Ignatia. Drupa polyfperma. Cor. infundi¬ bulif. tubo longiffimo. 397. Ehretia. Drupa 4-fperma. Nux 2-locular. Stigm. emarginatum. 316. Styphelia. Drupa 5-locularis. Cor. tubu- lofa. 478. Willughbeja. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigm. capitatpm. 473. Carissa. Baccae 2, polyfpermae. 392. Jac^uinia. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. 10-fida. Ned. 5-phyll. 421. Myrsine. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. campanu- lat. Stigm. villofum. 422. Bladhia. Bacca i-fperma. Sem. arillatum. Cor. rotata. 472. Pajderia. Bacca 2-fperma, inflata, fragili?. 471. Rauwolfia. Bacca 2-fperma. Sem. corda- ta. 415. Arduina. Bacca z-fpenna. Sem. oblonga. Cor. curvata. Stigm. 2-fidum. 387. Cestrum. Bacca i-locularis. Filamenta dente notata. 311. Frag/ea. Bacca 2-locul. carnol. Cor infun¬ dibulif. tubo longo. Stigma capitatum. 288. Tournefortia. Bacca 2-locul. loculis z-fper- mis, apice perforata. 385. Strychnos. Bacca 2-locularis corticofa. Stigma capitatum. ANY. B. Capf. 5-celled. Cor. lopped. Cal. flefliy. A. Capf. 5-celled. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stigm. blunt. E. Capf. 5-celled. Cor. funnel-lhaped, woolly. A fcale honey-bearing. N. Air-bags 2, ere&. Cor. with a crowned mouth. Seeds downy. E. Air-bags 2, ered. Cor. funnel-lhaped, with a naked mouth. Seeds downy. P. Air-bags 2, drawn back. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Seeds winged. C. Air-bags 2, galhed. Cor. falver-fliaped. Seeds wnnged. T. Air bags 2, pulpy. Cor. falver-ftiaped. Seeds undivided. V. Air bags 2, ered. Cor. falver-lhaped. Seeds undivided. C. Drupes 2, nuts nearly i-feeded. Cor. funnel- fhaped. T. A drupe. Cor. bell-lhaped, rough w'ithout, with fliff briftly hairs. Cal. 5-leaved. T. A drupe dry, with a 3-celled nut. Cor. funnel- fliaped. A. A drupe i-feeded. Cor. falver-ihaped, border turned back. B. A drupe with 1 feed. Cor. falver-fhaped, border notched with teeth. Nedary 5-leaved. G. A drupe with a nut half 2-celled. Cor. falver- fliaped. Stigma globular, woolly. L. A drupe with 1 feed. A nut 5-celled. Stigma wnth a knob. V. A drupe 1-feed. Nut 4-celled. Stigma 4-fold. C. A drupe, 1 feed. Nut 4-celled. Stigma forked. Cal. growing to the berry. 1. A drupe. Many feeds. Cor. funnel-fliaped, with a very long tube. E. A drupe, 4-feedcd. Nut 2-celled. Stigma notch¬ ed at the end. S. A drupe, 5-celled. Cor. tubular. W. Cor. falver-fliaped. Stigma with a little head or knob. C. Berries 2, many-feeded. |. Berry i-feeded. Cor. 10-cleft. Nedary 5- leaved. M. Berry 1 feed. Cor. bell-fliaped. Stigma wool- ty- B. Berry I feed. Seed coated. Cor. wheel-fliaped. P. Berry 2-feeded, inflated, brittle. R. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds heart-fliapcd. A. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds oblong. Cor. crookeo Stigma 2-cleft. C. Berry 1-celled. Filaments toothed. F. Berry 2-celled, flefhy. Cor. funnel-fliaped, ivvitu a long tube. Stigma with a knob. T. Berry 2-celled, w7ith 2-feeded cells perforated at the point. S. Berry 2-celled, bark-like. Stigma with a knob. 3847 Pentandria. B O T 384. Capsicum, Bacca 2-locul. exfucea. An¬ ther* conniventes, * 383. Solan um. Bacca 2-locularis. Anther* bi- perforat*. 382. Physalis. Bacca 2-locul. Calyceinflate. Anther* approximat*. 380. Jabarosa. Bacca ? Cor. tubulofa longiflima. * 381. Atropa. Bacca 2-locul. Stain, diftantia, incurvata. 304. Ellisia. Bacca 2-locular. Sem. 2, altero fuperiore. 388. Licium. Bacca 2-locular. Stam. bafl villo claudentia. 390. Cryptostomum. Bacca 3-locul. Cor. in- fundibulif. calyci inferta. Ne£t. i-phyllum, corollam claudens. 416. Cam ax. Bacca 4 locul. villof. polyfp. iCor. rotata. Cal. 5-part. 319. Triguera. Bacc. 4-locul. j locul. 2-fperm. Cor. campanulata. Cal. 5-dent. 341. Solandra. Bacca 4 locul. polyfperma. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. ringens. 369. Menais. Bacca 4-locular. Cal. 3-phyllus. Stigm. duo. 449. Leea. Bacca 5-fperma. Cor. rotata. Neft. urceolat. 5-fid. ftaminiferum. 403. Sideroxylon. Bacca 5-fperma. Cor. 10- fida, laciniis interioribus conniventibus. 400. Chrysophyllum. Bacca iQ-fperma. Cor. 2S-fida, laciniis exterioribus patentiflimis. 393. Bassonia. Bacca polyfperma nodulofa. Cor. rotata. 364. Bjeobotrus. Bacca polyfperma. Cor. tu- bulof. Cal. duplex. Se£t. VI. Flcres monopetali, fuperi. * 333. Samolus. Capf. i-locularis, apice 5-valvis. Cor. hypocrat. Stigm. capitatum. 352. Virecta. Capf. i-locul. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. 5-dent, dentibus interje&is. 338. Bellonia. Capf. i-locul. umbilico roftrato. Cor. rotata, ftigm. acutum. 337. Macrocnemum. Capfi 2-locul, turbinata. Cor. camp. Sigm. bilobum. Sem. imbricata. 351. Dentella. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. infundibu¬ lif. laciniis 3-dentat. 350. Chimarrhis. Capf. 2-locul. j locul. i-fperm. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. 2-part. 336. Rondeletia. Capf. 2-locular. fubglobofa. Cor. infund. Stigm. obtufum. 346. Cinchona. Capf. 2-locular. intus dehifeens. Cor. hirfuta. Stigm. fimplex. 340. Portlandia. Capf. 2-locul. coronata. Cor. ventricofa. Stigm. fimplex. Sem. imbricata. 330. Roella. Capf. 2-locul. coronata. Cor. ro¬ tata. Stigm. 2-fidum. 344. Gooden ia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. 2-petal, lon- gitudinaliter fifla. * 331* Phyteuma. Capf. 2 f. 3-locul. perforata. Cor. 5-partita. Srigm, 2 f. 3-fidum. 332. Trachelium. Capf. 3-locul. perforata. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. capitatum. * 339. Campanula. Capf. 2 f. 3-locu]. Cor. i-per- forata. Cor. campanul. Stigm. 3-fidum. Vol. IV. Part I. A N Y. 121 C. Berry 2-celled, dry. Anthers converging. * S. Berry 2-celled. Anthers double perforated. P. Berry 2-celled. Calyx bellied. Anthers ap¬ proaching. J. Berry ? Cor. very long, tubular. * A. Berry 2-celled. Stamens diftant, bowed inwards. E. Berry 2-celled. Seeds 2, one fuperior. L. Berry 2-celled. Stamens clofing with a hairy bafe. C. Berry 2-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped, inferted in the calyx. Neftary I-leaved, clofing the corolla. C. Berry 4-celled, woolly, many-feeded. Cor. wheel- fliaped. Cal. 5-partite. T. Berry 4-celled, cells 2-feeded. Cor. bell-fhaped. Cal. 5-toothed. S. Berry 4-celled many-feeded. Cor. funnel- ftiaped. Cal. gaping. M. Berry 4-celled. Cal. 3-leaved. Stigmas 2. L. Berry 5-feeded. Cor. wheel-fliaped. Ne&ary pitcher-lhaped, 5-cleft, bearing the ftamens. S. Berry 5-feeded. Cor. 10-cleft, the inner feg- ments converging. C. Berry xo-feeded. Cor. 10-cleft, the outer feg- ments very open. B. Berry many-feeded, knotted. Cor. wheel-fliaped. $ B. Berry many-feeded. Cor. tubular. Cal. double. Seel. I. Flowers monopetalous, fuperior. * S. Capf. i-celled, with 5-valves at the top. Cor. falver-fhaped. Stigma with a knob. V. Capf. x-celled. Cor. funnel-fliaped. Cal. 5- toothed, the teeth interjected. B. Capf. 1-celled, dimple-beaked. Cor. wheel. fliaped. Stigma fliarp. M. Capf. 2-celled, turban-fliaped. Cor. bell-ftiaped. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds tiled. D. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped, with feg- ments 3-toothed. C. Capf. 2-celled j cell l-feeded. Cor. funnel-fliaped, Stigma 2-partite. R. Capf. 2-celled, nearly globular. Cor. funnel- ftiaped. Stigma obtufe. C. Capf. 2-celled, gaping within. Cor. fliaggy. Stigma undivided. P. Capf. 2-celled, crowned. Cor. bellied. Stigma undivided. Seeds tiled. R. Capfi 2-celled, crowned. Cor. wheel-fliaped. Stigma 2-cleft. G. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. i-petal, cleft lengthwife. * P. Capf. 2 or 3-celled, perforated. Cor. 5-partite. Stigma 2 or 3-cleft. T. Capf. 3-celled, perforated. Cor. funnel-fliaped. Stigma with a knob. * C. Capf. 2 or 5-celled, perforated. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stigma 3-cleft. CL 345* 12* B O T * 342. Lobelia. Capf. 2 f. 3-locul. Cor. i-pe- t&l. irregul. Anth. connatoe. 345. Scvola. Drupa l-fperma. Cor. irregula¬ ris flabelliformis, fiffura longitudinal!. 367. Schoepfia. Drupa i-fperma. Cor. campa- iiulata. Cal. duplex, alter inferus, alter fuperus. 372. Matthiola. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. infun- dibulif. indivifa. Stigrn. obtufum. 363. Morinda. Bacca i-fperma, aggregata. Cor. infundib. Stigma 2-fidum. 349. Psychotria. Bacca 2-fperma. Sem. fulca- ta. Cor. infundib. Stigm. emarginatum. 353. Coffea. Bacca 2-fperma. Sem. arillata. Cor. hypocrat. Stigm. 2-partitum. 354. Chiococca. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. infun¬ dib. Stigm. fimplex. 389. Series A. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. infundibu- lif. fauce ciliata, laciniis limbi fubtrilobis. 357. CephjElis. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. tubulofa. involucr. fubtetraphyll. Recept. paleaceum. 355. Vangueria. Bacca 4 f. 5-fperma. Cor. hy- pocraterif, tubo globofo, fauce pilofa. 347. Solena. Bacca i-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. tubo longiftimo. Stigm. 3-fid. 356. Canephora. Frudh 2-locul. Cor. campanu- lata. Cal. communis tubulofus multifiorus. 358. Bertiera. Bacca 2-locul. Cor. hypocra¬ terif. Stigm. 2-lamellat. Siam, tubo inferta. * 361. Lonicera. Bacca 2-locularis fubrotunda. Cor. inaequalis. Stigm. capitatum. 476. Webera. Bacca 2-locul. 5 locul. i-fperm. Cor. infundibulif. 477. Gardenia. Bacca 2-locularis polyfperma. Cor. infundibulif. 348. Ucriana. Bacca 2-locul. Cor. hypocrate¬ rif. tubo longiffimo. Stigm. 2-lamellat. Stam. fauci inferta. 362. Triosteum. Bacca 3-locul. coriacea. Cor. inaequalis. Stigm. oblongum. 467. Plocama. Bacca 3-locul. 5 locul. i-fpermis. Corolla campanulata. 370. Muss^enda. Bacca 4-locularis, oblonga. Cor. infundib. Stigm. 2-part. 360. Schwencfeldia. Bacca 5-locul. polyfperm. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigm. 5-part. 359. Hamellia. Bacca 5-locular. polyfperma. Cor. tubo longo. Stigm. lineare. 368. Erithalis. Bacca 10-loeul. fubglobofa. Cor. rotata. Stigm. acutum. f Ixta pentandra, pavetta pentandra, oldenlandia, di~ gyna pentandra, rubice et crucianellce nonnullce, prinos. Se£l. VII. Flores tetrapetali. 365. Stroemia. Bacca corticofa 2-valv. Cal. 4- phyll. Neft. ligulat. Seel. VIII. Flores pentapetali, inferi. 442. Hirtella. Bacca i-fperma. Stylus latera¬ lis. Stam. ptrfiftentia, fpiralia. * 405. Rhamnus. Bacca 3-locularis, rotunda. Cal. tubul. Corollifer. petala 5 convergentia. A N' Y. Pentandria. * L. Capf. 2 or 3-celled. Cor. l-petal, irregular. Anthers twins, that is, united at the bafe. S. A drupe i-feeded. Cor. irregular, fan-lhaped, with a longitudinal fiffure. S. A drupe i-feeded. Cor. bell-fhaped. Cal. double, one inferior, the other fuperior. M. Berry i-feeded. Cor. funnel-draped undivided. Stigma obtufe. M. Berry r-feeded, incorporated. Cor. funnel- fhaped. Stigma 2-cleft. P. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds furrowed. Cor. funnel- draped. Stigma notched at the end. C. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds coated. Cor. falver- draped. Stigma 2-partite. C. Berry 2-feeded. Cor. funnel-draped. Stigma undivided. S. Berry 2-feeded. Cor. funnel-draped, with a fringed mouth, the fegments of the border nearly 3- lobed. C. Berry 2-feeded. Cor. tubular. Involucrum nearly 4-leaved. Receptacle chady. V. Berry 4 or 5-feeded. Cor. falver-draped, with a globular tube and hairy mouth. S. Berry 1-celled. Cor. falver-draped, with a very long tube. Stigma 3-cleft. C. Fruit 2-celled. Cor. bell-draped. Cal. common, tubular, many-dowered. B. Berry 2-celled. Cor. falver-draped. Stigma 2-gilled. The damens inferted in a tube. * L. Berry 2-celled, nearly round. Cor. unequal. Stigma with a knob. W. Berry 2-celled, cell i-feeded. Cor. funnel- draped. G. Berry 2-celled, many-feeded. Cor. funnel- draped. 1 U. Berry 2-celled. Cor. falver-draped, with a very long tube. Stigma 2-gilled. The damens inferted in the mouth. T. Berry 3-celled, leather-like. Cor. unequal. Stig¬ ma oblong. P. Berry 3-celled, cells i-feeded. Corolla bell- diaped. M. Berry 4-celled, oblong. Cor. funnel-draped. Stigma 2-partite. S. Berry 5-celled, many-feeded. Cor. falver-draped. Stigma 5-cleft. H. Berry 5-celled, many-feeded. Cor. with a long tube. Stigma ftrap-draped. E. Berry 10-celled, nearly globular. Cor. wheel- draped. Stigma acute. Sect. VII. Flowers 4-petaled. S. Bark-like berry writh 2-valves. Cal. 4-leaved. Neftary ftrap-draped. Se£t. VIII, Flowers $-petaled> inferior. H. Berry i-feeded. Style lateral. Stamens per¬ manent, twifted. * R. Berry 3-celled, round. Cal. tubular. Cor. bear¬ ing 5 converging petals. 412. I 123 Pentandria. B O T 412. Ceanothus. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. tubul. Corollifer petala fornicata. * 424. Evonymus. Bacca capfularis, lobata. Cal. patens. Sem. baccato-arillata. 423. Celastrus. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. planus. Sem. arillata. 429. Staavia. Bacca 5-fperma corticata. Recept. paleaceo-villofum. Stam. calyci inferta. 454. Euparea. Bacca exfucca i-locul, polyfp. Petal. 5-12. 440. Billardiera. Bacca polyfperma. Stigm. fimpl. 424. Ruyschia. Bacca polyfperma. Styl. o. Cor. reflexa. 453. Vitis. Bacca 5-fperma. Cor. faepe connata. Stylus nullus. 439. Escalonia. Bacca 2-locularis. Stigm. capital. 441. Mangifera. Drupa renifomis. Cor. peta- lis lanceolat. Nux lanuginofa. 406. Ziziphus. Drupa nuce 2-locul. Cal. tubul. corollifer. Petala oris 5, convergentia. 404. Schrebera. Drupa licca nuce 2-locul. Ned:, margo elevat. 438. Eljeodendrum. Drupa nuce 2-locul. Pe¬ tal. fubrotund. Glandula fub germine. 430. Walkera. Drupae 5, monofpermae. Cal. 5- part. 451. Corynocarpus. Nux clavata. Ned. 5, pe- taliformia ball glandulofa. 435. Humboldtia. Legumen. Petal. 5, lanceo- lata. Cal. 4-part. 425. Pilocarpus. Capf. 2-5, infemae coalitae. Stam. infra germen inferta. 436. Cedrela. Capf. 5-locularis, ball dehifcens. Cor. receptaculo unita. Sem. alata. 437. Calodendrum. Capf. 6-locul. 5-angulat. petal, lanceolat. Germen pedicellat. Ned. 5-phyll. 413. Scopolia. Capf. baccata 5-locul. 5 locul. x- fperm. Stigm. capitat. 420. Polycardia. Capf. 5-locul. Sem. arillata. Petala rotundata. Stigm. lobatum. 431. Pittosporum. Capf. 2-5 locul. 5-valv. Sem. teda pulpa. Petala conniventia in tubum. 417. Buttineria. Capf. 5-cocca. Cal. petalis auriculatus. Stam. nedario annexa. 418. Ayenia. Capf. 5-locul. Petala in ftellulam connata. Ned. urceolus piflillum tegens ftaminiferum. 419. Gluta. Capfula ? Petala pedicello germinis in¬ ferta. Cal. campanulat. deciduus. 426. Diosma. Capf. 5-plex. Nedar. germ, coro- nans. Sem. arrillata. 3x4. Sprengelia. Capf. 5-locul. 5-valv. polyfper- ma. Anth. connatse. 427. Hovenia. Capf. 3 locul. 3-valv. Petala obo- vata. Stigmata 3. 335. Nauclea. Capf. 2-locul. polyfperm. Recept. commun. pilofunn 447. Impatiens. Capf. i-locul. 5-valv. Cor. ir- regul. calcarat. Cal. 2-phyll. Anth. cohaerentes. * 446. Viola. Capf. x-locul. 3-valv. Cor. irregul. calcarata. Cal. 5-phyll. Anth. cohaerentes. 459. Claytonia. Capf. i-locul. 3-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Stigm. 3-fidum. ANY. C. Berry 3-celled. Cal. tubular. Cor. bearing vaulted petals. * E. Berry capfular, lobed. Cal. extending. Seeds berried-coated. C. Berry 3-celled. Cal. flat. Seeds coated. S. Berry 5-feeded, barked. Receptacle chaffy- woolly. Stamens inferted in the calyx. E. Berry dry, 1-celled, many-feeded. Petals 5-12. B. Berry many-feeded. Stigma undivided. R. Berry many-feeded. No ftyle. Cor. bent back. V. Berry 5-feeded. Cor. oft united at the bafe. No ftyle. E. Berry 2-celled. Stigma with a little head. M. A drupe kidney-fhaped. Cor. with fpear-fha- ped petals. Woolly nut. Z. A drupe with a 2-celled nut. Cal. tubular, bearing the cor. Petals of the mouth 5, converging. S. A dry drupe, with a-2-celled nut. The margin of the neftary elevated. E. A drupe, with a 2-celled nut. Petals nearly round. A gland beneath the germen. W. 5 drupes, x-feeded. Cal. 5-partite. C. Club-lhaped nut. Nedlaries 5, petal-ftiaped, with a glandular bafe. H. A leguminous plant. Petals 5, fpear-lhaped. Cal. 4-partite. P. Capf. 2-5 uniting beneath. Stamens inferted be¬ neath the germen. C. Capf. 5-celled, gaping at the bafe. Cor. united to the receptacle. Seeds winged. C. Capf. 6-celled, 5-angled. Petals fpear-lhaped. Germen on a pedicle. Neftary 5-leaved. S. Capf. berried, 5-celled. Cells x-feeded. Stigma with a little head. P. Capf. 5-celled. Seeds coated- Petals rounded. Stigma lobed. P. Capf. 2-5 celled, 5-valved. Seeds covered with pulp. Petals converging into a tube. B. Capf. 5-celled. Cal. ear-ftiaped with petals. Sta¬ mens annexed to the ne&ary. A. Capf. 5 celled. Petals united at the bafe into a ftar. A pitcher-fhaped neftary covering the piftil which bears the ftamens. G. Capfule ? Petals inferted in the pedicle of the germen. Cal. bell-fliaped, deciduous. D. Capf. 5-fold. Neftary crowning the germen. Seeds coated. S. Capf. 5 celled, 5-valved, many feeded. Anthers united at the bafe. H. Capf. 3-celled, 3-valved. Petals egg-fhaped with the fmall end downwards. Stigm. 3. N. Capf. 2 celled, many-feeded. The common re¬ ceptacle hairy. I. Capf. 1-celled, 5-valved. Cor. irregular having a fpur. Cal. 2-leaved. Anthers cohering. * V. Capf. i-celled, 3-valved. Cor. irregular, fpur- red. Cal. 5-leaved. Anthers cohering. C. Capf. 1 celled, 3-valved. Cal. 2-valved. Stig¬ ma 3-cleft. 0-2 457> 124 B O T 457. Roridula. Capf. i-locul. 3-valvis, Nefta- rium fcrotiforrae. 433. Itea. Capf. l-locul. 2-valvis. Cal. corolli- fer. Stigm. obtufum. 455. ^giceras. Capf. i-locul. arcuata, t-valv. I-fpcrma. Cal. 5-fid. 458. Sauvagesia. Capf. i-locul. Ne£tarium 5- phyllum. Petala imbricata. 407. Yenx 1 lago. Samara i-fperma, apice alata. Cal. 5-fid. corollifer. 428. Brunia. Sem. r, villofum. Recept. com¬ mune villofum. Stain, unguibus petal, inferta. f Cccfalbinia pentandra. Bombax pentandrmn. CaJJia ni&itans. Sect. IX. Flores pentapetalt^ Juperi. * 445. Ribes. Bacca polyfperma. Cal. corollif. Sty]. 2-fidus. * 452. Hedera. Bacca 5-fperma. Cal. cingens frudt. Stigm. fimplex. 444. Plectronia. Bacca 2-fperma. Cal. ungui¬ bus claufus. Antberse inclufae geminatae. 443. Strumpfia. Bacca i-fperma. Cal. 5-dent. Anth. in corpus ovatum coalitae. 409. Phylica. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. tubulofus, corollifer, fquamis 5-convergentibus. 410. Carpodetus. Bacca ficca, 5-locul. petala calycis margini inferta. 448. Gronovia. Capf. i-fperma, colorata. Cal. coloratus. Petala minuta. * 328. Jasione. Capf. 2-locul. Involuc. 10-fid. Cal. 5'part. Antb. ball cohaerentes. 343. Cyphia. Capfula ? Petala aequalia linearia. Filamenta pilofa, ball cohaerentia. Stigm. cavum, gib- bum. 450. Argophyllum. Capf. 3-locul. Petala lan- ceolata. Ne£t. 5-angul, pyramidatum. 327. Lightfootia. Capf. 3-5-locul. Cor. fundo claufa, valvis ftaminiferis. Cal. 5-pbyll. 458. Lagoecia. Sem. 2, nuda. Cal. pinnato pec- tinatus. Pet. bicomia. 366. Conocarpus. Sem. 1, depreffum. Recept. aggregens. Petala conniventia. Sect. X. Flores incompleti> inferi. 462. Achyranthis. Sem. 1, oblongum. Cal. exterior, 3-phyllus, nudus. 464. Chenolia. Utriculus depreflus, i-fpermus. 463. Celosia. Capf 3-fperma. Cal. exterior, 3- pliyllus •, coloratus. * 465. Illecebrum. Capf. i-fperma, 5-valvis. Cal. fimplex, rudis. * 466. Glaux. Capf. 5-fperma, 5-valvis. Cal. fim¬ plex, rudior, campanulatus. 411. Colletia. Fru£t. 3-coccus. Cor. campanu- lata, 5-fida, plicis 5 fquamiformibus inftru£ta. Cal. o. f Polygonum amphibium, lapathifolium. Polycnetnum oppojitifolium. Samara pentandra, Jloribunda. Ce- ratonicu A N Y. Pentandria. R. Capf. I-celled, 3-valved. Nectary purfe-fhaped. I. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cal, bearing the co¬ rolla. Stigma obtufe. jE. Capf. 1-celled, bowed with 1 valve, 1 feed. Cal. 5-cleft. S. Capf. l-celled. Nedtary 5-leafed. Petals tiled. V. Clofe feed-veffel, l-feeded, winged at the point.. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the corolla. B. Seed 1, woolly. Common receptacle woolly. The ftamens inferted in the claws of the petals. Sett. IX. Flowers ^-petaled, fuperior. * R. Many-feeded berry. Cal. bearing the corolla. Style 2-cleft. * H. Berry 5-feeded. Cal. furrounding the fruit. Stigma undivided. P. Berry 2-feeded. Cal. ending in claws. An¬ thers in pairs, fliut up. S. Berry i-feeded. Cal. 5-toothed. Anthers unit¬ ing into an egg-lhaped body. P. Berry 3-celled. Cal. tubular, bearing the co¬ rolla with 5 converging fcales. C. Berry dry, 5-celled. Petals inferted in the ex¬ tremity of the calyx. G. Capf. i-feeded, coloured. Cal. coloured. Pe¬ tals minute. * J. Capf. 2-celled. Involucrum 10-cleft. Cal. 5- partite. Anthers cohering at the bafe. C. Capfule ? Petals equal, ftrap-fhaped. Filaments hairy, cohering at the bafe. Stigma hollow, bulging. A. Capf. 3-celled. Petals fpear-lhaped. Nedlary 5-angled, pyramidal. L. Capf. 3-5 celled. Cor. with a {hut bottom, the valves bearing the ftamens. Cal. 5-leafed. L. Seeds 2, naked. Cal. comb-like, winged. Pe¬ tals 2-horned. C. Seed 1, depreffed. Receptacle incorporating. Petals converging. Se£l. X. Flowers incomplete, inferior. A. Seed 1, oblong. Cal. exterior, 3-leafed, na¬ ked. C. A little bag, depreffed, i-feeded. C. Capf. 3-feeded. Cal. exterior, 3-leafed, colour¬ ed. * I. Capf. i-feeded, with 5 valves. Cal. undivided, rough. * G. Capf. 5-feeded, 5-valved. Cal. undivided, con- fiderably rough, bell-ftiaped. C. Fruit 3-celled. Cor. bell-fhaped $ 5-cleft, with 5 fcaly plaits. No cal.. Sea, Pentandria. B O T ANY, 12 Se£l. XI. Flores tncompletiy fuperi. * 469. Thesium. Sem. x, coronatum. Cal. ftami- nifer. 460. Heliconia. Capf. 3-cocca, local, i fperm. Cor. 3-petal. Ne£L 2-phyll. 461. Strelitzia. Capf. 3-cocca, local, polyfperm. Cor. 3-petal. Neft. 3-phyll. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. Se6t. XI. Flowers Incomplete, fuperior. T. Seed 1, crowned. Cal. bearing the ftamens. H. Capf. 3-celled, cells i-feeded. Cor. 3-petaled, Neftary 2-leafed. S. Capf. 3-celled, cells many-feeded. Cor. 3-pe¬ taled. Neftary 3-leafed. Order II. DIGYNIA. Sect. I. Flores monopetaliy infers. 494. Stapelia. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata, nec- tariis flellaris. 488. Cynanchum. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata. Nec- tario cylindrico. 487. Periploca. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata. Nec- tariis 5, filiformibus. 49x. Hostea. Folliculi 5, angulares. Cor. rotata. 489. Apocynum. Folliculi 2. Cor. campan. Neftariis glandulofis 5. Setis 5. 486. Pergularia. Folliculi 2. Cor. hypocrate- rif. Neft. 5, femi-fagittata. 490. Asclepias. Folliculi 2. Cor. reflexa. Nec- tariis 5, auriformibus unguiculatis. 493. Ceropegia. Folliculi 2. Cor. limbus conni- vens. 492. Melodinus. Bacca 2-locul. polyfperma. Faux corollae coronatus. * 511. Swertia. Capf. x-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. ror tata, poris 5 neftariferis. *512. Gentiana. Capf. i-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. tubulofa indeterminata. 502. Cressa. Capf. x-fperma, 2-valvis. Cor. hy- pocrater. Limbo reflexo. 506. Nam a. Capf. 1-local. 4-gona, 2-valvis. Cor. longitudine calycis tubulofa. 507. Hydrolea. Capf. 2-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. rotata. 508. Rochefortia. Fru£t. 2-locul. polyfperm. Cor. infundibuliform. 513. Dichondra. Capfulae 2. Cor. campanulata. f Cufcutce nonnulLe. Se£t. II. Flores pentapetaliy inferi. 510. Velzia. Capf. i-locul. i-valvis. Cor. 5- petala. Cal. tubulofus. 495. Lin con ia. Capf. 2-locul. Petalis lacuna. Cal. 4-phyllus. 515. Bumalda. Capf. 2-locul. 2-roftris. Cor. 5- petal. germini inferta. Styli villofi. 509. Heuchera. Capf. 2-locul. 2-roftrata. Cor. 5-petala, calyci inferta. 501. Anabasis. Bacca x-fperma. Cor. 5-petala, minima. f Staphylea pinnata. Sect. III. Flores incompleti. * 500. Salsola. Sem. 1, cochleatum,. teftum. Cal. 5-phyllus. Sect. I. Flowers monopetalouSy inferior. S. Air-bags 2. Cor. wheel-lhaped ; with ftar-like nectaries. C. Air-bags 2. Cor. wheel-fhaped. A cylindrical neftary. P. Air-bags 2. Cor. wheel-lhaped, with 5 thread- Ihaped nectaries. H. Air-bags 5-angular. Cor. wheel-lhaped. A. Air-bags 2. Cor. bell-lhaped, wdth 5 glandu¬ lar neftaries. Briftles 5. P. Air-bags 2. Cor. falver-lhaped. Nectaries 5, half-arrow-lhaped. A. Air-bags 2. Cor. bent back, with 5 neftaries ear-lhaped, with claws. C. Air-bags 2. Cor. the border converging. M. Berry 2-celled, many-feeded. The mouth of the cor. crowned. * S. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. wrheel-lhaped5 with 5 honey-bearing little holes. * G. Capf. i-celled, 2-valved. Cor. tubular, not bordered. C. Capf. x-feeded, with 2 valves. Cor. falver- lhaped ; the border bent back. N. Capf. 1-celled, 4-gon. 2-valved. Cor. tubular, of the length of the calyx. H. Capf. 2-celled, 2-valved. Cor. wheel-lhaped. R. Fruit 2-celled, many-feeded. Cor. funnel-lhap- ed. D. Capfules 2. Cor. bell-lhaped. Se£t. II. Flowers ^-leavedy inferior. V. Capf. 1-celled, x-valved. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. tubular. L. Capf. 2-celled, with a pit in the petals. Cal. 4-leaved. B. Capf. 2-celled, with 2 beaks. Cor. with 5 pe¬ tals inferted in the germen. Styles woolly. H. Capf. 2-celled, 2-beaked. Cor. 5 petals infert¬ ed in the calyx. A. Berry x-feeded. Very fmall 5-petaled cor. Se£t. III. Flowers incomplete. * S. Seed r, fhell-like, covered. Cal. 5-leaved. 497* 126 B O T * 497. Chenopodium. Sem. 1, orbiculare. Cal. 5- phyllus, foliolis concavis. * 498. Beta. Sem. 1, reniforme. Cal. 5-phyllus, ball iemen fovens. * 496. Herniaria. Sem. 1, ovatum, tedium. Cal. 5-partitus. Filam. 5 fterilia. 503. Gomphrena. CapH i-fperma, circumfcifla. Cal. diphyllus, compreflus, coloratus. 504. Bosea. Bacca l-fperma. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 5°5* U^mus. Samara, comprefla. Cal. i-phyl- lyus, emarcefcens. 499. Microtea. Drupa ficca echinata. Cal. 5- phyll. patens. f Polygonum virginianum. Zi%ifihi nonnulla fpecies. Trianthema pentandra. Se£l. IV. Flores pentapetaliy fuperiy capfulares. 514. Vahlia. Capf. truncata i-locul. 2-valv. Pe¬ tal. ovata. Cal. 5-phyll. >Se.. Dr Giaham fays be found great benefit from a pou tice made of the roots, boiled in milk, and applied to hard il -conditioned tumouwand ulcers : and relates a ep 01 a ole cafe in which this poultice effefted a per- fect cure. There is no doubt buUbeir external appli¬ cation may be produftive^ of good ?ffeas in feveral caies, but the following inftance fhovs us that their application is dangerous when the Ikin k broken : A lady who. had a fmall ulcer, a little below' *ne Gf her eyes, which was fuppofed to be of a cancerous nature put a fmall bit of the green leaf upon it. In the loom¬ ing the uvea of that eye w'as fo affefted, that the pupil would not contract even by the bl ighted light ; wdiilft the other eye retained its ufual powers. The leaf be¬ ing removed, the eye was gradually redored to its former date. This could not be an accidental effecd, for it was repeated three feparate times, and the fame circumdances attended each application. The juice of the ripe berries dains paper of a beautiful and du¬ rable purple. Med. Com- mun. vol.i. p. 415. 382. Physal 1 s, or Alhehengi Winter Cherry. 17 fpecies 5 viz. fomnifera, aridata, flexuofa, arbo¬ refeens, curadavica, tomentofa, vifeofa, pennfylvanica, alkekengi, peruviana, angulata, pubefeens, barbadenfis, chenopodifolia, minima, pruinofa, prodrata. Europe, E. and W. Indies, Carolina. . 383- Solanum, or Nightjhade. 83 fpecies ; viz. laurifolium, verbafeifolium, auri- culatum, pubefeens, bombenfe, pfeudo-capficum, micro- ca.rpum, terminale, pauciflorum, diphyllum, fugax, ge- rmnatum, retrofraflum, dellatum, * dulcamara, tri¬ quetrum, fcandens, lyratum, tegore, quercifolium, la- cimatum, rRdicanSjhavannenfe 5tride,racemofum, corym- A N Y. Pentandria. bofum, quadrangulare, repandum, bonarienfe, macro- carpon, tuberofum, pimpinellifolium, lycoperficum, pfeudo-lycoperficum, peruvianum, montanum, rubrum, noditlorum, * nigrum, aethiopicum, melongena, fub- inerme, longiflorum, muricatum, infanum, torvum, volubile, ferox, campechienfe, fufeatum, mammofum, hirtum, paniculatum, aculeatiflimum, virginianum, aquini, xanthocarpum, coagulans, jamaicenfe, indi- cum, carolinenfe, finuatnm. viz. myrtilloides, ferrata. S. Arne- Fentandria, O T odorata. tricolor. nolitan- gere. B 440. Billardiera, One fpecies j viz. fcandens. 44T. Mangifera, or Mango-tree. Three fpecies j viz. indica, laxidora, axillaris. Eafl: Indies. 442. Hirtj:lla. Three fpecies) viz. americana, triandra, paniculata. W. Indies, Cayenne. 443. Strumpfia. One fpecies j viz. maritima. America. 444. Plectronia. One fpecies *, viz. ventofa. C. of G. Hope. 445. Ribes, or Currant and Goofeberry. 16 fpecies j viz. rubrum, petrseum, procumbens, glandulofum, alpinum, fragrans, triife, nigrum, flori- dum, diacantha, faxatile, reclinatum, grodularia, uva crifpa, oxyacanthoides, cynoibati. Europe, N. Amerca. 446. Viola, or Violet. 39 fpecics \ viz. palmata, pedata, pinnata, fagittata, lanceolata, obliqua, cucullata, primulifolia, *hirta, ma- gellanica, paluftris, *odorata, *canina, montana, num- mularifolia, cenifia, canadenlis, flriata, pubefcens, mi- rabilis, bidora, unidora, decumbens, * tricolor, gran- didora, zoyfii, calcarata, cornuta, capenfis, arborefcens, ftipularis, parvidora, enneafperma, fuffmticofa, calceo¬ laria, oppofitifolia, hybanthus, ipecacuanha, diandra. Alps, Pyren. Cape, America. * V. leaves heart-ihaped j fuckers creeping.—.The dowers and feeds of this plant are faid to be mild laxa¬ tives. The powdered root, in dofes from 40 to 80 grains, vomits and purges. The petals give the colour to the fyrup of violets, for which purpofe they are cul¬ tivated in large quantities at Stratford-upon-Avon. This fyrup is very ufeful in many chemical inquiries, to dete6l an acid or an alkali, the former changing the blue colour to a red, and the latter to a green. Slips of white paper ftained with the juice of the petals, and kept from the air and light, anfwer the fame purpofe. * V. Hem branched; leaves egg-diaped, toothed; cal. fmooth, but half the fxze of the blolfom.—Some allege that it infallibly cures the fcabby complaints in young children, called crujla laBea. Boil a handful of the frefh, or half a dozen of the dried leaves, in half a pint of milk, and give this milk morning and evening for fome weeks. 447. Impatiens, or Balfam balfamine. 12 fpecies; viz. bifida, chinenfis, latifolia, capenfis, oppofitifolia, fafciculata, cornuta, balfamina, biflora, tri¬ flora, natans, *nolitangere. Europe, N. America, E. Indies, China. * I. fruitftalks many-flowered, folitary; leaves egg-fha- ped; Item fwoln at the joints.—The whole of this plant is confiderably acrid. Goats eat it. Horfes, cows, and fheep refufe it. The fphinx elpenor lives upon it. 448. Gronovia. One fpecies; viz. fcandens. Jamaica, Vera Cruz. 449. Leea. Three fpecies; viz. fambucina, aequata, crifpa. Cape, Eaft Indies. 450. Argophyllum. One fpecies; viz. nitidum. New Caledonia, ANY. 451. Corynocarpus. One fpecies ; viz, laevigata. New Zealand, ^ 452. Hedera, or Ivy. Four fpecies ; viz. helix, ptndula, mutans, terebin- thinacea. Europe, N. Amer. Jamaica. * H. leaves fome egg-fhaped, others lobed.—The rootshelix> are ufed by leather-cutters to whet their knives upon. Its evergreen leaves adorn our walls, and cover the na¬ ked trunks of trees. Apricots and peaches covered with ivy during the month of February, have been ob- ferved to bear fruit plentifully. The leaves have a naufeous talle. Some fay they are given in Germany as a fpecific in the atrophy of children. The common people apply them to ifiues. The berries have a little acidity. They purge and vomit. In warm climates a refinous juice exudes from the flalks. Hori’es and flieep eat it. Goats and cows refufe it. Sheep are fond of it, and in fevere weather it is ftripped off the trees as food. 453. Vitis, or Vine. I 2 fpecies; viz. vinifera, palmata, indica, flexuofa, labrufca, vulpina, heterophylla, laciniofa, hederacea, heptaphylla, pinnata, arborea. Temperate parts of the world. V. with leaves gafhed, indented, naked.—The leaves of this fpecies, which is the proper vine tree, were for¬ merly celebrated as aflringents, but have for a long time been entirely difregarded ; their taftc is herba¬ ceous with only a flight degree of roughnefs. The trunk of the tree wounded in the fpring produces a limpid wa¬ tery juice; this, called the tear of the vine, has been ac¬ counted excellent for fore eyes, and by fome recommended alfo in ardent and malignant fevers, and as a diuretic. The flowers have a pleafant i’mell, which water elevates from them in dilfillation ; along wuth the water a fmall portion of an elegant effential oil is faid to arife, pof- feffing in great perfedflion the fragrance of the flowers. The unripe fruit is of a very harfh, rough, four tafte ; its expreffed juice, called verjuice, was in great elleem among the ancients, and flill continues fo in fome places as a cooling aftringent medicine ; a rob and a fyrup were formerly prepared from it. The ripe fruit or grapes, of which there are many kinds, properly cured and dried, are the raifins of the (hops. The juice by fermentation affords wine, vinegar, and tartar, of whicla mention will be made under their proper heads. 454. Euparea. One fpecies ; viz. amoena. New Holland. 455. ZEgiceras. Two fpecies ; viz. majus, minus. 456. Lagoecia, or Wild Cumin. One fpecies ; viz. cuminoides. Crete, Levant.- 457. Roridula. One fpecies; viz. dentata. Cape of G. Hope. 458. Sauvagesia. One fpecies; viz. ere&a. Jamaica, St Domingo, Su¬ rinam. 459. Claytonia. Three fpecies; viz. virginica, fibirica, perfoliata, Siberia, N. America. *42 B O T 460. Helicon 1 A, or Safe or Wild Plantain. Five fpecies 5 viz. caribaea, behai, humilis, pfitta- corum, hirfuta. Cape, W. Indies. 461. Strelitzia. Two fpecies ; viz. reginae, angufta. C. of G. Hope. 462. Achyranthes. 16 fpecies j viz. argentea, afpera, lappacea, ecbin- ata, muricata, patula, proflata, farmentofa, alternifolia, polygonoides, altiflima, nivea, ftellata, corymbofa, te- nuifolia, dichotoma. S. Europe, E. and W. Indies. 463. Celosia, or Cock's Comb. 18 fpecies j viz. argentea, albida, margaritacea, crif- tata, comofa, paniculata, nitida, coccinea, caftrenfis, monfonise, corymbofa, caudata, trigyna, virgata, poly¬ gonoides, baccata, gnaphaloides, nodiflora. China, E. and W. Indies, Senegal. 464. Chenolea. One fpecies 5 viz. diffufa. 465. Illecebrum, or Mountain Knot-grafs. 19 fpecies 5 viz. brachiatum, fanguinolentum, lana- tum, javanicum, * verticillatum, ariftatum, canarienfe, cymofum, paronychia, capitatum, divaricatum, beng- halenfe, arabicum, achyrantha, frutefcens, polygonoi¬ des, ficoideum, feflile, alflnefolium. S. Europe, Eafl Indies, South America. 466. Glaux, or Sea Milk-wort. One fpecies $ viz. * maritima. Europe. 467. Plocama. One fpecies $ viz. pendula. Canary ifles. 468. Hedycrea. One fpecies; viz. incana. Guiana. 469. Thesium, or Bafe Toad-fax. 19 fpecies j viz. * linophyllum, alpinum, humile, lineatum, fquarrofum, frifea, funale, fpicatum, capita¬ tum, ftridlum, umbellatum, fragile, Icabrum, panicula- tum, amplexicaule, triflorum, euphorbioides, colpoon, fpinofum. Alps of Europe, Cape, N. America. 470. Quinchamala. One fpecies j viz. chilenfis. Chili. 471. Rauwolfia. Four fpecies ; viz. nitida, glabra, canefcens, tomen- tofa. W. Indies, S. America. 472. P^EDERIA. Two fpecies j viz. foetida, fragrans. India. 473. Carissa. Five fpecies ; viz. carandas, fpinarum, edulis, in- ermis, mitis. India, Arabia. 474. Gynopogon. Three fpecies j viz. ftellatum, alyxia, fcandens. South fea ifles. 475. Cerbera. Six fpecies; viz. ahovai, ovata, parviflora, manghas, thevetia. South America. 476. Webera. Three fpecies ; viz. corymbofa, cymofa, tetrandra. 477- Gardenia, or Cape Jefamine. i*} fpecies $ viz. radicals, florida, thunbergia, lati- A N Y. Pentandria, folia, clufiaefolia, gummifera, muffseada, genipa, roth- mannia, uliginofa, armata, fpinofa, dumetorum, randia, micranthus, fcandens, multiflora. Cape, E. and W. Indies. Japan. 478. WlLLUGHBEJA. Two fpecies; viz. acieca, fcandens. Guiana. 479. Allamanda. One fpecies ; viz. cathartica. Surinam, Cayenne. 480. Unica, or Periwinkle. Five fpecies ; viz. * minor, * major, lutea, rofea, parviflora. Ger. Fr. Sp. Eaft Indies, N. America. * U. ftems trailing ; leaves fpear-egg-fliaped j flowers minor. on fruitftalks.—The fruit of this plant feldom comes to maturity. It may, however, be eafily obtained by planting the V. major in a pot, where the roots not having free room to extend themfelves, the juices are more copioufly propelled towards the piftil, which then expands into wTell-formed feed-veflels. 481. Nerium, or Oleander, or Rofe Bay. Eight fpecies j viz. oleander, odorum, falicinum, obefum, zeylanicum, divaricatum, antidyfentericum, coronarium. S. Europe, E. Indies. 482. Echites, or Savanna-flower. 22 fpecies j viz. biflora, quinquangularis, annularis, tomentofa, fubere&a, domingenfis, aggluntinata, afpe- ruginis, torulofa, umbellata, circinalis, floribunda, tri- fida, repens, corymbofa, coftata, fpicata, fiphilitica, can- data, fcholaris, fucculenta, bifpinofa. W. Indies, Su¬ rinam, Carolina, Cape. 483. Plumeria, or Red Jeflamine. Four fpecies ; viz. rubra, alba, obtufa, pudica. W. Indies, S. America. 484. Cameraria. Four fpecies ; viz. latifolia, zeylanica, lutea, anguf- tifolia. W. Indies, S. America. 485. TABERNJEMONTANA. 12 fpecies 5 viz. citrifolia, laurifolia, echinata, gran- diflora, cymofa, amygdalifolia, difcolor, perficaritefo- lia, elliptica, alternifolia, amfonia, anguftifolia. E. and W. Indies, N. America, Japan. Order II. DIGYNIA. 486. Pergularia. Five fpecies; viz. glabra, edulis, tomentofa, pur¬ purea, japonica. India, Japan. 487. Per ip log A, or Virginian Silk. 11 fpecies; viz. graeca, fecamone, laevigata, anguf¬ tifolia, efeulenta, emetica, indica, capfularis, africana, tunicata, fylveftris. Syria, Cape, India. 488. Cynanchum, or Bafe Dogs-bane. 25 fpecies ; viz. viminale, filifonne, crifpum, tenel- lum, obtufifolium, capenfe, acutum, planiflorum, rof- tratum, grandiflorum, nigrum, racemofum, mariti- mum, fuberofum, carolinenfe, obliquum, hirtum, crifpi- florum, proftratum, monfpeliacum, extenfum, reticula- tum, undulatum, parviflorum, erefhim. S. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, America. 489. Apocynum, or Dogs-bane. 14 fpecies; viz. filifonne, haftatum, androfemifo- lium, Pentandria. B O T lium, cannabinum, bypericifolium, venetum, frutefcens, paniculatum, umbellatum, reticulatum, cordatum, lan- ceolatum, triflorum, lineare. Am. IHes, Adriatic, India. 490. Asclepias, or Swal/oiv-wort. 41 fpeciesj viz. aphylla, undulata, crifpa, pubefcens, mucronata, procera, gigantea, grandiflora, carnofa, fyriaca, amoena, purpurarcens, variegata, curaflavi- 1ar>iflr»rQ, parviflnra, inrarnata^ pulchra critifolia, decumbens, laftifera, vincetoxicum, ni¬ gra, fcetida, convolvulacea, volubilis, alexiaca, aftth- matica, viminalis, arborefcens, fruticofa, fibirica, da- vuiica, fetofa, filiformis, verticillata, mexicana, li- naria, rubra, tuberofa. Europe, Africa, Eaft Indies. America. 491. Hostea. One fpecies ; viz. viridiflora. 492. Melodinus. One fpecies j viz. fcandens. New Caledonia. 493. Ceropegia. Eight fpecies 5 viz. candelabrum, tuberofa, bulbofa, biflora, juncea, acuminata, fagittata, tenuiflora. Cape, Ceylon, Malabar. 494.. Stapelia, or African Swallow ■'wort. 49 fpecies ; viz. ciliata, revoluta, hirfuta, fororia, grandiflora, ambigua, pulvinata, afterias, gemmiflora,, divaricata, rufa, acuminata, reclinata, elegans, ctefpito- fa, arida, parviflora, fubulata, concinna, glandulifera, pedunculata, aperta, gordoni, pilifera, candata, articu- lata, mammillaris, pruinofa, ramofa, pulla, adfcendens, quadrangula, incarnata, pun&ata, geminata, decora, pulchella, vetula, verrucofa, irrorata, mixta, variegataj campanulata, barbata, venurta, guttata, humilis, reticu¬ lata, clarata. C. of G. Hope. 495. Linconia. One fpecies ; viz. alopecuroidea. C. of G. Hope. 496. Hern 1 aria, or Rupture-wort. Six fpecies 5 viz. * glabra, * hiriuta, alpina, fruticofa, lenticulata, polygonoides. Germany, Spain, Italy, Chili. glabra. * H. Plant fmooth.—This plant is a little faltilh, and aftringent. It is faid to increafe the fecretions by the kidneys, and that the juice takes away fpecks in the eye ; but, to the virtue for which it has been moft celebrated, that of curing ruptures, it has no title. Cows, fheep, and horfes eat it. Goats and fwflne re- fufe it. 497. Chenopodium, or Goofefoot, or Wild Orache. .26 fpecies; viz. * bonus henricus, mucronatum, triandrum, * urbicum, atriplicis, * rubrum, guineenfe, • murale, quinoa, ferotinum, * album, *viride, *hy- btidum, botrys, ambrofioides, multifidum, anthelminti- cum, * glaucum, * vulvaria, * polyfpermum, caudatum, laterale, fcoparia, * maritimum, oppofitifolium, arifta- tum. Europe, China, America. bonus. * C. Leaves triangular, arrow-fliaped, very entire* ■ienncus. fpikes compound, leaflefs, axillary.—This plant is faid to be cultivated as fpinage by the poor people at Bofton in Lincolnfliire. The young {hoots, peeled and boiled, may be eaten as afparagus, which they referable in fla¬ vour. _ They are gently laxative. The leaves are of¬ ten boiled in broth. The roots are given to iheep that ANY. i4 have a cough. Goats and fli^ep are not fond of it. Cows, horfes, and fwine, refufe it. * C. leaves diamond triangular, gnawed, entire behind, allumt the uppermoft oblong; bunches upright.—Cows, goats, and fheep eat it. Horfes refufe it. Swine are extreme¬ ly fond of it. A black aphis feeds upon it, and fome- times deftroys it. * C. leaves awl-ihaped, femi-cylindrical.—It is an tx-metriti- cellent pot-herb. 1 he phalana lubricipeda feeds upon mum. mofl: of the Ipecies. C. with leaves oblong indented ; branches naked, hotrvs many-cleft. C^\\e.AJerufalem oak.—It is cultivated in ^ gaidens. It has a ftrong, not diiagreeable fmell, and a warm, fomewhat pungent tafte. It is recommended as a carminative peftoral, and it has alfo been recom¬ mended as an emmenagogue. Infufions of the leaves and feed may be drank as tea ; and in this form it has been recommended in cafes of chronic catarrh. But the proper menftruum, both for the leaves and feed, is rectified fpirit. * C. with entire, diamond-fliaped, oval leaves, with vuharicti flowers incorporated at the bofom of the leaves. Stink¬ ing orach. It is a low plant, fprinkled all over with a kind of whitifh clammy meal; it grows about dung¬ hills, and wafte places. The leaves have a ftrong fedd fmell, with which the hand, by a light touch, becomes fo impregnated, as not to be eafily freed from it. Its fmell has gained it the charafter of an excellent anti- hyfteric ; and this is the only ufe it is applied to.— Tournefort recommends a fpirituous tindfure, others a decoftion in water, and others a conferve of the leaves, as of wonderful efficacy in uterine diforders; but in the prefent practice it is little employed. 498. Beta, or Beet. Four fpecies ; viz. vulgaris, patula, cicla, mariti- ma. France, Portugal, Madeira.—The beta vulgaris has of late attracted much notice on the continent, from the difcovery of M. Achard of Berlin, that fu- gar may be extradled from it in large quantities with profit. See Sugar. 499. Microtea. One fpecies ; viz. debilis. 500. Salsola, or Glafs-wort. 25 fpecies ; viz. * kali, tragus, rolacea, foda, fati- va, fpicata, altiflima, trigyna, falfa, nudiflora, flavef- cens, hirfuta, laniflora, hyffopifolia, polyclonos, proflra- ta, monandra, vermiculata, arbufcula, aphylla, arbo¬ refcens, * fruticofa, indica, fedoides, muricata. Europe, Egypt, Cape, Afia, Carnatic. 501. Anabasis, or Berry-bearing Glafs-wort. Five fpecies; viz. aphylla, cretacea, foliola, fpino- fiflima, tamarifcifolia. Spain, Cafpian fea, Egypt. 502. Cressa. Two fpecies; viz. cretica, indica. Crete, Arabia. 503. Gomphrena, or Globe Attraranth. Ten fpecies; viz. globofa, perennis, hifpida, anguf- tifolia, vermicularis, brafilienfis, ferrata, interrupta, flava, arborefcens. India, S. Amer. New7 Gran. 504. Bosea, or Golden-rod Tree. One fpecies ; viz. yervamora. Canary ifles. 509. Ulmus, or Elm-tree. Seven fpecies; viz. * campeftrisy fuberofa, effufy americana*. r44 B O T amerlcana, nemoralis, pumila, xntegrifolia. N. Eu¬ rope, N. America. campejlris. * U. leaves doubly ferrated, unequal at the bafe j flowers almoft fitting, coronated together.—A decoc¬ tion of the inner bark, drank freely, has been known to carry off the water in dropfies. It cures the lepra iclhyojis of Sauvages. The bark dried and ground to powder has been mixed with meal in Norway, to make bread in times of fcarcity. The flowers have a violet fmell. The wood, being hard and tough, is ufed to make axle-trees, mill-wheels, heels of boots, chairs, and coffins. The tree is beautiful, and well adapted to make lhady walks, as it does not deftroy the grafs; and its leaves are acceptable to cows, hor- fes, goats, fheep, and fwine; for this purpofe, it -flrould be grafted upon the U. glabra, and then the roots will not fend out fuckers, which the common elm is very apt to do, and give a great deal of trouble to keep the ground clear of them. It loves an open fitua- tion, and black or clayey foil. It bears to be trani- planted. Papilio polychloros and C. album, phalce- na lubricipeda, pavonia betularia et vellica, Jimex ulmi et Jlriatus, cicada ulmi, aphis ulmi, feed upon it. The latter generally curl the leaves fo as to make them a fecure ftielter againft the weather. Silk worms will devour the tender leaves with great avidity. 506. Nama. One fpecies j viz. jamaicenfis. Jamaica. 507. Hydrolea. Three fpecies j viz. fpinofa, trigyna, zeylanica. E. and W. Indies, America. 508. Roc HE PORTIA. Two fpecies*, viz. cuneata, ovata. Arabia. 509. Heuchera, or Virginian Sanicle. One fpecies j viz. americana. Virginia. 51a Velegia. One fpecies ; viz. rigida. Spain. 511. Swertia, ox MarJh-Gentian. Six fpecies ; viz. * perennis, difformis. decumbens, corniculata, dichotoma, tetrapetala. Siberia, Auftria, Virginia, Canada. 512. Gentian A, ox Gentian. 56 fpecies j viz. * lutea, purpurea, pannonica, punc¬ tata, campanulata, feptemfida, afclepiadea, montana, cruciata, macrophylla, adfcendens, * pneumonanthe, triflora, frigida, algida, faxofa, faponaria, ochroleuca, villofa, linearis, quinqueflora, aurea, glauca, exaltata, acaulis, altaica, pyrenaica, verna, utriculofa, bavarica, imbricata, proftrata, * nivalis, pumila, aquatica, fcil- loides, uniflora, germanica, * amarella, obtufifolia, uli- ginofa, pratenfis, * campeftris, auriculata, tenella, gla- cialis, dichotoma, nana, carinthiaca, fulcata, rotata, ciliata, crinita, barbata, detonfa, ferrata.—The gen- tiana lutea, is faid to be found wild in fome parts of England ; but the dried roots are moft commonly brought from Germany. They are much ufed in me¬ dicine. They ftiould be chofen frefh, and of a yellow or bright colour within. This root is a ftrong bitter, and as fuch, very frequently made ufe of in praftice : in tafte it is lefs exceptionable than moft other bitters. Infufions of it, flavoured with orange-peel, are fuffi- ciently grateful. It is the capital ingredient in the bitter A N Y. Pentandria. bitter wine, tindlure, and infufion of the druggifts. An extradl from it is likewife prepared. This ufeful bitter is not ufed as a powder, as it lofes confiderably by the drying, which is requifite for giving it that form. As a very trifling quantity of it gives tafte to a large quantity of water, it is faid to be fometimes fraudulently ufed in malt liquors, to fave the more ex- penfive ingredient of hops. ^13. Dichondra. Two fpecies j viz. repens, fericea. Jamaica, South fea ifles. 514. Vahlia. One fpecies j viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. 515. Bumalda. One fpecies ; viz. trifolia. Japan. 516. Phyllis, ox Bafe Hares-ear. One fpecies j viz. nobla. Canary ifles. 517. Cussonia. Two fpecies j viz. thyrliflora, fpicata. C. of G. Hope. 518. Eryngium, or Sea-holly. 11 fpecies $ viz. foetidum, aquaticum, planum, pu- fillum, tricufpidatum, * maritimum, * campeftre, ame- thyftinum, triquetrum, alpinum, bourgati. Europe, N. America, W. Indies. * E. root leaves roundifh, plaited, thorny; ftovizxmgmaritimum heads on fruitftalks ; chaff 3-pointed.—The leaves are fweetifti, with a light aromatic warmth and pungency. The roots are fuppofed to have the fame aphrodifiac virtues as the orchis tribe. They are kept in the ftiops, candied. 519. Hydrocotyle, or Water Navel-wort. 18 fpecies; viz. * vulgaris, umbellata, bonarienfis, americana, hirfuta, mofchata, afiatica, erefla, villofa, glabrata, fpananthe, ranunculoides, faniculaefolia, fo- landra, tridentata, chinenfis, linifolia, virgata. Eur. N. America, India. 520. Azorella. Two fpecies ; viz. filamentoia, cefpitofa. 521. Sanicula, or Sanicle. Three fpecies; viz. * europaea, canadenfis, mari- landica. Europe, N. America. 522. Astrantia, or Blach Majler-wort. Five fpecies; viz. epipaftis, major, carniolica, mi¬ nor, ciliaris. Alps of Europe. 523. Bupleurum, or Hares-ear. 23 fpecies; viz. * rotundifolium, ftellatum, pe- tneum, graminifolium, angulofum, pyrenacicum, lon- gifolium, falcatum, caricifolium, odontites, femicom- pofiton, ranunculoides, rigidum, * tenuiffimum, bal- denfe, gerardi, junceum, nudum, fruticofum, coriace- um, frutefcens, fpinofum, difforme. Germany, Swit¬ zerland, S. Europe. 425. Echinophora, or Priclly Parfnip. Two fpecies; viz. # ipinofa, tenuifolia. Apulia, Med. fea-fhores. 426. HASSELqyiSTIA. Two fpecies; viz. tegyptiaca, cordata. Egypt, Le¬ vant. 527« Pentandria. *45 B O T 527. Torpyuum, sx Hart-wort of Crete. Six ipecies $ viz. fyriacum, * officinale, peregrinum, apulum, * maximum, ffifolium. Auftria, Italy, Crete, Syria, 528. Caucams, or Bafe Par [ley. 13 fpecies j viz. grandiflora, *' daucoides, * latifo- lia, mauritanica, pumila, orientalis, africana, lepto- phylla, platycarpos, * arvenfis, *anthrifcus, japonica, * nodofa. S. Europe, Egypt, India. 529. Artedia. One fpecies ; viz. fquamata. Levant. 530. Daucus, or Carrot. _ Six fpecies j viz. * carota, mauritanicus, lucidus, vifnaga, g-ingidium, muricatus. Europe, Barb. Ca¬ rolina— For the culture and properties of the carrot, fee Agriculture, N° 40, 341—353. 531. Am mi, or Bijhofs-weed. our fpecies j viz. majus, copticum, glaucifolium, daucifolium. Auftria, S. Europe, Egypt. 532. BuniuM, or Pig or Earth nut. Three fpecies j viz. * bulbocaftanum, majus, aro- maticum. Germany, France. .533* Conium, or Hemlock. Four fpecies 5 viz. '* maculatum, rugofum, rigens, africanum. Europe, Cape. tnaculatum * C. feeds without prickles ; ftem greatly branched, fmooth, fpotted.—The whole plant is poifonous, and many inftances are recorded of its deleterious effe&s ; but modern experience has proved it to be lefs viru¬ lent than was formerly imagined, and though it may not cure cancers, it is certainly a very ufeful medicine when properly prepared. The powder of the dried leaves is now only prefcribed. Let the leaves be gathered about the end of June when the plant is in flower. Pick off the leaves and throw away the leafftalks. Dry thefe fele&ed little leaves in a hot fun on a tin dropping-pan or pewter diffi, before a fire. Freferve them in bags made of ftrong brown paper j or powder them, and keep the powder in glafs phials, in a drawer, or fome- thing that will exclude the light j for the light foon diffipates the beautiful green colour, and wdth its co¬ lour the medicine lofes its efficacy. From 15 to 25 grains this powder may be taken, twice or thrice a-day. It has been found' particularly ufeful in chro- nm rheumatifms, and alfo in many of thofe difeafes which are ufually fuppofed to arife from acrimony. Phis plant is recommended as well worth the medical pra&itioner’s attention. 534- Selin um, or Milk Par [ley. Nine fpecies ■, viz. fylveftre, * paluftre, auftriacum, fibiricum, carvifolia, chabroei, feguieri, monnieri, de- ripiens. Europe. 535. Athamanta, or Bafe Spigncl. 11 Ipecies ; viz. * libanotis, cervaria, fibirica, con- denfata, incana, oreofolinum, ficula, mathioli, creten- fis, amnia, chinenfis. Europe.—-The feeds of the Cretenjis or Candy Carrot, are brought from the Le¬ vant. It is an umbelliferous plant wffiich grows in the iHand of Candy and the fouth of Europe. The feeds have a warm biting tafte, and an aromatic fmell. They are faid to be diuretic, but are not at prefent regarded in medical pra&ice. Vol. IV. Part L ANY. 536. Peucedanum. 11 fpecies; viz. * officinale, alpeftre, capillaceum, tenuifolium, fibiricum, japonicum, * filaus, alfaticum, aureum, nodofum, geniculatum. Alps, Canaries, Ja¬ pan. * P* leaves five times divided into three $ thread-ftrap- qfeina/e. lhaped.—The roots have a ftrong fetid fmell, and an acrid, bitterifh, unftuous tafte. Wounded in the fpf!ng> they yield a confiderable quantity of yellow juice, which dries into a gummy refin, and retains the ftrong feent of the root. Its virtues have not yet been afeertained with precifion. 537. Crithmum, or Samphire. Two fpecies ; viz. * maritimum, latifolium. Sea fhores, Europe, Canary. * C. leaves Ipear-lhaped, fleftiy.—Poor people on the maritimutti fea coaft eat it as a pot-herb, and gather it for fale, it being much ufed as a pickle. Sheep and cowrs eagerly feed, and are faid to grow fat upon it. 538. Cachrys. ^ Seven fpecies j viz. odontalgica, libanotis, morifo- ni, ficula, taurica, cretica, panacisfolia. Spain, Si¬ cily. 539. Ferula, or Fennel-giant. 12 fpecies 5 viz. communis, fibirica, glauca, ra- blenfis, tingitana, ferulago, orientalis, meoides, nodi¬ flora, canadenfis, affafretida, perfica. Europe, Perfia. N. America. * The large umbelliferous plant, with obtufe leaflets, alternately indented, called ferula ajfafceiida, is a na¬ tive of Perfia, and produces a valuable concrete juice. This juice exudes from wounds made in the root of the plant, liquid and white like milk. On being ex- pofed to the air it turns of a brownilh colour, and gradually acquires different degrees of confiftency. It is brought to us in large irregular maffes, compofed of various little fhining lumps or grains, which are partly of a whitifh colour, partly reddilh, and partly of a vio¬ let hue. Thefe maffes are accounted the bell, which are clear, of a pale reddilh colour and variegated, with a great number of elegant wffiite tears. This drug has a ftrong fetid fmell, fomewffiat like that of garlick. It lofes, with age, of its fmell and ftrength, a circumftance to be attended to in the ufe of it. It confifts of about one-third part of pure refin, and two- thirds of gummy matter j the former foluble in refti- fied Ipirit, the latter in w'ater. Proof fpirit diffolves almoft the whole into a turbid liquor; the tinfture in rectified fpirit is tranfparent. Affafostida is the ftrongeft of the feetid gums, and of frequent ufe in hyfteric and different kinds of ner¬ vous complaints. It is likewife of confiderable efficacy in flatulent colics, and for promoting all the fluid fecre- tions in either fex. The ancients attributed to this medicine many other virtues, which arc not at prefent expedted from it. This gummy refin is an ingredient in the gum pills of the druggifts, fetid tindlure, tinc¬ ture of foot, and fetid volatile fpirit. 540. Laserpitium, or Lafer-wort. 23 fpecies ; viz. latifolium, libanotis, capenfe, trilo * bum, aquilegifolium, gallicum, anguftiffimum, formo- fum, anguflifolium, aureum, prutenicum, dauricum, filafolium, aciphylla, peucedanoides, filex, archange- T lica, 14-6 B O T lica, chlronmm, lacidutn, ferulaceum, hirfutum, fca- brum, fimplex. Europe, New Zealand. 54T. Heraclium, or Cow-parfni/j. xofpeciesj viz. * fpbondyHum, flavefcens, anguftx- folium, elegans, fibiricum, panacea, tuberofum, auftria- cum, alpinum, putnilum. Siber, Auftria, Alps, Italy. fphondy- * H. leafets wing-cleft, even j flowers radiated.—In hum. Poland and Lithuania the poor people are faid to. pre¬ pare a liquor from the leaves and feeds of this plant, which undergoes a fermentation, and is drank inftead of ale. The ftalks, when peeled, are eaten by the Kamtfchatkans. The Ruffians take the leaf-ftalks of the root-leaves, peel them, and hang them in the fun to dry a little : then they tie them in little bundles, and hang them up again till they become yellow : in this flate they put them into bags, and a mealy fub- flance like fugar forms upon the furface of them. This they {hake off, and treat their guefts with it as a great delicacy. They likewife diftil an ardent fpirit from it. The peelings of the ftalks are acrid. The leaves are a favourite food of rabbits, hogs, and affes. Cows, goats, and fheep eat them j but horfes are not fond of them. 542. Ligusticum, or Lovage. .13 fpecies; viz. levifticum, * fcoticum, aquilegifo- lium, nodiflorum, peloponenfe, auftriacum, * cornu- bienfe, pyrenacum, candicans, peregrinum, baleari- cum, gingidium, longifolium. Alps, Auftria, Portu¬ gal, Barbary. fcoticum. * L. leaves doubly threefold.—This plant is much va¬ lued in the ifle of Skye. The root is reckoned a good carminative, and an infufion of the leaves a good purge for calves. It is, befides, ufed as food, either as a fa- lad, or boiled as greens. Horfes, fheep, and goats eat it. Cow^s refufe it. 543. Angelica. * Six fpecies \ viz. * archangelica, * fylveftris, razou- lii, verticillaris, atropurpurea, lucida. N. Europe, N. America. fylvefris. * A. leafets equal, egg-fpear-fhaped, ferrated.—It is warm, acrid, bitter, and aromatic: but the fpecies cultivated in our gardens, poffeffing thefe properties in a higher degree, this has been long neglefted. Papi- lio machaon feeds upon it. Cows, goats, and fwine eat it. Horfes refufe it. 544. Sium, or Water Parfnip. 18 fpecies ; viz. filifolium, * latifolium, anguftifo* Hum, * nodiflorum, * repens, fifarum, rigidius, japo- nicum, falcaria, paniculatum, grandiflorum, patulum, graecum, decumbens, ficulum, afperum, hifpidum, villofum. Europe, China, Japan, N. America. latifolium.* S. leaves winged j leafets egg-fpear-fhaped, regularly and fharply ferrated j the terminating leafet 3-cleft 5 umbels terminating. Horfes and fwine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. The roots are noxious to cattle. nodiflorutr.* S. leaves winged ; leafets tooth-ferrated j umbels la¬ teral, oppofite the leaves, fitting or on fruitftalks.—It is faid, that a young lady, fix years old, w'as cured of an -obftinate cutaneous difeafe, by taking three large fpoonfuls of the juice twice a-day. Three or four oun¬ ces have been repeatedly given to adults, every morn¬ ing, in fimilar complaints, with the greateft advantage. ANY. Pentandria. It is not naufeous, and children take it readily, if mix¬ ed with milk. In the dofes given, it neither affefls the head, the ftomach, nor the bowels. 545. Si SON, or Bafe Stone-parjley. Eight fpecies \ viz. * amomum, * fegetura, cana- denfe, ammi, * inundatum, * verticillatum, falfum, crinitum. Europe, N. America. 546. Bubon, or Macedonian Parfley. Five fpecies ; viz. macedonicum, galbanum, laevi- gatum, gummiferum, rigidius. Greece, Barb. Cape. 547. Cuminum, or Cummin. One fpecies ; viz. cyminum. Egypt, Ethiopia.—. This umbelliferous plant refembles fennel in appear¬ ance, but is much fmaller. The feeds ufed in Britain are brought chiefly from Sicily and Malta. Cummin feeds have a bitterifh wTarm tafte, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, not of the moft agreeable kind. An effential oil is obtained from them by diftillation, in which their a&ivity is concentrated j and they are not unfrequently ufed externally, giving name both to a plafter and cataplafm in medical pra&ice. 548. Oenanthe, or Water Drop-wort. 11 fpecies j viz. * fiftulofa, *crocata, prolifera, glo- bulofa, peucedanifolia, * pimpinelloides, inebrians, te- nuifolia, ferulacea, interrupta, exaltata. Europe, Ca¬ rolina. * O. fending forth fuckers j ftem-leaves winged, thread-fhaped, hollow-.—Cow-s and horfes refufe this plant, though, from experiments made on purpofe, it does not appear to be in the leaft degree noxious to the former. * O. all the leaves many-cleft, blunt, nearly equal.—crocata. The whole of this plant is poifonous '; and Dr Pulteney remarks, that the root is the moft virulent of all the vegetable poifons that Great Britain produces : many inftances of its fatal effe&s are recorded. It is faid, that an infufion of the leaves, or three tea fpoonfuls of the juice of the root taken every morning, effefted a cure in a very obftinate cutaneous difeafe, but not with¬ out occafioning very great difturbances in the conftitur tion. Some fay, that fhe country people in Weft- morland, apply a poultice of the herb to the ulcer w-hich forms in the fore-part of the cleft of the hoof in horned cattle, and is called the foul. Sheep eat it. Cows and horfes refufe it. 549. Phellandrium. Two fpecies; * aquaticum, mutellina. Europe. * P. ramifications of the leaves ftraddling.—The feeds aquaticum. are recommended in intermittents, and are faid to be diuretic, antifeptic, and expe&orant : dofe from one to three drams daily. The leaves are fometimes added to difeutient cataplafms. It is generally efteemed a fatal poifon to horfes, occafioning them to become pa¬ ralytic : but this effedt is owing to an infedt {curculio paraple&icus), which generally inhabits within the ftems. The ufual antidote is pig-dung. In the win¬ ter, the roots and ftems diffedled by the influence of the w-eather, afford a very curious fkeleton or net-work. Horfes, fheep, and goats eat it. Sw-ine are not fond of it. Cows refufe it. Chryfomela phellandia, and the gilt Upturn, are found upon the roots, and the curculio parapU&icus within the ftems. 550. Pentandria. B O T '5'50. CiCUTA, or Water-Hem/ock. Three fpecies j viz. * virofa, bulbifera, maculata.— ^ . Europe, N. America. Viroja. umbels oppofite the leaves; leaf-ftalks bordered, blunt.—This is one of the rankeft of our vegetable poi- fons. Numerous inllances are recorded of its fatality to the human fpecies. Early in the fpring, when it grows in the water, cows often eat it, and are killed by it; but, as the fummer advances, and its fcent becomes ftronger, they carefully avoid it. Though a certain and fatal poifon to cowrs, goats devour it greedily, and with impunity. Horfes and (heep eat it with fafety. 551. ALthusa or Fools-parjley. Four fpecies ; viz. *cynapium, bunius, *meum, fa- tua. Europe. Qynapium. * ^ ap[ t}ie ieaves ajjj.e . frujt neariy globular.—This plant, from its refemblance to common parfley, has fometimes been miftaken for it, and wEen eaten, it oc- cafions ficknefs. If the curled-leaved parfley only w7as cultivated in our gardens, no fuch miftakes would hap¬ pen. Cows, horfes, Iheep, and fwine eat it. It is no¬ xious to geefe. * ab the leaves divided into many briftle-fhaped fegments; involucrum 1 leaf; fruit egg-oblong, ta¬ pering at each end.—Linnaeus fays, that the radical fibres of this plant form the bafis of the calculus a- gragopila. 1 he roots and feeds are aromatic and acrid. 1 hey have been ufed as flomachics and carminatives. 'I hey are fometimes given to cure tertians; and there is no doubt but they will often anfwer as well as pep¬ per, and other acrid aromatics. 552. Coriandrum, or Coriander. 1 w'o fpecies ; viz. * fativum, tefliculatum. S. of Eur. fativum. * C. fruit globular.—The leaves have a very ftrong and diiagreeable feent. 1 he feeds are grateful to the tafte, and incrufted with fugar are fold by the confec¬ tioners, under the name of coriander comfits. The Edin burgh college ufe them as correctors in the bitter in- fufion, and the preparations of fenna ; nothing fo effec¬ tually covering the difagreeable tafte of that medicine. 1 hey have been confidered as fufpicieus, if not deleteri¬ ous ; but fix drams of them have been taken at once, without any remarkable effeCt. 553 Scandix, or Shepherds-needle. x 1 fpecies.; viz. * odorata, * peCten, chilenfis, * ce- refolium, * anthrifcus, auftralis, nodofa, trichofperma, infefta, grandiflora, procumbens. Eur. Virginia, Chili. i>dorata. * S. feeds furrowed : angular.—The feeds are ufed in the north of England, for polilhing and perfuming oak doors and furniture. cerefolium. * S. feeds gloffy, cylindrical and beaked ; umbels late¬ ral, nearly fitting.—It is cultivated in our gardens as a pot-herb, and for falads. It is flightly aromatic and aperient. Cows are extremely fond of it. Sheep and goats eat it. Horfes refufe it. 554. Ch^:rophvllum, or Wild Chervil. 11 ipecies; viz. * fylveilre, bulbofum, ariftatum, '* temulum, capenfe, fcabrum, hirfutum, aromaticum, coloratum, aureum, arborefcens. Eur. Virginia. Japan. Jyhejlre. * C. ftem fmoothifh, fcored, a little fvvoln at the knots. The roots eaten as parfnips, have been found poifonous. The umbels afford an indifferent yellow dye ; the leaves and ffems a beautiful green. Its prefence indicates a HI A N Y. fruitful foil. Neither horfes, flieep, or goatsv, are fond of it. Swnne refufe it. Rabbits are fond of jt* In fome parts of the kingdom, in times of fcarcity, it is ufed as a pot-herb. Cows are fo fond of it; that, when a pafture is over-run with it, as is often the cafe about Dudley, they always turn them in to eat it up. 555* Imperatoria, or Majfer-wort. One fpecies ; viz. oftruthium. Alps of Auftria, Switzerland Root warm and aromatic, a fudorific, diuretic, and fialagogue; recommended in dropfy, debilities of the ftomach and bowels ; and an infufion of it in wine is faid to have cured quartans that have refilled the bark. When chewed, it excites a copious flow of faliva, exciting a warm and not difagreeable fenfation in the gums, and frequently curing the iheu7 matic toothach. 556. Seseli, or Hart-wort of Marfeilles. 15 fpecies; viz. filifolium, pimpinelloides, montanum, flriatum, glaucum, arillatum, annuum, chaerophylloi- des, ammoides, tortuofum, turbith, hippomarathrum, pyremeum, faxifragum, datum. Germany, S. Europe. 557' F hap si A, or Deadly Carrot. Five fpecies; viz. viilofa, foetida, afclepium, gargani- ca, trifolrata. France, Spam, Portugal, Lev. Virginia. 558. Pastinaca, or Parfnip. Three fpecies; viz. lucida, fativa, opopanax. South of Europe. P. leaves Amply wfinged.—The roots, when cxA\\-fativa. vated, are iweeter than carrots, and are much ufed by thofe who abftain from animal food in Lent ; they are highly nutritious. In the north of Ireland, they are brewed inffead of malt, with hops, and fermented with yeafl. The liquor thus obtained, is agreeable. The feeds contain an effential oil, and will often cure intermit- — tent fevers. Hogs are fond of the roots, and quickly grow fat with them. See Agriculture Index. 559’ Smyrnium, or Alexanders. Seven fpecies ; viz. perfoliatum, segyptiacum, late- rale, * olulatrum, apiifolium, aureum, integerrimum. Italy, Crete, Egypt, N. America. S. flem-leaves growing by threes on leaf-flalks, olufatrum. lerrated.—It was formerly cultivated in our gardens but its place is now better fupplied by celery? It is boiled, and greedily eaten by failors returning from long voyages, who happen to land at the fouth-weff corner of Anglefea. _ 56°- Anethum, or Dill. I hree fpecies ; viz. graveolens, fegetum, * fenicu- lum. Germany, Spain, Portugal. * A. leaves with many divilions, hair-like ; feeds mv-foemeutum oblong, tapering at each end, not bordered.—-The ten- der buds are ufeful in falads. The leaves, boiCd are ided in fauce for feveral kinds of fifk, 2„d eaten’raw with pickled fijh. In Italy the llalks are blanched as a winter falad. The feeds abound with an effential oil, which is carminative and diuretic, but not heating. I he papiho machaon feeds upon it. 6 56i._Carum, or Caraways. Two fpecies ; *iz. * card, fimplex. Europe. • C. /I ie young roots, are faid to be better eating than carui. parli ps ; the tender leaves may be boiled with pot- heibs The feeds are ufed in cakes. ' Incrufted with fu- 1 2 gaL 148 A B O T gar, they are called caraway comfits, and are diftilled with fpirituous liquors, for the fake of the flavour they aftord. The feeds were formerly recommended by Diofcorides to pale-faced girls, and in more modern days their ufe is not forgotten.—They are no defpicable remedy in tertian agues. They abound with an eflential oil, which is antifpa'fmodic, and carminative. Sheep, goats, and fwine, eat it. Cows and horfes are ijot fond of it. 562. Pimpinella, or Burnet Saxifrage. Ten fpecies j viz. * faxifraga, nigra, * magna, dif- fefta, glauca, capenfis, peregrina, anifum, dichotoma, * dioica. Europe, Egypt. magna. * P. leaves uniform, winged j leafets fpear-fhaped, ir¬ regularly ferrated j floral leaves wing-cleft.—This and the faxifraga partake nearly of the fame qualities. The root is very acrid, burning the mouth like pepper. It affords a blue oil. Its acrimony hath occafioned it to be ufed to cure the toothach, and to cleanfe the {kin from freckles. It is chewed to promote the fecre- tion of faliva, and is ufed in gargles for diffolving vif- cid mucus in the throat. In Germany it is prefcribed in the afthma and dropfy. The papiho machaon is found upon both fpecies. 563. Apium, or Parjley, Twto fpecies j viz. petrofelinum, * graveolens. Sar¬ dinia, Carolina. gravea/ens * A. ftem-leaves wedge-fhaped.— The root in its wild {fate (when it grows near water) is fetid, acrid, and noxious ; but when cultivated in dry ground it lofes thefe properties, and the root and knver part of the leaf-ftalks and ftem, blanched by. covering them up with earth, are eaten raw, boiled in foups, or Hewed. In this latter Hate it is called celery. They are faid to be hurtful to people fubjeft to nervous complaints. They are certainly good antifcorbutics. The feeds yield an effential oil. Sheep and goats eat it; cows are not fond of if, horfes refufe it. 564. JEgopodium, or Gout-zvee underneath.—The bark of the root is ufed to make bird-lime. The berries are drying and aftringent. 568. Cassine, or Cajhew-berry-hujh, South-Sea Pea. 'Four fpecies; viz. capenfis, colpoon, barbara, mau- rocenia. C. of G. Hope. 569. Sambucus, or Elder-tree. Eive fpecies; viz. * ebulus, canadenfis, * nigra, ja- ponica, racemofa. Europe, China, N. America. * S. tufts with three divifions ; ftipulte leaf-like; ftem ebulus, herbaceous.—This plant has the fame medical proper¬ ties with the S. nigra, but in fome jefpe&s more vio¬ lent, and therefore lefs manageable : A dram and a half of the root is a ftrong purge : The berries give out a violet colour : The green leaves drive away mice from granaries, and the Silefians ftrew them where their pigs lie, under a perfuafion that they prevent fome of the difeafes to which they are liable. Neither cows, goats, ftieep, horfes, or fwine will eat it.. * S. tufts with five divifions; leaves winged ; leafets nigres, nearly egg-fhaped, ferrated ; ftem . tree-like—The whole plant has a narcotic fmell ; it is not wrell to fteep under its fliade. The wood is hard, tough, and yellow. It is commonly made into {kewers for but¬ chers ; tops for angling-rods ; and needles for weaving nets. It is not a bad wood to turn in the lathe. The inner green bark is purgative, and may be ufed with advantage where acrid purgatives are requifite. In fmaller dofes it is diuretic, and has done eminent fervice in obftinate glandular obftrudlions, and in dropfies. If flieep that have the rot are placed in a fituation where they can get at the bark and the young {hoots,_ they will foon cure themfelves. It is an ingredient in the black dye. The leaves are purgative like the bark,- but more naufeous. They are an ingredient in feveral cooling ointments. If turnip-cabbages, fruit-trees or corn, which are fubjefl to blight from a variety of in¬ fers are whipped with the green leaves and branches of elder, the infers will not attack them. A decoc¬ tion of the flowers taken internally, is faid to promote expe&oration in pleurifies, If the flowers are frefti gathered Pentandria. B O T gathered they loofen the belly. Externally they are uled in fomentations to eafe pain and abate inflamma¬ tion. Many people ufe them to give a flavour to vine¬ gar. They are fatal to turkies. A rob prepared from the berries is a gentle opener, and promotes perfpira- tion. The juice of the berries is employed to give a red colour to railin or fugar wines. The berries are poifonous to poultry. The pith being exceedingly light, is cut into balls ufed in electrical experiments. Sheep eat it 5 horfes, cows, and goats refufe it. The aphis fambuci and the phalcena ambucaria are found upon it. 570. Spathelia. One fpecies j viz. fimplex. Jamaica. 571. Staphylea, ox Bladder-nut. Three 1'pecies 5 viz. occidentalis, pinnata, trifolia. S. Europe, Virginia, Jamaica, 572. Tamaeux, or Taniarijk. Four fpecies j viz. * gallica, fongarica, germanica, articulata. Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Barbary. 573. Xylophylla, or Love-Jluwer. Seven Ipecies ; viz. longifolia, latifolia, arbufcula, falcata, anguftifolia, montana, ramitlora. Siberia, Ja¬ maica, Bahama ifles, 574. Reichelia. One fpecies j viz. paluftris. 575. Salmasia. One fpecies $ viz. racemofa. Guiana. 576. Turn era, or Nettle-leaved Cijlus. Nine fpecies j viz. ulmifolia, pumilea, rupeflris, fidoides, frutefcens, rugofa, ciftoides, racemofa, guja- nenfis. Jamaica, Martinico, Guiana. 577. Telephium, or True Orpine. Two fpecies \ viz. imperati, oppofitifolium. S. of France, Italy, Barb. 578. Corrigiola, or Bafe Knot-grafs. Two fpecies j viz. * littoralis, capenfis. Germany, France, Arabia. 579. Pharnaceum. 14 fpecies j viz. cerviana, lineare, teretifolium, mi- crophyllum, marginatum, mollugo, glomeratum, fer- pyllifolium, quadrangulare, incanum, albens, dichoto- mum, diflichum, cordifolium. Ruflia, Spain, Afia, Afr. 580. Alsine, or Chick-weed. Three fpecies; viz. * media, fegetalis, mucronata, S. Europe, Egypt. 581. Drypis. One fpecies 5 viz. fpinofa. Italy, Barbary. 582. B A sella, ox Malabar Nightjhade. Five fpecies ; viz. rubra, alba, lucida, cordifolia, veficaria. Eaft Indies, China. 583. Sarothra, or Bafe Gentian. One fpecies} viz. gentianoides. Virginia, Penfyl- vania. 584. Portulacaria, or Purfane-tree. One fpecies j viz. afra. Africa. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. 585. J*arnassia, or Grafs of Pat'naffus. Que fpecies 3 viz. * paluftris. Europe. ANY. 149 586. Evolvulus. Seven fpecies; viz. mammilarius, gangeticus, cmargi- natus, alfinoides, hirfutus, Hnifolius, fericeus. Eaft In¬ dies, Jamaica. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. f 587. Aralia, or Berry-bearing Angelica. IO fpecies; viz. arborea, capitata, cordata, japonica, pentaphylla, feiodaphyllum, fpinofa, chinenfis, race-' mofa, nudicaulis. China, W. Indies, N. America. 588. Glossopetalum. Two fpecies ; viz. glabrum, tomentofum. Guiana, 589. Statice, Thrift, or Sea-pink. 37 fpecies; viz. * armeria, juniperifolia, alliacea, Cephalotes, graminifolia, * limonium, gmelini, fcoparia, latiiolia, oleaefolia, incana, auricula;folia, cordata, fca- bra, tetragona, * reticulata, echiodes, fpeciofa, tatarica, echinus, flexuofa, purpurata, longifolia, minuta, pe6H- nata, fuftruticofa, monopetala, axillaris, cylindrifolia, linifolia, aurea, ferulacea, pruinofa, 'finuata, lobata, fpicata, micronata. Europe, Barbary, Canary, Amer. * S. ftalk limple, with a head of flowers ; leaves ftrap- armericr, fhaped.—It is much ufed in gardens as an edging for borders, and when in full bloffbm gives a glowing tinge to paftures on the fea coaft. Horfes and goats eat it; flieep are not fond of it. 590. Li sum, or Flax. 29 fpecies ; viz. * ufitatiflimum, * perenne, vifco- fum, hirfutum, aquilinum, narbonenfe, reflexum, * te- nuifolium, felaginoides, proftratum, gallicum, mariti- num, alpinum, auftriacum, virginianum, flavum, mono- petalum, ftriftum, monogynum, fuffruticofum, arbo- reum, campanulatum, africanum, aethiopicum, nodiflo- rum, * catharticum, * radiola, quadrifolium, verticil- latum. Europe, Africa, America. * L. cal. and capfules dagger-pointed ; petals fcol- uHtatiffi. loped; leaves fpear-fhaped ; Item generally folitary. mum. This valuable plant originally came from thofe parts of Egypt which are expofed to the inundations of the Nile. The feeds yield, by expreflion only, a large proportion of oil, which is an excellent pectoral, as is likewife the mucilaginous infufion. They make an eafy and ufeful poultice in cafes of external inflamma¬ tion ; and they are the food of feveral fmall birds, After the oil is expreffed, the remaining farinaceous part, called oil-cake, is given to oxen, wrho foon grow fat upon it. The oil itfelf differs in feveral refpe&s from other expreffed oils ; it does not congeal in winter, nor does it form a folid foap with fixed alkaline falts; and it a£ls more powerfully as a menftruum upon fulphure- ous bodies. When heat is applied during the expref- fion it gets a yellowifh colour, and a peculiar fmell. In this ftate it is ufed by the painters and the varnifliers. The fibres of the ftem are manufa£lured into linen, and this linen, when wmrn to rags, is made into paper.. * L. leaves oppoftte, egg-fpear-fhaped, ftem ioxkzd.catharti- Cor. pointed.—An infufion of two drams or more oleum, the dried plant is an excellent purge, and has been given with advantage in many obftinate rheumatifms. It frequently a&s as a diuretic. Horfes, flieep, and goats eat it. . 59ir* *5° B O T 591. Aldrovanda. One fpecxes j viz. veficulofa. Italy, India. 592. Drosera, or iSW-fifczu. 10 fpecies j viz. acaulis, * rotundifolia, cuneifolia, burmanni, * longifolia, capenfis, lufitanica, ciftifolia, peltata, indica. Europe, Afia, Africa, America. rotundi- * X). {talks from the root j leaves circular.—The whole folia. plant is acrid and fufficiently cauftic to erode the Ikin ; but fonie ladies know how to mix the juice with milk, fo as to make it an innocent and fafe application to re¬ move freckles and funburn. The juice that exfudes from it unmixed will deftroy w’arts and corns. The plant has the fame effedt upon milk as the pinguicula •vulgaris, and like that too is fuppofed to occafion the rot in fheep. The four coagulated milk of the Syrians, called t'eban or leven, is fuppofed to be at firft prepared with fome plant of this kind. The name fun-dew feems to be derived from a very {hiking circumftance in the appearance of thefe plants ; the leaves are fringed with hairs, fupporting fmall drops or globules of a pellucid liquor like dew, which continue even in the hottefl part of the day and in the fulleft expofure to the fun. Per¬ haps the acrimony of the plant refides in this fecreted liquor. 593. Gischia. One fpecies ; viz. pharnacioides. Eafl Indies. 594. Crassula, or Lejfer Orpine. 71 fpecies j viz. coccinea, cymofa, flava, pubefcens, pruinofa, fcabra, corallina, veilita, argentea, perfoliata, perforata, fruticulofa, ramofa, mollis, tetragona, muri- cata, imbricata, obvallata, cultrata, obliqua, fpathula- ta, pundlata, marginalis, cordata, ladlea, arborefcens, rupeftris, pinnata, fpinofa, retroflexa, lineolata, cen- tauroides, dichotoma, glomerata, pulchella, ftrigofa, A N Y. Fentandria. mufcofa, pyramidalis, columnaris, hemifphaerica, ale- oides, capitella, cotyledonis, barbata, ciliata, thyrfiflora, fpicata, fubulata, alternifolia, rubens,cefpitofa, minima, mofchata, verticillaris, expanfa, dentata,nudicaulis, tec¬ ta, cephalophora, montana, turrita, alpeftris, margina- ta, tomentofi, crenulata, deltoidea, orbicularis, fparfa, diffufa, proftrata, pellucida. Switzerland, Italy, Cape, China. 595. Mahernia. Eight fpecies, viz. verticiliata, pinnata, pulchella, ? diffufa, incifa, glabrata, heterophylla, biferrata. C. of G. Hope. 596. Commersonia. One fpecies j viz. echinata. Otaheite. 597. Sibbaldia. _ Three fpecies 5 viz. * procumbens, erefta, altaica. Siberia, Alps in Europe. Order VI. DECAGYNIA. 598. Schefflera. One fpecies ; viz. digita. South fea ifles. Order VII. POLYGYNIA. 599. Myosurus, or Moufe-tail. One fpecies j viz. * minimus. Europe. 600. Zanthorhiza. One fpecies j viz. apiifolia. In the clafs Pentandria are 325 Genera, including 2537 Species, of which i63 are found in Britain. CHASSIS VI. HEXANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flores calyculati, calyce corollctque inJlruBi, abfque fpathis. 602. Bromelia. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus, fuperus. Bacca. 603. Pitcairnia. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus, femifuperus. Capfuls. 604. ’Iillandsia. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-partitus, inferus. Sem. comofa. 606. Burmannia. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. i-phyllus, inferus, triquetro-alatus, coloratus. 607. Tradescantia. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyl- lus, inferus. Filamenta barbata. 686. Stephania. Cor. 4-petala; Cah 2-lobus. Germ, pedicellatum. CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£l. I. Flowers double calyxed, furnijhed with a calyx and corolla, and without Jheathes, B. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite, fuperior. A berry. P. Cor. 3 -partite. Cal. 3-partite, half fuperior. A capfule. I. Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. 3-partite, inferior. Seeds hairy. B. Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. 1 leaf, inferior, three- fquare, winged, coloured. I. Cor. 3-petals. Cal. 3-leaved, inferior. Fila¬ ments bearded. S. Cor. 4 petals. Cal. 2-lobedi jCermen on a pedicle. 690. Hexandria, B O T 690. FrankeniA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. i-phyllus, inferus. Capf. i-locularis. polyfperma. . 675. Cossignea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5 partitus, Capf. 3-locularis. 684. Loranthus. Cor. 6-partita. Cal. margo fuperus. Bacca i-fperma. 687. Hillia. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-pliyllus, fuperus. Fru61:us 2-locularis, polyfpermus. 685. Schradera. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. truncatus. Bacca polyfperma. Buroia. Cor. 6-partita. Cal. truncatus. Po- mum. 671. Richardia. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-fidus, fupe¬ rus. Sem. 3, nuda. 665. Tacca. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-partitus. Bac¬ ca infera. 676. Barbacenia. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-denta- tus. Filamenta dentata. Capfula. 677. Berberis. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-phyllus, inferus. Bacca 2 fperma. 644. Leontice. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-phyllus, inferus. Bacca inflata, fupera. 679. Nandina. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. polyphyllus, imbricatus. Bacca 2-fperma. 674. Prinos. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-fidus, inferus. Bacca 6-fperma. 678. Psathura. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-dentatus. Pomum 6-loculare. 689. Canarina. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-phyllus, fupe¬ rus. Capf. 6-locularis. 673- Achras. Cor. 12-fida. Cal. 6-phyllus, in¬ ferus. Bacca 12-fperma. 683. Capura. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. nullus. Ger- men fuperum. Bacca. f Chlora imperfoliata. Port/andia bexandra. Lythra, aliquot. Fumaria. Cucullaria. Seel. II. Flores calyculati, calyce, corolla^ fpathifque inJlruBi. 666. Corypha. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-phyllus. Brupa. 667. Licuala. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus. Neftar. fertiforme. Brupa. 608. Mnasium. Cor. 3-dentata. Cal. 3-partit. Spatha 2-valvis. Antherae foliaceae. Seel. III. Flores fpathaceis glumacei. 601. Urania. Cor. fupera 3-petala. Spathae al- ternse. 610. FLemanthus. Cor. fupera, 6-partita. In- volucrum polyphyllum, maximum. 613. Leucoium. Cor. fupera, 6-petala, campanu- lata. Stamina aequalia. 614. Strumaria. Cor. 6-petala, plana. 612. Galanthus. Cor. fupera, 6-petala. Nedlarv campanulatum, extra ftamina. 617. Pan cratium. Cor. fupera, 6-petala. Nefla- rium campanulatum, ftaminibus terminatum. 622. Amaryllis. Cor. fupera, 6-petala, irregu¬ laris. Stam. intequalia, declinata. 618. Crinum. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, bafi tubulofa. Stam. diftantia, fauci inferta. ANY. F. Cor. 3-petals. Cal. i-leaf, inferior. Capf. x- cell, many feeds. C. Cor. 5-petals. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. 3-celled. L. Cor. 6-partite. Cal. border fuperior. Berry 1 feed. H. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6-leaved, fuperior. Fruit -2 celled, many feeds. S. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. lopped. A berry with many feeds. B. Cor. 6-partite. Cal. lopped. An apple. R. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6-cleft, fuperior, 3 naked feeds. T. Cor. 6-petals. Cal. 6-partite. Berry inferior. B. Cor. 6-petals. Cal. 6-toothed. Filaments tooth¬ ed. A Capfule. B. Cor. 6-petals. Cal. 6-leaved, inferior. Berry 2-feeded. X.. Cor. 6-petals. Cal. 6-leaved, inferior. Berry inflated, fuperior. N. Cor. 6-petals. Cal. many leaved, tiled. Beny with 2 feeds. P. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6-cleft, inferior. Berry 6 feeds. P. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6-toothed. A 6-celled apple. C. Cor. 6-eleft. Cal. 6-leaved, fuperior. Capf, 6-celled. A. Cor. 12-cleft. Cal. 6-leafed, inferior. Berry 12-feeded. C. Cor. 6-cleft. No calyx. Germen fuperior. Berry. Sect. II. Double enlyxed flowers■> furnifhed with a- corolla and Jheaths. C. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-leaved. A drupe. L. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite. Nc&ary gar- land-fhaped. A drupe. M. Cor. 3-toothed. Cal. 3-partite. Sheath 2- valved. Anthers leafy. Se£t. III. Flowers Jheathed hufked. U. Cor. fuperior, 3-petaled. Sheathes alternate* H. Cor. fuperior, 6-partite.. The involucrum many¬ leaved, very large. L.. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled, bell-lhaped. Stamens equa1. S. Cor. 6-petaled, flat. G. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled. Nedlary bell-fliaped, without the ftamens. P. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled. Ne&ary bell-fhaped, ending with the flamens. A. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled, irregular. The fta¬ mens unequal, bending. C. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, tubular at the bafe. Sta¬ mens diftant, inferted in the mouth, 621, *5* B O T 621. Cvrtanthvs. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, clavata, Filamenta iimplicia. 620. Eustephia. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, tubulofa, Filamenta tricufpidata. 619. Agapanthus. Cor, infera, 6-fida, infundxbu- liformis, regularis. 609. Pontederia. Cor. infera, 6-fida, ringens. 624. Bulbocodium. Cor. infera, 6-petala; ungui- bus longiffimis ftaminiferis. 615. 7'ulbagia. Cor. infera, 6-petala j tribus in- ferioribus. Neftarium cylindricum extus petaliferum. 626. Allium. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Petala ovata, feffilia. 636. Curculigo. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Styl. 3-' partitus. 625. Aphyllanthes. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Spa- tbae dimidiatae, glumofae. 611. Massonia. Cor. infera, 6-partita. Stem. ne£t. inferta. 637. Hypoxis. Cor. fupera, 6-petala. Spathae glumaceee. Se£l. IV. Flores nudi. 605. Xerophyta. Cor. 6-partita fupera. Stigma elavatum. 661. Alstroemeria. Cor. fupera, 6-petala, un- guibus tubulofis. 655. Lanaria. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, fubcampanu- lata. 662. Hemerocallis. Cor. infera, 6 partita. Stam. declinata. 660. Agave. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, limbo ere£to, fi- lamentis brevior. 635. Gethyllis. Cor. fupera, 6-partita. Bacca elavata, polyfperma. 659. Aloe. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Filam. recepta- culo inferta. 657. Aletris. Cor. infera, 6-fida, rugofa. Sta¬ mina fauci inferta. 656. Voltheimia. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Stamina corollae bafi inferta. 650. Polyanthes. Cor. infera, 6-fida, tubo cur- vato. 649. Convallaria. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Bacca trifperma. 648. Sanseviera. Cor. 6-partita, Bacca i-fper- ina. 652. Hyacinthus. Cor. infera, 6-fida, fubcampa- nulata. Stamina receptaculo inferta. 651. Drimia. Cor. infera, 6-fida, campanulata. Sta¬ mina tubo corollee inferta. 623. Millea. Cor. infera, 6-fida, infundibulif. Germen pedicellatum. 642. Asphodelus. Cor. infera, 6-partita, Ne&a- rii valvulis 6 ftaminiferis. 629. Eucomis. Cor. infera, 6-partita, perfiftens. Filamenta ne&ario adnata. 642. Anthericum. Cor. infera, 6-petala, plana. 681. Enargea. Cor. infera, 6-petala, petalis al- terne bafi biglandulofis. 653. Phormium, Cor. infera, 6-petala, inaequalis. Capf. triquetra. 654. Lachenalia. Cor. infera, 6-petala, inaequalis. Capf. trialata. A N Y. Hexandm. C. Cor, fuperior, 6 cleft, club Ibaped. Filaments undivided, E. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, tubular. Filaments 3- pointed. A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, funnel-fliaped, regular. P. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, gaping. B. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled, with very long claws bearing the ftamens. T. Cor. inferior, 6-petals *, three inferior, A cylin¬ drical neftary without, bearing the petals. A. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled, Petals oval, fitting. C. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled. Styl. 3-partite, A. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled. Sheaths extending half round, bulky. M, Cor. inferior, 6-partke. Stamens inferted in a neftary. H. Cor. fuperior, 6.petaled, Sheaths bulky. Se£l. IV. Floivers naked. X. Cor. 6-partite fuperior. Stigma club-lhaped. A. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled, with tubular claws. L. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, nearly bell-lhaped. H. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Stamens bent. A. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, with an ereft border Ihort- er than the filaments. G. Cor. fuperior, 6-partite. Berry club-lhaped, many feeded. A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Filaments inferted in the receptacle. A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, wrinkled. Stamens infert¬ ed in the mouth. V. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Stamens inferted in the bale of the corolla. P. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, with a crooked tube. C. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Berry 3-feeded, S. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Berry i-feeded. H. Cor, inferior, 6-cleft, nearly bell-lhaped. Sta¬ mens inferted in the receptacle. D. Cor, inferior, 6-cleft. Bell-lhaped. Stamens in¬ ferted in the tube of the corolla. M. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, funnel-lhaped. Gerttren on a pedicle. A. Cor, inferior, 6-cleft. Ne<51ane$ with 6 valves, bearing the Itamens. E. Cor. inferior, 6-partite, permanent* Filments connedled with the ne&ary. A. Cor, inferior, 6-petals, fiat. E. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, the petals alternately bi- glandular at the bafe. P. Cor, inferior, 6-petals, unequal. Capf. with 3 flat fides, L. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, unequal. Capf. 3-winged. 639- Hexandria. B O T * 639. Ornithogalu'M. Cor. infera, 6-petala, Fi- lam. alternis bafi dilatatis. 638. Eriospermum. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Filam. lanceolata. Sem. lanata. * 640. Scilla. Cor. infera, 6-petala, decidua. Filam. filiformia. 641. Cyanella. Cor. infera, 6-petala j petalis ex- terioribus propendentibus. 682. Philesia. Cor. infera, 6-petala, tribus inte- rioribus duplo longioribus. 680. Lindera. Cor, infera, 6-petala, Capf. 2- locularis. 647. Drac^na. Cor. infera, 6-petala, Bacca 3-fperma. * 646. Asparagus. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca 6-fperma. 645. Pollia. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca poly- fperma. 631. Gloriosa. Cor. infera, 6-petala, reflexa, caudata. 630. UvulariA. Cor. infera, 6-petala, bafi fovea ne&arifera $ erecta. * 628. Fritillaria, Cor. infera, 6-petala, bafi fovea ne&arifera j ovata. 627. Lilium. Cor. infera, 6-petala j petalis bafi canaliculato-tubulofis. * 633. Tulifa. Cor. infera, 6-petala, campanulata ftylus o. 658. Yucca. Cor. infera, 6-petala, patens. Sty¬ lus o. 634. Albuca. Cor. infera, 6-petala, 3 exteriori- bus patulis, 3 interioribus conniventibus. Stigma cinc- ,fcum cufpidibus 3. ANY. * O. Cor. inferior, 6-petals. The alternate filaments dilated at the bafe. E. Cor. inferior, 6-petals. Filaments fpear-fhaped. Seeds woolly. * S. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, deciduous. Filam. thread fhaped. C. Cor. inferior, 6-petals j outer petals hanging over. P. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, the three inner of a double length. L. Cor. inferior, 6-petals. Capf. 2-celled. D. Cor. inferior, 6-petals. A berry, 3-feeded. * A. Cor. inferior, 6-petals. A berry, 6-feeded. P. Cor. inferior, 6-petals. Berry many-feeded. G. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, bent back, tailed, U. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, with a honey-bearing hollow at the bafe, eredf. * F. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, with a honey-bearing hol¬ low at the bafe, oval. L. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, the petals tubular-chan¬ nelled at the bafe. * T. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, bell-ftiaped. No ftyle. Y. Cor. inferior, 6-petals, expanding. No ftyle. A. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled, the 3 outer open, the three inner converging. The ftigma furrounded by 3 prickles. Se£t. V. F/ores incompleti. Se£t. V. Incomplete Jloivers. 664. Orontium. Spadix multiflorus. Follic. 1- fpermus. * 663. Acorus. Spadix multiflorus. Capf. 3-locu- laris. 669. Calamus. Cal. 6-phyllus. Peric. retrorfura imbricatum, i-fpermum. * 670. Juncus. Cal. 6-phyllus. Capf. i-locularis. 668. Thrinax. Cal. 6-dentatus. Drupa. * 691. Peplis. Cal. 12-fidus. Capf. a-locularis. O. Sheathed fruit-ftalk, many-flowered. Air-bag i-feeded. * A. Sheathed fruitftalk, many flowered. Capf. 3- celled. C. Cal. 6-leafed. Seed-vefiel tiled backwards. One feed. * J. Cal. 6-leaved. Capf. 1-celled. T. Cal. 6-toothed. A drupe. * P, Cal. 12-cleft. Capf. 2-celled. Se6E VI. Gramina. 693. Bambusa. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valvis. 692. Gahnia. Cal. i-valv. Cor. 2-valvis. 694. Ehrharta. Cal. 2-valv. Cor. duplex. OrdoII. DIGYNIA. Sea. VI. Grajfes. B. No cal. Cor. 2-valved. G. Cal. i-valved. Cor. 2-valved. E. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. double. Order II. DIGYNIA. 679. Falkia. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. i-petala. Sem. 4. 698. Atraphaxis. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 2-petala. Sem. compreffum. 696. Nectris. Cal. 6-partit. Cor. o. Capf. 2, polyfpermae. 695. Oryza. Gluma i-flora. Cor. 2-glumis. Sem.1, oblongum. f Leerjta hexandria. Ehrhartce nonnullce. F. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. i-petal. Seeds 4. A. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled. Seed com* prefted. N. Cal. 6-partite. No cor. Capf. 2, many feeded. O. A hulk, 1-flowered. Cor. with 2 hulks. One oblong feed. Ordo 153 Vot. IV. Part L U B O T A n y, Hexandria. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA, Seel. I. Flores inferi. 703. Wurmbea. Cor. 6-fida, tubulofa. * 707. Colchicum. Cal. fpatha. Cor. 6-petaloidea. 704. Melanthium. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, pe- talis rtaminiferis. 705. Medeola. Cal. 0. Cor. 6 petala. Bacca 3-cocca. 708. Helonias. Cal. o. Cor. 6 petala. Capf. 3-locul. 706. Trillium. CaL 3-pbyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Bacca 3-locularis. * 702. Triglochin. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. tripe- tala. Capf. ball dehifeen?. ^ 669. Rumex. Cal. 3-pbyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Sem. 1, triquetrum. 701. Scheuchzeria. Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Capf. 3, i-fpermae. f Xylophylla latifolia. Seel. II. Flores fuperu 700. Flagellaria. Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. O. Pe- ricarpium i-fpermum. Ordo IV. HEXAGYNIA. 710. Damosonium. Spatha. Cal. 5-partit. Cor. 3-petala. Bacca 10-locularis. 709. Wendlanuia. Cal. 6-phyl. Cor. 6-petala. Capf. 6, monofpermae. Ordo V. POLYGYNIA. * 711. Alisma. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Pe¬ ricarp. plura. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Se£I. I. Flowers inferior. W. Cor. 6-cleft, tubular. * C. Cal. a fheath. Cor. 6-petaled. M. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled, with petals bearing the ftamens. M. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. A berry 3-celled. H. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Capf. 3-celled. T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Berry 3-celled. * T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petalous. Capf. open¬ ing at the bafe. * R. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Seed 1, trian¬ gular. S. Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Capf. 3, i-feeded. Se£t. II. Flowers fuperior. F. Cal. 6-leafed. No cor. Seed-veffel with i-feed.- Order IV. HEXAGYNIA. D. A fheath. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 3-petaled, Berry io:celled. W. Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Capf. 6, t- feeded. Order I. POLYGYNIA. * A. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petals. Several feed- veflels. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 601. Urania. One fpecies j viz. fpeciofa. Ifle of Madagafcar. 602. Bromelia, or Pine apple, Ananas. 1 o fpecies ; viz. ananas, pinguin, karatas, lingulata, brafkeata, paniculigera, chryfantha, nudicaulis, humilis, acanga. W. Indies, S. America.—The ananas is the moft grateful of all the tropical fruits. It requires a very powerful heat for its cultivation in hot-houfes. 603. PlTCAIRNIA. Three fpecies ; viz. bromelioefolia, an guff i folia, lati¬ folia. Jamaica, Santa Cruz. 604, Tillandsia. 16 fpecies j viz. utriculata, ferrata, lingulata, tenui- folia, flexuofa, fetacea, paniculata, fafciculata, nutans, polyftachya, monoftachya, pruinofa, canefcens, angufti- folia, recurvata, ufneoides. North America, Jamaica. 605. Xerophyta. One fpecies 5 viz. pinifolia. Ifle of Madagafcar, 606. Burmannia. One fpecies ; viz. difticha biflora. Ceylon, Virginia, 607. Tradescantia, or Virginian Spider-wort. 17 fpecies j viz. virginica, craflifolia, eredla, zano- nia, difcolor, malabarica, nervofa, divaricata, genicu- lata, monandra, multiflora, cordifolia, procumbens, axillaris, formofa, criftata, papilionacea» Virginia, Maryl. E. and W, Indies. 608. Mnasium. One fpecies j viz. paludofum. Guiana. 609. PONTEDERIA. Six fpecies $ viz. rotundifolia, azurea, vaginalis, limofa, cordata, haftata. Eaft and Weft Indies. 610. H^emanthus, or Blood-flower. 14 fpecies ; viz. coccineus, coarflatus, puniceus, multiflorus, tigrinus, quadrivalvis, pubefeens, ciliaris, albiflos, Hexandria, B O T albiflos, toxxcanus, lancesefolius, carinatus, punrilis, fpi- xalis. Africa. 6n. Massonia. Four fpecies 5 viz. latifolia, anguftifolia, undulata, echinata. Cape of Good Hope. 612. GALANTHUS,or Snovo-drop, One fpecies 5 viz. * nivalis. South of Europe. 613, Leuco 1 um, or Greater Snow-drop. Three fpecies; viz, * vernum, * aeftivum, autum- nale. Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Cape. 614. SfRUMARIA. Six fpecies j viz. linguEefolia, truncata, rubella, un¬ dulata, anguftifolia, filifolia. 615. TulbaGia. Two fpecies j viz. alliacea, cepacea. Cape of Good Hope. 616. Narcissus, or Daffodil. 17 fpecies $ viz. * poeticus, incomparabilis, * pfeudo- narciffus, bicolor, minor, mofchatus, triandrus, orien- talis, trilobus, odorus, * biflorus, calathinus, tazetta, dubius, bulbocodium, ferotinus, jonquilla. South of Europe, Levant. 617. Pancratium, or Sea-daffodil. 11 fpecies \ zeylanicum, mexicanum, humile, cari- baeum, maritimum, fragrans, littorale, fpeciofum, amoenum, illyricum, amboinenfe. S. Europe, Ameri¬ ca, E. and W. Indies. 618. Crinum, or Afphodellily. Five fpecies j viz. afiaticum, americanum, erubelcens, bra&eatum, nervofum. Alia, Africa, America. 619. Agapanthus, or African Blue-lily. Two fpecies 3 viz. umbellatus, enfifolius. Cape of Good Hope. 620. Eustephia. One fpecies j viz. coccinea. 621. Cyrtanthus. Three fpecies 3 viz. anguftifolius, ventricofus, bbli- •mus. Guiana. 622. Amaryllis, or Lily-daffodil. 38 fpecies 3 viz. lutea, pumilio, bubifpatha, tub!- flora, atamafco, maculata, chilenlis, clavata, formofif- fima, reginas, purpurea, linearis, equeftris, reticulata, tatarica, belladonna, vittata, falcata, ornata, longifo- iia, montana, zeylanica, revoluta, latifolia, aurea, orientalis, farnienfis, marginata, curvifolia, undulata, radiata, humilis, flexuofa, radula, ftriata, crifpa, ftel- laris, cafpia. S. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, America. 623. Millea, One fpecies 3 viz. biflora. 624. Bulbocodium, or Mountain-faffron. One fpecies ; viz. vernum. Spain. 625. Aphyllanthes. One fpecies j viz. monfpelienfis. Montpellier. 626. Allium, or Garlick. 53 fpecies 3 viz. * ampeloprafum, porrum, lineare, fuaveolens,deflexum,rotundum,vi&orialis, fubhirfutum, magicum, obliquum, ramofum, tataricum, rofeum, * fativum, fcorodoprafum, * arenarium, * carinatum, fpheerocephalon, parviflorum, pallafii, defcendens, mo- fchatum, flavum, pallens, paniculatum, * vineale, * ole- A N Y. i55 raceum, nutans, afcalonicum, fenefcens, iilyricum, odo- rum, inodorum, angulofum, ftriatum, narcifliflorum, pedemontanum, nigrum, canadenfe, * urfinum, clu- fianuin, triquetrum, cepa, moly, tricoccura, flftulofum, * fchoenoprafum, libiricum, ftellerianum, capillare, te- nuiffimum, gracile, chamte-moly. Europe, N. Ameri¬ ca, Jamaica. * A. umbel globular; ftamens 3-pointed, petals rough ampelopra* on the heel.—This is eaten along with other pot-herbs.yii/w. It communicates its flavour to the milk and butter of cows that eat it. * A. filaments undivided 3 leaves femi-cylindrical, oleraceum. rough furrowed underneath 3 (leaves not rough.)—The tender leaves are very commonly boiled in foups, or fried with other herbs. Cows, goats, ftieep, and fwine, eat it. * A. ftalk 3»fquare3 leaves fpear-fliaped on leaf-ftalks; urjinutrt. umbel flat-topped.—An infufion of this plant in brandy is efteemed a good remedy for the gravel. Other plants growing near it do not flourilh. Cows eat it in the fpring when grafs is fcarce 3 but it communicates an offenfive flavour to the milk and butter. ' A.—The roots of this plant, which is the proper gar-fativum, lick, are of an irregularly roundifli fhape, with feveral fibres at the bottom 3 each root is compofed of a num¬ ber of leffer bulbs, called cloves of garlick, enclofed in one common membranaceous coat, and eafily feparated from each other. All the parts of this plant, but more efpecially the roots, have a ftrong offenfive fmell, and an acrimonious, almoft cauftic, tafte. The root ap¬ plied to the Ikin inflames and often exulcerates the part. Its fmell is extremely penetrating and diffufive. When the root is applied to the feet, its fcent is foon difcover- able in the breath 3 and when taken internally its fmell is communicated to the urine, or the matter of an iffue, and perfpires through the pores of the fldn. This pungent root warms and ftimulates the folids, and attenuates tenacious juices. Hence in cold leuco- phlegmatic habits, it proves a powerful expe&orant diuretic, and, if the patient be kept warm, fudorific j it has alfo been by fome fuppofed to be an emmena- gogue. In catarrhous diforders of the bread, flatulent colics, hyfterical and other difeafes, proceeding from laxities of the folids, it has generally good effects 3 it has likewife been found ferviceable in many hydropic cafes. Sydenham relates, that he has feen the dropfy cured by the ufe of garlick alone 3 he recommends it chiefly as a w arm {Lengthening medicine ih the begin- Itiing of the difeafe. Garlick is with fome alfo a favourite remedy in the cure of intermittents 3 and it has been faid to have fometimes fucceeded in obftinate quartans after the Peruvian bark had failed, particularly when taken to the extent of one or two cloves daily in a glafs of brandy or other fpirits. The liberal ufe of garlick, however, is apt to occafion headachs, flatulencies, third, febrile heats, inflammatory didempers, and fome¬ times difcharges of blood from the hcemorrhoidal vef- fels. In hot bilious conditutions, where there is al¬ ready a degree of irritation, and where there is reafoh to fufpedl an unfound date of the vifcera, this dimula- ting medicine is manifedly improper, and never fails to aggravate the didemper. T he mod commodious form of taking garlick, a medicine to mod people not a little unpleafant, is that U 2 of Hexandria. is O T of a bolus or pill. Infufions in fpirit, wine, vinegar, and water, although containing the whole of its virtues, are fo acrimonious as to be unfit for general ufe. A fyrup and oxymel of it were formerly kept in the fhops ; but it does not now enter any officinal prepa¬ ration in our pharmacopoeias 5 and it is proper that even the pills fhould always be an extemporaneous prefcrip- tion, as they fuffer much from keeping. Garlick made into an ointment with oils, &c. &c. applied externally, is faid to refolve and difcufs cold tumours, and has been by fome greatly efteemed in cutaneous difeafes. It has likewife fometimes been employed as a repellent. When applied under the form of a poultice to the pubes, it has fometimes proved effeftual in producing a difcharge of urine, when re¬ tention has arifen from want of a due action of the bladder •, and fome have recommended, in certain cafes of deafnefs, the introduftion of a fingle clove, wrapt in thin muflin or gauze, into the meatus auditorius or paffage of the ear. Sydenham affures us, that among all the fubfiances which occafion a derivation or revul- fion from the head, none operates more powerfully than garlick applied to the foies of the feet; hence he was led to make ufe of it in the confluent fmallpox. About the eighth day after the face began to fvvell, the root cut in pieces, and tied in a linen cloth, was ap¬ plied to the foies, and renewed twice a-day till all danger was over. The roots of the a/liutn cepa, or onion, are confider- ed rather as articles of food than of medicine. They are fuppofed to afford little nourifliment, and when eaten liberally in their raw ftate, produce flatulencies, occafion third:, headachs, and troublefome dreams. In cold phlegmatic habits, where vifcid mucus abounds, they doubtlefs have their ufe ; as by their ftimulating quality they tend to excite appetite, attenuate thick juices, and promote their expulfion : by fome they are fxrongly recommended in fuppreffions of urine, and in dropfies. The chief medicinal ufe of onions in the prefent pradlice is in external applications, boiled as a cataplafm, for fuppurating tumours. 627. Lilium, or Lily, 16 fpecies j viz. cordifolium, longiflorum, candi- dum, japonicum, lancifolium, bulbiferum, catefbaei, fpeciofum, pomponium, chalcedonicum, fuperbum, martagon, canadenfe, maculatum, kamfchatcenfe, philadelphicum. Europe, Japan, N. America.—The Lilium candidum, or white lily, is cultivated in gar¬ dens more for its beauty than utility. The mucilagi¬ nous root is ufed by fome as a poultice j but it pof- feffes no advantage over the poultices formed of vege¬ table farinse. 628. Fritillaria, or Crown-imperial, Fritillary. Six fpecies 5 viz. imperalis, perfica, verticillata, pyre- naica, * meleagris, latifolia. Ault. Pyren. Italy, Perf. 629. Eucomis. Five fpecies; viz. nana, bifolia, regia, undulata, pun&ata. C. of G. Hope. 630. UvULARIA. Six fpecies ; viz. amplexifolia, hirta, lanceolata, per- foliata, feffilifolia, cirrhofa. Germany, N. Amer. Jap. ' 631. Gloriosa, or Superb Lily. Two fpecies j viz. fuperba, fimplex. Guiana, E. Indies, ANY. 632. Erythronium, or Dogs-tooth Violet, One fpecies; viz. dens canis. Siberia, Italy, Virg, Carolina. 633. Tun pa, or Tulip. Five fpecies; viz. * fylveftris, fuaveolens, gefneria- na, biflora, breyniana. S. Eur. Levant, Cape. 634. Albuca, or Baje Star of Bethlehem. 14 fpecies j viz. altiffima, major, flaccida, minor, viridiflora, coardlata, falligiata, candata, fetofa, aurea, abyffinica, fragrans, vifcofa, fpiralis. C. of G. Hope. 635. Gethyllis. Five fpecies •, x\z. fpiralis, ciliaris, villofa, plicata, lanceolata. C. of G. Hope. 636. Curculigo. One fpecies; viz. orchioides. 637. Hypoxis, or Bafe Star-flower. 15 fpecies j viz. eredta, fobolifera, villofa, decum- bens, obliqua, aquatica, minuta, alba, ovata, veratri- folia, flellata, ferrata, juncea, fafcicularis, feffilis. N. Amer. Jamaica, Cape, Japan. 638. Eriospermum. Three fpecies 5 viz. latifolium, lanceaefolium, par- vifolium. 639. Ornithogalu m, or Star of Bethlehem. 43 fpecies j viz. uniflorum, ftriatum, bulbiferum, fpathaceum, bohemicum, *luteum, minimum, circina- tum, paradoxum, niveum, * umbellatum, * pyrenai- cum, ftachyoides, lafteum, ovatum, ciliatum, crenula- tum, pilofum, revolutum, conicum, narbonenfe, latifo¬ lium, altiffimum, fcilloides, longebrafteatum, japoni¬ cum, comofum, pyramidale, tenellum, odoratum, fuave¬ olens, fecundum, fufcatum, barbatum, polyphyllum, juncifolium, rupeftre, arabicum, thyrfoides, aureum, coarflatum, candatum, nutans. Eur. Egypt, Madeira, Cape. * O. ftalk angular, 2-leaved *, fruitftalks in an un- luteum, branched umbel.—The bulbous roots of all the fpecies are nutritious and wholefome, and thofe of this fpecies have been employed for food in a fcarcity of provifion. Horfes, goats, and fheep eat it j fvvine are not fond of it; cows refufe it. 640. Sc 1L la or Squill. 16 fpecies; viz. maritima, lilio-hyacinthus, italica, tetraphylla, peruviana, japonica, amoena, prsecox, cam- panulata, * bifolia, * verna, lufitanica, orientalis, hya- cintboides, * autumnalis, unifolia. Eur. Barb. Madeira, Japan. S. flowers naked ; floral leaves bent backwards as \imaritime, broken.—This is the fquill or fea-onion well known in medicine. It is a kind of onion growing fpontane- oully upon dry fandy fhores in Spain and the Levant, from whence the root is annually brought into Europe. It (hould be chofen plump, found, frefli, and full of clammy juice : fome have preferred the red fort, others the white, though neither deferves the preference to the other. The only difference perceivable between them is that of the colour, and hence both may be ufed promifcuoufly. This root is to the tafte very naufeous, intenfely bitter, and acrimonious. Much haqdled it ulcerates the Ikin. With regard to its me¬ dical Hexandria. B O T dical virtues, It powerfully ftimulates the folids and at¬ tenuates vifcid juices j and by thefe qualities promotes expedloration, urine, and, if the patient be kept warm, fweat : if the dofe be considerable it proves emetic, and fometimes purgative. The principal ufe of this medi¬ cine is where the prim# vice abound with mucous mat¬ ter, and the lungs are opprefled by tenacious phlegm. Dr Wagner, in his clinical obfervations, recommends it given along with nitre in hydropical fwellings, and in the nephritis; and mentions feveral cures that he performed by giving from four to ten grains of the powder for a dofe, mixed with a double quantity of nitre : he fays, that thus managed, it almoil always operates as a diuretic, though fometimes it vomits or purges. In dropfy, dried fquills are often combined with mercury. The moll commodious form for the taking of (quills, unlefs when deligned as an emetic, is that of a bolus or pill : liquid forms are to moll people too offenfive, though thefe may be rendered lefs difagreeable both to the palate and flomach by the ad¬ dition of aromatic diltilled waters. This root yields the whole ot its virtues both to aqueous and to vinous menftrua, and likewife to vegetable acids. Its officinal preparations are a conferve of dried fquills, a fyrup, and vinegar, an oxymel, and pills. 641. Cyanella. Four fpeeies ; viz. capenlis, orchidiformis, lutea, al¬ ba. C. of G. Hope. 642. Asphodelus, or Afphodel, or Kcings-fpear. Seven fpecies ; viz. luteus, creticus, ramofus, albus, fiftulofus, altaicus, liburnicus. Aultria, S. Europe. 643. An thericum, or Spider-zvort. 5J) fpecies j viz. * ferotinum, fragrans, filifolium, flexbohum, filiforme, exuviatum, elongatum, graecum, planifolium, fquameum, comofum, floribundum, revolu- tum, ramofum, datum, falcatum, contortum, vefperti- mim, graminifolium, japonicum, longifojium, hirfutum, adenanthera, reflexum, pilofum, undulatum, triflorum, * canaliculatum, albucoides, liliago, liliaftrum, fpirale, frutefcens, rolfratum, alooides, nutans, incurvum, lati- folium, pugoniforme, praemorfum, afphodeloides, longif- capum, annuum, hifpidum, muricatum, ciliatum, cauda felis, triquetrum, fcabrum, cirrhatum, crifpum, * offi- fragum, phyfodes, pufrllum, * calyculatum. Alps of Swed. S. Eur. Cape, Japan. ojjfragum * A.—It is believed in Sweden to be noxious to ffieep, and has been fuppofed to foften the bones of animals that eat it. Cows and horles eat it; ffieep and fwine refufe it. 644. Leontice, or Lions Leaf. Five fpecies ; viz. chryfogonum, leontopetalum, ve- ficaria, altaica, thalietroides. Levant, N. America. 645. Poll 1 a. One fpecies 5 viz. japonica. Japan. 646. Asparagus. 20 fpecies 5 viz. * officinalis, declinatus, decumbens, fiexuofus, fcandens, falcatus, racemoffis, retrofradlus, aethiopicus, afiaticus, albus, acutifolius, fubulatus, de- pendens, horridus, aphyllus, lanceus, capenfis, farmen- # _ tofus, verticillaris. S. Eur. Afia, Africa. officinalis. * A. Hem herbaceous, cylindrical, upright ; leaves brillle-ffiaped ; leaf-fcales folitary or in pairs; male and female flowers foaxetimes on diilinft plants.—The ANY. young ffioots of this plant, in its cultivated ftate, are very univerfally efteemed for their flavour and nutri¬ tious qualities. They impart to the urine the fcent of water in which they have been boiled. The fpara- gus chryfomela lives upon it. 647. Dracaena, or Dragon-tree. 14 fpecies; viz. draco, indivifa, umbraculifera, auf- tralis, cernua, ferrea, terminalis, marginata, llriata, un- dulata, erefta, enfifolia, borealis, graminifolia. Cape. E. Indies, China, N. America, 648. Sanseviera. ^ Three fpecies ; viz. guineenfis, zeylanica, lanugino 649. Convallaria, or Lily of the Valley. 11 fpecies; viz. * majalis, japonica, fpicata, # ver- ticillata, * polygonatum, * multiflora, latifolia, race- mofa, llellata, trifolia, bifolia. N. Eur. N. America, Japan. * C. ftalk naked, femi-cylindrical; flowers fpiked, majalis. nodding.—The flow’ers are highly fragrant, but when dried are of a narcotic fcent : reduced to powder, they excite fneezirig. An ext raft prepared from the flowers, or from the roots, partakes of the bitternefs as well as of the purgative properties of aloes. rfhe dofe from 20 to 30 grains. A beautiful and durable green co¬ lour may be prepared from the leaves by the affiftance of lime. Sheep and goats eat it; horfes, cows, and fwine, refufe it. * C. leaves alternate, embracing the Item ; Item 2-poljgona- edged; fruitftalks axillary, moftly 1-flowered.—In a/W///, fcarcity of provifions the roots have been made into bread. Sheep and goats eat it ; horfes, cows, and fwine refufe it. * C. leaves alternate embracing the flem ; Item cylin- nwltifora, drical: fruit-ftalks axillary, many-flow’ered.—-The young ffioots are eaten by the Turks as afparagus, and the roots have been made into bread as the C. polygo¬ natum. Cows, goats, and ffieep eat it. 650. Polyanthus, or Tuberose. Twm fpecies ; viz. tuberofa, pygmaea. E. Indies. 651. Drimia. Five fpecies; viz. ciliaris, data, pufilla, undulata? media. 652. Hyacinth us, or Hyacinth. 13 fpecies; viz. * non-lcriptus, cernuus, amethyfti- nus, orientalis, flexuofus, corymbofus, convallarioides, brevifolius, romanus, mufcaris, comofus, betryoides, racemofus. S. Eur. Levant. * H. blofloms tubular-bellffiaped, with fix divifions, nQn rcr:Lhi fegments rolled back ; floral leaves in pairs.—The freffi tus J 1" roots are poifonous: 1 hey may be converted into ftarch. Phalcena plantaginis lives upon it. 653. Phormium. One fpecies; viz. tenax. 654. Lachenalia. 24 fpecies ; viz. glaucina, orchioides, pallida, hya- cinthoides, anguftifolia, contaminata, viridis, ferotina, pufilla, patula, fragrans, liiiiflora, puftulata, purpureo’ coerulea, violacea, purpurea, lanceaefolia, unifolia, hir- ta, ifopetala, tricolor, rubida, punftata, pendula. Cape; New Zealand. 655, x57 ij8 B O T 655. Lamaria. One fpecies j viz. plumofa. C. of G. Hope. 656. Veltheimia. Four fpecies 5 viz. viridifolia, glauca, uvaria, pumi- la. 657. Aletris, or Bafe Aloe. Two fpecies; viz. farinofa, fragrans. Afr. N. A- mer. Ceylon, Japan. 658. Yucca, or Adam's Needle. Four fpecies ; viz. gloriofa, aloifolia, draconis, fila- xnentofa. Amer. 659. Aloe, or Aloe. 17 fpecies j viz. dichotoma, fpicata, perfoliata, pifta, finuata, humilis, arachnoides, margaritifera, ver- rucofa, carinata, maculata, lingua, plicatilis, variegata, vifcofa, fpiralis, retufa. Africa. Thefe plants are chiefly or rather only valuable, on account of the medicinal virtues of their infpifl'ated juice. The ancients diftinguifhed two forts of aloes: The one was pure and of a yellowifh colour inclining to a red, refembling the colour of a liver, and thence hamed hepatic 5 the other was full of impurities, and hence fuppofed to be only the drofs of the better kind. At prefent various forts are met with in commerce, •which are diftinguilhed from the place in which they are produced, or from their fenlible qualities. 1. The Socotorine aloes, faid to be obtained from a variety of the aloe perfoliata. This is the pureft fort. It is brought from the ifland Socotora in the Indian oc- cean wrapt in Ikins. It is of a gloffy furface, clear, and in fome degree pellucid \ in the lump, of a yellow- ilh red colour, with a purple call; when reduced to powder, of a bright golden colour. It is hard and fri¬ able in the winter, and fomewhat pliable in fummer, and grows foft betwixt the fingers. Its tafte is bit¬ ter, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, but infuffi- cient to prevent its being difagreeable •, the fmell is not very unpleafant, and fomewhat refembles that of myrrh. 2. Barbadoes or hepatic aloes. Hepatic aloes is not fo clear and bright as the foregoing fort : it is alfo of a darker colour, more compaft texture, and for the mofl: part drier. Its fmell is much ftronger and more difagreeable : the tafte intenfely bitter and naufeous, with little or nothing of the fine aromatic flavour of the Socotorine. The beft hepatic aloes comes from Barbadoes in large gourd {hells : an inferior fort of it (which is generally foft and clammy), is brought over in calks. 3. Fetid, caballine, or horfe aloes, may eafily be dif¬ tinguifhed from each of the foregoing, by its ftrong rank fmell } although in other refpecls it agrees pretty much with the hepatic, and is not unfrequently fold in its Head. Sometimes the caballine aloes is prepared fo pure and bright, as not to be diftinguifhed by the eye from the Socotorine', but its offenfive fmell, of which it cannot be diverted, readily betrays it. It has not now a place in almoft any pharmacopoeia, and is em¬ ployed chiefly by farriers. All the forts of aloes diffolve in pure fpirit, proof fpirit, and proof fpirit diluted with half its weight of water j the impurities only being left. They diflblve £lfo by the afliftance of heat in water alone; but as the A N Y. Hexandria liquor grows cold, the refmous part fubfides, the gummy remaining united with the water. The he¬ patic aloes is found to contain more refin, and lefs gum than the Socotorine, and this than the caballine. 1 he refins of all the forts, purified by fpirit of wine have little fmell; that obtained from the Socotorine has fcarce any perceptible tafte ; that of the hepatic, a flight bitterifli reliih ; and the refin of the caballine a little more of the aloetic flavour. I he gummy ex¬ tracts of all the forts are lefs difagieeable than the crude aloes: the extradl of Socotorine aloes has very little fmell, and is in tafte not unpleafant j that of the hepa¬ tic has a fomewhat ftronger fmell, but is rather more agreeable in tafte than the extraCt of the Socotorine : the gum of the caballine retains a confiderable fhaie of the peculiar rank fmell of this fort of aloes, but its tafte is not much more unpleafant than that of the extra&s made from the two other forts. Aloes is a ftimulating cathartic bitter : if given in fo large a dofe as to purge effeClually, it often occa- fions an irritation about the anus, and fometimes a dif- charge of blood. Small dofes of it, frequently repeated, not only cleanfe the prinue vice, but likewife warm the habit, quicken the circulation, and promote the uter¬ ine and hemorrhoidal fluxes. 1 his medicine is parti¬ cularly feryiceable in habitual coftivenefs, to perfons of a phlegmatic temperament and fedentary life, and where the ftomach is opprefled and weakened. In dry bilious habits, aloes prove injurious, immoderately heating the body and inflaming the bowels. The juice is likewife, on account of its bittemefs, fup¬ pofed to kill worms, either taken internally, or ap¬ plied in plafters to the umbilical region. It is alfo celebrated for reftraining external hasmorrhagies, and cleanfing and healing wounds and ulcers. The ancients gave aloes in much larger dofes than is cuftomary at prefent. Diofcorides orders half a dram or a dram for .gently loofening the belly ; and three drams where intended to have the full effeCI of a cathartic. But modern praCIice rarely exceeds a feru- ple, and limits the greateft dofe to two fcruples. For the. common purpofes of this medicine ten or twelve grains furtice \ taken in thefe or lefs quantities, it a£!s as a gentle ftimulating eccoprotic, capable of removing, il duly continued, very obftinate obftru&ions. Aloes are much lefs frequently ufed to operate as a purgative than merely to obviate coftivenefs : and indeed their purgative effefl is not increafed in proportion to the quantity that is taken. Perhaps the chief objec¬ tion to aloes, in cafes of habitual coftivenefs, is the tendency which they have to induce and augment hgemorrhoidal affe&ions ; and with thofe liable to fuch complaints they can feldom be employed. Their purgative effeeft feems chiefly to depend on their proving a ftimulus to the reftum. Some are of opinion that the purgative virtue of aloes reiides entirely in its refin : but experience has ftiown that the pure refin has little or no purgative quality; and that the gummy part, feparated from the refinous, acts more powerfully than the crude aloes. If the aloes indeed be made to undergo long coefion in the preparation of the gummy extraft, its cathartic power will be confiderably leffened, not from the fepara- tion of the refin, but from an alteration made in the { juice Hexandria. B O T juice xtfelf by the heat. Tlie ftrongcft vegetable ca¬ thartics become mild by a like treatment, without any remarkable reparation of their parts. Socotorine aloes, as already obferved, contain more gummy matter than the hepatic $ and hence are like- wife found to purge more, and with greater irritation. The firft fort therefore is moft proper where a ftimulus is required, as for promoting or exciting the menftru- al flux; whilft the latter is better calculated to aft as a common purge. It is fuppofed that the vulnerary and balfamic virtues of this juice refide chiefly in the refin, and hence the hepatic aloes, which is molt refinous, is molt ferviceable in external application. Aloes enter many of the officinal preparations and eompofitions, particularly different pills and tinftures ; and according to the particular purpofes for which thefe are intended, fometimes the Barbadoes, fometimes the Socotorine aloes are the molt proper. 660. Agave, or Common American Aloe. Seven fpecies j viz. americana, vivipara, virginica, cubenfis, lurida, tuberofa, foetida. America. 661. Alstroemeria. Six fpecies; viz. pelegrina, puichella, ligtu, falfilla, ovata, multiflora. Peru, Lima. 662. Hemerocallis, or Day-lily. Four fpecies *, viz. flava, fulva, lancifolia, japonica. Siberia, Hungary, Levant, Japan. 663. Acorus, or Sweet-fmelling Rujh. Two fpecies ; viz. calamus, gramineus. Europe, India. elamus. * A. floral leaf very much longer than the fpike.—The root powdered might fupply the place of our foreign fpices. It is our only native truly aromatic plant. The powder of the root has cured agues, wrhen the Peru¬ vian bark has failed. The roots have a Itrong aroma¬ tic fmell, and a warm pungent bitterilh tafte. The flavour is greatly improved by drying. They are com¬ monly imported from the Levant, but thofe of our own growth are full as good. The Turks candy the roots, and think they are a prefervative againft contagion. Neither horfes, cowts, goats, flieep, or fwine will eat it. 664. Orontium, or 'Floating Arum. Two fpecies; viz. aquaticum, japonicum. N. A- ttierica, Japan. 665. Tacca. One fpecies; viz. pinnatifida. E. Indies, Otaheite. 666. Corvpha, or Mountain Palm. Two fpecies j viz. umbraculifera, rotundifolia. Eaft Indies, Carolina. 667. Licuala. One fpecies $ viz. fpinofa. Africa, Amboyna. 668. Thrinax, or Small Jamaica Fan-palm. One fpecies 5 viz. parviflora. Jamaica, Hifpaniola. 669. Calamus. Eight fpecies ; viz. rotang, verus, draco, niger, vi- minalis, rudentum, equeftris, zalacca. India. 670. Juncus, or RuJ}}. 40 fpecies ; viz. * acutus, * conglomeratus, effufus, glaucus, * inflexus, arfticus, * filiformis, capillaceus, ANY. 159 grandiflorus, magellanicus, rubens, * trifidus, * fquar- rofus, capitatus, capenfis, punftorius, nodofus, * arti- culatus, fylvaticus, fubverticillatus, tenageja, * bulbo- fus, tenuis, * bufonius, cephalotes, ftygius, jacquini, * biglumis, * triglumis, * pilofus, maximus, fpadiceus, luteus, parviflorus, ferratus, albidus, niveus, *campef- tris, fudeticus, *fpicatus. Europe, Cape, N. Ameiica. * J. ftraw ftiff and ftraight 5 panicle lateral, loofe $ effufus. flowers egg-lhaped, blunt, 3 ftamens in each.—Ruffies are fometimes ufed to make little balkets. The pith of this fpecies is ufed inftead of cotton to make the wick of rulh lights. Horfes and goats eat it. * J. ftraw rigid j leaves like briftles ^ panicle itxmmTi-fquarrqfuSi ting, leaflefs,—Horfes eat it. The leaves lying clofe to the ground elude the ftroke of the fcythe. It indi¬ cates a barren foil. 671. Richardia. One fpecies $ viz. fcabra. Vera Cruz- 672. Duroia. One fpecies $ viz. eriopila. Surinam. 673. Achras, or Sapota. Three fpecies; viz. diffefta, mammofa, fapota. W. Indies, S. America. 674. Prinos, or Winter-berry. Seven fpecies; viz. verticillatus, montanus, dioicus, nitidus, glaber, lucidus, fideroxyloides. N. America, Jamaica, Montferr. 675. Cossignea. Two fpecies ; viz. triphylla, pinnata. India. 676. Barbacenia. One fpecies; viz. brafilienfis. 677. Berberis, or Barberry, or Pipperidge Bujh. Five fpecies; viz. * vulgaris, ilicifolia, microphylla, eretica, fibirica. Europe, Canada, Terra del Fuego. B. fruitftalks forming bunches; thorns 3 together^— vulgaris.. The leaves are gratefully acid. The flow'ers are offen- five to the fmell when near, but at a proper diftance their odour is extremely fine. The berries are fo very acid that birds will not eat them, but boiled with fu- gar they form a moft agreeable rob or jelly. They are ufed, likewife, as a dry fweatmeat, and in fugar plumbs. An infufion of the bark in white wine is purgative. The roots boiled in lye dye wool yellow. In Poland they dye leather of a moft beautiful yellow with the bark of the root. The inner bark of the ftems dyes linen of a fine yellow, with the affiftance of alum. This ftirub ftiould never be permitted to grow in corn lands, for the ears of wheat that grow near it never fill, and its influence in this refpeft has been known to extend as far as 3 or 4 hundred yards acrofs a field. This very extraordi¬ nary faft well merits inveftigation. 678. Psathura. One fpecies ; viz. borbonica. Ifle of Bourbon. 679. Nandin'a. One fpecies; viz. domeftica. Japan. 680. Lindeaa. One fpecies ; viz. umbellata. Japan. 681. Enargea. One fpecies; viz. piargmata. Terra del Fuego. 682. B O T A N Y. Hexandria, 160 682. Philesia. One fpecxes ; viz. buxifolia. Straits of Magellan. 683. Capura. One fpecies j viz. purpurata. India. 684. Loranthus. 26 fpeciesviz. fcurrula, tetrapetalus, glaucus, bi- florus, parvifolius, falcatus, uniflorus, europaeus, longi- bra&eatus, buddlejoides, nodofus, elevatus, longiflorus, elafticus, americanus, emarginatus, occidentalis, loni- ceroides, pedunculatus, feffilis, marginatus, ftelis, pau- ciflorus, brafilienfis, pentandrus, fpicatus. Europe^ E, Indies, Jamaica, America. ' 685. Schradera. Two fpecies ; viz. capitata, cephalotrs. 686. Stephania. One fpecies ; viz. cleomoides. Guiana. 687. Hillia. Two fpecies-, viz. longiflora, tetrandra. Jamaica, South America. 688. Isertia. Two fpecies ; viz. coccinea, parviflora. Guiana. 689. Can Arina, or Canary Bell-flower. One fpecies viz. campanula. Canary Hies, 690. Frankenia, or Sea-heath. Four fpecies j viz. * laevis, nothria, hirfuta, *pul- verulenta. Europe, Arabia. 691. Peplis, or Water Purjlain. Two fpecies $ viz. * portula, indica. Europe. 692. Gahnia. Two fpecies j viz. procera, fchoenoides. New Zea¬ land. 693. Bambusa. Two fpecies j viz. arundinacea, verticiliata. 694. Ehrharta. Five fpecies •, viz. cartilaginea, bulbofa, longiflora, panicea, calycina. Africa. Order II. DIGYNIA. 693. Oryza, or Rice. One fpecies ; viz. fativa. E. and W. Indies, N. A- merica.—Rice is the produce of many countries, par¬ ticularly of the Eaft Indies j but as ufed in Britain, it is brought chiefly from Carolina, where this plant is cul¬ tivated in large quantities. It is fufliciently nutritious, and affords an ufeful food in diarrhoeas, dyfenteries, and other diforders from a thin acrimonious ftate of the juices. 696. Nectris. One fpecies $ viz. aquatica. Guiana. 697. Falkia. One fpecies $ viz. repens. Cape of Good Hope. 698. Atraphaxis. Two fpecies j viz. fpinofa, undulata. Levant, Cape. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 699. Rumex, or Dock. 36 fpecies j viz. patientia, *fanguineus, fpathulatus, verticiilatus, britannica, ^hydrolapathum, *cri!pus, ne« molapathum, perficarioides, gegyptiacus, dentatus, *ma- ritimus, divaricatus, *acutus, *obtufifolius, # pulcher, bucephalophorus, aquaticus, lunaria, veficarius, rofeus, tingitanus, fcutatus, nervofus, * digynus, lanceolatus, alpinus, Ipinofus, tuberofus, multifidus, * acetofa, *a- cetofella, aculeatus, luxurians, arifolius, bipinnatus. Europe, Egypt, Barbary. * R. valves ftrongly veined; leaves fpear-fhaped, acute, waved and curled at the edge.—In Norfolk this plant is the peft of clover fields. The frefh roots bruifed, and made into an ointment or deco&ion, cure the itch. The feeds have been given with advantage in the dy- fentery. Cows, goats, and horfes refufe it. * R. valves veinlefs *, leaves oval-fpear-fhaped, uneven at the edges.—Cows and horfes refufe it. It is^infedled by the aphis rumicis. The root is ufed by the dyers. It gives a great variety of fhades, from ftraw colour to a pretty fine olive, and a fine deep green to cloths which have been previoufly blued. * R. leaves fpear-fhaped, fmooth, acute, very entire, tapering at the bafe. It is a medicine of confiderable//7/y&»»r» efficacy, both externally applied as a wafh for putrid fpongy gums, and internally in feme fpecies of feurvy. In rheumatic pains and chronical difeafes, owing to ob- ftrufted vifeera, it is faid to be ufeful. I he powdered root is one of the beft things for cleaning the teeth. The root has fometimes a reddifh tinge, but foon chang¬ ing to a yellowifh brown when expofed to the air. The curculio lapathi is found upon the leaves. * R. leaves heart-oblong, bluntifh, finely notched.— obtuflfolio. Fallow-deer eat this and the R. acutus with avidity, biting it clofe to the root, fo that it is very rare to fee a dock growing in a park. * R. leaves oblong, anw-ffiaped.—The leaves zxt acetofa. eaten in fauces and in fallads. The Laplanders ufe them to turn their milk four. In France they are cultivated for the ufe of the table, being introduced in foups, ra¬ gouts and fricaffees. In fome parts of Ireland they eat them plentifully with milk, alternately biting and hip¬ ping. The Iriffi alfo eat them with fifh, and other al- calefcent food. The dried root gives out a beautiful red colour when boiled. Hoifes, cows, goats, fheep, and fwine eat it. The aphis acetofee feeds upon it. 700. Flagellaria. One fpecies j viz. indica. Eafl Indies, Guiana. 701. Scheuchzeria, or Lejfer Flowering Rujh. One fpecies j viz. paluftris. Lapland, Sweden, Helvetia. 702. Trig loch in, or Arrow-headed Grafs. Three fpecies j viz. * pallultre, bulbofum, * mariti- mum. Europe. * T. Capfule 3-celled, nearly ftrap-fhaped.—Cmvs vctpaluflre. extremely fond of this plant. Horfes, ffieep, goats, and fwine eat it. . . * T. Capfule 6 celled, egg-ffiaped.—It is fait to tiwmanti- tafte j but horfes, goats, ffieep, and fwine are very mum. fond of it. 7°3- Hexandriat B O T 703. WURMBEA. Three fpecies) viz. pumila, campanulata, longiflora. 704. Melanthium. 14 fpecies j viz. virginicum, fibiricum, laetum, ca- penfe, triquetrum, ciliatum, junceum, fecundum, pha- langioides, indicum, viride, uniflorum, eucomoides, pumilum. Siberia, Cape, N. America. 705. Medeola, or Climbing African Afparagus. Three fpecies ; viz. virginica, afparagoides, angufti- folia. Cape, Virginia. 706. Trillium, or Three-leaved Nightjhade. One fpecies j viz. feflile. North America. 707. Colchicum, or Meadow-fajfron. Three fpecies; viz. * autumnalc, montanum, varie- gatum. South of Europe, Archipelago. tutumnale.* C. leaves flat, fpear-fhaped, upright.—This is one of thofe plants which, upon the concurrent teftimony of ages, was condemned as poifonous; but Dr Storck of Vienna hath taught us that it is an ufeful medicine. The roots have a good deal of acrimony. An infufion of them in vinegar, formed into a fyrup by the addi¬ tion of fugar or honey, is found to be a very ufeful pedloral and diuretic; it feems in its virtues very much to refemble fquill, lout is lefs naufeous, and lefs acri¬ monious, though more fedative. In a pafture in which ANY. were feveral horfes, and eaten down pretty bare, the grafs was clofely cropped, even under the leaves, but not a leaf bitten. 708. Helonias. Four fpecies; viz. bullata, borealis, afphodeloides, pumila. Pennfylvania, Virginia. Order IV. HEXAGYNIA. 709. Wendlandia. One fpecies ; viz. populifolia. 710. Damasonium. One fpecies ; viz. indicura. Order V. POLYGYNIA. 711. Alisma, or Water-plantain. Ten fpecies; viz. *plantago, flava, fagittifolia, *da- mafonium, cordifolia, parnaffifolia, repens, * natans, * ranunculoides, fubulata. Europe, N. America. In the clafs Hexandria are 111 Genera, including 784 Species, of which 63 are found in Britain. CLASSIS VII. HEPTANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flores completi. * 712. Trientalis. Cal. 7-phyllus. Cor. 7-partita, plana. Bacca i-locularis, ficca. 713. Disandra. Cal. fubfeptempartitus. Cor. ro- tata, fubfeptempartita. Capf. 2-locularis, polyfperma. 717. /Esculus. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, inaequalis. Capf. 3-locularis, 2-fperma. 718. Petrocarva. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa carnofa. Nux 2-locul. 716. Pancouia. Cal. 4 partitus. Cor. 4-petala crifpata. Stam. adfeendentia. 719. Jonesja. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. infundibili- formis. Legumen. f Pelargonium. Se£t II. Flores incompleti. 714. Pi sonia. Cal. campanulatus, 5-fidus. Cor. o. Bacca i-fperma. 715. Petiveria. Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stylus lateralis. Sem. 1. Vol. IV. Part I. CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flores completi. * T. Cal. 7-leaved. Cor. 7-partite, flat. Berry I- celled, dry. D. Cal. nearly 7-partite. Cor. wheel-fhaped, near¬ ly 7 partite. Capf. 2-celled, many-feeded. IE. Ca . 5-toothed. Cor. 5 petaled, unequal. Capf. 3-celled, 2-feeded. P. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5 petals. Aflefhy drupe. Nut 2-celled. P. Cal. 4-partite. Cor. 4-petaled, crifped. Sta¬ mens afeending. J. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. funnel-fhaped. A legumi¬ nous plant. Seel. II. Flowers incomplete. P. Cal. bell-fhaped, 5-cleft. No cor. Berry i-feeded. P. Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Style lateral. Seed 1. X 7*>’ l6l 162 BO T 720. Dracontium. Spatha cymbiformis. Spadix tcdius. Cal. o. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca. 721. Calla. Spatha ovata. Spadix teftus. Cal. o. Cor. o. Bacca. 722. Houttuynia. Spatba4-pbylla. Spadix tec- tus. Cal. o. Cor. o. Capf. 3-locul. ? Ordo II. DIGYNIA. 725. Limeum. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, sequa- lis. Capf. 2-locularis, polyfperma. Ordo III. TETRAGYNIA, 724. Astranthus. Cal. o. Cor. hypocrateri- form. 14-fida. Sem. 1. 725. Saukurus. Cal. amentum. Cor. o. Pill. 4. Bacca 4, monofperm&e. Ordo IV. HEPTAGYNIA. 726. Septas. Cal. 7-partitus. Cor. 7-petala. Ger- mina 7. Capi. 7. f PhytolaccaJlricla. A N Y. Heptandria* D. A boat-lhaped flieath. The ftieathed fruitftalk covered. No cal. Cor. 5-petals. A berry. C. An oval (heath. Sheathed fruitftalk covered. No cal. No cor. A berry. H. fheath 4 leaved. Sheathed fruitftalk covered. No cal. No cor. Capf. 3-celled. Order II. DIGYNIA. L. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petals, equal. Capf. 2- celled, many-feeded. Order III. TETRAGYNIA. A. No cal. Cor. falver-lhaped, 14-cleft. Seed 1, S. Cal. catkin. No cor. Piftils 4. Berries 4, 1- feeded. Order IV. HEPTAGYNIA. S. Cal. 7-cleft. Cor. 7-petals. Germens 7. Capf. 7,. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 712. Trientalis, or Chickweed, Winter Green. One fpecies; viz. * europaea. North of Europe. 713. Disandra. One fpecies ; viz. proftrata. Madeira. 714. Pi son 1 A, or Fringrtdo. Five fpecies j viz. aculeata, fubcordata, nigricans, coccinea, mitis. Weft Indies. 715. Petiveria, or Guinea Hen-weed. One fpecies j viz. alliacea. Weft Indies. 716. Pancovia. One fpecies 5 viz. bijuga. 717. ./Esculus, or Horfe-chefnut. Three fpecies, viz. hippocaftanum, pavia, flava. N. of Alia, America. The fruit of this plant has been ufed as food for fheep and poultry, and as foap for waftring. It was much employed in powder as a fternutatory by an iti¬ nerant oculift, and has been recommended by fome others in certain ftates of ophthalmia, headach, &c. in which errhines are indicated. Its effefts as a fternutatory may alfo be obtained by ufing it under the form of infufion or decoflion drawn up into the noftrils j and it is entirely with a view to its errhine power that it is now introduced into the Pharmacopoeia of the Edinburgh college. But befides this, the bark has alfo been reprefented by fome as a cure for intermittent fevers, and it is probably with this intention^, that this part of the hippocaftanum is introduced as an official article in the Pharmacopoeia Roflica. 718. Petrocarya. Two fpecies j viz. montana, campeftris, Guiana, 719. Jones 1 A. One fpecies ; viz. pinnata. 720. Dracontium', or Dragon"1 s-head. Six fpecies ; viz. polyphyllum, fpinofum, foetidum? kamfchatcenfe, lanceaefolium, pertufum. Ceylon, W. Indies, America. 721. Calla, or Ethiopian Arum. Three fpecies; viz. sethiopica, paluftris, orientalis, Europe, Cape. 722. Houttuynia. One fpecies j viz. cordata. Japan. Order II. DIGYNIA. 723. Limeum. Three fpecies j viz. africanum, capenfe, sethiopicum, C. of G. Hope. Order III. TETRAGYNIA. 724. Astranthus. One fpecies \ viz. cochinchinenfis. 725. Saururus, or Lizard's 'Tail. One fpecies j viz. cernuus. Virginia. Order IV. HEPTAGYNIA. 726. Septas. One fpecies j viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. In the clafs Heptandria are 15 Genera, which include 31 Species. Of thefe only one is found in Britain. CLAS3»IS O&andria. B O T . A N Y. 16 CHASSIS VIII. CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA. OCTANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se£l. I. Flores cofnpleti. 743. Mi mu so ps. Cor. 8-petala. Cal. 8-pliyllus, inferus. Drupa. 745. Cupania. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 3-locularis, loculis monorpermis. Sem. arillatum. 765. Dimocarpus. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-denta- tus. Baccae 2, monofpermae. 727. Tropaiolum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, inferus, calcaratus. Nuces 3. 779. Bjeckea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, fupe- rus. Capf. 4 locularis. ^ 747. Ephielis. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. i-locul. 2-fperma. 748. Molin^ea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. 3-locul. 3-valvis. 742. Honckenya. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyl¬ lus. Ne£tar. ftaminiformia. Capf. echinata. 751. Hagenia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2-phyllus. Neftar. 5 phyllum. 766. Memecylon. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. integer- rimus, fuperus. 734. Combretum. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 5-denta- tus, fuperus. Sem. 4. 738. Roxburghia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus inferus. Ant ierae neflario infertae. Capf. 2-valvis, * 732. Epilobium. Cor.4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tu- bulofus, fuperus. Capf. 4-tocularis. Sem. comofa. 731. Gaura. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tubulo- fus, fuperus. Nux i-fperma. 730. Oenothera. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tu- bulofus, fuperus. Capf. 4-locularis. Anther, linea- res. 735. Vitmannia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, inferus. Nux i-fperma. 729. Rhexia. Cor. 4 petala. Cal.4-fidus. Capf. 4-locularis, fupera. Anth. arcuate. 728. Osbeckia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 4-locularis, infera. Anth. roftratae. 737. Tetratheca. Cor, 4 petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Antherae 4-loculares. Capf. 2-locularis. 736. Grislea. Cor. 4 petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Capf. 1-locularis. 75°. Koebreuteria, Cor. 4-petala, ne&ario cy- lindrico. Cal. 4-phyllus. Capf. 3-locularis. 752. Persoonia. Cor. 4-petala, neftario cylin- drico. Cal. 4 partitus. Capf. i-locul. polyfperma. 753. Guarea. Cor. 4-petala, neftario cylindric®. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Capf. 4-locularis, 4-valvis. Sem. iblitaria. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Sedt. I. Flowers complete. M. Cor. 8-petaled. Cal. 8-leafed, inferior. A drupe. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed. Capf. 3-celled, 1 feed in each cell. Seed coated. D. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed. Berries 2. r-feeded. ’ I. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior, having: a fpur. Nuts 3. ’6 B. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-cleft, fuperior. Capf. 4- celled. E. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. 1-celled, 2-feeded. M. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. 3-celled, with 3 valves. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed, Neftaries in the form of ftamens. Capf. prickly. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 2-leafed. Ne&ary r- leafed. ' y * M. Cor. 4-petaled, Cal. very entire, fuperior. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed, fuperior. Seeds 4* R. Cor. 4 petals. Cal. 4-leafed, inferior. An¬ thers inferted in the nedlary. Capf. with 2 valves. * E. Cor. 4 petals. Cal. 4~cleft, tubular, fuperior. Capf. 4-celled. Seeds hairy. G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, tubular, fuperior. Nut, with one feed. O. Cor. or 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, tubular above. Capf. 4-celled. Anthers ftrap-lhaped. V. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, beneath. Nut 1- feeded. R. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 4-celled, above. Anthers bowed. O. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 4-celled, beneath or inferior. Anthers having a beak. T. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Anthers 4-cell¬ ed. Capf. 2-celled. G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Capf. i-celled, K. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical neftary. Cal. 4-leafed. Capf. 3-celled. P. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical neftary. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. 1-celled, many-feeded. G. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical ne&ary. Cal, 4-toothed, inferior. Capf. 4-celled, 4-Valved. Seeds lolitary. X 2 741. J64 B O T 741. Correa, Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4 dcntatus. Capl. 4-locul. loculis i-fpermis. 733. Antichorus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus, inferus. Capi. 4-Iocu]. 4-valvis, polyfperma. 740. Allophvlus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus, inferus. Stigma 4-fidum. 739. Ornitrophe. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus, inferus. Styl. 2 fid us. Baccae 2, monofpermae. 744. Jambolifera. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-denta- tus, inferus. Filamenta planiufcula. Drupa. 746. Xylocarpus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-denta- tus, inferus. Nedt. 8-fidum. Drupa ficca. 757. X1 men 1 a. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Neft. o. Drupa i-fperma. 763. Lawsonia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, in¬ ferus. Bacca 4locularis. 749. Melicocca. Cor. 4-petala refrafta. Cal. 4- partitus. Drupa corticofa. Stigma peltatum, anceps. 755. Amyris. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Bacca i-fperma. 764. Melicope. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Capf. 4, monofpermse. 775. Gnidia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, corol- lifer. Nux i-fperma. 758. Fuschia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus corol- lif. Bacca 4-locularis, polyfperma. » 754. Hedwtgia. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-dentatus. Capf. tricocca. 760. Michauxia. Cor. 8-partita. Cal. 16-parti- tus. Capf. 8-locularis. * 759. Chlora. Cor. 8-fida. Cal. 8-phyllus, infe- jus. Capf. i-locul. 2-valvis, polyfperma. * 768. Vaccinium. Cor. i-petala. Cal. 4-denta¬ tus, fuperus. Filam. receptaculi. Bacca. 769. Menziesia. Cal. repandus inferus. Cor. 1- petala. Filam. receptaculi. Capfula. * 770. Erica. Cor. j-petala. Cal. 4-pliyllus, infe¬ rus. Filam. receptaculi. Capfula. His Jimillima not an da quee ad clq/Jes diverfas pertinent. Bixophora Mangle. JEfculus Pavia. Monotropa Hy- popahys. Ruta graveolens. Jiiflicece nonnullee fpecies. Portulaca quadnjida. Portulaca tneridiana. Cappa- ndes dace. Dais oBandra. Ammania oBandra. Fagara oBandra. Melajlonice nonnullce fpecies. Fri- chilia pallida acuminata. Gilihertia ovata, hetero- phylla. FJais. Cleome juncea. Se£t. II. Flores incompleti. 771. Ophira. Cal. o., Involucr. 2-valve, triflorum. Cor. 4-petala fupera. Bacca i-locularis. 772. Grubbia. Cal. o. Involucr. 2-phyll. triflo- rum. Cor. 4-petala infera. 767. Buginuillasa. Cal. o. Cor. tubulofa fubin- tegra. Stam. inclufa. 778. Lachn/ea. Cal. 4-fidus, corollinus, insequa- lis. Stam. exferta. 774. Dirca. Cal. elimbis, corollinus, inaequalis. Stam. exferta. * 773; Oaphne. Cal. 4-fidus, corollinus, aequalis. Stam. inclufa. Drupa pulpofa, monofperma. 777. Passerina. Cal. 4-fidus, corollinus, aequalis. Stain, fupra corollam. A N Y. O&andria’ C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed. Capf. 4-celled, with I feeded cells. A. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed, inferior. Capf. 4~celled, 4-valved, many-feeded. A. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed, inferior. Stig¬ ma 4-cleft. O. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Style 2-cleft. Berries 2, one-feeded. J. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Fila¬ ments flattened. A drupe. X. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Nec¬ tary 8-cleft. A dry drupe. X. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. No neftary. A I-feeded drupe. L. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, inferior. Berry four-celled. M. Cor. 4-petaled, bent back as if broken. Cal. 4-partite. Drupe barky. Stigma target-fhaped, two- edged. A. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Ber¬ ry 1-feeded. M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. 4, one- feeded. G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, bearing the co¬ rolla. A nut, 1-feeded. F. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, bearing the blof- fom. Berry 4-celled, many-feeded. FI. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-toothed. Capf. 3-celled. M. Cor. 8-partite. Cal. i6-partite. Capf. 8-cell- ed. * C. Cor. 8-cleft. Cal. 8 leafed, inferior. Capf. 1- celled, 2-valved, many-feeded. * V. Cor. i-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, fuperior. Fi¬ lam. of the receptacle. Berry. M. Cal. ferpentine beneath. Cor. i-petaled. Fi¬ laments of the receptacle. Capfule. * E. Cor. x-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed, inferior. Fila¬ ments of the receptacle. Capfule. Se£E II. Flowers incomplete. O. No cal. Involucrum 2-valved, 3-florvered. Cor. 4-petaled, fuperior. Berry 1-celled. G. No cal. Involucr. 2-leafed, 3-flowered. Cor. 4-petaled, inferior. B. No cal. Cor. tubular, nearly entire. Stamens enclofed. L. Cal. 4-cleft, bloffom-like, unequal. Stamens protruding. D. Cal. not bordered, bloffom-like, unequal. Sta¬ mens protruding. * D. Cal. 4-cleft, bloffbm-like, equal. Stamens en¬ clofed. A drupe, pulpy, 1-feeded. P. Cal. 4-cleft, bloffom-like, equal. Stamens above the corolla. 776. O&andria. B O T 776. Stellar a. Cal. 4-fidus, corollinus, sequalis. Stam. inclufa. Nux, 761. Dodonjea. Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Capf. 3-localaris. 762. Valentinia. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Capf. baccata, 4-fperma. 1 756. Cadrota, Cal. 6-partitus. Cor. 0. Ordo II. DIGYMIA. 783* Codia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Invo- lucrum 4-phyllum. 782. Weinmannia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus. Capf. 2-locularis, 2-roftris. 784. Moehringia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- . lus. Capf. 1-locularis. ^ 780. Schmiedelia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 2-phyl- lus. Pericarp. 2, pedicellata. 781. Galenxa. Cor. o. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 2-I0- cularis, 2-fperma. f Chryfoplemum. Polygonutn Penjylvanicum. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. 788. Seriana. Cor. 4 petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sa- naarae 3. 787. Paullinia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Capf. 3-locularis, i-fperma. 789. Cardiospermum. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4- phyllus. Capf. 3-locul. i-fperma. 791. Pon^a. Cor, 4-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Capl. 3-locul. 3-fperma. 79°* Sapindus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca 3-cocca, i-fperma. 786. Coccoloba. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partitus. Bac¬ ca calycina, i-fperma. 785. Polygonum. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partitus. Sem, I, nudum. A N Y. S. Cal. 4-cleft, bloffom-like, equal. Stamens en- clofed. A nut. D. Cal. 4-leafed. No cor. Capf. 3-celled. V. Cal. 5-partitc. No cor. Capf. berried, 4-feed- ed. C. Cal. 6-pa»tite. No cor. Order II. DIGYNIA. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Involucrum 4.- leafed. _W. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Capf. 2-cclled, with 2 beaks. M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Capf. 1-celled. S. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 2-leafed. Seed-veffels 2, with pedicles. G. No cor. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-celled, 2-feed- ed. Order III. TRIGYNIA. S. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Seed-veffels 3. P. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Capf. 2-celled. l-feeded. 5 * C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Capf. 3-celled, i-feeded. 5 ’ P. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. 3-celled, 3-feeded. S. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Berry 3-ceUed, i-feeded. C. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. Berry cup-like, 1- feeded. * P. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. Seed I, naked. Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. * 794. Adoxa. Cor. 4.f. 5-fida, fupera. Cal. 2-phyl- lus. Bacca 4 f. 5-fperma. 792. V erea. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-iidus. Capf. 4, polyfpermae. 796. Halloragis.._ Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. .Drupa ficca, 4-locularis. * 795- Elatine. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Capi. 4-locularis. 797. Forskolea. Cor. 8-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sem. 4. '' Pet wen a cilhciceci. Mynophyllum verticillatutn. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. * A. Cor. 4 or 5-cleft, fuperior. Cal. 2-leafed. Ber¬ ry 4 or 5-feeded. V. Cor. 4.cleft. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. many-feeded. H. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. A drupe, dry, 4-celled. * E. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Capf. 4-celled,, F. Cor. 8-petaled. Cal. 8-leafed. Seeds 4. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 727* Frop^olum, or Indian Crejs, hive fpecies j viz. minus, maius, hybridum, pere- grinum, pentaphyllum. Peru, Lima. P 7 28. OsbechiA, or Gold-rofe Feather. I wo fpecies j viz. chinenfis, zeylanica. Ceylo,^' China. 729* Rhexia, or Soap-wood. 17 fpecies) viz. virginica, mariana, tiichotoma, bx- valvisj 166 O&andna enguflifo- tium. hirfutum. EOT valvis, trivalvis, juffiaeoides, hypericoides, glutinofa, acifanthera, glomerata, longifolia afpera, inconftans, latifolia, villofa, aquatica, uniflora. N. America, Ja¬ maica, Brafil. 73°' Oenothera, or Tree-pnmrofe. 15 fpecies; viz. biennis, grandiflora, parviflora, mu- ricata, longiflora, molliflima, no&urna, villofa, odo- rata, finuata, tetraptera, fruticofa, pumila, rofea, pur¬ purea. America. 73 r* Oaura, or Virginian Loofe-J}rife. ipecies ; viz. biennis, fruticofa, mutabilis. Virginia, Pennfylvania. 732. Epilobium, or Willow-herb. 12 fpecies ; viz. * anguftifolium, anguftiflimum, la- tifolium, * hirfutum, pubefcens, villofum, * monta- num, glabellum, rotundifolium, * tetragonum, * pa- luftre, * alpinum. North of Europe. * E. leaves fcattered, ftrap-fpear-fhaped j bloffoms ir¬ regular.—Goats are extremely fond of this plant. Cows and fheep eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. rI he phalcena porcellus and fphinx elpcnor are found up¬ on it. The fuckers of the root are eatable. An infu- flon of the plant has an intoxicating property, and the Kamtfchatcadales brew a fort of ale from the pith, and from the ale make vinegar. The down of the feeds alfo, mixed with cotton or fur, has been manufactured into ftockings and other articles of clothing. * E. leaves egg-fpear-fliaped, hairy, half embracing the Item ; item very much branched and hairy The top-lhoots have a delicate fragrance, refembling fcalded codlings (whence one of its names), but fo tranfitory, that before they have been gathered five minutes, it is no longer perceptible. Horfes, (beep, and goats, eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Swine refufe it. 733. Antichorus. One fpecies ; viz. depreflus. Arabia. 734. CoMBRETUM. Jive fpecies ; viz. laxum, fecundum, purpureum, de- candrum, alternifolium. America. 735. VlTMANNIA. One fpecies 5 viz. elliptica. 736. Grislea. 1 wo fpecies j viz. fecunda, tomentofa. America. 737. Tetratheca. One fpecies j viz. pincea. 738. Roxburghia. One fpecies 5 viz. gloriofoides. 739. Ornitrophe. Six fpecies ; viz. integrifolia, ferrata, cobbe, comi- nia, occidentalis, rigida. Ifle of Bourbon. 740. Allophylus. One fpecies j viz. zeylanicus. Ceyl. Jam. Hifpan. 741. Correa. One fpecies ; viz. alba. 742. Honckenya. One fpecies j viz. ficifolia. 743. Mimusops. Four fpecies ; viz. elengi, hexandra, kanhi, imbri- .caria. Arabia, India. A 'N Y. 744. Jambolifera. One fpecies j viz. pedunculata^ 745. Cupania. Three fpecies ; viz. tomentofa, glabra, faponarioides. Coromandel, W. Indies. 746. Xylocarpus. One fpecies j viz. granatum. Ceylon, E. Indies'. 747. Ephielis. One fpecies $ viz. fraxinea. Guiana. 748. Molinzea. Three fpecies $ viz. laevis, canefcens, alternifolia, 749. Melicocca. One fpecies j viz. bijuga. Jamaica. 750. Koelreuteria. One fpecies j viz. paniculata. China. 751. Hagenia. One fpecies $ viz. abyflinica. Abyflinia. 752. Persoonia. One fpecies 5 viz. gaureoides. 753. Gaurea. One fpecies j viz. trichilioides. 754. Hedwigia. One fpecies ; viz. balfamifera. Hifpaniola. 753. Amyris, or Shrubby Street wood, 19 fpecies j viz. polygama, elemifera, fylvatica, maritima, kataf, gileadenfis, opobalfamum, ennean- dra, heterophylla, gujanenfis, ambrofiaca, decandra, altiflima, toxifera, protium, dentata, anifata, zeyla- nica, balfamifera. E. Indies, Carolina, Jamaica. The 4. elemifera produces a refin, which is brought from the Spanifh W. Indies, and fometimes from the E. Indies, in large roundilh cakes, generally wrapped up in flag leaves. The beft fort is foftilh, fomewhat tranf- parent, of a pale, whitilh yellow colour, inclining a little to green ; of a ftrong, not unpleafant fmell. It almoft totally diffolves in pure fpirit, and fends over fome part of its fragrance along wuth this mcnftruum in diftillation : diftilled with water it yields a confide- rable quantity of pale-coloured, thin, fragrant effential oil. This refin gives name to one of the officinal un¬ guents, and is at piefent fcarce any otherwife made ufe of; though it is certainly preferable for internal pur- pofes to fome others, which are held in greater efteem. The fruit of the amyris gileadenfs is the produft of the tree that yields the opobaliam, or balfam of Gilead, It is about the fize of a pea, of a rvhitiffi colour, en- clofed in a dark-brown wrinkled bark. This fruit, when in perfection, has a pleafant warm glowing tafte, and a fragrant fmell, refembling that of the opobalfam itfelfi It is very rarely found in the (hops; and fuch as we now and then do meet with, has almoft entirely loft its fmell and tafte. It had formerly a place in the mithridate and theriaca formulae, now' baniffied from our pharmacopoeias j but even then the college permit¬ ted cubebs to be employed as a fubftitute for the carpo- balfamum, wffiich could feldom be procured 5 and it is probably on this account that it has now' no place in our lifts. 756. Cedrota. One fpecies j viz. longifoiia. Guiana. 757- Oftandria, 167 B O T 757. XlMENIA. Three fpecxes j viz. americana, elliptica, inermis. Weft Indies, Guiana. 758. Fuschia. Four fpecies $ viz. triphylla, coccinea, excorticata, multiflora. Jam, Chili, New Zealand. 759. Cheora, or Telhw Centaury. Five fpecies j viz. * perfoliata, quadrifolia, dode- candra, feflilis, imperfoliata. S. Eur. Lev. "Virginia. 760, Michauxia. One fpecies j viz. campanuloides. Levant. 761. DoDONjEA. Three fpecies j viz. vifcofa, triquetra, anguftifolia. Tropical climates, Cape. 762. Valentinja. One fpecies j viz. iligifolia. Cuba, Hifpaniola. 763. Lawsonia. Four fpecies ; viz. inermis, purpurea, acronychia, fpinofa. Egypt, Eaft Indies. 764. Melicope. One fpecies ; viz. ternata. South fea ifles. 765. Dimocarpus. One fpecies j viz. litchia. 766. Memecylon. Four fpecies 5 viz. capitellatum, tin&orium, grande, cordatum. Ceylon. 767. Buginvilljea. One fpecies ; viz. fpeftabilis. Brazil. 768. Vaccinium, or Bill-berry, or Whortle-berry. 27 fpecies •, viz. *myrtillus, pallidum, hirtum, fta- mineum, * uliginofum, album, mucronatum, diffufum, anguftifolium, corymbofum, brafteatum, ciliatum, fuf- catum, frondofum, venuftum, liguftrinum, refinofum, amoetium, virgatum, tenellum, arftoftaphyllos, meridio- nale, cereum, * vitis-idaea, *oxycoccus, hifpidulum, ma- crocarpon. N. Europe, Levant, N. America, Jamaica. myrtillus. * V. fruit-ftalks 1-flowered j leaves ferrated, egg-ftia- ed j ftem angular.—The berries of this plant are very acceptable to children, either eaten by themfelves, or with milk, or in tarts. The moor game live upon them in the autumn. The juice' ftairis paper or linen pur¬ ple. Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Horfes and cows refufe it. uliginofum.* V. fruit-ftalks 1-flowered •, leaves very entire, in- verfely egg-lhaped, blunt, fmooth.—-Children are faid fometimes to eat the berries •, but in large quantities they occafion dizzinefs and a flight headach, efpecial- ly when full growm, and quite ripe. Many vintners in France are faid to make ufe of the juice to colour their white wines red. Horfes, cows, ftieep, and goats, eat it. Swine refufe it. vitis-idaa. * V. bunches terminating, nodding j leaves inverfely egg ftiaped ; edge very entire, and rolled back, dot¬ ted underneath.—The berries are acid, and not very grateful; but they are eaten by the Finlanders, and by the country people in Sweden, and are fent in large quantities from W. Bothnia to Stockholm for pickling. They are alfo made into tarts, rob, and jelly. Goats eat it. Cows, (heep, and horfes, refufe it. txycoccos. V. fruit-ftalks Angle or in pairs j leaves egg-lhaped, ANY. very entire, edges rolled back $ ftem thread-fhaped, trailing, not hairy.—The berries made into tarts, are much efteemed ; but, on account of a peculiar flavour, are difliked by fome. They may be kept feveral years if wdped clean j and then clofely corked in dry bottles, or the bottles may be filled with water.—-At Long- town in Cumberland, 20 or 3ol.’s worth are fold by the poor people each market day, for five or fix weeks together. The molt general name, cranberry, proba¬ bly originated from the fruitftalks being crooked at the top, and before the expanfion of the bloffom, refem- bling the neck and head of a crane. 769. Menziesia. One fpecies j viz. ferruginea. 770. Erica, or Heath. 137 fpecies ; viz. glutinofa, lutea, paniculata, depref- fa, halicacaba, monfoniana, difcolor, denfifolia, cruenta, nigrita, phylicoides, regerminans, urceolaris, marifolia, planifolia, hirta, bicolor, articularis, viridi-purpurea, pubefeens, perfoluta, gracilis, ftrigofa, caflfra, arborea, ftri&a, florida, mucofa, pitulifera, amoena, * tetralix, inflata, gilva, abietina, verticillata, patterfonia, mam- mofa, empetrifolia, fpicata, oflophylla, fafcicularis, ob- liqua, * vulgaris, gnaphaloides, corifolia, calycina, tri¬ flora, fcoparia, bergiana, formofa, rubens, incarnata, * cinerea, auftralis, ramentacea, quadriflora, lateralis, margaritacea, baccans, pendula, phyfodes, cernua, re- torta, * daboecia, tenuifolia, albens, brafteata, thun- bergii, tetragona, umbellata, nudiflora, petiolata, bry- antha, ftelleriana, fucata, axillaris, imbricata, fexfaria, melanthera, leucanthera, taxifolia, fpumofa, capitata, bruniades, pafferina, totta, abfynthioides, ciliaris, coe- rulea, hifpidula, petiverii, bankfii, febana, monadelphia, plukenetii, verficolor, perfpicua, aitoni, cephalotes, pul- chella, longifolia, veftita, pinea, leea, coccinea, pur¬ purea, concinna, grandiflora, cylindrica, curviflora, fim- pliciflora, tubiflora, lanata, procera, confpicua, glandu- lofa, tranfparens, cerinthoides, fparrmanni, maflbni, ven- tricofa, ampullacea, faftigiata, incurva, globofa, como- fa, denticulata, mufeari, vifearia, pyramidalis, mediter- ranea, multiflora, herbacea, purpurafeens, * vagans, cu- bica, racemofa. Europe, Madeira, Cape. * E. leaves arrow'-lhaped.—This plant, but little xz-vulgarity garded in happier climates, is made fubfervient to a great variety of purpofes, in the bleak and barren high¬ lands of Scotland. The poorer inhabitants make wTalls for their cottages, with alternate layers of heath, and a kind of mortar made of black earth and ftraw, the woody roots of the heath being placed in the centre, the tops externally and internally. They make their beds of it, by placing the roots dowmwards, and the tops only being uppermoft, they are fufficiently foft to fleep upon. Cabins are thatched with it. In the ifland of Hay, ale is frequently made by brewing one part malt and two parts of the young tops of heath j fome¬ times they add hops. It is faid, that this liquor was much ufed by the Piets. Woollen cloth boiled in alum water, and afterwards in a ftrong deco&ion of the tops of heath, comes out a fine orange colour. The ftalks and tops will tan leather. In England befoms are made of it, and faggots to burn in ovens, or to fill up drains that are to be covered over. Sheep and goats will fometimes eat the tender (hoots, but they are not fond of them. Beesextrad a great deal of honey from i6S B O T the flowers •, but where heath abounds, the honey has a teudilh call. 771. Ophira. One fpecies 5 viz. itricta.—Africa. 772. Grubbia. One fpecies ; viz. rofmarinifolia. C. of G. Hope. 773. Daphne, or Me%ereon, Spurge-laurel. 30 fpecies; viz. *mezereum, thymeltea, dioica, caly- cina, pubefcens, vermiculata, villofa, tarton-raira, niti- da, alpina, * laureola, pontica, pendula, lagetto, poly- ftachya, monoftachya, tinifolia, gnidium, indica, fcetida, rotundifolia, odora,occidentalis, cneorum, altaica, fquar- rofa, glomerata, oleoides, fericea, collina.—Europe, China, Japan, W. Indies. mezereum. * D. flowers fitting on the ftem, moftly three together; leaves fpear-fhaped, deciduous ; berries globular.—An ointment prepared from the bark or the berries, has been fuccefsfully applied to ill-conditioned ulcers. The whole plant is very corrolive ; fix of the berries will kill a wolf. A woman gave 12 grains of the berries to her daughter, who had a quartan ague ; (he vomited blood, and died immediately.—A decoction made of two drams of the cortical part of the root, boiled in three pints of water till one pint is wafted, and this quantity drank daily, is found very efficacious in refol- ving venereal nodes, and other indurations of the peri- ofteum. It is faid to have been once givenv in a cafe of difficulty in fwallowing, feemingly occafioned by a pa¬ ralytic affedfion. The patient was directed to chew a thin flice of the root, as often as (lie could bear to do it; and in about two months, ffie recovered her power of fwallowing. This woman bore the difagreeable ir¬ ritation, and the ulcerations its acrimony occafioned in her mouth, with great refolution ; but fhe had been re¬ duced to fkin and bone, and for three years before, had fuffered extremely from hunger, without being able to fatisfy her appetite, for fhe fwallowed liquids very im- perfedtly, and folids not at all. This complaint came on after lying-in. iaureola. * D. bunches of about five flowers ; axillary leaves fpear-ffiaped, fmooth.—Very happy effedls have been experienced from this plant in rheumatic fevers. It operates as a brifk and rather fevere purgative. It is an efficacious medicine in worm cafes ; and upon many accounts deferves to be better known to phyficians ; but in lefs fkillful hands, it would be dangerous, as it is poffeffed of confiderable acrimony. The whole plant has the fame qualities, but the bark of the root is the ftrongeft. Dr Alfton fixes the outfide dofe at ten grains. 774. Dirca, or Leather-wood. One fpecies; viz. paluftris. Virginia. 77::. Gnidia. 16 fpecies ; viz. pinifolia, radiata, filamentofa, cari- nata, fcabra, fimplex, capitata, laevigata, biflora, race- mofa, tomentofa, argentea, imbricata, fericea, oppo- fitifolia, daphnsefolia. Cape, Madagafcar. 776. Stellera, or German Groundfel. Two fpecies; viz. uaiTerina, chamseiafme. Eur. 777. Passerina, or Sparrow-wort. 26 fpecies *, viz, fi'iformis, hirfuta, ericoides, nervo- fa, cephalophora, capitata, orieatalis, ciliata, uniflora, ANY. O&andria* grandiflora, eanefcens, fpicata, laxa, ftridla, anthyl- loides, pentandra, C. of G. Hope. 778. Lachn/ea. Two fpecies; viz. eriocephala, conglomerata. C. of G. Hope. 779. B^echea. Two fpecies ; viz. frutefcens, denfifolia. China, Order II. DIGYNIA. 780. Scumiedelia. One fpecies ; viz. racemofa. E. Indies. 78 r. Galen ia, or Cape ‘jejfannne. Two fpecies; viz. afiicana, procumbens. 782. Weinmannia. Six fpecies; viz. glabra, hirta, tomentofa, trifoliata, racemofa, parviflora. Cape, Jamaica, New Zealand. 783. Codia. One fpecies ; viz. montana. New Caledonia, 784. Moehringia, or Mountain Chickweed. One fpecies ; viz. mufcofa. Alps, S. of Eur. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 785. Polygonum, or Knot-grafs. 43 fpecies; viz. frutefcens, grandiflorum, * biftorta, * viviparum, virginianum, lapathifolium, * amphibium, ocreatum, * hydropiper, filiforme, tinttorium, * minus, * perficaria, incanum, glabrum, barbatum, tomentofum, orientale, penfylvanicum, maritimum, * aviculare, bel- lardi, fetofum, ere&um, articulatum, divaricatum, al- pinum, undulatum, fericeum, ferratum, corymbofum, chinenfe, fagittatum, arifolium, craflifolium, perfolia- tum tartaricum, emarginatum, * fagopyrum, * convol¬ vulus, dumetorum, fcandens, multiflorum. Eur. E. Indies,’ China, N. Amer. * P. flowers with cloven piftils; ftipulse fomewhat hydropiper fringed ; leaves fpear-fhaped.—The whole plant has an acrid burning tafte. It cures little aphthous ulcers in the mouth : It dyes rvool yellow. The aflies of this plant, mixed with foft foap, is a noftrum in a few hands for diffolving the ftone in the bladder; but it may be reafonably queftioned, whether it has any advantage over other femi-cauftic preparations of the vegetable alkali. Its acrimony rifes in diftillation, and the diftil- led w'ater drank to the amount of two or three half pints daily, has been found very effeftual in feme nephritic cafes. Horfes, cows, goats, ffieep, and fwine, refufe it. * P. ftyles 2 ; fpikes egg-oblong ; leaves fpear-fliaped;/>er/5,o-ho, or penny¬ royal 5 and over the whole they place another bafon, joining it very clofely to the former by means of a kind of red earth that cements their brims together. The bafon thus prepared is put over a fire, which, mud be managed fo as to keep up an equal heat: ex¬ perience teaches them to obferve the proper degree. But above all, they mud be very attentive led the plader of fat earth which keeps the bafons together fhould crack or fall off; otherwife the fpirituous part would evaporate, and ruin the whole procefs. When the bafons have been expofed to the neceffary heat, they are taken off and left to cool; after which they are feparated, and the fublimated camphire is found adhering to the cover. If this operation be repeated two or three times, the camphire is found purer and in larger pieces. Whenever it is neceffary to ufe any quantity of this fubdance, it is put between two earth¬ en veffels, the edges of which are furrounded with fe- veral bands of wret paper. Thefe veffels are kept for • about an hour over an equal and moderate fire ; and when they are cool, the camphire is found in its ut- mod perfedlion and ready for ufe. This method of procuring camphire, even from the heart of the tree, may be pralftifed in all feafons of the year 5 which would not be the cafe (our author obferves), w^ere it extracted like other refinous fubdances that only flow during a certain ffiort fpace of time. Befides, by lopping the branches of the camphire tree, lefs hurt is done to it than by making incifions, which are always hazar¬ dous. 799. Ahacardium, or Cafhevj-nut, or Acajou. One fpecies j viz. occidentale. E. and W. Indies. 800. Pan he. Two fpecies j viz. tindloria, fonchifolia. Chili. 801. Plegorhiza. One fpecies j viz. addringens. Chili. 802. Cassyta. Two fpecies j viz. filiformis, corniculata. Egypt, E. Indies, S. America. ANY. 175 * Order II. TRIGYNIA. 803. Rheum, or Rhubarb. Eight fpecies ; viz. rhaponticum, undulatum, pal- matum, compa£lum, tartaricum, ribes, hybridum, leu> corrhizum. Siberia, Levant, Tartary, India, China. The rheum palmatum, which is of the dock kind, grow’s fpontaneoufly in China, and endures the colds of our own climate. Two forts of rhubarb are met with in the fltops. The fird is imported from Turkey and Ruffia, in roundiffi pieces, freed from the bark, with a hole through the middle of each j they are ex¬ ternally of a yellow' colour, and, on cutting, appear variegated with lively reddidi dreaks. The other, which is lefs edeemed, comes principally from China, in longilh pieces, harder, heavier, and more compact than the foregoing. The fird fort, unlefs kept very dry, is apt to grow mouldy and worm-eaten j the fe- cond is lefs fubjeil to thefe inconveniences. Some of the more indudrious artids are faid to fill up the worm holes with certain mixtures, and to colour the outfide of the damaged pieces with powder of the finej forts of rhubarb, and fometimes wdth cheaper materials j this is often fo nicely done, as effedlually to impofe upon the buyer, unlels he very carefully examines each piece. The marks of good rhubarb are, that it be firm and folid, but not flinty ; that it be eafily pulvera- ble, and appear, when pow'dered, of a fine bright yel¬ low colour: that upon being chew'ed, it imparts to the fpittle a faffron tinge, without proving llimy or mucilaginous in the mouth. Its tade is fubacrid, bit- terifli, and fomewhat adringent; the fmell lightly aro¬ matic. Rhubarb is a mild cathartic, which operates without violence or irritation, and may be given wdth fafety even to pregnant women and to children. In fome people, however, it always occafions fevere griping. Befides it purgative quality, it is celebrated for an a- dringent one, by which it drengthens the tone of the domach and intedines, and proves ufeful in diarrhoea, and diforders proceeding from a laxity of the fibres* Rhubarb, in fubdance, operates more powerfully as a cathartic than any of the preparations of it. Watery tinflures purge more than the fpirituous ones; whild the latter contain, in greater proportion, the aromatic, adringent, and corroborating virtues of the rhubarb. The dofe, when intended as a purgative, is from a fcruple to a dram or more. The Turkey rhubarb is, among us, univerfally pre¬ ferred to the Ead India fort, though this lad is, for fome purpofes, at lead equal to the other j it is mani- fedly more adringent, but has fomewhat lefs of an aro¬ matic flavour. Tindlures drawn from both, wdth rec¬ tified fpirit, have nearly the fame tade ; on diddling off the mendruum, the extradl left from the tindlure of the Ead India rhubarb, proved confiderably the dronged. They are both the produce of the fame climate, and probably the roots of the fame plant, ta¬ ken up at different times, or cured in a different man¬ ner. Rhubarb is now' raifed in Britain equal to any that is imported. The officinal preparations of this drug are a watery and i B O T and a vinous infufion, a fimple and a compound tinc¬ ture. It is alfo an ingredient in different compofitions, fuch as the elixir ex (the et rheo, the piluU J}omachicay and fome others. ANY. Decandria. * B Neither cows, horfes, Iheep, fwine, or gozX.s%umbellatu* will eat it. It is an ornament to the banks ot our ri¬ vers and marfhy ditches. Europe. Order III. HEXAGYNIA, 804. Butomus, or Flowering-rujh. One fpecies j viz. umbellatus. In the clafs Enneandna are ■7 Genera, including 49 Species, of which one only is found in Britain. \ CLASSIS X. DECANDRIA. CLASS X. DECANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Seel. I. Flores polypetali, irregulares. 805. Soph or a. Cor. papilion. vexillo adfeendente. Lomentum moniliforme. 806. Podalyria. Cor. papilion. vexillo adfeen¬ dente. Legumen ventricofum polyfpermum. 807. PultenjEA. Cor. papilion. Alai vexillo bre- viores. Legumen difpermum. 808. Anagyris. Cor. papilion. vexillo brevi rec¬ to. Carina alis longiore. 809. Cercis. Cor. papilion. alis vexilliformibus. Ned. gland, ftyliformis, fubgermine. 8x0. Bauhinia. Cor. patens, unguiculata, adfeen- dens. Petala lanceolata. 811. HymEn.'ea. Cor. fubaequalis. Legum. lig- nofum, pulpa farinola. 829. Myroxylon. Cor. petals fupremo latiore. Legumen i-fpermum apice dilatatum. 812. Parkinsonia. Cor. petals infimo reniformi. Legum. teres, tortuolum. 815. Cjesalpinta. Cor. petalo infimo pulchriore. Cal. laciniai inaequales. Legum. compreffum. 828. Toluifera. Cor. petalo infimo majore. Cal. companulatus. 813. Cassia. Cor. inaequalis. Anth. roftratae. Lomentum planum. 814. Cub^eA. Cor. fuboequalis, petalis 2 deflexis. Legumen coriaceum ventricofum. Semina fubreni- formia. 816. Guilandina. Cor. fubtequal. Calyci infidens. Legum. rhombeum. Sem. offea. 817. Hyperanthera. Cor. fubaequalis. Legu- jnen 3-valve. Sem. alata. 837 Gjertnera. Cor. fubaequalis. Cal. 4-parti- tus. Samara quadrialata. 851. Gomphia. Cor. fubaequalis. Baccae plures receptaculo magno infertae. 824. Dictamnus. Cor. patula. Filam. pulvera- xea. Capf. 5, connexse. Sem. arillata. 866. R hod ora. Cor. inaequalis tripetala. Cal. 5- dentatus. Capf. 5-loculares. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flowers polypetalous, irregular. S. Cor. papilionaceous or butterfly-fhaped. The ftandard afeending. The lomentum bracelet-fhaped. P. Cor. papilionaceous. The ftandard afeending. A leguminous plant, bellied, rnany-feeded. P. Cor. papilionaceous. Wings fhorter than the ftandard. A leguminous plant, 2-feeded. A. Cor. papilionaceous. A ftiort ftraight ftandard. The keel of the wing long. C. Cor. papilionaceous j with ftandard-lhaped wings. The glands of the nedary ftyle-fhaped, under the ger- men. B. Cor. expanding, clawed, afeending. Petals fpear-lhaped. H. Cor. nearly equal. Leguminous, woody, with a farinaceous pulp. M. Cor. with the laft leaf broader. Leguminous, i-feeded, dilated at the extremity. P. Cor. with the loweft petal kidney-lhaped. Legu¬ minous, tapering, twifted. C. Cor. with the loweft petal beautiful. Cal. un¬ equal fegments. Leguminous compreffed. T. Cor. loweft leaf larger. Cal. bell-lhaped. C. Cor. unequal. Anthers beaked. Lomentum flat. C. Cor. nearly equal, with 2 leaves bent down¬ wards. Leguminous, bark-like, bellied. Seeds nearly kidney-fhaped. G. Cor. nearly equal, fitting in the cal. Legumi¬ nous, diamond lhaped. Seeds bony, h e. fhining. H. Cor. nearly equal. Leguminous, 3-valved. Seeds winged. G. Cor. nearly equal. Cal. 4-partite. Seed-veflel 4-winged. G. Cor nearly equal. Berries, feveral inferted in a large receptacle. 1). Cor. open. Filaments dufty. Capf. 5 con" nefted. Seeds coated. R. Cor. unequal, 3-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed. Capf. 5 Cel'S- SdJ. Decandria. B O T ANY, x77 Se£l. II. Tlores polypetali, a quale s. 820. Cynometra. Cal. 4-phyllus j lacin. oppof. ma¬ jor. Legum. 1 -fpermum, carnofum. 831. Prosopis. Cal. haemifphericus, 4 dentatus. Legum. polyfpermum. 818. Schotia. Cal. 5-fidus, aequalis. Legum. com- preffum, polyfpermum. 832. Cadia. Cal. 5-fidus. Petala obcordata. Le- gumen polyfpermum. 836. Adenanthera. Antlieiis glandula infidens. Leg. compreffum membranaceum. 830. Hjematoxylon. Piftilli fligma eraarginatum. Legumen valvis navicularibus. 839. Gilibertia. Neftar. tubulofum truncatum. Antherse fefliles. Capf. 4-locularls. 840. Trichilia. Nedlar. tubulofum, 5-dentatum. Capf. 3-locularis, 3-valvis. Sem, baccata. 841. Turraea. Neflar. tubulofum, 10-dentatum, Capi. 3-cocca. Sem. bina. 84?. Melia. Neel, tubulofum, 1 o-dentatum. Dru- pa nuce 10-loculari. 842. San Doricum. Neel, tubulofum, 10-dentatum. Drupa nuetbus 5. 845. Swietenia. Ne£l. tubulofum, 10-dentatum. Capf. lignofa, 5-valvis. Sem. imbricata, margine membranaceo. 819. Guaiacum. Cal. laciuiae 2 exteriores minores. Capf. carnofa, 3 f. 5-locularis, angulata. 827. Ruta. Germen punftis lomelliferis. Capf. 5-fida, 5-locularis, polyfperma. 848. Tribulvs. Piflilli llylus nullus. Capf. 5, connexae, polyfpermae. 847. Fagonia, Cor. ungues calyci infertae. Capf. 5-locularis, 10 valvis, T-fperma. 846. Zygophyllum. Ne6l. fquamae 10 flamini- fene. Capf. 5-loculaiis, polyfperma. 850. Zwingera. Capf. 5, coriacese, non-dehifeentes. ■849. Quassia. Capf. 5, bivalves, i-fpermae, infer- tae receptaculo carnofo. S61. Ceratopetalum. Cor. 5-petala, pinnatifida. Cal. 5-fidus, ftaminiferus. Capf. 2-locularis. 852. Thryallis. Cor. 5 petala. Capf. tricocca. 835. Ekebergia. Cor. 4-petala. Bacca 5-fperma. 857. Schousboea. Cor. 5-petala calyci inferta. Bacca infera 5-gona monofperma. 826. Peta.loma. Cor. 5-petala inter calycis laci- nias inferta. Bacca i-locularis. 853. Limoni a. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 3 fperma. 844. Cookia, Cor. 5-petala. Pomum 5-loculare, loculis monofpermis. 8 i;8. Heisteria. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa infidens calyci colorato grandifafto. 859. Quisqualis. Cor. 5-petala, calyci infidens fi- liformi. '* 854. Monotropa. Cab corollinus, ball gibbus. Capf. 5-locularis, monofperma. * 872. Clethra, Piflilli fligmata tria. Capf. 3-I0- cub polyfperma. * 873. Pyrola. Antberee furfum bicornes, Capf. 5-locularis, polyfperma. .865. Ledum. Cor. plana, 5-partita. Capf. 5-I0- Cub polvfperma. Ycl. iy. Part I. Seel. II. Flowers polypetafous, equal. C. Cab 4-leaved j largeft fegments oppofite. Legu¬ minous, x-feeded, flelhy. P. Cab hemifpherical, 4-toothed. Leguminous, many-feeded. S. Cab 5-cleft, equal. Leguminous, comprefled, many—feeded. C. Cab 5-cleft. Petals heart-fhaped reverfed. Le¬ guminous, many-feeded. A. Gland fitting in the anthers. Leguminous, com- prefied, membranaceous. H. Stigma of the pillil notched at the end. Legu¬ minous, with boat-fhaped valves. G. Nectary tubular-lopped. Anthers fitting. Capf. 4- ceiled. T. Tubular neftary, 5-toothed. Capf. 3-celled, 3- valved. Seeds berried. T. Neflary tubular, lo-toothed. Capf. 5-celled. Seeds double. M. Neftary tubular, 10-toothed. Drupe with a 10- celled nut. S. Neftary tubular, xo-toothed. Drupe with 5 nuts. S. Netflary tubular, xo-toothed. Capf. woody, 5* valved. Seeds tiled, with a membranous border. G. Tw'o outer fegments of the cab fmalb CapC flelhy, 3 or 5-celled, angular. R. Germen with 10 honey-bearing points. Capfi 5- cleft, 5-celled, many-feeded. T. No ftyle of the piftih Capf. 5, connected, many- feeded. E. ClawTs of the cor. inferted in the cal. Capf. 5- celled, 10 valved, 1-feeded. Z. Neclary of 10 ftamen-bearing feales. Capf. 5- celled, many-feeded. Z. Capf. 5. bark-like, not gaping. C?rpf. 5, 2-valved, x-feeded, inferted in a flefliy receptacle. C. Cor. 5-petaled, wing-cleft. Cab 5-cleft, bear¬ ing the fiamens. Capf. 2-celled. T. Cor. 5 petaled. Capf. 3 celled. E. Cor. 4-petaled. Berry 5-feeded. S. Cor. 5-petals inferted in the calyx. Berry in¬ ferior, 5-gon, 1-feeded. P. Cor. 5-petals inferted between the fegments of the cab Berry 1 celled. L. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 3 feeded. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Apple 5-celled, with 1-feeded cells. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe fitting in the cab colour¬ ed, enlarged. Cor. e-petaled, fitting in a thread-lhaped cab * M. Cab corol like, bulging at the bafe. Capf. 5- celled, one-feeded. * C. 3 lligmas of the piftih Caph 3-celled, many- feeded. * P. Anthers 2 horned upwards. Capf. 5-celled, many-leeded. L, Cor. flat, 5-partite. Capf. 5-celled, many-feeded, z 855> B O T 8^5. .DiONiEA. Cal. ^-pliyllus. Stigma fimbriatum, Capif. i-locularis. Sem. bafi capfulae. 833. Murraya. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. 5-petala. Ne&ariurn margine cingens germen. 834. Bergera. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. 5-petala. Stigma turbinatum. 862. Melastoma. Cor. calyci infidens. Anther, refraftae. Bacca 5-locularis, calyce veftita. 863. Meriania. Cor. calyci infidens. Antherae refraftae. Capf. 5-locularis, difiepimentis contrariis. 856. Jussieu A. Cor. 4 f. 5-petala. Capf. infera. His confundenJa funt Rhexice nonnullce. Concocarpus ra- cemofa. Combretum decandrmn, alternifolium. Jac- quinia racemofa. Amyris decandra. Gerania aliquot. Lythrum cordifolium, ciliatum. Melamum. Grijlea tomentofa. Anacardium occidentale. Seel. III. Flores monopetaliy a quale s. 822. Panzera. Petalum unicum laterale. Cal. 4- partitus. Legumen. 825. Nicandra. Cor. tubulofa, 10-fida. Cal. 4- fidus, insequalis. Bacca 3-locularis. 823. Codon. Cor. campanulata, 10-fida. Cal. 10-partitus. Capf. polyfperma. 875. Inocarpus. Cor. tubulofa, 5-fida. Cal. 2- fidus. Drupa i-fperma. 838. Strigilia. Cor. 5-fida. Neftar. 10-partitum. Fruftus 6-locularis. * 868. Andromeda. Cor. campanulata, rotunda. Capf. 5-locularis. 867. Rhododendron. Cor. infundibilif. Stam. declinata. Capf. 5-locularis. 864. Kalmia. Cor. limbo fubtus, 4-corniculato. Capf. 5-locularis. 869. Epig^ea. Cal. exterior, 3-phyllus. Interior 5- phyllus. Capf. 5-locularis. 870. Gualtheria. Cal. exterior, 2-phyllus. In¬ terior 5-fidus. Capf. 5-locul. calyce baccato. * 871. Arbutus. Cor. ovata, bafi diaphana. Bac¬ ca 5-locularis. 874. Sty rax. Cor. infundilif. Drupa difperma. Vaccinia nonnulla. Gardenia Fhunbergia. Seel. IV. Flores apelaliy feu incompleti. 860. Dais. Cor. i-petala. Involucr. 4-phyllum, multiflorum. 878. Aquilaria. Cal. 5-fidus. Neftar. 5-fidum, lobis bifirlis. Capf. 2-locularis, 2-valvis. 879. Augea. Cal. 5-partit. Neft. 10-dentatus. Capf. 10-locul. 876. Samyda. Cal. 5-partitus. Ne£lar. 10-fidum, cingens germen ftaminiferum. Capf. baccata, unilocu- laris, 4-valvis. 877. Casearia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Ne£l. 5-phyl- lum, foliolis cum filamentis alternantibus. Capf. bac¬ cata, i-locul. 3-valvis. 881. Bucida. Cal. 5-partitus. Bacca i-fperma. 821. Crudia. Cal. 4rpartitus. Cor. O. Samara orbiculata. ANY. Decandria. D. Cal. 5-leaved. Stigma fringed. Capf. i-celled. Seeds at the bafe of the capf. M. Berry i-feeded. Cor. 5-petaled. Neclary fur¬ rounding the germen with a border. B. Berry 2-feeded. Cor. 5-petaled. Stigma tur- baned. M. Cor. fitting in the cal. Anthers bent back. Berry 2-celled, covered with a cal. M. Cor. fitting in the cal. Anthers bent back. Capf. 5-celled, with partitions oppofite. J. Cor. 4 or 5-petaled. Capf. inferior. Seel. III. Flowers i-petalousy equal. P. One lateral petal. Cal. 4-partite. Legumi¬ nous. N. Cor. tubular, xo-cleft. Cal. 4-cleft, unequal. Berry 3-celled. C. Cor. bell-draped, 10-cleft. Cal. 10-partite. Capf. many-feeded. I. Cor. tubular, 5-cleft. Cal. 2-cleft. Drupe 1- feeded. S. Cor. 5-cleft. Nedary 10-partite. Fruit 6- celled. * A. Cor. bell-fhaped, round. Capf. 5-celled. R. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stamens bent downward. Capf. 5-celled. K. Cor. with a border beneath. Capf. 5-celled. E. Exterior cal. 3-leafed. Interior 5-leafed. Capf, 5-celled. G. Exterior cal. 2-leafed. Interior 5-cleft. Capf. 5-celled, with a berried cal. * A. Cor. oval, with a tranfparent bafe. Berry 5- celled. S. Cor. funnel-draped. Drupe 2-feeded. Se£l. IV. Flowers without petals^ or incomplete. D. Cor. i-petaled. Involucrum 4-leafed, many- dowered. A. Cal. 5-cleft. Nedary 5-cleft, with cleft lobes. Capf. 2-celled, 2-valved. A. Cal. 5-partite. Nedary 10-toothed. Capf. 10- celled. S. Cal. 5-partite. Nedary 10-cleft, furrounding a germen bearing the ftamens. Capf. berried, 1-celled, 4-valved. C. Cal. 5-leafed. Ned. 5-leafed, leafiets alternat¬ ing with the filaments. Capf. berried, 1-celled, 3- valved. B. Cal. 5-partite. Berry i-feeded. C. Cal. 4-partite. No cor. Seed-veffel round and Decandria. B O T 880. Copaifera. Cal, o. Cor. 4-petala. Legu- men i-fpermum. Stellera chanuejaftne. Conocarpus racetnofa. Torf- ko/ea. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. * 890. Scleranthus. Cor. o. Cal. 5-fidus, infe- rus. Sem. 2. 885. Trtanthema. Cor. o. Capf. circumfciffa. * 886. Chrysosplenium. Cor. o; Cal. fuperus. Cap!. 2-locularis, 2-roftris. 882. Royena. Cor. i-petala. Cal. ventricofus. Capf. 4-fperma, 4-valvis. 883. Hydrangea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, fuperus. Capf. 2-locul. 2-roftris, circumfciffa. * 887. Sax 1 frag a. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. i-locularis, 2-roftris. 888. Tiarella. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. corollife- rus. Capf. bivalvis, altera majore. 889. Mitella. Cor. 5 petala. Cal. corolliferus. Capf. bivalvis. Petala peftinata. 884. Cunonta. Cor. 5 petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 2-locularis, acuta. 891. Gypsophila. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partit. campanulatus. Capf. i-locul. globofa. * 892. Saponaria. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. tubulofus, baft nudus. Capf. x locul. oblonga. * 893. Dianthus. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. tubulofus, baft fquamofus. Capf. 1-locul. oblonga. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. 900. Brunnichia. Capf. i-fperma. Cor. o. Cal. 5-fidus. * 897. Arenaria. Capf. i-locul. Pet. integra, pa- tentia. * 896. Stellaria. Capf. i-locul. Pet. 2-partita, patentia. / 899. Deutzia. Capf. 3-locul. 3-roftrata. Pet. integra. * 894. Cucubalus. Capf. 3-locul. Pet. bifida, fauce nuda. * 895. Silene. Capf. 3-locul. Pet. bifida, fauce coronata. * 898. Cherleria. Capf. 3-locul. Ne£lar. peta- loidea calyce minora. 901. Garidella. Capf. 3, diftinftae. Pet. caly- cina. Neftar. bilabiata. ( 906. Erythroxylon. Drupa i-fperma. Pet. bafi fquama inftrufta. 902. Malpighia. Drupa 3-fperma. Pet. 5, un- guiculata. Cal. glandulofus. 903. Banisteria. Samarae 3, unialatae. Pet. 5, unguiculata. Cal. glandulofus. 904. Hirjea. Samaras 3, alis binis oppofitis f. ala circumdatae. Pet. 5, unguiculata. Cal. eglandu- lofus. 905. Triopteris. Samarae 3, tri f. quadrialatoe. Pet. unguiculata. Cal. glandulofus. A N Y. C. No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. Leguminous, 1-feed- ed. Order II. DIGYNIA. * S. No cor. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Seeds 2. T. No cor. Cal. cut round. * C. No cor. Cal. fuperior. Capf. 2-celled, with 2 beaks. R. Cor. x-petaled. Cal. bulging. Capf. 4-feeded, 4-valved. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft, fuperior. Capf, 2-celled, 2-beaked, cut round. * S. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. x-celled, 2-beaked. T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. bearing the cor. Capf. 2-valved, unequal valves. M. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. bearing the cor. Capf 2-valved. Petals comb-fhaped. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed. Capf. 2-celled, acute. G. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-partite, bell-ftiaped. Capf. 1-celled, globular. * S. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. tubular, naked at the bafe. Capf. I-celled, oblong. * D. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. tubular, fcaly at the bafe. Capf. 1-celled, oblong. Order III. TRIGYNIA. B. Capf. x-feeded. No cor. Cal. 5-cleft. * A. Capf. 1-celled. Petals entire, expanding. * S. Capf. 1-celled. Pet. 2-partite, expanding. D. Capf 3-celled, 3-beaked. Petals entire. * C. Capf. 3-celled. Pet. 2-cleft, with a naked mouth. * S. Capf. 3-celled. Pet. 2-cleft, with a crowned mouth. * C. Capf. 3-celled. Neflary petal-like, lefs than the calyx. G. 3 diftindt capfules. Petals cup-like. Nedlary 2-lipped. E. Drupe i-feeded. Pet. at the bafe, fcaled. M. Drupe 3-feeded. Petals 5, clawed. Cal. glan¬ dular. B. Seed-veffels 3, one-winged. Pet. 5, clawed. Cal. glandular. H. Seed-Veffels 3, pairs oppofite, or furrounded with a wung. Pet. 5, clawed. Cal. not glandular. T. 2 feed-veiTels, 3 or 4-winged. Petals clawed. Cal. glandular. Z 2 Taman's Germanica. Or rw i8o B O T Op,no IV. PENTAGYNIA. 911. Onestis. Capf. 5, monofpermae. Cor. 5- petala. * 912. Cotyledon. Capf. 5 ad neftaria. Cor. i~ petala. * 913. Sedum. Capf. 5 ad neftaria. Cor. 5-petala. 914. Penthorum. Capf. 5-loba. Cor. petala ra- riora. 915. Bergia. Capf. 5-locul. 5-valvisj valvls ho- rizontaliter defcendentibus. 908. Ionquetia. Capf. i-locul. 5-fperma. Pet. Integra. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 922. Spergula. Capf. i-locul. polyfperma. Pet. Integra. Cal. $-phyllus. ' * 921. Cerastium. Capi. i-locul. Pet. 2-fida. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 919. AgrOSTEMMA. Capf. i-locul. oblonga. Cal. tubulofus, corlaceus. * 920. Lychnis. Capf. 3‘1°CUL oblonga. Cal. tu¬ bulofus, membranaceus. * 918. Oxalis. Capf. 5-locularIs, angulata. Cor. bad fubcobaerens. 910. Roberghia. Drupa nuce i-locularl. Cal. i-phyllus. 909. Spondias. Drupa nuce 5-loculari. Cal. 1- pbyllus. 907. Averhoa. Pomum 5-loculare. Cal. 5- phyllus. 917. Grielum. Sem. 5-diftInfta rautica. Cor. 5- petala. Styli null!. 916. Suriana. Sem. 5, fubrotunda. Cor. 5-peta¬ la. Styli filiformes, laterales. Adoxia. Canaria. Gerania. Drofera Lvjuanica. Qrdo V. DECAG\NIA. 923. Neurada. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 10-cocca. 924. Phytolacca. Cal. 5-phyllus, corollinus. Cor. nulla. Bacca 10-cocca. ANY. Decandria* Order IV. PENTAGYNIA. O. Capf. 5, one-feeded. Cor. 5-petaled. * C. Capf. 5 to the nectaries. Cor. i-petaled. * S. Capf. 5 to the neftaries. Cor. 5-petaled. P. Capf. 5-lobed. Petals rare. B. Capf. 5-celled, 5-valved, the valves horizontally defcending. I. Capf. 1-celled, 5-feeded. Petals entire. Cal. 5-leafed. * S. Capf. i-celled, many-feeded. Pet. entire. Cal. 5-leafed. * C. Capf. I-celled. Pet. 2-cleft. Cal. 5-leafed. 1 * A. Capf. 1-celled, oblong. Cal. tubular, bark-like. * L. Capf. 3-celled, oblong. Cal. tubular, membra¬ naceous. * O. Capf. 5-celled, angular. Cor, adhering to the bale beneath. R. Drupe, with a 1-celled nut. Cal. 1-leafed. S. Drupe, with a 5-celled nut. Cal. 1-leafed. A. A 5-celled apple. Cal. 5-leafed. G. 5 diftinft awnlefs feeds. Cor. 5 petaled. No ftyles. S. Seeds 5, nearly round. Cor. 5-petaled. Order V. DECAGYNIA. N. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 10-celI- ed. P. Cal. 5-leafed, corol-like. Cor. none. Berry lO-celled. Order I. IVIONOGYNIA. 805. Sophora. Nine fpecies •, viz. tetraptera, microphylla, flavef- cens, alopecuroides, tomentofa, occidentalis, japonica, heptaphylla, monofperma. Levant, Africa, W. In¬ dies, New Zealand. t. 806. PoDALYRIA. 15 fpecies *, viz. capeniis, aurea, argentea, geni- floides, ternata, auftralis, tinftoria, alba, lupinoides, trifoliata, calyptrata, biflora, myrtillifolia, hirfuta, baxifolia. 807. PULTENAETA. Six fpecies; viz. ftipularis, paleacea, binophylla, juncea, villofa, daphnoidcs^ 808. Anagyris, or Stinhing-bean Trefoil. One fpecies •, viz. foetida. Spain, Italy. 809. Cercis, or ’judas-tree. Two fpecies-, viz. liliquaftrum, canadenfis. S. Eu^ rope, Levant, N. America. 810. Bauhjnia, or Mountain Ebony. 15 fpecies j viz. fcandens, parviflorum, racemofa, aculeata, divaricata, aurita, porre6ta, ungulata, va- riegata, Candida, purpurea, tomentofa, acuminata, gu- janefis, rubefcens. Egypt, E. and W. Indies. 811. Hymenjea, or Locufl-tree. Three fpecies} viz. courbaril, venofa, verrucofa. Weft Indies. 812. Par kin son 1 a, or jerufalem Thorn. One fpecies; viz. aculeata. Weft Indies. 81.3 ; Decandria. ANY. B O T 813. Cassia, or Wild Senna. 39 fpecies ^ viz. diphylla, abfus, viminea, bacilla- ris, tageia, tora, bicaplularis, emarginata, obtufixrolia, fennoides, acuminata, corymbofa, longifiliqua, falcata, fervicea, occidentalis, planifiliqua, patuia, lineata, ato- maria, pilofa, arborefcens, fenna, rufcifolia, biflora, chinenfis, multiglandulofa, hirfuta, tomentofa, ferpens, mexicana, anguftifolia, liguftrina, florida, itipulacea, alatq marilandica, faftigiata, frondofa, tenuiflima, virgata, fophera, brafleata, auriculata, brevifolia, mollis, javanica, grandis, nigricans, polyphylla, cha- mTecrifta, glandulofa, mimofoides, microphylla, flexu- ofa, capenfis, fiftula, ni Decandria. Ulephium. Here., B O T 905. Triopteris. Eight fpecies ; viz. jamaicenfis, indica, ovata, rigida, acutifolia, acuminata, buxifolia, citrifolia. Jamaica, Hifpaniola. 906. Erythroxylon. 12 fpecies ; viz. arcolatum, hypericifolium, buxi- folium, ferrugineum, rufum, havanenfe, coca, fide- roxyloides, fquamatum, macrophyllum, laurifolium, longifolium. Weft Indies. Ordo IV. PENTAGYNIA. 907. Averrhoa. Two fpecies*, viz. bilimbi, carambola. India. 908. JoNCQUETIA. One fpecies *, viz. paniculata. Guiana. 909. Spondias, or Hog-plum. Four fpecies ; viz. mombin, myrobalanus, mangifera, dulcis. Weft Indies, South America. 910. Robergia. One fpecies j viz. frutefcens. Guiana. 911. Cnestis. Four fpecies *, viz. glabra, polyphylla, corniculata, trifolia. Me of Madagafcar. 912. Cotyledon, or Navel-wort. 24 fpecies $ viz. orbiculata, paniculata, fafcicularis, c.uneata, fpuria, purpurea, teretifolia, cacalioides, re¬ ticulata, pupillaris, mamillaris, hemffphaerica, triflora, coccinea, malacophyllum, ferrata, * umbilicus, * lutea, lanceolata, laciniata, alternans, nudicaulis, hifpanica, vifcofa. Sib. France, Spain, Cape, Eaft Indies. 913. Sedum, or 'LeJJer Houfeleek, Stonecrop. 29 fpecies j viz. verticillatum, * telephium, ana- campferos, divaricatum, aizoon, hybridum, populifo- lium, ftellatum, alfmefolium, cepaea, libanoticum, * dafyphyllum, * reflexum, virens, * rupeftre, faxatile, quadrifidum, hifpanicura, lineare, coeruleum, * album, * acre, * fexangulare, * anglicum, annuum, pubefcens, * villofum, atratum, nudum. Europe, Madeira, Ja¬ pan. * S. leaves flattilh, ferrated; corymbus leafy, ftem upright.—A deco&ion of the leaves in milk is a for¬ cible diuretic. It has been given with fuccefs to cure the piles. Cows, goats, flieep, and fwine, eat it. Horfes refufe it. * S. leaves nearly egg-ftiaped, growing to and fitting, bulging, nearly upright, alternate ; tuft with three di- vifions. —This fpecies of fedum is a fmall perennial, fucculent, evergreen plant ; growing in great abun¬ dance on the tops of walls and roofs of houfes. It has a faint fmell, and at firft an herbaceous tafte ; but it afterwards ftrow’s confiderable acrimony, exciting a fenfe of biting heat in the mouth and fauces. In its recent ftate it (hows very aftive powers, proving eme¬ tic, purgative and diuretic. The exprelfed juice, ta¬ ken to the quantity of a table fpoonful, has been faid to prove a very draftic medicine ; but the plant in its dried ftate lhow7s little or no aftivity. In this country it is hardly employed, and has no place in our phar¬ macopoeias. Its activity, however, points it out as a fubjeft deferving attention. Goats eat it*, cows, horfes, ftieep, and fwine, refufe it. ANY. 187 * S. leaves awl-fhaped in five rows, crowded, loofe ztrupejlre. the bafe ; flowers in tufts.—Both this and the S. re- Jlexum are cultivated in Holland and Germany, to mix with lettuces in fallads. It is acrid to the tafte. 914. Penthorum. One fpecies ; viz. iedoides. Virginia. 915. Bergia. Two fpecies j viz. verticillata, glomerata. Cape of Good Hope. 916. Suriana. One fpecies ; viz. maritima. Jamaica. 917. Grielum. One fpecies ; viz. tenuifolium. Ethiopia. 918. Oxalis, or Wood-Jorrel. 93 fpecies ; viz. monophylla, lepida, roftrata, afini- na, lanceaefolia, leporina, crifpa, fabaefolia, laburnifolia, fanguinea, ambigua, undulata, fufcata, glandulofa, tri¬ color, rubro-flava, flaccida, exaltata, variabiiis, grandi- flora, fulphurea, purpurea, brevifcapa, fpeciofa, * ace- tofella, magellanica, marginata, pulchella, obtufa, la- nata, truncatula, ftrumofa, punftata, luteola, macro- gonya, fallax, tenella, minuta, pufilla, comprefla, feri- cea, megalorhiza, tetraphylla, violacea, caprina, cer- nua, dentata, livida, ciliaris, arcuata, linearis, cuneata, cuneifolia, glabra, bifida, filicaulis, longiflora, nutans, convexula, verficolor, elongata, reclinata, polyphylla, tenuifolia, macroftylis, hirta, tubiflora, fecunda, multi¬ flora, rubella, rofacea, repens, reptatrix, difticha, incarnata, conorhiza, crenata,lateriflora, dillenii, ftrifla, * corniculata, plumieri, pentantha, rhombifolia, rofea, barrelieri, burmanni, tomentofa, lupinifolia, peilinata, flabellifolia, flava, fenfitiva. S. Europe, Cape, North America. * O. ftalk with one flower; leaves three together; rffe/o/e//#, leafets inverfely heart-ftiaped, hairy.—An infufion of the leaves is an agreeable liquor in ardent fevers, and boiled with milk they make an agreeable whey. Sheep, goats, and fwine eat it. Cowrs are not fond of it. Horfes refufe it. The juice is gratefully acid. The London college directs a conferve to be made of the leaves, beaten with thrice their weight of fine fugar. The expreffed juice depurated, properly evaporated, and fet in a cool place, affords a cryftalline acid fait in confiderable quantity, which may be ufed whenever ve¬ getable acids are wanted. It is employed to take iroiy moulds out of linen, and is fold under the name of effential fait of lemons. We are lately affured that the leaves and (talks wrapped in a cabbage leaf, and macerated in warm afhes until reduced to a pulp, have been fuccefsfully applied to fcrophulous ulcers. This poultice fhould remain on the fore for 24 hours, and be repeated four times. Afterwards the ulcer is to be dreffed with a poultice made of the roots of the meadow-fweet bruifed, and mixed up with the fcum of four butter-milk. 919. Agrostemma, or Rofe Campion, Wild Lychnis. Four fpecies ; viz. * githago, coronaria, flos jovis, coeli-rofa. Europe. 920. Lychnis, or Campion. T 1 fpecies ; viz. chalcedonica, * flos cuculis, coro- nata, quadridentata, * vifcaria, alpina, magellanica, A a 2 fibirica, i88 B O T fibirica, laeta, * dloica, apetala. RuHia, Alps of Europe, China. 921. Cerastium, or Motif e-ear Chichweed. 20 fpecies ; viz. perfoliatum, * vulgatum, anomalum, * vifcofum, * femidecandrum, pentandrum, * arvenfe, lineare, dichotomum, longifolium, * alpinum, repens, ftriftum, fufFruticofum, maximum, * aquaticum, dioi- cum, * latifolium, * tomentofum, manticum. Europe. 922. Spergula, or Spurrey. Seven fpecies ; viz. * arvenfis, pentandra, nodofa, laricina, faginoides, * fubulata, glabra. Europe. flfvsnjls. ^ S. leaves in whirls 5 flowers with more than five fla- mens •, ftems thick at the joints.—Poultry are fond of the feeds ■, and the inhabitants of Finland and Norway make bread of them when their crops of corn fail. Ex¬ perience (hows it to be very nutritious to the cattle that ANY. Dodecandriai eat it. Horfes, flieep, goats, and fvvine eat it, Cows refufe it. Order V. DECAGYNIA. 923. Neurada. One fpecies 5 viz. procumbens. Numidia, Egypt, 924. Phytolacca, or American Nightjlcade. Six fpecies; viz. oftandra, ftricta, abyflinica, de- candra, icofandra, dioica. Eaft Indies, Africa, Ame¬ rica. In the c/afs Decandria are 119 Genera, which include 987 Species. Of thefe 84 are found in Britain. CLASSES xr. DODECANDRIA O). CLASS XL DODECANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOG1NIA. 927. Bocconia. Cor. o. Cal. 2-phyllus, inferus. Capf. 2-valvis, i-fperma. * 925. As arum. Cor. O. Cal. 3-fidus, fuperus. Capf. 6-locularis. 933. StErculia. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partit. Nec¬ tar. flaminiferum. Germen pedicellatum. Capf. 5* 931. Rhizophora. Cor. 4-partita. Cal. 4-par- titus, inferus. Sem. I, clavatum, receptaculo carnofo. 938. Garcinia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus, inferus. Bacca 8-fperma, coronata. 943. Crat^eva. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, in¬ ferus. Bacca 2-locularis, pedicellata. 928. Dodecas. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. l-locul. 4-valvis. 932. Crenjea. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 5-locularis, polyfperma. 939. Halesia. Cor. 4 hda. Cal. 4'dentatus, fu¬ perus. Pericarp. 4-fperr*aum, 4-allgulattim. 933. Apactis. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. o. Stam. 16. 926. Tornex. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. o. Involu- crum 4 f. 5 phyllum, 5-12-florum. Bacca i-fperma. 945. Eurya. Cor. 5-petal. Cal. duplex. Capf. 5-localaris. 944. Triumfetta. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus, inferus. Capf. 4-locul. 2-iperma, muricata. 946. Peganum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus, inferus. Capf. 3-locul. Stam. 15. 954. Kleinhofia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyll. Order I. MONOGYNIA. B. No cor. Cal. 2-leafed, inferior. Capf. 2-val- ved, l-feeded. * A. No cor. Cal. 3-cleft, fuperior. Capf. 6-celled. S. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. Nedlary bearing the ftamens. Germ, on a pedicle. Capf. 5. R. Cor. 4-parted. Cal. 4-parted, inferior. Seed I, club-fhaped, in a flefhy receptacle. G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed, inferior. Berry 8-feeded, crowned. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, inferior. Berry 2- celled, with a pedicle. D. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 1-celled, 4-valved. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 5-celled, many-feeded. H. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-too :'ed, fupe ior. Seed- veffel 4-feeded, 4-angled. A. Cor. 4-petaled. No cal. Stam. 16. T. Cor. 5-petaled. No cal. Involucrum 4 or 5- leafed, 5-12-flowers. Berry 1-feezed. E. Cor. 5-petaled, Cal. double. Capf. 5-celled. T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed, inferior. Capf. 4-ceIled, 2-feeded, covered with fharp points. P. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5>leafed, inferior. Capf. 3- celled. Stamens 15. K. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed. Neftary bear- Nedtar. (a) Thus far the claffeshave received their denomination from the number of ftamens contained in the flowers. The name given to the prefent clafs would feem to imply, that the flowers arranged under it, contained only 12 ftamens but it is in fadt an affemblage of plants, whofe flowers contain from 11 to 19 ftamens, inclufive. Dodecandm. B O T Neflar. fl-amlniferura. Germen pedicillatum. Capf. 5-angularis, inflata. 948. Nithraria. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, iu- ferus. Drupa i-fperma. Stam. 15. 941. Aristotema. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5 partitus. Bacca 3-locularis. 937. Grangeria. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidas. Drupa monofperma. 936. Vatica. Cor. 5-perala. Anth. 15 quadrilo- culares ; loculis interioribus brevioribus. 947. Hudsonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 3-phyllus, inferus. Cap), i-locularis, 3-valvis, 3-fperma. 942. Canella. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 3-lobus, in¬ ferus. Bacca i-locul. 2 f. 4-fperma. Neftarium an- tberiferum. 949. Portulaca. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2-fidus, in¬ ferus. Capf. i-locul. circumfcifl'a. 950. Talinum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2-phyllus. Capf. i-locularis, trivalvis. Sem. arillata. * 951. Lythrum. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, in¬ ferus. Capf. 2-locularis. 952. Cuphea. Cor. 6-petala, insequalis. Cal, 6- dentatus, inaequalis. Capf. i-locul. ante maturitatem dehifcens. 953. Ginoria. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-fidus, infe¬ rus. Capf. i-locul. 4-valvis. 934. Blakea. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-phyllus. Flos fuperus, indivifus. Capf. 6-locularis. Anthe- rae connexae. 929. Agathophyllum. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. truncatus. Drupa monofperma. 935. Befaria. Cor. 7-petala. Stam. 14. Bacca exfucca, 7-locularis. 930. Bassia. Cor. 8-fida. Stam. 16. Drupa 5- fpertna. 940. Decu MARIA. Cor. 10-petala. Cal. 10-phyl- lus, fuperus. Cleome vifcofa dodecandra. Chlora dodecandra. Sa- myda pubefcens, ferrulata. Rivina oBandra. Paf- ferina capitata. OrdoII. DIGYNIA. 956. Heliocarpus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus. Capf. 2-locul. I-fperma, compreffo-radiata. * 957. Agrimonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. c-fidus. Sem. 1 f. 2. ANY. ing ftamens. Germ, on a pedicle. Capf. 5-angular, inflated. N. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. A drupe I-feeded. Stamens 15. A. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-partite. Berry 3-celled. G. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Drupe i-feeded. V. Cor. 5-petaled. Anth. 15, 4 celled, the inner cells fliorter. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 3-leafed, inferior. Capf. I-celled, 3-valved, 3-feeded. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 3-lobed, inferior. Berry 1-celled, 2 or 4-feeded. Nedary bearing the anthers. P. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 2-cleft, inferior. Capf. 1- celled, cut round. T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 2-leafed. Capf. i-celled, 3-valved. Seeds coated. * L. Cor. 6-petaled. Cal. 12-cleft, inferior. Capf. 2- celled. C. Cor. 6-petaled, unequal. Cal. 6-toothed, un¬ equal. Capf. 1-celled, opening before maturity. G. Cor. 6 petaled. Cal. 6-cleft, inferior. CapC 1-celled, 4-valved. B. Cor.'6-petaled. Cal. 6-leafed. Flower fuperior, undivided. Capf. 6-celled. Anthers united at the bafe. A. Cor. 6-petaled. Cal. lopped. Drupe i-feeded. B. Cor. 7-petaled. Stam. 14. Berry dry, 7- celled. B. Cor. 8-cleft. Stamens 16. Drupe 5-feeded, D. Cor. 10-petaled. Cal. 10-leafed, fuperior. Order II. DIGYNIA. H. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leafed. Capf. 2-celledj I-feed, compreffed, radiated. * A. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Seeds 1 or 2. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. * 958. Reseda. Cor. petalis multifidis. Cal. parti¬ tus. Capf. 3-locularis, hians. 960. Visnea. Cor. petalis ellipticis. Cal. 5-phyll. Nux. * 959. Euphorbia. Cor. petalis peltatis. Cal.ven- tricofus. Capf. 3-cocca. Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. 962. Aponogeton. Cor. o. Cal. o. Capf. 4. 961. Calligonum. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partitus. Nux monofperma. ‘Tormentilia ereBa, Refedce aliquot. Order III. TRIGYNIA. * R. Cor. with many-cleft petals. Cal. partite. Capf. 3-celled, gaping. V. Cor. with elliptical petals. Cal. 5-leafed. A nut. * E. Cor. with target-fliaped petals. Cal. bellied. Capf. 3-celled. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. A. No cor. No cal. Capf. 4. C. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. i-feeded nut. 185 Ordo B O T ANY. Dodecandria. £90 Ordo V. PENTAGYNIA. 963. Glinus. Cor. o. nifi fetulge. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 5-locul. 964. Blackwellia. Cor. 15-petala. Cal. 5-fid, Capf. i-locul. polyfperma. Refeda purpurafcens. Ordo VI. DODECAGYNIA. * 965. Sempervivum. Cor. i2-petala. Cal 12- partitus. Capf. 12. AHfma cordifolia. Order V, PENTAGYNIA. G. No cor, except little briftles. Cai. 5 leafed. Capf. 5-celled. B. Cor. 15-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Capf. 1-celled, many-feeded. Order VI. DODECAGYNIA. * S. Cor. 12-petaled. Cal. 12-partite. Capf. 12. Order I MONOGYNIA. 925. Asarum, or Afarabacca. Three fpecies j viz. * europaeum, canadenfe, virgi- nicum. Europe, N. America. europttutn. * A. leaves kidney-fhaped, blunt, in pairs.—This is a very low plant, growing naturally in France, Italy, and other warm countries. It grows readily in our gardens j and although the dried roots have been ge¬ nerally brought from the Levant, thofe of our own growth do not feem to be weaker. Both the roots and leaves have a naufeous, bitter, acrimonious, hot tafle. Their fmell is ftrong, and not very difagree- able. Given in fubftance from half a dram to a dram, they evacuate powerfully both upwards and dowmwards. It is faid, that tindhires made in fpirituous menftrua, poflefs both the emetic and cathartic virtues of the plant: that the extraft, obtained by infpiflating thefe tin&ures, a£ts only by vomiting, and with great mild- nefs : that an infufion in water proves cathartic, rarely- emetic : that aqueous decofHons, made by long boil¬ ing, and the watery extraft, have no purgative or e- metic quality, but prove good diaphoretics, diuretics, and emmenagogues. The principal ufe of this plant among us is as a fternutatory. The root of afarum is perhaps the ftrongeft of all the vegetable errhines, white hellebore itfelf not excepted. Snuffed up the nofe in the quantity of a grain or two, it occafions a large evacuation of mucus, and raifes a plentiful fpit- ting. The leaves are confiderably milder, and may be ufed, to the quantity of three, four, or five grains. Geoffrey relates, that after fnuffing up a dofe of this errhine at night, he has frequently obferved the dif- charge from the nofe to continue for three days to¬ gether ; and that he has known a paralyfis of the mouth and tongue cured by one dofe. He recom¬ mends this medicine in ftubborn diforders of the head, proceeding from vifeid tenacious matter, in palfies, and foporific diftempers. The leaves are the principal in¬ gredient in the/w/wV Jiernutatoriusy orpulvis afaricom^ pojitus, as it is now teimed, of the flops. 926. Tornex. Three fpecies 5 viz. japonica, tetranthera, febifera. Arabia. 927. Bacconia. Two fpecies j viz. frutefeens, cordata. 928. Dodecas. One fpecies ; viz. furinamenfis. Surinam. 929. AgATHOPH YLLUM. One fpecies j viz. aromaticum. Eaft Indies. 930. Bassia. Three fpecies $ viz. longifolia, latifolia, obovata, Malabar. 93 l* Ehizophora, or Mangrove-candle of India. Five fpecies ; viz. conjugata, gymnorhiza, candel, mangle, cylindrica. India, Malabar, Molucca. 932. Crenaea. One fpecies ; viz. maritima. Guiana. 933. Apactis. One fpecies j viz. japonica. Japan. 934. Blakea. Three fpecies j viz. trinervia, triplinervia, pulveru- lenta. Jamaica, Surinam. 935. Befaria. Two fpecies ; viz. refinofa, aeftuans. New Granada. 936. Vatica. One fpecies; viz chinenfis. China. 937. Grangeria. One fpecies 5 viz. borbonica. Ifle of Bourbon. 938. Garcinia, or Mangojlan. l our fpecies j viz. mangoftana, celebica, cambogia, cornea. Eaft Indies. 939" Halesia, or Snow-drop Tree. Two fpecies 5 viz. tetraptera, diptera. Carolina. 940. Decumaria. J wo fpecies $ viz. barbara, farmentofa. Carolina. 941. Aristotelia. One fpecies 5 viz. macqui. Chili. 942. Canella, or White Cinnamon. One fpecies ; viz. alba. Weft Indies. I he bark of the canella alba is brought to us rolled into Dodecandria. B O T into long quills, thicker than cinnamon, and both out¬ wardly and inwardly of a whitilh colour, lightly inclin¬ ing to yellow. It is the produce of a tall tree, grow¬ ing in great plenty in the low lands in Jamaica, and other American iflands. Infulions of it in water, are of a yellovvifh colour, and fmell of the canella $ but they are rather bitter than aromatic. Tin6tures in rec¬ tified fpirit have the warmth of the bark, but little of its fmell. Proof fpirit difiblves the aromatic, as well as bitter matter of the canella, and is therefore the belt menftruum. The cunella is the interior bark, freed *from an outward thin rough one, and dried in the fhade. The (hops diftinguilh two forts of canella, dif¬ fering from each other in the kntgth and thicknefs of the quills j they are both the bark of the fame tree, the thicker being taken from the trunk, and the thin¬ ner from the branches. This bark is a warm pungent aromatic, not of the moft agreeable kind, nor are any of the preparations of it very grateful. Canella alba is often employed where a warm ftimulant to the fto- mach is neceffary, and as a corrigent of other articles. It is now, however, little ufed in compofition by the London college, the only officinal formula which it enters being the pulvis aloeticus ; but with the Edin¬ burgh college it is an ingredient in the tin&ura amara, vinum amarum, vinum rhei, er 220 B 0 T Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA. 1130. Bartsia. Five fpecies j viz. coccinea, pallida, * vifcofa, gym- nandra, * alpina. Alps of Europe, Hudfon Bay. 1131. Rhinanthus, or Elcphants-head. 10 fpecies; viz. orientalis, elephas, * crifta-galli, trixago, maximus, verficolor, capenfis, indicus, vir- ginicus, trifidus. Europe, Cape, India, Virginia. 1132. Euphrasia, or Eye-bright. 12 fpecies; viz. latifolia, * officinalis, falifburgenfis, tricufpidata, cuneata, * odontites, lutea, linifolia, vif¬ cofa, purpurea, longiflora, afpera. Europe. 'officinalis. * E. leaves egg-fhaped, ferrated, fharply toothed.—It is a weak aftringent, and was formerly in repute as a remedy for impaired vifion. It will not grow but when furrounded by plants taller than itfelf. Cows, horfes, goats, and flieep eat it. Swine refufe it. 1133. Melampyrum, or Cow-wheat. Seven fpecies; viz. ♦criltatum, *arvenfe, barbatum, nemorofum, * pratenfe, * fylvaticum, lineare. Eur. arvenfe. M. fpikes conical, loofe ; floral leaves, with briftle- fhaped teeth, coloured.—The feeds when ground with corn give a bitterifh and greyiih caff to the bread, but do not make it unwholefome. Cows and goats eat it. Sheep refufe it. pratenfe. * M. flowers lateral, pointing one wray: leaves in dif- tant pairs; bloflbms clofed.—Where this plant abounds, the butter is yellow and uncommonly good. Swine are very fond of the feeds. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are very fond of it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. 1134. Lathr^a. Three fpecies ; viz. clandeftina, aublatum, * fqua- maria. Europe. 1135. Schwalbea. One fpecies; viz. americana. N. America. 1136. Tozzia. One fpecies; viz. alpina. Alps of Auftria, Italy, Pyrennees. 1137. Pedicularis, or Rattle-coxcomb. 34 fpecies ; viz. * paluftris, *fylvatica, euphrafioides, myriophylla, fpicata, refupinata, fceptrum carolinum, triftis, lapponica, afplenifolia, flava, ftriata, fudetica, recutita, elata, foliofa, canadenlis, grcenlandica, in- earnata, uncinata, interrupta, verticillata, acaulis, flammea, hirfuta, rofea, roftrata, tuberofa, gyroflexa, fafciculata, rubens, compa&a, achilleifolia, comofa. Europe, N. America. palujlns. * P. ftem branched ; calyx crefted with callous dots; lip of the bloflbm flanting.—This plant is an unwhole¬ fome gueft in meadow’s, being very difagreeable to cat¬ tle. Goats eat it. Horfes, flieep, and cows refufe it. Swine are not fond of it. Jylvatica. * P. item branched; calyx oblong, angular, fmooth ; lip of the bloflbm heart-fhaped.—The exprefled juice, or a decoftion of this plant, has been ufed vrith advan¬ tage as an injection for finuous ulcers. It is faid, that if the healthieft flock of fheep be fed with it, they be¬ come fcabby and fcurfy in a fhort time ; the wool will get loofe, and they will be overrun with vermine. Cows and fwine refufe it. A N Y. Didynamia. 1138. Gerardia. 12 fpecies; viz. tuberofa, delphinifolia, purpurea, tenuifolia, tubulofa, nigrina, flava, fcabra, pedicula- ria, japonica, glutinofa, feffilifolia, E. Indies, China, Japan, N. America. 1139. Chelone, or Humming-bird Tree. Four fpecies ; viz. glabra, obliqua, ruellioides, bar- bata. N. America. 1140. Pentstemon. Four fpecies ; viz. hiriuta, pubefeens, laevigata, campanulata. N. America. 1141. Cyrilla. One fpecies ; viz. pulchella. Jamaica. 1142. Gloxinia. One fpecies; viz. maculata. Guiana. 1143. Gesneria. 11 fpecies ; viz. humilis, corymbofa, acaulis, pumila, craniolaria, grandis, tomentofa, fcabra, exferta, caly- cina, ventricofa. Jamaica, Hifpan. S. America. 1144. Antirrhinum, or Snap-dragon, Calves-fnout. 70 fpecies; viz. * cymbalaria, pilofum, lanigerum, dentatum, heterophyllum, * elatine, elatinoides, #fpu- rium, cirrhofum, aegyptiacum, fruticofum, hexandrum, triphyllum, latifolium, virgatum, triornithophorum, purpureum, verficolor, linarioides, * repens, monfpef- fulanum, fparteum, bipun&atum, amethyftinum, laxi- florum, trifle, haelava, thymifolium, fupinum, fimplex, * arvenfe, peliflerianum, parviflorum, flavum, faxatile, micranthum, vifeofum, aparinoides, multicaule, reti- culatum, marginatum, glaucum, alpinum, aphyllum, bicorne, macrocarpum, villofum, origanifolium, flexu- ofum, * minus, dalmaticum, hirtum, geniftifolium, junceum, *linaria, linifolium, lagopodioides, cana- denfe, chalepenfe, reflexum, pedunculatum, * majus, ficulum, fempervirens, * orontium, papilionaceum, afa- rina, molle, pinnatum, unilabiatum. Europe, Egypt, Barbary, Cape. * A. leaves heart-fhaped, 5-lobed, alternate; Items cymbalo* trailing.—Its trailing branches, varioufly intewoven, ria. often cover old moift wralls with a thick tapeftry, and when in bloflbm, make a beautiful appearance. * A. leaves halberd-fhaped, alternate ; Items trailing. —This is confidcrably more bitter than the other fpe¬ cies, and is faid to have been ufed fuccefsfully in cafes of foul ulcers, and in cutaneous eruptions. * A. leaves fpear-ftrap-fhaped, crowded; Item upright ylinarioi fpikes terminating, fitting.—An infufion of the leaves is diuretic and purgative. An ointment, prepared from them, gives relief in the piles. The exprefled juice, mixed with milk, is a poifon to flies, as is likewife the fmell of the flowers. Cows, horfes, and fvvine, refufe it. Sheep and goats are fond of it. * A. bloflbms without a fpur ; flowers in fpikes ; cups majus, rounded.—Though the feeds of this plant vegetate on the ground, it is only in dry foils and fituations that the plant continues to live long enough to produce flowers. 1145. Anarrhinum. Five fpecies ; viz. bellidifolium, pedatum, frutico¬ fum, craflifolium, tenellum. 1146. Cy MB ARIA. One fpecies} viz. daurica, Dauria. U 47, 221 Didynamia, B O T 1147. Tourrettia. One fpecles j viz. lappacea. Ifle of Bourbon. 1148. Martynia. Four fpecies ; viz. diandra, carniolaria, probofcidea, longidora. Cape, America. 1149. Torenia. Two fpecies j viz. afiatica, hirfuta. India. 1150. Besleria. Eight fpecies •, viz. multifolia, lutea, violacea, in- carnata, ferrulata, criftata, coccinea, bivalvis. Welt Indies, S. America. 1151. Brunfelsia. Two fpecies j viz. americana, undulata. W. Indies. 1152. Scrophularia, ox Fig-wort. 26 fpecies *, viz. marilandica, * nodofa, * aquatica, auriculata, appendiculata, * fcorodonia, glabrata, be- tonicifolia, orientalisy frutefcens, rupeltris, heterophyl- la, altaica, * vernalis, arguta, trifoliata, fambucifolia, mellifera, hifpida, canina, lucida, variegata, chinen- lis, meridionalis, coccinea, peregrina. Europe, Bar¬ bary, Madeira, America. nodoja. * S. leaves oblong-heart-lhaped, 3-fibred at the bafe, corners of the Item acute.—This plant is hardly known in modern praftice ; but the rank fmell and bitter talte of the leaves feem to. indicate fome active properties. Swine that have the fcab are cured by walhing them with a decodtion of the leaves. Goats eat it. Cows, horfes, Iheep, and fwine refufe it. 1153. Celsia. Five fpecies; viz. orientalis, arfturus, coromandeli- na, cretica. Crete, Levant, E. Indies. 1154. Hemimeris. Five fpecies j viz. montana, fabulofa, diffufa, urti- cifolia, coccinea. C. of G. Hope. 1155. Digitalis, ox Fox-glove. 12 fpecies j viz. * purpurea, minor, thapfi, parvi- flora, lutea, ambigua, ferruginea, orientalis, lanata, obfcura, canarienlis, fceptrum. S. Europe, Canary, Madeira. purpurea. * D. fegments of the calyx egg-fhaped, acute ; blof- fom blunt, upper lip nearly entire.— This fpecies is certainly a very aftive medicine, and merits more at¬ tention than modern praftice till very lately bellowed up¬ on it. It grows wild in woods and on uncultivated heaths : the elegant appearance of its purple flowers (which hang in fpikes along one fide of the llalk), has gained it a place in fome of our gardens. The leaves have been ftrongly recommended, externally, againft fcrophulous tumours, and likewnfe internally in epileptic diforders : what fervice they may be capable of doing in thefe cafes, is not afcertained by accurate experiment. Several ex¬ amples are mentioned by medical writers of their occa- fioning violent vomiting, hypercatharfis, and diforder- ing the whole conftitution j infomuch that Boerhaave accounts them poifonous. Their tafte is bitter, and very naufeous. Digitalis, however, has lately been employed with great fuccefs in other difeafes. A trea- tife has lately been publifhed by Dr Withering, pro- fefledly on the fubjeft of its ufe in medicine, and con¬ taining many important and ufeful obfervations. An infufion of tw7o drams of the leaf, in a pint of water, given in half-ounce dofes every two hours or ANY. fo, till it begin to puke or purge, is recommended in dropfy, particularly that of the bread. It is faid to have produced an evacuation of water fo copious and fudden, in afcites, by llool and urine, that the com- preflion of bandages was found neceffary. The plen¬ tiful ufe of diluents is ordered during its operation. The remedy, however, is inadmiflible in many weakly patients. But befides being given in infufion, it has alfo been employed in fubftance j and wdren taken at bed-time, to the extent of one, two, or three grains of the dried powder, it often in a fliort time operates as a very powerful diuretic, without producing any other evacuation. Even this quantity, however, will fome- times excite very fevere vomiting 5 and that too, oc¬ curring unexpectedly. During its operation, it has often very remarkable influence in rendering the pulfe' flower } and it frequently excites very confiderable ver¬ tigo, and an affeftion of vifion. Befides dropfy, digitalis has of late been employed in fome inftances of hsemoptyfis, of phthifis, and of mania, with apparent good effefts. But its ufe in thefe difeafes is much lefs common than in dropfy. 1156. Incarvill^ea. One fpecies 5 viz. finenfis. 1157. Bignonia, ox Frumpet-jlo'wer. 54 fpecies 5 viz. catalpa, longiflima, tomentofa, li¬ nearis, fempervirens, tenuifiliqua, caflinoides, obtufi-' folia, microphylla, unguis, itaminea, aequinoCtialis, al- liacea, fpeClabilis, laurifolia, rigefcens, laCliflora, pa- niculata, elongata, corymbifera, crucigera, grandifo- lia, capreolata, pubefcens, villofa, echinata, hetero- phylla,triphylla, mollis, hirfuta, pentaphylla, orbiculata, chryfantha, fluviatilis, leucoxylon, ferratifolia, radi- ata, radkrans, grandiflora, flans, africana, bijuga, ra- cemofa, comprefla, fpathacea, chelonoides, variabilis, alba, peruviana, indica, longifolia, procera, coerulea, brafiliana. E. and W. Indies, America. 1158. Citharexylum, ox Fiddle-wood. Six fpecies ; viz. cinereum, caudatum, villofum, fub- ferratum, quadrangulare, melanocardium. W. Indies. 1159. Halleria, ox African Fly-honeyfuclle. Two fpecies 5 viz. lucida, elliptica. Cape of Good Hope. 1160. Crescentia, or Calabafh Tree. Two fpecies ; viz. cujete, cucurbitina. Virginia^ Jamaica, Brazil, 1161. Tanaecium. Three fpecies j viz. parafiticum, jaroba, pinnatumu Jamaica. 1162. Gmelina. One fpecies 5 viz. afiatica. Afia. 1163. Petrea. One fpecies j viz. volubilis. S America. 1164. Premna. Three fpecies; viz. integrifolia, tomentofa, ferrati¬ folia. E. Indies. 1165. Lantana, ox American Viburnum. 15 fpecies; viz. milla, trifolia, viburnioides, annua, flridta, radula, camara, involucrata, reCla, odorata, lavandulacca, falvifolia, melifltefolia, fcabrida, aculea- ta. Weil Indies, S. America. u66y 222 BOX 1166. Spielmannia, One fpecies ; viz. africana, C, of G. Hope. 1167. CORNUTJA. Two fpecies j viz. pyramidata, pun&at^. W. Ind„ 1168. Loeselia. One fpecies j viz. ciliata. Vena Cruz* 1169. Capraria, ox Sweet-weed. Six fpecies •, viz. biflora, lucida, lanceolata, femi- ferrata, undulata, humilis, E. and W. Indies, Cape, S. America. 1170. Lindernia. Three fpecies *, viz. pyxidaria, dianthera, ]aponica. Japan, Virginia, Hifpaniola. 1171. Manulea. 17 fpecies viz. cheiranthus, corymbofa, altiflima, pinnatifida, plantaginis, capitata, antirrhinoides, thyr- fisflora, argentea, tomentofa, rubra, capillaris, cunei- folia, coerulea, heterophylla, integrifolia, microphylla, C. of G. Hope. 1172. Hebenstreitia. Six fpecies ; viz. dentata, ciliata, integrifolla, eri- noides, fruticofa, cordata. C. of G. Hope. 1173. Erinus. Seven fpecies •, viz. alpina, maritimus, africanus, lychnidea, fragrans, peruvianus, triftis. Alps, Py¬ renees, Cape, Peru. " II74* Buchnera. 14 fpecies ; viz. americana, elongata, cernua, cu- neifolia, cordifolia, grandiflora, aethiopica, vifcofa, ca- penlis, humifufa, aiiatica, euphrafioides, gefnerioides, pinnatifida. Cape, Ceylon, China, America. 1175. Browallia. Three fpecies; viz. demiffa, elata, alienata. South America. 1176. Linn^a. One fpecies j viz. * borealis. N. Europe, Afia, and America. 1177. Sibthorpia, or Bafe Money-wort. One fpecies $ viz. europ?ea. Europe, Africa. 1178. Limosella, ox Mud-wort. Two fpecies j viz. * aquatic a, diandra. North of Europe. 1179. Phaylopis. One fpecies} viz. parviflora. 1180. Vandellia. Two fpecies 3 viz. diffufa, pratenfis. Ille of St Thomas. 1181. Russelia. One fpecies ; viz. farmentoi'a. 1182. Conobea. One fpecies 3 viz. aquatica. Guiana. 1183. Sternodia. Five fpecies 3 viz. maritima, durantifolia, rudcralis, camphorata, aquatica. Jamaica. 1184. Obolaria. One fpecies 3 viz. virginica, N. America. 1185. Aiginatia. One fpecies j viz. indica. A N Y. Didynamia* 1186. Orobanche, ox Broom-rape. 18 fpecies 3 viz. * major, foetida, caryophyllacea, coerulefcens, elatior, purpurea, minor, alba, gracilis, americana, virginiana, uniflora, ceerulea, phelyptea, tinftoria, cernua, * ramofa, coccinea, Europe, Ma¬ labar. N. America. 1187. Hyobanche. One fpecies 3 viz. fanguinea. C. of G. Hope. xi 88. Dodartia. Two fpecies} viz. orientalis, indica. Levant, Ind. 1189. Lippia. Five fpecies 3 viz. americana, hirfuta, umbellata, cymofa, hemifphcerica. Cape, America, 1190. Achimenes. One fpecies 3 viz. fefamoides. E, Indies. 1191. Sesamum, or Oily Purging-grain. Four fpecies 3 viz, orientale, luteum, indicum, laci»- niatum. E. Indies. 1192. Tortula. One fpecies; viz. afpera. 1193. Holmskioleia. One fpecies 3 viz. fanguinea. 1194. Mjmulus, ox Monhey-Jlower. Four fpecies 3 viz. ringens, glutinofus, alatus, lu- teus. Virginia, Canada, Peru. 1195. Rueelia. 46 fpecies 3 viz. blechum, blechioides, anguftifolia, ovata, ftrepens, patula, pallida, fragrans, la&ea, clan- deftina, violacea, rubra, macrophylla, gullata, imbri- cata, ariflata, intrufa, paniculata, tuberofa, tentacula- ta, biflora, crifpa, fafciculata, molliflima, undulata, involucrata, repanda, ringens, coccinea, repens, uligi- nofa, pilofa, hirta, depreffa, cordifolia, fecunda, rep- tans, japonica, alopecuroidea, barbata, balfamea, fali- cifolia, longiflora, difformis, rupeftris, fcabrofa. E- gypt, E, and W, Indies, Japan, America. 1196. Barleria, 13 fpecies } viz. longifqlia, folanifolia, hyftrix, prio- nitis, trifpinofa, bifpinofa, buxifolia, nodiflora, acan- thoides, criftata, ftrigofa, pungens, longiflora, 1197. Duranta. Three fpecies3 viz. plumieri, ellifia, mutifri. WeR Indies, S. America. 1x98. Myoporum. Four fpecies 3 viz. laetum, pubefcens, craflifolium, tenuifolium. South fea illes. <3 II99. OVIEDA. Two fpecies 3 viz. fpinofa, mitis, Java, W. Indies. 1200. Mallingtonia. One fpecies 3 viz. hortenfis. 1201. Volkameria. Eight fpecies 3 viz. aculeata, leguftrina, inermis, ca¬ pitata, ferrata, fcandens, japonica, ksempferi, E. and \V. Indies, Japan. 1202. Clerodendrum. Eight fpecies 3 viz. infortunatum, fortunatum, ca- lamitofum, phlomoides, fquamatum, trichotomum, di- verfifolium, pamculatum. E. Indies, Japan. 1203. Tetradynamia. B O T 1203. Thunbergia. Two fpecics} viz. capenfis, fragrans. C. of G. Hope. 1204. Maurandia. One fpecies j viz. i’emperflorens. 1205. Castilleja. Two fpecies; viz. integrifolia, fiflifolia. Egypt, E. Indies, S. America. 1206. Vitex, or Chajle Tree. 13 fpecies; viz. ovata, triflora, divaricata, pubef- cens, altifllma, agnus caftus, incifa, leucoxylon, trifo¬ lia, umbrofa, capitata, negundo, pinnata. Naples, Sicily, E. and W. Indies. The vitex agnus cajlus is a fmall tree, or rather fhrub, growing fpontaneoufly in Italy, &c. and raifed with us in gardens. Its fruit, which is about the fize of a pepper corn, contains four longilh feeds, which are faid to be of an aromatic fmell and an acrid bitter- iflr tafte, but which are found, on examination, to be almoft inodorous and infipid. Thefe feeds have been celebrated as antiphrodifiacs, and were formerly much ufed by the monks for allaying the venereal appetite : but experience does not warrant their having any fuch virtues. 1207. Amassonia. Two fpecies ; viz. erefta, punicea. Surinam. 120S. Bontia, or BarbaJoes Wild-olive. One fpecies j viz. daphnoides. W. Indies. ANY. 1209. Avicennia. Three fpecies; viz. tomentofa, relinifera, nitida. Martinico, Carthagena. 1210. Columnea. Four fpecies; viz. fcandens, hirfuta, rutilans, hif- pida. Martinico, Jamaica. 1211. Acanthus, ox Bcars-brecch. 14 fpecies; viz. mollis, carduifolius, fpinofus, ar- boreus, diofcorides, ilicifolius, ebrafteatus, capenfis, furcatus, procumbens, integrifolius, repens,, edulis, maderas-patenlis. S. Europe, Cape, W. Indies. 1212. Lepidagathis. One fpecies ; viz. crirtata. 1213. Alectra. One fpecies; viz. capenfis. 1214. Pedalium. One fpecies; viz. murex. E. Indies. 1215. Melianthus, ox Honey-flower. Three fpecies; viz. major, minor, comofus. C. of G. Hope. In the clafs Didynamia are 123 Genera, which include 1006 Species. Of thele 72 are found in Britain. CLASSIS XV. TETRADYNAMIA. (*) Ordo I. SILICULOSiE. Se£t. I. Silicula Integra, nec apice emarginata. * 1225. Draba. Silic. valvulis planiufculis. Stylus nullus. 1234. Lunaria. Silic. valvulis planis pedicellata. Stylus exfertus. * 1224. Subularia. Silic. valvulis femiovatis. Sty¬ lus brevior filicula. * 1216. Myagrum. Silic. valvulis concavis. Sty¬ lus perfillens. CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA, or four long and two SHORT STAMENS. Order I. SILICULOSiE, or thofe having a Pouch, or broad Pod. Se£t. I. The Pouch etitire, not notched at the point. * D. Pouch with flattened valves. No ftyle. L. Pouch on a pedicle with flat valves. Style pro¬ truding. * S. Pouch with half-oval valves. Style {hotter than the pouch. ___ * M. Pouch with concave valves. Style permanent. (e) In the flowers of this clafs of plants there are fix ftamens, four of them long and two flrort. It is alfo moft worthy of notice, that the flowers of this clafs have uniformly four petals, a circumflance which renders it eafy to diftinguifh them. The difference in length of the ftamens is not ahvays very obvious, but as the Hex- andria clafs contains no plants wuth four petals, this laft circumftance readily diftinguifhes the plants of the prefent clafs. The orders are two, and are diftinguiftied by the figure of the feed-veffel, which in the firft order is a broad and ftiort pouch ; that is, a roundiftr flat feed-veffel furniftied with zflyle, which is fometimes as long as the feed-veffel itfelf. In the fecond order, the feed veffel is a long pod; that is, a very long feed-veffel, without anv remarkable ftyle. This is a natural rather than an artificial clafs. The plants belonging to it are called sntifcorbutic, and their tafte is acrid and watery; They lofe moft of their virtues by drying. None of them 324 B O T * 1222. Vella. Silic. valvulis diffepimento dimidio brevioribus. 1219. Cakile. Silic. lanceolata biarticulata, artx- culis monofpermis, articulo fupremo fecedente. *218. Pugionium. Silic. tranfverfalis utrinque roftrata, evalvis, monofperma. * 1217. Bunias. Silic^ tetraedra, evalvis, bi f. quadri- locularis, rugofa. * 1220. Cram be. Silic. globofa, unilocularis, mono- fperma, evalvis. Sect. II. Silicula emarginata apice. * 1229. Iberis. Petala duo exteriora majora. 1230. Alyssum. Filamenta quaedam latere inte- riore dente notata. Silicula bilocularis. 1131. Clypeola. Silic. orbiculata, valvulis pla- nis, decidua. 1232. Peltaria. Silic. orbiculata, compreflb-pla- na, non dehifeens. * 1228. Cochlearia. Silic. cordata, valvulis obtu- iis, gibbis. * 1226. Lepidium. Silic. cordata, valvulis acute carinatis. * 1227. Th las pi. Silic, obcordata, valvulis mar- ginato carinatis. * 1221. Isatis. Silic. obcordata, valvulis carinatis, bipartibilis, i-fperma, diffepimento feneftrato. I233* Biscutella. Silic. biloba fupra infraque, margine carinato. 1223. Anastatica. Silic. retufa. Valvulis diffepi- tnento raucronato longioribus. % Ordo II. SILIQUOSiE, Seel. I. Calyx claufus foliolis longitudinaliteT con- niventibus. * 1247. Raphanus. Siliq. articulata. * 1239. Erysimum. Siliq. tetragona. * 1240. Cheiranthus. Siliq. germine utrinque glan- dula notato. * 1242. Hesperis. Glaudula intra flamina brevio- ra. Petala obliqua. * IH3- Arabis. Glandule 4 intra foliola calycina. Stigma fimplex. * 1245. Brassica. Glandulse 2 intra ftamina bre- viora, 2 extra ftamina longiora. 1248. Cordylocarpus. Siliq. torulofa, femine lupremo inarticulo difereto. * 1244. T urritis. Petala eredla. * 1236. Dentaria. Siliq. valvis revolutis dehifeen- tibus. 1235’ Ricotia. Siliq. unilocularis. Se6l. II. Calyx hians, foliolis fuperne cliff antibus. 1249. Cleome. Siliq. dehifeens, unilocularis. A N Y. Tetradynamk* * V. Pouch with valves ftiorter by half than the par¬ tition. C. Pouch fpear-fhaped, 2-jointed, with l-feeded joints, the laft joint retiring. P. Pouch placed crofsways, beaked on both fides, no valves, i-feeded. * B. Pouch 4-fided, without valves, 2 or 4-celled, wrinkled. '* C. Pouch bulging, r-celled, i-feeded, without valves. SeiSl. II. Pouch ’with a notched end. * I. Two outer petals large. A. Some filaments in the inner fide toothed. Pouch 2-celled. C. Pouch round and flat, with flat valvis, deciduous. P, Pouch round and flat, comprefled plane, not opening. * c. Pouch heart-ftiaped, with blunt bulging valves. * L. Pouch heart-ftiaped, with valves fharply keeled. * T. Pouch, heart-ftiape reverfed, valves keel border¬ ed. * I. Pouch heart reverfed, keeled valves, diviflble in¬ to 2, i-feeded5 window-fhaped partition. B. Pouch 2-lobed above and beneath, with a keel- ftiaped border. A. Pouch bluntly notched at the end. Valves long, with a dagger-pointed partition. Order II. SILIQUOS^E, or thofe having a long Pod. Se£l. I. Calyx font by leafets clofing length’wife. * R. A jointed pod. * E. Pod 4-gon. * C. Pod, with a feed-bud marked on both fides with a gland. * H. A gland between the ftiorter ftamens. Petals oblique. * A. Four glands between the leafets of the calyx. Stigma undivided. * B. Two glands betwixt the ftiorter ftamens, 2 be¬ yond the longer ftamens, C. Pod a little fwelling out, with the laft feed in 3 feparate joint. * T. Petals ereft. * D. Pod with valves rolled back, open. R. Pod l-celled. Se£t, II. Calyx open., with Leafets diffant above. C. Pod open, 1-celled. I237* tu.^0^n0US,i; not a Angular, that they are moft acrimonious in moift fituations, and wet feafons, us t e. coch.ecna armoracia (borfe-radifti), growing near water, is fo very acrimonious that it can hardly be tiled ; and the brcjfca rapa (turnip) whole root in a drylandy foil is fucculent and fweet, in ftiff wet lands is .hard and acrimonious. 225 Tetradynamia. B O T * 1237. Cardamine. Siliq. dehifcens, valvulis re- volutis. * 1246. Sin apis, Siliq. dehifcens. Cal. horizonta- liter patens. * 1238. Sisymbrium. Siliq. dehifcens, valvis re6H- ufculis. Cal. patulus. 1241. Heliophila. Siliq. dehifcens. Neftaria 2 recurvata. ANY. * G. Pod open, with valves rolled back. * S. Pod open. Cal. horizontally expanding. * S. Pod open, with valves rather ftraight. Cal. open, H. Pod open. Ne&aries 2, bent back. Order I. SILICULOS^E. 1216. Myagrum, or Gold of Pleafure. 12 fpecies; viz. perenne, oricntale, rugofmn, hi- fpanicum, perfoliatum, chloraefolium, fativum, denta- turn, auftriacum, paniculatum, faxatile, aegyptium. Eu¬ rope, Egypt. 1217. Bunias, or Sea Rocket. 11 fpecies 5 viz. fpinofa, erucago, afpera, orientalis, cochlearioides, tatarica, fyriaca, myagroides, aegyptiaca, balearica, proftrata. Europe, Africa, America. 1218. Pugionium. One fpecies j viz. viz. cornutum. 1219. Cakile. Two fpecies; viz. maritima, aegyptiaca. 1220. Cram be, or Sea-cabbage, or Ka/e. Eight fpecies $ viz. * maritima, tatarica, orientalis, hifpanica, reniformis, filiformis, fruticofa, ftrigofa. Sea fhores of Europe, Madeira. maritima. * leaves and ftem fmooth.—The young and tender plants are boiled as cabbage ; but when full grown they occafion giddinefs. Horfes, cows, goats, fheep, and fwine eat it. 1221. I s at is, or IVoad. Four fpecies ; viz. * tin&oria, lufitanica, armena, alpina. Sea fhores of Europe, Egypt. tin&oria. * I- root-leaves fcolloped ; ftem-leaves arrow-fhaped ; pouches oblong..—With the juice of this plant, it is faid, the ancient Britons painted their bodies to render themfelves more terrible to their enemies. It is much ufed by the dyers for its blue colour, and it is the bafis of many other colours. It is cultivated for their ufe. Cows eat; horfes, fheep, and goats refufe it. 1222, Vella, or Spanifh Crefs. Two fpecies ; viz. * annua, pfeudo-cytifus. Siberia, Spain. 1223. Anastatica, or Rofe of Jericho. One fpecies $ viz. hierochuntica. Auftria, Levant. 1224. SubulariA, or ydwl-wort. Two fpecies •, viz. * aquatica, alpina. N. of Europe, Arabia. 1225. Draba, or Whitlow-grafs. 16 fpecies ; viz. aizoides, rigida, ciliaris, alpina, hifpida, * verna, caroliniana, nivalis, * ftellata, andro- facea, pyrenaica, * muralis, nemoralis, hirta, *incana, magellanica. Alps of Europe, N. America. Vol. IV. Part I. * D. flalks naked j leaves fparingly ferrated •, petals‘Perm?, divided.—This is one of our earliell flowering plants. It is good as a falad. Goats, fheep, and horfes eat it j cows are not fond of it; fwine refufe it. 1226. Leridium, or Dittander. 29 fpecies j viz. perfoliatum, veficarium, nudicaule, procumbens, alpinum, calycinum, * petraeum, carda- mines, fpinofum, fativum, lyratum, craffifolium, * lati- folium,amplexicaule, glaftifolium,oleraceum, pifcidium, fubulatum, graminifolium, apetalum, fufFruticofum, * didymum, * ruderale, virginicum, divaricatum, iberis, pollichii, bonarienfe, chalepenfe. Europe, Cape, A- merica, Newr Zealand. * L. leaves egg-fpear-fhaped, entire, ferrated.—This is/at fo/ium, one of the antifcorbutics, and was formerly ufed in the place of horfe-radif}. An infufion of it excites vomiting. 1227. Thlaspi, or Treacle Mufard. 14 fpecies j viz. peregrinum, arabicum, * arvenfe, alliaceum, pfychine, faxatile, hirtum, * campeftre, * montanum, alpinum, * perfoliatum, * alpeflre, * bur- fa partoris, ceratocarpon. Europe. Two forts of the thlafpi arvenfe are ufed promifcu- oufly ; they both grow wild : their feeds have an acrid biting tafte like common muftard, with which they agree in medical qualities. The thlafpi burfa paforis is common in wafle places, and is found in flower all the fummer. Shepherds-purfe, or the leaf, has long been celebrated as an aftringent, and ftrongly recommended in diarrhoeas, dyfenteries, uterine fluors, and in general in all difeafes where aftringents of any kind can avail. Some have efleemed it fo powerful a flyptic as fcarce to be fafely exhibited internally. Others have thought it to be of a hot fiery nature, and fuppofed it to flop duxes and hemorrhagies, by coagulating the juices like alcohol, and burning or fearing the orifices of the veffels. The fenfible quali¬ ties of fhepherds-purfe difcover little founda'tion for either of thefe opinions : it has no perceptible heat, acrimony, pungency, and fcarcely any aftringency : the tafte is almoft merely herbaceous, fo as fufficiently to warrant the epithet given to this plant fatuum. It is hardly in ufe in Britain. 1228. Cochlearia, or Scurvy-grafs. 11 fpecies j viz. * officinalis, * danica, * anglica, * groenlandica, fibirica, acaulis, # coronopus, * armo- racia, macrocarpa, glaftifolia, draba. Europe. * C. root-leaves heart-circular; ftem-leaves oblong, n.oficinali?3 little indented Notwithftanding this plant is a native of the fea coaft, it is cultivated in our gardens without any fenfible alteration of its properties. It pofleffes a F f confiderable / A EOT confiderable degree of acrimony, and this acrimony feems to relide in a very fubtile effential oil. Its ef- fedfs as an antifcorbutic are univerfally known, and it is a powerful remedy in the pituitous aflhma, and in tvhat Sydenham calls the fcorbutic rheumatifm. A diftille ’* water and a conferve are prepared from the leaves, and its juice is preferibed along with that of oranges, by the name of antifcorbutic juices. It may be eaten as a ialad. Cows eat it. Horfes, goats, and fheep, refufe it. . * C. root-leaves fpear-lhaped, fcolloped j ftem-leaves fnipt.— I he root of this plant, feraped, is in common ule in England as a condiment for filh, roaft beef, &c. and it is uled for many other culinary purpofes. An infulion of it in cold milk makes one of the foftefl and beft cofmetics. In paralytic and dropfical cafes, it is a uleful ftimulant and diuretic. A ftrong infufion of it excites vomiting. A diftilled water is prepared from it. Horles, cows, goats, fheep, and fwine refufe it. * C. all the leaves egg-fpear-fhaped.—This is a pun¬ gent flimulating medicine , capable of diffolving vifeid juices, opening obftrudHons of the viicera and the more diftant glands, and promoting the fluid fecretions •, it is particularly celebrated in feurvies, and is the princi¬ pal herb employed in thefe kinds of diforders in the northern countries. 1229. Iberis, or Candy-tuft. 18 fpecies 5 viz. femperflorens, cappadocica, femper- virens, gibraltarica, faxatilis, vermiculata, rotundifolia, cepaefolia, carnofa, ciliata, parviflora, nana, umbellata, * amara, linifolia, odorata, * nudicaulis, pinnata. S. Europe, Arabia, Perfia. 1230. Alypum, or Mad-wort. 31 fpecies ; viz. fpinofum, maritimum, halimifolium, tenuifolium, faxatile, lunarioides, argenteum, alpeftre, ferpyllifolium, atlanticum, orientale, hyperboreum, in- canum, minimum, ftri&um, calycinum, fibiricum, fpa- thulatum, montanum, tortuofum, campeftre, linifolium, clypeatum, cheiranthifolium, frnuatum, creticum, ge- monenfe,dafycarpum,utriculatum, veficaria, deltoideum. Europe, N. America. 1231. Clypeola, or Treacle-mufard. One fpecies ; viz. jonthlafpi. Italy, France, Caro¬ lina. 1232. Peltaria. Three fpecies j viz. alliacea, garcini, capenfis. Cape. 1233. Biscutella, or Buckler-mujlard. Ten fpecies 5 viz. auriculata, apula, lyrata, raphani- folia, coronopifolia, laevigata, fubfpathulata, montana, fempervirens, peruviana. Europe, N. America. 1234. Lvnaria, or Moon-wort, llonefy. Two fpecies ; viz. rediviva, annua. N. of Europe. Order II. SILIQUOSiE, 1235. Ricotia. One ipecies 5 viz. aegyptiaca. Egypt. 1236. Dentaria, or Tooth-wort. Seven fpecies ; viz. enneaphylla, glandulofa, lacinia- ta, * bulbifera, microphylla, pinnata, pentaphyllos. Alps of Auftria, S. Europe. ^ Y. Tetradynamia. 1237. Cardamine, or Lady'sfmoch. 2 2 fpecies ; viz. * bellidifolia, alpina, afarifolia, nu¬ dicaulis, nivalis, refedifolia, trifolia, feutata, africana, chelidonia, thalibfroides, macrophylla, * impatiens, par¬ viflora, penfylvanica, grseca, * hirfuta, latifolia, * pra- tenlis, * amara, granulofa, virginica. Europe, Ame¬ rica. * C. leafets of the root-leaves roundifh, thofe of dot prat enfis* ftem-leaves fpear-fhaped, very entire.—This is a peren¬ nial plant which grows in meadow grounds, fends forth purplifh flowers in the fpring, and in its fenfible quali¬ ties refembles the nafurtium aquaticum. Long ago it was employed as a diuretic, and of late it has been in¬ troduced in nervous difeafes. A dram or two of the powder is given twice or thrice a-day. It has little fenfible operation, except that it fometimes fweats.— Goats and fheep eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. Cows are not fond of it. * C. leaves winged 5 fuckers from the bofom of the amara. leaves; leafets of the ftem-leaves angular, fitting Sheep eat it. Cows are not fond of it. The young leaves are acrid and bitterifh, but do not tafte amifs in falads. They are much ufed for that purpofe in Lan- cafhire. The leaves are pungent, bitter, and aromatic, in fuch a degree as to promife very confiderable ufes. 1238. Sisymbrium, or Water-crejfes, 53 fpecies, viz. * nafturtiumj * fylveftre, paluftre, * amphibium, pyrenaicum, tanacetifolium, ceratophyl- lum, coronopifolium, tenuifolium, fagittatum, amplexi- caule, fupinum, polyceratium, filifolium, burfifolium, torulofum, * murale, * monenfe, repandum, tillieri, vimineum, barrelieri, arenofum, valentinum, parra, afperum, laevigatum, millefolium, * fophia, album, cinereum, altiflimum, echartfbergenfe, pannonicum, eryfimoides, * irio, columnae, loefelii, obtufangulum, orientak, barbareae, lyratum, catholicum, heterophyl- lum, glaciale, ftridliffimum, pendulum, hifpanicum, pumilum, falfuginofum, integrifolium, indicum, hifpi- dum. Europe, Canaries, India. * S. leaves winged; leafets egg-fhaped.—This plantnaftur- is very univerfally ufed as an early and wholefome fpring tium% ” falad. It is an excellent antifcorbutic and ftomachic, with lefs acrimony than the feurvy-grafs. It is an in¬ gredient in the antifcorbutic juices. It is recommend¬ ed as of Angular efficacy for accelerating the circula¬ tion, {Lengthening the vifeera, opening obftruftions of the glands, promoting the fluid fecretions, and puri¬ fying the blood and humours; for thefe purpofes the exprefled juice, which contains the peculiar tafte and pungency of the herb, may be taken in dofes of an ounce or two, and continued for a confiderable time. * S. pods oblong egg-ffiaped ; leaveswing-cleft, fer- amphi- rated ; petals longer than the cup The ends of the bium7 general fruit-Jlalks are often fwoln into a cauliflower¬ like fubftance, purpliffi, and containing fmall grubs of the fame colour. Cows refufe it. Sheep and goats are not fond of it. * S. petals fmaller than the cups; leaves doubly com-fophta. pound, winged.—The pods retain the feeds all winter, and fmall birds feed upon them. The plant has been fometimes preferibed in hyfteric and dyfenteric cafes ; and the feeds are given to deflroy wmrms. Sheep and and cows eat it. Horfes and goats are not fond of it. Swine refufe it. 1239‘ Tetradynamia B O T 1293. Erysimum, or Hedgc-mvftard. 14 fpecies ; Viz. * officinale, * barbarea, prsecox, * alliaria, repandum, # cheiranthoides, heiracifolium, odoratum, virgatum, diffufum, anguftifolium, junce- um, bicorne, quadricorne. Europe, Barbary, Can¬ ary, Carolina. officinale. * E. pods preffed to the fpike-ftalk *, leaves notched.— This plant is warm and acrid to the tafte $ and when cultivated is ufed as a fpring pot-herb. Birds are fond of the feeds. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horfes, and fwine refufe it. By means of it a hoarfenefs, occafioned by loud fpeaking, is faid to have been cured in three days by Rondeletius. barbarea. * E. pods indiftin&ly four-cornered 5 leaves lyre-ffiap- ed, the terminating fegment circular.—The common people in Sweden are faid to ufe this plant in falads, early in the fpring, and late in the autumn j they alfo boil them as kale. It is fown in gardens as an early fpring falad j and alfo in England, where it is called French crefs. Cows eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. Goats and ffieep are not fond of it. alharia. * E. leaves heart-ffiaped.—The Pruffians are faid to eat the leaves along with falted meats in the fpring. They are ufeful with lettuce and the colder falads. The feeds excite fneezing. Cows and goats eat it. Horfes, ffieep, and fwine, refufe it. When it grows in poultry yards the fowls eat it, and it gives an intoler¬ ably rank tafte to their flefti. In Wales it is much ufed as a frying herb. sheiran- * E. ftem very much branched ; leaves fpear-ffiaped, iboides. oblique, waved and toothed j pods expanding.—The country people give the feeds of this plant to deftroy worms, and with good effe£l. Horfes, cows, goats, ffieep, and fwine, eat it. 1240. Cheiranthus, or Stock JulyJlower. 34 fpecies ; viz. eryftmoides, helveticus, alpinus, lan- ceolatus, * cheiri, fruticulofus, callofus, ftriftus, tenui- folius, mutabilis, apricus, chius, maritimus, parviflori, falinus, bicufpidatus, incanus, feneftralis, annuus, litto- reus, contortuplicatus, leucanthenus, triftis, trilobus, pulchellus, pinnatifidus, tricufpidatus, tomentofus, o- doratiffimus, finuatus, taraxacifolius, cufpidatus, qua- drangulus, farfetia. Alps, S. Europe, Egypt, Madeira. ibeiri. * C. leaves fpear-fhaped, acute, fmooth ; branches an¬ gular j ftem ffirub-like.—This plant has found a place in our gardens, where it has produced a confiderable number of varieties, but none which have a more de¬ lightful fcent than the wild one. The flow’ers have a pleafant fmell, and a fubacrid, bitteriffi, not agree¬ able tafte *, they are faid to be cordial, anodyne, ape¬ rient, and emmenagogue, but are wholly negledled in the prefent practice. 1241. Heliophila. I 2 fpecies ; viz. integrifolia, incana, circaioides, am- plexicaulis, flava, canefcens, puftlla, filiformis, pendula, pinnata, coronopifolia, digitata. C. of G. Hope. 1242. Hesperis, or Dames-violet, Rocket. Ten fpecies 5 viz. triftis, lanciniata, matronalis, * in- odora, tatarica, africana, ramoffiffima, arenaria, verna, lacera. Siberia, S. Europe, Africa. 1243. Arabis, or Bafe Tower-mujlard. 21 fpecies 5 viz. alpina, grandiilora, * thaliana, crant- ziana, re«fta, ferpillifolia, reptans, coerulea, bellidifolia, A N Y. 227 nutans, lyrata, hifpida, * ftri&a, halleri, ovivenfis, ca- nadenfts, lucida, pendula, * turrita, faxatilis, afpera. N. Europe, N. America. 1244. Turritis, or Tower-muffard. Eight fpecies j viz. * glabra, laevigata, flridta, * hir- futa, patula, pubefcens, ciliata, alpina. Europe. 1245. Brassica, or Cabbage. 24 fpecies-, viz. * orientalis, auftriaca, *campeftris, arvenfis, alpina, * napus, * rapa, * oleracea, richerii, cretica, fuffruticofa, chinenfis, violacea, fubhaflata, po- lymorpha, teretifolia, erucaftrum, eruca, pinnatifida, elongata, cheiranthus, veficaria, lyrata, craffifolia. Eu¬ rope, China. * B. the root a regular continuation of the ftem, napus. fpindle-ftiaped.—The roots of the cultivated variety may be eaten like the turnip, but they have a ftronger tafte } and its feeds, vffiich are called cole-feed, afford a large quantity of exprelfed oil, called rape oil: what remains after exprefling the oil, is called oil-cake, and is ufed for fattening oxen. In Norfolk, the cakes are broken to pieces, and ftrewed on the land as a ma¬ nure. It is thought to be a very efficacious one, and is fold from 4I. to 61. per ton. About half a ton is laid on an acre. Cows, goats, and fwine eat it. * B. the root a regular continuation of the ftem, cylin- rapa? drical, fleffiy. Turnip.—The roots of it are either eaten raw, boiled, or roafted. Pepper is commonly ufed with them. They relax the bow’els, and are fuppofed to fweeten the blood. They are hurtful to pregnant and hyfterical women, and to thofe who are fubjeft to fla¬ tulencies. The juice well fermented affords by diftil- lation an ardent fpirit. The rind is acrimonious. If the roots are kept in fand, or in a cellar, during the winter, they fend out white ffioots, and yellowiffi leaves, which being rather fweet, and not unpleafant to the palate, are ufed as falad, when other efculent plants are not to be had. But the greateft ufe of turnips is in feeding oxen and flreep in the winter. * B. the root a regular continuation of the ftem, cylin- oleracea, drical, fleffiy. Sea and Common Cabbage.—Early in the fpring thefea-cabbage is preferred to the cultivated kinds, but when gathered on the fea coaft, it muft be boiled in two waters, to take aw-ay the faltnefs. The roots may be eaten like thofe of the preceding fpecies, but they are not fo tender. The different varieties of cultivated garden cabbage originate from this, all of which are much in ufe at our tables. The red cabbage is chiefly ufed for pickling. In fome countries they bury the white cab¬ bage wffien fully grown in the autumn, and thus pre- ferve it all winter. The Germans cut them to pieces, and along with fome aromatic herbs and fait prefs them clofe down in a tub, where they foon ferment, and are then eaten under the name of four crout. If cabbages are fowed or planted for feveral years toge¬ ther in the fame foil, the heads become fmaller, and the roots knotty. This is occafioned by the larvae of flies. Horfes eat the leaves, but do not feem fond of them. Cowts grow fat upon them. The brajjica eruca was formerly much cultivated in gardens for medicinal ufe, and for falads ; but is at prefent lefs common. In appearance it refembles muf- tard, but it is eafily diftinguiffiable, by the fmoothnefs of its leaves and its difagreeable fmell. The feeds have a pungent tafte of the muftard kind but W'eaker j tin y F f 2 have *28 B O T have long been celebrated as aphrodifiacs; and may probably have in fome cafes a title to this virtue, in common with other acrid plants. 1246. Sinapis, or Mujlard. 19 fpeciesj viz. *arvenfis, orientalis, braflicata, * al¬ ba, * nigra, pyrenaica, pubefcens, hifpida, chinenfis, juncea, allioni, erucoides, cornua, hifpanica, japonica, incana, frutefcens, radicata, laevigata. Europe, China, Madeira. arvenjls. * S. pods with many angles, fwoln and bunched out by the feeds j fmooth, longer than the 2-edged beak.—The Scandinavians are faitl to boil and eat it as a cabbage, and in Ireland the tender tops are colledled for the fame purpofe. Cows, goats, and fwine eat it. Sheep are very fond of it. Horfes generally refufe it. alba. * S. pods rough with hair •, beak very long, flanting, fword-lhaped.—It is fown in the winter and early in the fpring, to fupply our tables with falading. The feeds have nearly the fame properties as thofe of the next fpecies. nigra. * S. pods fmooth, laid flat to the fpike-ftalk.—The feeds of this plant reduced to powder, make the com¬ mon muftard fo much in requeft at our tables. They yield a confiderable quantity of expreffed oil, which partakes but little of the acrimony of the plant. The feeds w’hen unbruifed impart but little tafte to boiling water. Taken inwardly, in the quantity of a table fpoonful or more, they gently loofen the bowrels, and are of fervice in aflhma, chronic rheumatifm, and pal- fy. The powdered feeds curdle milk, and give a ftrong impregnation to boiling water. This infufion taken in conflderable quantity vomits, in fmaller dofes it is an ufeful aperient and. diuretic. Cataplafms formed with crumb of bread, vinegar, and powdered muftard feed, A N Y. Monadelphia. are very commonly applied to the foies of the feet, as ftimulants, in fevers that require fuch treatment j they are ufed with advantage, topically applied, in fixed rheumatic and fciatic pains. Upon the whole, where- ever wTe want a ftrong ftimulus, that a£ts upon the ner¬ vous fyftem, without exciting much heat, we know none preferable to muftard feed. Its acrimony confifts in an eflential oil. 1247. Raphanus, or RaiUJh. Eight fpecies j viz. fativus, caudatus, * raphanif- trum, fibiricus, tenellus, arcuatus, lanceolatus, pilofus. Europe, Egypt, China. * R. pods"round, jointed, fmooth, of one cell.—Inraphanif. wet feafons it growls in great quantity amongft the bur-trum. ley in Sweden, and the common people Avho eat bar¬ ley bread, are afflitted with very convulfive complaints, in thofe provinces, and in thofe fealbns, wherein this plant abounds. Horfes eat it. Cows refufe it. 1248. Cord v lo car pus. Two fpecies; viz. muricatus, laevigatus. 1349. Cleome, or Bafe-muflard. 23 fpecies; viz. juncea, heptaphylla, pentaphylla. triphylla, polygama, icofandra, vifcofa, dodecandra, felina, chelidonii, gigantea, aculeata, fpinofa, ferrata, ornithopodioides, violacea, arabica, tenella, filifolia, gujanenfis, monophylla, capenfis, procumbens. Por¬ tugal, Cape, Eaft and Weft Indies. In the clafs Tetradynamia are 34 Genera, including 436 Species, of which 58 are found in Britain. CLASSIS XVI. CLASS XVI. MONADELPHIA 0). MONADELPHIA. Ordo I. TRIANDRIA. Order I. TRIANDRIA, or 3 Stamens- 1253. Galaxia. Monogyna. Spatha I f. 2-phyl- G. One piftil. Sheath 1 or a-leaved. Cor. 1 = la. Cor. i-petala, 6-fida. petaled, 6-cleft. 1251. Sisyrinchium. Monogyna. Spatha 2- S. One piftil. Sheath 2-leafed. Petals 6, nearly phylla. Petala 6, fubsequalia. equal. 1252. (f) In this clafs the filaments are all united together at the bottom, but feparate at the top. The union at the bottom gives rife to the name Monadelphia or one brotherhood. The orders are determined by the num¬ ber of ftamens. The plants of this clafs were confidered by Tournefort as having only one petal. But all the petals are diftinft at the bafe ; though, by the intervention of the united filaments, they cohere all together as one body ; on which account they may properly be confidered as having five petals. Linnaeus remarks, that the fruit does not afford fufficient marks whereby to diftinguifh the genera in this clafs j but that the calyx is of the utmoft importance, as it furnifhes invariable charafters. Withering obferves, that the petals are truly a continuation of the cylindrical fheath formed by the united filaments, which inclofes the ftyles and ger* mens as it defcends j when riling upwards it fpreads out into petals. Monadelphia. B O I 1252. Terraria. Monogyna. Spatha a-pKylla. Petala 6, tvibus exterioribus latioribus. 1254. Aphyteia. Monogyna. Cal. 3-fidus. Pe¬ tala 3. Bacca polylperma. 1250, Tamarindus. Monogyna. Cal. 4-partitus. Petala 3. Legumen. Ordo IT. PENTANDRIA. 1263. Erodium. Monogyna. Arilli 5* i^ono- fpermi, ad bafm receptaculi roftrati. Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. 5-petala. Ned. fquamae 5. i 256. Sy mp hon ia. Monogyna# Bacca y-locula- ris, 5 fperma. Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. 5-petala. 1255. Ozophyllum. Monogyna. Capf.y-locu- laris. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, infundibiliformis. 1261. Ochroma. Monogyna. Capf. 5-locularis. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. Antherse anfraftuofe.^ 1257. Lerchea. Monogyna. Capf. 3‘^ocu^ar's» polyfperma. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 1-petala. 1258. Waltheria. Monogyna. Capf. l-locula- xis, I-fperma. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. 1262. Passiflora. Trigyna. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala, calycl inferta. Neftar. filamentofum. 12^9. Hermannia. Pentagyna. Capf. 5‘l°ci^a* rls. Cal. 5-fidus. Petala 5, cucullata, obliqua. Fila- menta dilatata. 1260. Melochia. Pentagyna. Capf. 5-loculans, 1-fperma. Cal. fub-duplex. Petala 5 patentia. Fila- menta fubulata. Linum, jdnagallis, Lyjttnachia, Pelargonium betomcum, isfc. Geranium pujillum. M.ahernia^ Leea^ ylyema, Buttneria. Ordo III. HEPTANDRIA. 1264. Pelargonium. Monogyna. Arilli 5, tno- nofpermi, ad bafin receptaculi roftrati. Cal. 5-partitus, nedlariferus. Cor. 5-petala, inaequalis. Ordo IV. OCTANDRIA. 1266. Aitonia. Monogyna. Bacca ficca, unilo- cularis. Cal. 4-partitus. Petala 4. 1265. Pistia. Monogyna. Capf. l-locul. Cal. fpathaceus, i-phyllus. Cor. o. Erica monadelphia, Guarea, Perfooma, Ordo V. DECANDRIA. 1271. Geranium. Monogyna. Arilli 5, mono- fpermi, ad bafin receptaculi roftrati. Cal. 5-phyllus, Cor. 5-petala. 1270. Senraja. Monogyna. Capf. 5-loculans. Cal. duplex. Cor. 5-petala. 1267. Crinodendkum. Monogyna. Capf. uni- locularis, trifptrma. Cal. O. Cor. 6-petala. 1268. Conarus. Monogyna. Capf. I-fperma. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. 1269. Hugonia. Pentagyna. Drupa i-fperma. Cal. 5-part, ineequalis. Cor. 5 petala. Oxalis et nonnullce Papilionacece, Gcertneria, Tnchi/ia, Turrcea, Sandoricum, Swie tenia, Strigilia, Me ha, Sarny da, Cafeana, Erythroxylon, Malphigia, Banijle- ria, Hires a, Triopteris, Averrhoa. A N Y. F. One piftil. Sheath 2-leafed. Petals 6, the 3- outermoft broadeft. A. One piftil. Cal. 3-cleft. Petals 3. Berry many- feeded. J. One piftil. Cal. 4-parted. Petals 3. Legu¬ minous. Order II. PENTANDRIA, or 5 Stamens. E. One piftil. Seed-coats 5, i-feeded, at the bafe of a beaked receptacle. Cal. 5-leafed. Cor. 5-peta- led. NeI9* Liparia. Calycis lacinia infima elongata. Alse inferius bilobae. . 877. Cytisus. Legum. pedicellatum. Cal. bilo- biatus. 1417. Mullera. Pericarpium elongatum, carno- fum, monihforme, globulis monofpermis. 890. Galega. Legum. lineare, ftriis obliqu^ tranf- verfis. * 897. Lotus. Legum. teres, fardlum feminibus cy- Imdricis. 878. Geoifroya. Drupa, nucleo ligneo. Sc6l. III. Legume nearly 2-celled, (not marked as above J. * A. Legume 2-celled, rounded. B. Legume 2-celled, flat, toothed. P. Legume half 2-celled. Se£t. IV. Leguminous, nearly I -fceded (not as above J. P. Cal. with glandular points. * I. Legume Icarce longer than the cal. I or 2-feed- ed. Flowers growing in heads. G. Cal. 2-lipped, upper 3-cleft. Se6t. V. Legume nearly jointed. iE. Legume, wuth i-feeded joints. Cal. 2-lipped. * H. Legume, with joints nearly round, comprefled. Keel very obtufe. C. Legume interrupted by necks, ftraight. * O. Legume jointed, bowed. S. Legume interrupted by necks, tapering, rolled inwards. * H. Legume comprefled-membranous; one feam notched, cut at the middle. M. Legume fpiral, membranous-compreffed. Pi- ftil bending away the keel. Seel. VI. Legume 1 -celled, many-feeded (not as T. Standard and wings expanding, as if 3-petaled. Keel minute. G. Keel bending back the ftandard. C, Standard large, covering the wings. Cor. hori¬ zontally turned upfide down. R. Standard bent back, expanding, nearly round. I. Keel toothed on both tides. C. Four upper fegments of the cal. leaning on the ftandard. * E. Cal. 5-parted, nearly equal, almoft of the length of the cor. L. Lower fegments of the cal. long. Wings 2- lobed below. C. Legume pedicled. Cal. 2-lobed. M. Pericarp, elongated, flefliy, bracelet-ftiaped, with i-feeded globules. G. Legume ftrap-fhaped, with ftreaks obliquely tranfverfe. * L. Legume tapering, filled with cylindrical feeds. G. Drupe, with a woody kernel. Ordeil Diadelphia. B O T Order. I. PEN TANDRIA. 851. Monniera. One fpecies j viz. trifoiia. Order II. HEXANDRIA. 1267. Saraca. One fpecies ; viz. indica. India. 849. Fumaria, or Fumitory. 14 fpecies ; viz. cucullaria, fpectabilis, nobilis, bul- bofa, fempervirens, lutea, fibirica, * capnoides, en- neaphylla, * officinalis, * capreolata, fpicata, * clavi- culata, veficaria. Europe, Barb. Cape, N. America. officinalis. * F. feed-veffels in bunches, 1 feed in each 5 Item fpreading.—Cows and ffieep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. The leaves are fucculent, faline, and bitter. The expreffed juice, in dofes of two or three ounces, is ufeful in hypochon¬ driacal, fcorbutic, and cache&ic habits. It corredls acidity, and ftrengthens the tone of the ftomach. Some prefer it to all other medicines as a fweetencr of the blood. There is no doubt of its utility in obftru&ions of the vifcera and the difeafes arifing therefrom. An infufion of the leaves is ufed as a cofmetic to remove freckles and clear the Ikin. Order III. OCTANDRIA. 851. Polygala, or Milk-wort. 38 fpecies j viz. incarnata, afpalatha, brafllienfis, trichofperma, amara, * vulgaris, major, monfpeliaca, paniculata, fibirica, brafteolata, umbellata, myrtifolia, oppofitifolia, fpinofa, teretifolia, theezans, trinervia, penaca, diverfifolia, microphylla, aeiluans, chinenfis, chamsebuxus, alopecuroides, mixta, fquarrofa, heifle- ria, ftipulacea, fenega, lutea, viridefcens, triflora, glau- coides, ciliata, fanguinea, verticillata, cruciata. Eu¬ rope, Cape, India, N. America. Vulgaris, * P. flowers in bunches j ftems herbaceous, Ample, trailing j leaves ftrap-fpear-fliaped.—This plant has been found to poflefs the properties of the Senega rat- tlefnake root {polygalafenega'], but in an inferior de¬ gree. The powdered root may be given in dofes of half a dram. Cows, goats, and (heep eat it. Swine refufe it. An infufion of the herb, which is very bit¬ ter, taken in the morning fafting, about one fourth of a pint daily, promotes expectoration, and is good for a catarrhous cough. The polygala fenega grows fpontaneoufly in Virginia, and bears the winters of our own climate. This root is ufually about the thicknefs of the little finger, varioufly bent and contorted, and appears as if compofed of joints, whence it is fuppofed to referable the tail of the animal whofe name it bears : A kind of membranous margin runs on each fide, the whole length of the root. Its tafte is at firfi: acid, afterwards very hot and pungent. The Senegavo Indians are faid to prevent the fatal effects which follow from the bite of the rattlefnake, by giving it internally, and by applying it externally to the wound. It has been ftrongly recommended in pleurifies, peripneumonies, and other inflammatory dif- tempers. Its more immediate elfefts are thofe of a diu- A N Y. ^ 237 retie, diaphoretic, and cathartic 5 iometimes it proves emetic : the two lall operations may be occafionally prevented by giving the root in fmall dofes along with aromatic Ample waters, as that of cinnamon. The • ufual dofe of the powder is 30 grains or more. Some have likewife employed this root in hydropic cafes, and not without fuccefs. There are examples of its occafioning a plentiful evacuation by flool, urine, and perfpiration ; and by this means removing the dit- eafe, after the common diuretics and hydragogues had failed. Where this medicine operates as a cathartic it generally proves fuccefsful; if it a&s by liquefying the blood and juices, without occafioning a due difeharge, it ffiould either be abftained from, or affifled by proper additions. 852. Securidjea, or Hatchet-vetch. Two fpecies j viz. eredla, volubilis. W. Indies. 1416. Dalbergia. Two fpecies $ viz. lanceolaria, monetaria. Surinam, Ceylon. Order IV. DECANDRIA. 853. Nissolia. Two fpecies *, viz. arborea, fruticofa. S. Amer. 1286. Abrus, or Jarriaica Wild Liquorice. One fpecies ; viz. precatorius. E. and W. Indies. 854. Pterocarpus, or Red Sanders. Five fpecies •, viz. draco, lunatus, fantalinus, ecaf* taphyllum, buxifolius. E. and W. Indies. 855. Erythrina, or Coral Tree. Five fpecies j viz. herbacea, corollodendrum, pidla, crifta galli, planifiliqua. Carolina, E. and W. Indies, Brazil. 856. Piscidia, or Dogwood Iree. Two fpecies ; viz. erythrina, carthaginenfis. Weft Indies. 857. Borbonia. Six fpecies •, viz. ericifolia, laevigata, trinervia, lan- ceolata, cordata, trenata. C. of G. Hope. 858. Spartium, or Broom. 16 fpecies j viz. contaminatum, fepiarium, junceum, monofpermum, fphaerocarpon, purgans, aphyllum, fcorpius, angulatum, patens, fupranulium, complica- tum, * fcoparium, radiatum, cytiioides, fpinofum. S. Europe, Barbary, Cape, Madeira, * S. leaves in threes, and folitary ; branches vi\lh.ovxfcopariutn prickles.—The young flowers are fometimes preferved as pickles. The plant, when burnt, affords a tolerable pure alkaline fait. Dr Mead relates the cafe of a dropfical pa¬ tient, that was cured by taking hall a pint of a decoc¬ tion of green broom-tops, with a fpoonful of whole muftard feed, every morning and evening. The pa¬ tient had been tapped three times, and tried the ufual remedies before. An infufion of the feeds, drank freely, has been known to produce fimilar happy ef- fetfts 5 but whoever expedls thefe effeils to follow in every dropfical cafe, will be greatly deceived. .A ftrong lixivium of the affies was ufed in the Swedilh army in the year 1759, to cure dropfies, confequential to a catarrhal epidemic fever. The urine became plen¬ tiful, and the dropfies foon difappeared. Some ufe th® feeds 238 B O T feeds toafted, fo as to make a kind of (Toffee. The plant, when growing large, merits a place among our flowering flirubs, on account of the profufion of its gol¬ den-coloured bloffoms. Cows, horfes, and fheep, re- fufe it. 859. Genista, or Dye?'s Broom. 14 fpecies ; viz. canarienfis, candicans, linifolia, fa- gitalis, tridentata, * tindtoria, fibirica, dorida, * pilo- ia, humifufa, * anglica, germanica, hifpanica, ludta- nica. Europe, Canaries. tinflona. * G. branches fcored, cylindrical, upright; leaves fpear-fhaped, fmooth ; legumen cylindrical.—A yellow colour may be prepared from the dowers j ana for wool that is to be dyed green, the dyers prefer it to all others. A dram and a half of the powdered feeds ope¬ rates as a mild purgative. A decoction of the plant is fometimes diuretic, and therefore has proved fervice- able in dropfical cafes. Horfes, cows, goats, and dieep, eat it. The wood or root of the genijla canarienfis is chiedy brought to us from the Canary iflands. In the diops of the apothecaries it ufually receives the appella¬ tion of lignum rhodium. It is in long crooked pieces full of knobs, which when cut, appear of a yellow co¬ lour like box, with a reddidi cad. The larged, fmoothed, mod compadt, and deeped coloured pieces, diould be chofen j and the fmall, thin, or pale ones, rejedted. , The tade of this wood is lightly bitterifh, and fomewhat pungent ; its fmell very fragrant, re- fembling that of roles : long kept, it feems to lofe its fmell j but, on cutting or rubbing one piece againd the other, it fmells as well as at fird. Diddled with water, it yields an odoriferous effential oil, in very fmall quantity. Rhodium is at prefent in edeem, only upon account of its oil, w hich is employed as a high and agreeable perfume in fcenting pomatums and the like. But if wre may reafon from analogy, this odori¬ ferous fimple might be advantageoudy applied to more ufeful purpofes 5 a tindlure of it in redtified fpirit of wine, which contains in fmall volume the virtues of a conliderable deal of the wood, bids fair to prove a fer- viceable cordial, not inferior perhaps X.& any thing of this kind. 860. A spalathus, ox African Broom. 35 fpecies; viz. fpinofa, verrudola, capitata, glome- rata, adroites, chenopoda, albens, thymifolia, ericifo- lia, nigra, carnofa, ciliaris, genidoides, hydrix, ga- lioides, retroflexa, uniflora, araneofa, afparagoides, fe- ricea, canefcens, heterophylla, indica, ebenus, creti- ca, quinquefolia, tridentata, pilofa, anthylloides, lax- ata, argentea, callofa, orientalis, mucronata, pinnata. Crete, Cape, E. Indies. 881. Ulex, or Furze, Whins, Gorfe. Two fpecies ; viz. * europaeus, capeijfis. Germany, France, Cape. europceus. * U. leaves wmolly, acute ; thorns fcattered.—Gorfe is in fome refpedfs a very hardy plant, and wall make fences upon the bleaked mountains and clofe to the fea fide, where the fpray of the fea dedroys almod eve¬ ry other fhrub ; but it is impatient of cold, is often dedroyed by fevere frod, and is rarely found in ^ the northern parts of our ifland. In Cornwall, where fuel is fcarce, it is cultivated to advantage, and it is gene¬ rally cut to make faggots for heating ovens, which it A N "i'. Diadelphia* does very foon, burning rapidly, and with a great de¬ gree of heat. The afhes are uied to make ley. Team horfes may be fupported by this plant, if it is cut young and bruifed in a mill to break the thorns. Goats, cows, dieep, and horfes feed upon the tender tops. 861. Amorpha, or Shrubby Safe Indigo. One ipecies 3 viz. fruticofa. Carolina. 862. Crotalaria, or Rattle-wort. 23 fpecies 3 viz. perforata, perfoliata, amplexicaulis, fagittalis, chinenfis, juncea, imbricata, retufa, feffili- dora, triflora, verrucofa, biflora, oppofita, linifolia, bifaria, latifolia, lunaris, laburnifolia, cordifolia, in- cana, incanefcens, heterophylla, quinquefolia. Ead and Wed Indies, Africa, America. 863. Ononis, or Ref-harrow. 31 fpecies 3 viz. antiquorum, * fpinofa, * arvenfis, repens, minutiflima, mitiflima, alopecuroides, variega- ta, pubefcens, hircina, cernua, umbellata, argentea, involucrata, filiformis, capenfis, prodrata, reclinata, cenifia, cherleri, vifcofa, ornithopodioides, pinguis, na- trix, tridentata, crilpa, hifpanica, fruticofa, rotundifo- lia, microphylla, mauritanica. Europe, Cape. * O. flowers in bunches, folitary 3 leaves folitary orfpinofa. three together 3 branches thorny.—A decodlion of the roots has been recommended in cafes of done and jaun¬ dice. Cows and goats eat it. Sheep are very fond of it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. A horfe is faid to have refufed the wTole branch, but ate of the young¬ er flioots when picked off. 864. Anthyllis, or Lady's Finger, Kidney-vetch. 15 fpecies 3 viz. tetraphylla, * vulneraria, montana, cornicina, lotoides, gerardi, quinqueflora, involucrata, linifolia, barba-jovis, heterophylla, vifciflora, cytifoi- des, hermaniae, erinacea. Europe. * A. herbaceous 3 leaves winged, unequal 3 flowTers in vulneraria a double head.—The country people get a yellowT dye from it. It makes an excellent paflurage for flieep. Where the foil was a reddidx clay, Linnaeus obferved the bloffoms to be red, but in white clay white. Goats and cows eat it. 876. Arachis, ox Ground Nut. One fpecies 3 viz. hypogaea. Carolina, S. Amer, 895. Ebenus, or Ebony of Crete. One fpecies 3 viz. cretica. Crete, Levant, Barb. 865. Lupinus, ox Lupine. Seven fpecies 3 viz. perennis, albus, varius, hirfu- tus, pilofus, anguftifolia, luteus. S. Europe, Egypt, Virginia. The feeds of the lupinus albus have a leguminous tade, accompanied wdth a difagreeable bitter one. They are faid to be anthelmintic, both internally ta¬ ken, and applied externally. Hoffman cautions againd their internal ufe, and tells us that they have fome¬ times occafioned death. Simon Paulli alfo obferves, that he faw a boy of eight or ten years of age, after taking a dram of thefe feeds in powder, feized wdth exquifite pains of the abdomen, a difficulty of refpira- tion, and almod total lofs of voice 3 and that he was relieved from thefe complaints by a glyder of milk and fugar, which brought away a vad quantity of worms. But Mr Geoffroy obferves, very juffly, that either thefe Diadeiphia. B G T thefe fymptoms were owing to tlie worms, and not to the medicine ; or that thefe feeds, if they have any noxious quality, lofe it, with their bitternefs, in boil¬ ing, lince they were commonly ufed among the Greeks as food, and recommended by Galen as very wholefome. 866. Phaseolus, ou Kidney Bean. 17 fpecies ; viz. vulgaris, lunatus, bipundlatus, ina- moenus, farinofus, vexillatus, helvalus, femieredtus, alatus, caracalla, aconitifolius, nanus, radiatus, max, mungo, lathyroides, fphaerofperrnus. E. and W. In¬ dies, Africa, America. 867. Dolichos, or Cow-itch. 31 fpecies j vizr benghalenfis, lablab, finenfis, un- cinatus, luteolus, unguiculatus, tranquebaricus, en(i- formis, tetragonolobus, fefquipedalis, altiflimus, pru- riens, urens, minimus, lineatus, capenfis, fcarabseoides, incurvus, bulbofus, trilobus, ariftatus, filiformis, pur- pureus, regularis, lignofus, polyftachios, enfiformis, faja, catiang, biflorus, repens. Egypt, E. and W. Indies, Cape, America. The dolichos pruriens is a plant growing in great abundance in warm climates, particularly in the Welt India iflands •, and there it is very troublefome to cat¬ tle and other domeftic animals: for on account of the fpiculae of the feed-pod, it excites, when touched, a very uneafy itching. Thefe fpiculse have been long ufed in South America, in cafes of worms; and have of late been frequently employed in Britain. The fpi- culee of one pod, mixed tvith fyrup or molafles, and taken in the morning fading, is a dofe for an adult. The worms are faid to appear with the fecond or third dofe 5 and by means of a purge in fome cafes, the ftools are faid to have confided almod entirely of worms ; and in cafes of lumbrici it is faid to produce a fafe and effeftual cure. Thofe who have ufed it mod affirm, that they have never feen any inconvenience re- fulting from the internal ufe of it, notwithdanding the great uneafinefs it occafions, on the dighted touch, to any part of the furface. 868. Glycine, or Kidney-bean tree. 15 fpecies 5 viz. fubterranea, monoica, triloba, vil- lofa, javanica, comofa, tomentofa, bituminofa, num- mularia, labialis, driata, fuaveolens, apios, frutefcens, monophylla. Cape, Ead and Wed Indies, North A- merica. 869. Clitoria. Five fpecies ; viz. ternatea, brafiliana, virginiana, mariana, galsetia. Ead and Wed Indies, America. 870. Pi sum, or Pea. Four fpecies j viz. fativum, arvenfe, * maritimum, ochrus. Europe, North America. tnariti * above ; dem angular *, dipu- mum " ke arrow-ffiaped ; fruit-dalks many flowered.—In 1555, during a time of great fcarcity, the people about Or- ford in SulTex wrere preferved from periffiing by eating the feeds of this plant which grew there in great a- bundance upon the fea coad. Cows, horfes, ftieep and goats eat it. 871. Orobus, or Bitter Vetch. 12 fpecies ; viz. lathyroides, hirfutus, luteus, ver¬ sus, * tuberofus, * fylvaticus, angudifolius, albus, ca- nefcens, niger, pyrenaicus, fylvaticus. Europe. ANY. 239 * O. leaves winged, fpear-diaped 5 dipula half-arrow- tuberofus* ffiaped, very entire j dem dmple.—dhe roots, when boiled, are favoury and nutritious j ground to powder they may be made into bread. They are held in high edeem by the Highlanders of Scotland, who chew them as our people do tobacco, and find that they prevent the uneafy fenfation of hunger. They imagine that they promote expeftoration, and are very efficacious in curing diforders of the lungs. They know how to prepare an intoxicating liquor from them. Horfes, cows, goats, and ffieep eat it. Lathyrus, or Chickling Vetch. 21 fpecies j viz. * apliaca, * niffolia, amphicarpos, cicera, fativus, inconfpicuus, fetifolius, angulatus, articulatus, odoratus, annuus, tingitanus, clymenum, * hirfutus, tuberofus, * pratenfis, * fylvedris, * lati- folius, heterophyllus, * paludris, pififormis. Europe, Barbary, Ceylon. * L. tendrils with tAvo leaves, quite fimple, leafetspratenjis. fpear-ffiaped.—This has been recommended as a new plant for the experiments of the farmers, and premiums have been offered for its cultivation. But it does not feem to be a plant at all agreeable to cattle, as where they have a choice of food they feldom touch it. Be- fides it produces very few feeds, aud thofe are for the mod part deAroured by a fpecies of curculio. 873. Vicia, or Vetch, Bean, Tare. 20 fpecies; viz. pififormis, dumetorum, * fylvatica, caffubica, * cracca, gerardi, onobrychioides, niffoliana, biennis, benghalenfis, * fativa, * lathyroides, # lutea, * hybrida, peregrina, * fepium, * bithynica, narbo- nenfis, faba, ferratifolia. Europe, Egypt, India. * V. legumens modly in pairs, upright; leafets inverfe-T^/iw. ly fpear-ffiaped, blunt, notched; dipulae toothed ; feeds compreffed.—In Glocederffiire and Worcederffiire, they foAv it as padurage for horfes, and eat it off early enough to allow of turnips being fown the fame year.— The feeds are excellent food for pigeons. Horfes, cows, dieep, and goats, eat it. * V. legumens modly four together, upright ; leafetsfepium, egg-diaped, very entire, the outer ones gradually fmal- ler.—This plant drools earlier in fpring than any plant eaten by cattle, vegetates late in the antumn, and con¬ tinues green all winter; but it is difficult to colledl the feeds, as the pods burd and fcatter them about, and moreover, hardly a third part of them Avill vegetate, being made the nidus of an infeft. A patch of them foAvn in drills in a garden was cut five times in the courfe of the fecond year, and produced at the rate of 24 tons per acre of green food, Avhich when dry would weigh near 4 J tons. The feeds of the vicia faba, or common bean, are a drong flatulent food, fufficiently nutritious, but not eafy of digeflion,efpecially when growing old. A wa¬ ter didilled from the flowers has been celebrated as a cofmetic, and flil) retains its chara£ler among fome fe¬ male artids. 874. Eryum, or Bitter Vetch. Six fpecies; viz. lens, * tetrafpermum, * hirfutum, folonienfe, monanthos, ervilia. Europe, Afia. * E. fruit-dalks many floAvered ; feeds 2, globular.— hirfutum, Horfes, cows, goats, and ffieep eat it. In wet feafons whole fields of corn have been overpowered and wholly dedroyed by it. 875*' 240 B O T 875. Cicer, or Chicli-peafe. One fpecies 5 viz. arietinum. S. Europe, Levant. 1319. Liparia. Five fpecies ; viz. Iphaerica, graminifolia, umbellata, villofa, fericea. C. of G. Hope. 876. Cytisus, or Trefoil tree. 17 fpecies j viz. laburnum, nigricans, wolgaricus, feflilifolius, cajan, patens, hirfutus, capitatus, auftriacus, lupinus, prolifer, argenteus, pendulinus, purpureus, gla- ber, grsecus, tener. Europe, Cape, E. Indie . T417. Mullera. One fpecies ; viz. moniliformis. Surinam. 878. Geoffroya, or Bafe Cabbage tree. One fpecies ; viz. fpinofa. Jamaica, Brazil. 879. Robinia, or Falfe Acacia. Nine fpecies; viz. pfeud-acacia, violacea, hifpida, mitis, holodendron, caragana, fpinofa, frutefcens, pyg- maea. Siberia, Tartary, N. America, W. Indies. 880. Colutea, or Bladder-fenna. Four fpecies; viz. arborefcens, frutefcens, peren- nans, herbacea. Auftria, Italy, Levant, Africa. 882. Glycirrhiza, or Liquorice. Four fpecies j viz. echinata, glabra, hirfuta, afperri- ma. Spain, Italy, Levant, Apulia. 883. Coronilla, or Joint-podded Colutea. 11 fpecies viz. emerus, juncea, Valentina, glauca, coronata, minima, argentea, fecuridaea, varia, cretica, fcandens. S. Europe, America. 884. Ornithopus, or Birds-foot. Four fpecies viz. * perpufillus, compreffus, fcorpioi- des, tetraphyllus. S. Europe, Jamaica, Barbary. 885. Hippocrepis, or Horfe-Jboe Vetch. Fpur fpecies ; viz. unifiliquofa, multifiliquofa, * co- mofa, balearica. S. Europe. 886. Scorpiurus, or Caterpillars. Four fpecies; viz. vermiculata, muricata, fulcata, fubvillofa. S. Europe. 888. ATschynomene, or Bafe Senftive plant. Eight fpecies j viz. grandiflora, arborica, coccinea, afpera, americana, indica, fefban, pumila. Egypt, E. and W. Indies. 887. Hedysarum, or French Honeyfuchle. 67 fpecies ; viz. alhagi, bupleurifolium, linifolium, nummularifolium, moniliferum, ftyracifolium, renifor- me, fororium, vefpertiiionis, gangeticum, maculatum, latebrofum, vaginale, imbricatum, triquetrum, ftrobili- ferum, diphyllum, pulchellum, ipartium, lineatum, re- trotilexum, umbellatum, biarticulatum, heterocarpon, vi(cidum,canadenfe,canefcens,marilandicum,;frutefcens, viridiflorum, hirtum, junceum, violaceus, paniculatum, nudiflorum, repens, hamatum, triflorum, barbatum, la- gopodioides, microphyllum, racemofum, caudatum, to- mentofum, fericeum, virgatum, pilofum, ftriatum, volu- bde, gyrans, argentalum, alpinum, obfcurum, coiona- rium, Hexuofum, humile, fpinofiflimum, virginicum, fruticofum, pumilum, * onobrychis, faxatile, caput gal- I'» crifta galli, trinitum, cornutum, incanum. S. Europe, %. and W. Indies, N. America. A N Y. Diadelphta. * H. leaves winged j legumens with one feed, prickly; onobrychis wings as long as the calyx ; ftem growing long.—This plant is cultivated like clover for feeding cattle, and is particularly advantageous in dry hilly fituations and' chalky foils. 889. Indigofera, or Indigo. 23 fpecies; viz. fericea, ovata, trifoliata, pforaloides, procumbens, farmentofa, denudata, mexicana, trita, fili- formis, digitata, ftrifta, frutefcens, enneaphylla, pen- taphylla, glabra, cytifoides, hirfuta, anguitifolia, anil, tinftoria, difperma, argentea. Arabia, E. and W. Indies, Cape, Carolina. 890. Galega, or Goats-rue. 12 fpecies; viz. officinalis, cinerea, littoralis, vir- giniana, villofa, fpinofa, maxima, purpurea, caribasa, coerulea, tinftoria, fenticofa. S. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America. The galega officinalis was celebrated as an alexi- pharmac ; but its fenfible qualities difcover no founda¬ tion for any virtues of this kind ; the tafte is merely leguminous, and in Italy, where it grows wild, it is faid to be ufed as food. 891. Phaca, or Bafe Milk-vetch. Ten fpecies; viz. baetica, alpina, falfuta, fibirica, auftralis, trifoliata, veficaria, proftrata, microphylla, muricata. Lapland, Siberia, S. Europe. 892. Astragalus, or Liquorice, or Milk-vetch. 45 fpecies; viz. alopecuroides, chriftianus, capitatus, pilofus, fulcatus, galegiformis, chinenfis, onobrychis, uli- ginofus, carolinianus, afper, canadenfis, cicer, micro- phyllus, *glycyphyllos, hamofus, contortuplicatus, bae- ticus, laxmanni, Pella, fefameus, auftriacus, leontinus, pentaglottis, epiglottis, * hypoglottis, fyriacus, are- narius, glaux, ftnicus, alpinus, ammodytes, trimeftris, verticillaiis, montanus, velicarius, phyfodes, caprinus, * uralenfis, monfpeffulanus, incanus, campeftiis, de- preffus, uncatus, exfcapus. Europe, Egypt, Barbary. 893. Bisserrula, or Bafe Hatchet-vetch. One fpecies ; viz. pelecinus. South of Europe. 894. Psoralea. 23 fpecies; viz. rotundifolia, pinnata, aculeata, brac- teata, Ipicata, axillaris, ftachydes, aphylla, tenuifolia, capitata, hirta, repens, bituminofa, glandulofa, palsef- tina, americana, tetragonalia, corylifolia, pentaphylla, proftrata, dalea, enneaphylla, laevigata. S. Europe, India, Africa, America. 896. Trifolium, or Trefoil, Clover. 46 fpecies; viz. coeruiea, indica, meflanenfe, polo- nica, * officinalis, italica, cretica, *ornithopcdioides, lu- pinafta, reflexum, ftriflum, * hybridum, * repens, co- mofum, alpinum, * fubterraneum, globofum, cherleri, lappaceum, rubens, * pratenfe, alpeftre, pannonicum, fquarrofum, incarnatum, *ochroleucum, anguftifolium, * arvenfe, ftellatum, clypeatum, * fcabrum, * glome- ratum, * ftriatum, alexandrinum, uniflorum, fpinolum, refupinatum, tomentofum, * fragiferum, montanum, agrarium, fpafticeum, * procumbens, * filiforme, bi- florum, * fuffocatum. Europe, India, Africa, North America. T. capfules in bunches, often 2-feeded, wunWedt,officinalis. acute ; ftem upright.-—This plant is more fragrant when Polyadelphia, B O T when dry than when green. A water diftilled from the flowers, poffeffes but little odour in itfelf, but im¬ proves the flavour of other fubftances. Horfes are ex¬ tremely fond of it. Cows, goats, flieep, and fwine eat it. ripens, * T. heads like umbels ; legumens 4-feeded ; ftem creeping.—Horfes, cows, and goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Swine refufe it. The leaves Hand up* right againft rain. Wherever this plant abounds fpon- taneoufly, it is confidered as an indication of the good- nefs of the foil, and this is a thing well known to far¬ mers. The richnefs of meadows and paftures is na¬ turally owung to their abounding principally with the trefoils, and others of the fame clafs, with a due mix- ture of the more acceptable graffes. pratenfe. * T. fpikes crowded ; bloffoms unequal; calyx with four of the teeth equal j ftipulse awnedj ftems afcend- ing.—In a great fcarcity of provifions, bread has been made of the flowers. The heads are ufed in Sweden to dye woollen green. With alum they give a light, with copperas a dark green. 897. Lotus, or Birds-foot Trefoil. 18 fpecies j viz., maritimus, filiguofus, tetragonolo- bus, conjugatus, tetraphyllus, edulis, peregrinus, an- guftiffimus, arabicus, ornithopodioides, jacobaeus, creti- cus, hirfutus, grsecus, re&us, * corniculatus, cytifoides, dorycnium. Europe, Arabia, Madeira. cornicula- * -k* heads of the flowers flatted at the top; ftems her* Jus. baceous, trailing: legumens cylindrical, expanding.— The flowers of this plant become greenifh when dried, in which refpefl they refemble the flowers of the plants which produce indigo. Cows, goats, and horfes eat it. Sheep and fwine are not fond of it. In Hertfordlhire it is cultivated as pafturage for (beep. There is no doubt but it might be cultivated to great advantage. In moift meadows it grows to a great height, and makes extremely good hay. 898. Trig on el la, or Fenugreeh. 1 2 fpecies ; viz. ruthenica, platycarpos, ftriata, po* Jycerata, hamofa, fpinofa, corniculata, monfpeliaca, la- ANY. HJ ciniata, foenum graecum, fylveftris, indica. Siberia, S. Europe, Egypt, India. The trigonella foenum grcecum is cultivated chiefly in the fouthern parts of France, Germany, and Italy ; from whence the feeds are brought to us. I hey are of a yellow colour, rhomboidal figure, a difagreeable ftrong fmell, and a mucilaginous talte. Their principal ufe is in cataplafms, fomentations, and the like, and in emollient glyfters. 899. Medicago, or Aledich, Moon-trefoil. 24 fpecies ; viz. arborea, virginica, radiata, circin- nata, * fativa, * falcata, * lupulina, marina, polymor- pha, proftrata, orbicularis, icutellata, tornata, turbi- nata, intertexta, * arabica, coronata, ciliaris, hirfuta, rigidula, * minima, * muricata, nigra, laciniata. Eu¬ rope, North America. * M. flowers in bunches; legumens narrow, regular, twifted; ftem upright, fmooth.—Modern writers upon hufbandry ftrongly recommend the cultivation of this plant, for the purpofe of feeding cattle; but it is not yet generally adopted. * M. flowers in bunches; legumens crefcent-fhaped falcata. ftem proftate.—In hot, dry, barren fandy places it is well worth the trouble of fowing for the purpofe of making hay ; a praftice long flnce adopted in fome parts of Sweden. Cows, horfes, goats, and flieep eat it, * M. fpikes oval ; feed-veflels kidney-fhaped, with I lupuiina. cell and I feed ; ftems trailing.—Cows, horfes, goats, and fheep eat it ; but it is lefs grateful to them than the other fpecies. It is cultivated in Norfolk under the name of nonfuch, and is ufually fown mixed with rye-grafs. The crop is then called black and white nonfuch. It has been fown in the Ifle of Wight. It is fometimes fown along with clover, and rye grafs. In the clafs Diadelphia are 56 Genera, including 710 Species, of which ^9 are found in Britain. CLASSIS XVIII. CLASS XVIII. POLYADELPHIA (h). POLYADELPHIA. Ordo I. PENTANDRIA. Order I. PENTANDRIA. 900. Theobroma. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Ne&aries 5. ne&ariis 5 Stam. 5. Antheris 3. Piftill. 3. Stam. 5. Anthers 3. Piftills 3. 1418. Abroma. Pentagyna. Capf. 5-locularis, A. Piftils 5. Capf. 5-celled, i-valved, open at the l-valvis, apice dehifcens. Semina reniformia. Recep- extremity. Seeds kidney-fhaped. Receptacle fhaggy. taculo hirfuto. Vol. IV. Part I. H h Ordo (h) This clafs comprehends the plants whofe flowers have ftamens united by the filaments into three or more fets. The orders depend upon the number of ftamens. There is only a Angle genus of Britifh plants belonging to this clafs, viz. the hypericum. 242 T ANY. Polyadelphia, B O e^Do II. DODECANDRIA. 1268. Monsonia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. C-peta- la. Stara. 5. Antheris 3. Piftill. 5-fidum. Ordo III. ICOSANDRIA. 901. Citrus. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 20. in cylindrum paflim connata. Piftill. j. ]3*acca locularis, pulpa veficulari. Ordo IV. POLYANDRIA. 1269. Melaleuca. Cal. 5-partitus fuperus. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. femiveftita calyce baccato. 1270. Hopea. Cal, 5-fidus, fuperus. Cor. 5-peta¬ la. JDrupa nucleo 3-loculari. Du Rio. Cal. 5-Hdus, urceolatus, inferus. Cor. 5-petala, parva. Stylus 1. Stam. phalanges 5, ex feptem. Pomum 5-loculare. 132°. Glabraria. Cal. 5-fidus, inferus. Cor. 5- petala. Stylus 1. Stam. phalanges 5 ex fenis. Drupa, 1321. Munchhausia. CaL inferus, 6-fidus. Cor, 6- petala. Capf. 6-locularis. 677. Symplocos. Cah 5-fidus, inferus. Cor. 5- petala. Stam. 4-plici ferie corollse adnata. * 902. Hypericum. Cal. 5-partitus, inferus. Cor. 5-petala. Styli. l, 3, f. 5. CapG locularis. 903. Ascyrum. Cal. 2 phyllus, inferus. Cor. 4- petala. Styli. 2. Capf. 2-valvisc Order II. DODECANDRIA. M. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. An- thers 3. PUtil. 5-cleft. Order III. ICOSANDRIA. C. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 20, everywhere united into a cylinder. Piftil u Berry celled, in a veficular pulp. Order IV. POLYANDRIA. M. Cal. 5-parted fuperior. Cor. 5-petaled, Capf, half covered with a berrylike cal. H. Cal 5-cleft fuperior. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe with a 3-celled nut. D. Cal. 5-cleft, pitcher.fhaped, inferior. Cor. 5. petaled, fmall. Style I. Stam. phalanxes 5 of 7, Apple many-celled, G. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Cor. 5-petaled, Style I, Stem, phalanxes 5 of 6. Drupe. M. Cal. inferior 6-cleft, Cor. 6-petaled. Gapf. 6- celled. S. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam* conne&ed with the corol. by a 4-fold feries. * H. Cal. 5-parted inferior. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 1, 3, or 5. Capf. celled. A. Cal. 2 leaved, inferior. Cor. 4-petaled. Styles 2. Capf. 2-valved. Order I. PENTANDRlA, Ordo III. ICOSANDRIA.' 900. Theobroma, or Chocolate-nut-tree. i wo fpecies j viz. cacao, guamma. Jamaica, S. America.—— The nuts of the theobroma cacao are the fruit of an American tree refembling the almond. The tree, though fmall, bears a large fruit, lhaped like a cu¬ cumber, which contains 30 or more of the nuts. Thefe, by preffure, yield a confiderable quantity of a fluid oil. Boiled in water, they give out a large portion of a fe- baceous matter, which congeals on the furface of the liquor as it cools. The principal ufe of thefe nuts is for the preparation of the dietetic liquor chocolate. This is a mild, unffuous, nutritious fluid, capable of foftening acrimonious humours, and of great fervice in confumptive diforders, efpecially if made with milk, and with only a imall proportion of aromatics. 1418. Abroma. One fpecies j viz. augufta. California. Order II. DODECANDRIA. 1268. Monsonia. Three fpecies > viz. filia, fpeciofa, lobata. C. of G. Hope. 901. Citrus, or Lemon-orange, Shaddock. Four Ipecies; viz. medica, aurantium, decumana^ 1 japonica. Alia, India. 1 he citron or the citrus medica is an evergreen tree or fhrub, of the fame genus with the orange and le¬ mon ; it was firft brought from Affyria and Media (whence the fruit is called mala ajjyria, mala medica') into Greece, and thence into the fouthern parts of Europe, where it is now cultivated. Citrons are rare¬ ly made ufe of among us ; they are of the fame qua¬ lity with lemons, except that their juice is fomewhat Ids acrid. They are with us frequently employed as a condiment. The juice of lemons is fimilar in quality to that of oranges, from which it differs little otherwife than its be¬ ing more acid. The yellow' peel is an excellent aromatic, and is frequently employed in ftomachic tindlures and in- fufions: it is confiderably lefs hot than orange peel, and yields in diftillation with water a lefs quantity of dfen- tial oil j its flavour is neverthelds more perifliable, yet does not arile lo readily with fpirit of wine ; for a fpi- rituous extrad made from lemon peel pofiVffes the aro¬ matic tafte and fmell of the fubjed, in much greater perfedion than an extrad prepared in the lame manner frora Polpdelphia# B O T from the peel of oranges. In the {hops a fyrup is pre* pared from the juice, and the peel is candied : the peel is an ingredient in the bitter infufions and wines : the eflential oil enters the volatile aromatic fpirit, or fpiri~ tus amonicv compqfitvs, as it is now called, and feme Other formulae. The orange or the citrus aurantium is a beautiful evergreen tree, or rather (hrub $ it is a native of the warmer climates, and does not ealily bear the winters of this. The flowers are highly odoriferous, and have been for fome time paft of great efteem as a perfume ; their tafte is fomewhat warm, accompanied wdth a degree of bitternefs. They yield their flavour by infufion to rec¬ tified fpirit, and in diftillation both to fpirit and wa¬ ter ; the bitter matter is diffolved by wmter, and on evaporating the decodtion, remains entire in the ex- tra6t. An oil diddled from thefe flowers is brought from Italy, under the name of oleum or ejfentia neroli. Orange flowers were at one time faid to be an ufe- ful remedy in convulfive and epileptic cafes : but ex¬ perience has not confirmed the virtues attributed to them. The leaves of the orange have alfo been re¬ commended for the fame purpofe, but have by no means anfwered the expectations entertained by fome. The outer yellow rind of the fruit is a grateful aro¬ matic bitter j and proves an excellent llomachic and carminative, promoting appetite, warming the habit, and llrengthening the tone of the vifeera. Orange peel appears to be very confiderably warmer than that of lemons, and to abound more with eflential oil; to this circumdance, therefore, regard ought to be had in the life of thefe medicines. The flavour of the fird is like- wife fuppofed to be lefs perilhable than that of the Other j hence the London college employ orange-peel in the fpirituous bitter tinClure, which is defigned for keeping •, whild in the bitter watery infufion, lemon- peel is preferred. A fyrup and didilled water are for the fame reafon prepared from the rind of oranges in preference to that of lemons. The outer rind of the orange is the bafis of a con- ferve both in the Edinburgh and London pharmaco- pceias j and this is perhaps one of the mod elegant and convenient forms for exhibiting it, The juice of oranges is a grateful acid liquor, of confiderable ufe in febrile or inflammatory didempers for allaying heat, abating exorbitant commotions of the blood, quenching third, and promoting the falu- tary excretions j it is likewife of ufe in genuine fcorbu- tus or fea-feurvy. Although the feville or bitter orange, as it is called, has alone a place in our phar¬ macopoeias, yet the juice of the china, or fweet orange, is much more employed. It is more mild and lefs acid $ and it is employed in its mod Ample date with great advantage, both as a cooling medicine, and as ANY. an ufeful antifeptic in fevers of the word kinds, as well as in many other acute difeafes, being highly beneficial, in alleviating third. Order IV. POLYANDRIA. 1320. Glabraria. One fpecies; viz. terfa, E. Indies, 1321. Munchhausia. One fpecies j viz, fpeciofa. Durio. One fpecies ; viz. zibethinus. E. Indies. 1269. Melaleuca, or Cayputi-tree. Five fpecies; viz. leucadendron, latifolia, anguftl. folia, lucida, villofa. fcoparia, virgata. New S. Wales, New Zealand. 1270. Ho pea. One fpecies j viz. tin&oria, Carolina. 677. Symplocos. One fpecies $ viz, martinicenfis. Jamaica, Marti- nico. 902. Hyperscum, ox St'John's Wort. 42 fpecies; viz. balearicum, kalmianum, cayanenfe, bacciferum, calyeinum, guineenfe, petiolatum, patu- lum, afeyron, * androfaemum, olympicum, petiolatum, canarienfe, hircinum, mgyptium, orientale, fcabrum, re¬ pens, prolificum, oricoides, canadenfe, virginicum, mexicanum, reflexum, * quadrangulare, * perforatum, * humifufum, crifpum, * montanum, barbatum, * hir- futum, tomentofum, perfoliatum, * elodes, * pulchrum, nummularium, japonicum, ereflum, coris, mutilum, fetofum, monogynum. Europe, Azores, China, N. America, # H. ftem 2-edged; leaves blunt j with pellucid dots./^r/orc- --- This plant has long held a place in the materia me- dica, but its ufe is very much undetermined. The femi-tranfparent dots on the leaves are the receptacles of an eflential oil. The leaves given in fubflance are faid to dedroy worms. The flowers tinge fpirits and oils of a fine purple colour, which is probably derived from the little glands upon the anther, and upon the edges of the petals. Cows, goats, and fheep eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it, 903. Ascyrum, or St Peter's Wort. Three fpecies; viz. crux andreae, hypericoides, vil- lofum. N. America. In the clafs Polyadelphia are 12 Genera, which include 65 Species. Of thefe 8 are found in Britain. T f'v' Hh 3 CLASSIS BOTANY. Syngenefia. 244 CLASSIS XIX. SYNGENESIA. (0 Ordo I. POLY G AMI A tEQUALIS. SefJ(( abound with a refinous matter. They have a ftrong fmell, and a bitterifh acrid tafte. Horfes, cow's, goats, and iheep, eat it. Its large leaves afford ftielter from fhowers to poultry and other fmall animals. 953. Senecio, or Groundfel, Ragwort. 59 fpecies •, viz. hieracifolius, purpureus, cernuus, perficifolius, virgatus, divaricatus, pfeudo-chyna, recli- natus, vulgaris, arabicus, peucedanifolius, japonicus, triflorus, segyptius, lividus, trilobus, * vifcofus, * fylva- ticus, nebrodenfis, glaucus, varicofus, haftatus, pubige- rus, elegans, fqualidus, erucifolius, incanus, abrotanifo- lius, canadenfis, diffufus, * jacobaea, * tenuifolius, au¬ reus, lyratus, alpinus, umbellatus, linifolius, rofmarini- folius, * paludofus, nemorenfis, * farracenicus, fibiricus, dorea, doronicum, longifolius, cruciatus, juniperinus, byzantinus, halimifolius, ilicifolius, rigidus, polifolius, angulatus, maritimus, erofus, marginatus, lanatus, cor- difolius, glaftifolius. Europe, Africa, E. Indies, Ja¬ pan, N. America. / Syngenefia. B O T vulgaris. * S. leaves winged, indented, embracing the ftem ; flowers fcattered.—A ftrong infufion of this plant vo¬ mits. The bruifed leaves are a good application to boils. The feeds are very acceptable to linnets and goldfinches when confined in cages. Cows are not fond of it. Goats and fwine eat it. Horfes and flreep refufe it. jacobcea. * S. leaves lyre-flraped, almoft winged •, fegments fine¬ ly jagged ; ftem upright.—If this plant is gathered be¬ fore the flowers open, and ufed frelh, it dyes wool of a full green, but the colour is apt to fade. If woollen cloth is boiled in alum water, and then in a decoftion of the flowers, it takes a beautiful deep yellow. Hor¬ fes and fheep refufe it. Cows are not fond of it. Horfes and cows, however, eat it when young. 9^4- Aster, or Starwort. 38 fpecies 5 viz. taxifolius, reflexus, crinitus, fruticu- lofus, tenellus, alpinus, fibiricus, * tripolium, amellus, divaricatus, hiflbpifolius, dumofus, ericoides, tenuifolius, linariifolius, linifolius, acris, concolor, rigidus, novae- anglise, unflulatus, grandiflorus, cordifolius, puniceus, annuus, vetnus, indicus, laevis, mutabilis, tradefcanti, novi-belgii, tardiflorus, mifer, macrophyllus, chinenfis, tataricus, hifpidus, fcaber. Europe, Cape, N. Alia, America. tripolium. * A. leaves ftrap-fpear-flraped, flefliy, fmootb, 3-fibred; calyx fcales blunt, fomewhat membranaceous.—Goats and horfes eat this fpecies. Cows and fwine refufe it. Sheep are not fond of it. 955. Solidago, or Golden Rod. 14 fpecies •, viz. iempervirens, canadenfis, altiflima, lateriflora, bicolor, lanceolata, caefia, mexicana, flexi- caulis, latifolia, * virgaurea, minuta, rigida, novebora- cenfis. Europe, N. America. virgaurea.* S. ftem ferpentine, branched *, leaves moftly fitting j flowers in crowded panicles.—This plant is found wild on heaths and in woods, producing fpikes of yellow flowers in Auguft. The leaves have a moderately af- tringent bitter tafte ; and hence prove ferviceable in debility and laxity of the vifcera, and diforders pro¬ ceeding from that caufe. 957. Cineraria, or Sky-jlower. 26 fpecies ; viz. geifolia, cymbalarifolia, fibirica, glauca, fonchifolia, cordifolia, crifpa, * integrifolia, longifolia, * paluftris, aurea, maritima, canadenfis, ca- pillacea, linifolia, purpurata, amelloides, americana, ala- ta, elongata, cacalioides, denticulata, perfoliata, lineata, haftifolia, japonica- Europe, Africa, N. America, Ja¬ maica. 956. Inula, or Elecampane. 29 fpecies } viz. * heleniutn, odora, fuaveolens, odo- rus-chrifti, britannica, * dyfenterica, undulata, indica, pulicaria, arabica, fpirseifolia, fquarrofa, bubonium, fa- licina, hirta, mariana, germanica, japonica, dubia, enfi- folia, crithmifolia, provincialis, montana, seftuans, bi- frons, coerulea, aromatica, pinifolia, foetida. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, N. America. belenium. * I. leaves embracing the ftem, egg-fhaped, wrinkled, cottony underneath 5 fcales of the calyx egg-Ihaped.— This is a large downy plant, fometimes found wild in moift rich foils. The elecampane, or root, efpecially wh^n dry, has an agreeable aromatic fmell; its tafte on firft chewing, is glutinous, and as it were fomewhat ran- » ANY. ^ *S2 cid ; in a little time it difcovers an aromatic bitternefs, which by degrees becomes confiderably acrid and pun¬ gent. Elecampane root poffefl'es the general virtues of alexipharmacs; it is principally recommended for pro¬ moting expectoration in humoral afthmas and coughs 5 liberally taken, it is faid to excite urine, and loofen the belly. In fome parts of Germany large quantities of this root are candied and uled as a ftomachic, for ftrengthening the tone of the vifcera in general, and for attenuating tenacious juices j fpirituous liquors extraCf its virtues in greater perfection than watery ones: the former fcarce elevate any thing in diftillation ; w ith the latter an effential oil arifes, which concretes into white flakes: this pofleffes at firft the flavour of the elecampane, but is very apt to lofe it on keeping. An extraCt made with water, poffefies the bitternefs and pungency of the root, but in a lefs degree than one made with Ipirit. The root is efteemed a good peCto- ral. Dr Hill fays, he knows, from his own experience, that an infufion of the freflt root, fweetened with ho¬ ney, is an excellerrt medicine in the hooping-cough. A decoCtion of the root cures flieep that have the icab. Horfes and goats eat it. Cows, Iheep, and fwine, re¬ fufe it. * I. leaves embracing the ftem, heart-oblong ; ftem dyfenten- wmolly, forming a kind ol panicle ; fcales of the calyx ca. briftle-ftiaped.—It has a peculiar feent, compared by fome to that of foap. The Ruffian fokliers in the Per- fian expedition under General Kelt wrere much trou¬ bled with the bloody flux, which was cured by the ufe of this plant. Cows are not fond of it. Sheep and goats refufe it. 958. Arnica, or Leopard's Bane. 11 fpecies ; viz. montana, pilofelloides, fcorpioides, doronicum, maritima, crocea, ciliata, japonica, pahna- ta, gerbera, coronopifolia. Europe, Africa, Japan. The arnica montana had formerly a place in our pharmacopoeias under the title of doronicum germani- cum. Then, however, it was little known or ufed j and being juftly confidered as one of the deleterious vegetables, it was rejeCted : but it has again been in¬ troduced into the lift both of the London and Edin¬ burgh colleges on the authority of frefh obfervations, particularly of thofe of Dr Collins of Vienna, who has lately publifhed a differtation on the medical virtues of the arnica. This plant growrs in different parts of Europe, par¬ ticularly in Germany. It has an acrid bitter tafte, and when bruifed, emits a pungent odour, wTich excites fneezing. On this account the country people in fome parts of Germany ufe it in fnuff, and imoke it like to¬ bacco. It w'as formerly reprefented as a remedy of great efficacy againft effufions and fuffufions of blood from falls, bruifes, and the like ; and it w7as then alfo mentioned as a remedy in jaundice, gout, nephritis,. &c. but in thefe affedlions it is now very little if at all employed. Of late it has been principally recommended in pa¬ ralytic affedlions, and in cafes where a lofs or diminu¬ tion of fenfe arifes from an affiedtion of the nerves, as in inftances of amaurofis. In thefe it has chiefly been employed under the form of infufion. From a dram to half an ounce of the flowers has been diredled to be > infufed in a pint of boiling wrater, and taken in differ¬ ent: 254 pcrenniSi HOT ent dofes in the courfe of the day } fometimes it produ- ces vomiting, fometimes fweating, fometimes diurefis: but frequently its ufe is attended with no fenfible ope¬ ration, unlefs it can be confidered as fuch, that in fome cafes of paralyfis, the cure is faid to be preceded by a peculiar prickling, and by (hooting pains in the affed- ed parts. Belides being employed in paralytic affe&ions, it has alio been of late reprefented as a very powerful anti- fpalmodic j and it is faid to have been fuccefsfully em¬ ployed in tevers, particularly thofe of the intermittent kind, and likewife in caies of gangrene. In thofe dif- eal’es it has been faid to prove as efficacious as the Peru¬ vian bark, when employed under the form of a pretty ftrong decodtion, taken in fmall dofes frequently re¬ peated, or under the form of an elefluary with honey. But thefe alleged virtues of the arnica have not been confirmed by any trials made in Britain, with which we are acquainted j and we are of opinion that its real influence dill remains to be determined by future obfervations. It is, however, one .^f thofe adtive fub- flances from which fomething may be expedled. 959. Doronjcum, or Leopard's Bane. I hree fpecies; viz, * pardalianches, plantagincum, bellidiaftrum, Europe, N. America. 960. Perdicium. bive fpecies j viz, femiflofculare, radiale, brafilienfe, magelhnicum, tomentofum. Cape, Japan, Jamaica, 8. America. 1421. MurrsiA. One fpecies; viz, clematis. New Granada, 961. Helf.nium, or Bafe Sun-Jlower, One fpecies; viz, autumnale. N, America. 962, Beelis, or Baijy, Two fpecies; viz. *perennis, annua. Europe, * B. (talk naked.—The leaves are (lightly acrid. The roots have a penetrating pungency. No attention is paid to it, except what it claims from the beauty of its (lowers. The flowers clofe at night, Horfes, (heep, and cows refufe it, 1322. Beelium, or Bafe Daify, Two fpecies; viz, bellidioides, minutum. Levant, India, 964, Tagetes, or African Mary gold. Three fpecies $ viz, patula, eredla, minuta. Mexi¬ co, Chili. 963, Leysera. Three fpecies ; viz. gnaphalodes, callicornia, pale- ficea. Cape, California, Carolina, 974, Zinnia, Two fpecies j viz, pauciflora, multiflora, N, Ame¬ rica, Peru. 965. Pectis. Three fpecies; viz, ciliaris, pundlata, linifolia, A- merica, 966, Chrysanthemum, or Corn Marygold. 24 (pecies; viz, frutefcens, ferotinum, atratum, al- pinum, * leucanthemum, montanum, graminifolium, monfpelienfe, balfamita, * inodorum, achillaea, corym* bofum, indicum, pinnatifidum, ardticum, pedlinatum, •fegetum, myconis, italicum, millefoliatur0,bipinnatum, n y. Syngenefia* India, coronariurn, floiculoffim, japopicum, Europi Africa, N. America, # C. leaves embracing the flem, oblong, ferrated up- leuccnthe wards, toothed at the bafe.—The young leaves may be mum. eaten in falads, Horfes and goats eat it. Cows and fwine refule it. * C. leaves embracing the dem, jagged upwards,yeo-c/r/wj, tooth-ferrated towards the bafe This fpecies was im¬ ported into Sweden along with corn from Jutland about the end of the lad century. In Denmark there is a law to oblige the farmers to root it up from their corn fields. It may be dedroyed by dunging the ground in autumn, followed by a fummer fallow, and harrowing the land about five days after fowing the grain. Its yellow flowers, however, which follow the fun in a very remarkable manner, give a very remarkable bril¬ liancy to the fields in tillage, and pleafe the eve of the pafling traveller.-—A large quantity which grew on fome arable land, was cut when in flower, dried and eaten by horfes as a fubditute for hay'. It is ufed by the Germans for dyeing yellow, 967. Matricaria, or Feverfew. Six fpecies 5 viz, * parthenium, * maritima, fuaveo- lens, * chamomilla, argentea, adeioides. Europe, Curagoa, S, America. » M. leaves compound flat; leafets egg.ftaped, cut iruitltalks branched.—.The whole plant has a drong fmell and a bitter tade, and yields an eflential oil by didillation, A horfe refufed it, * M. Receptacle conical, rays expanding; calyx Scales equal at the edge,-—Its properties refemble thofe of anthemu nobilis. The Finlanders ufe an infufion of it in confumptive cafes. Cows, goats and dieep eat it. Horfes are not fond of it. Swine refufe it. 1420. Unxia, One fpecies; viz, camphorata. Surinam. 968. Cotula, or May-weed. 13 fpecies; viz, anthemoides, aurea, ftri&a, corono- pifolia, umbellata, quinqueloba, 'vifeofa, turbinata, tanacetifolia, verbefina, capenfis, pilulifera, fervicea. S, Europe, Barbary, Cape, Jamaica, 969, Anacyclus, Four (pecies; viz, creticus, orientalis, aureus, Va¬ lentinus, Europe, 970. Ant hem is, or Chamomile, 18 (pecies; viz. cota, altiffima, * maritima, tomen- tofa, mixta, alpina, chia, * nobilis, # arvenfis, audri- aca, * cotula, pyrethrum, Valentina, repanda, triner- via, americana, * timdoria, arabica. Europe, Africa, N, America. * A. receptacle conical^; chad briftle-diaped ; feeds naked.—Toads are faid to be fond of this plant. It is very ungrateful and difpleafing to bees. Goats and (beep are not fond of it. Horfes, cows, and fwine re¬ fufe it. It frequently blidersthe (kin of reapers, and of children who happen to gather it. The heads rubbed between the fingers fmell intolerably difagreeable, * A. leaves winged compound, drap-fliaped, acute, nobilis. fomewhatwoolly.—The leaves and flowershave a drong not ungrateful fmell, and a bitter naufeous tade. They afford an effential oil. An infufion of the flowers is of¬ ten ufed as a domachic, and as an antifpafmodic. In large quantities it excites vomiting. The powdered flowers ^55 Syngenefia, BO T flowers in large dofes have cured agues, even when the bark had failed. Beth the leaves and dowers poffefs verv condderable antifeptic properties, and are there¬ fore ufed in antifeptic fomentations and poultices. From their antifpafmodic powers they are frequently found to relieve pain, either applied externally or ta¬ ken internally. Ray recommends the dowers in calcul¬ ous cafes. tinftoria. * A. leaves doubly winged, ferrated, cottony under¬ neath ; dem fupporting a corymbus.—The dowers af¬ ford a remarkably clean and good yellow dye. The dowers of the chryfanthemum fegetum refemble them much in appearance, but experience proves they can¬ not be fubftituted in their place. Horfes and goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Cows and fwine re» fufe it. Achillea, or Milfoil, Yarrow. 21 fpecies; viz. fantolina, ageratum, falcata, to- mentofa, pubefcens, abrotanifolia, bipinnata, aegypti- aca, macrophylla, impatiens, clavennoe, * ptarmica, alpina, atrata, mofchata, nana, magna, * millefolium, nobilis, odorata, cretica. Europe, Africa. ptarmica. * A. leaves drap fpear-diaped, embracing the dem, finely ferrated —The roots have a hot biting tade. The young tops are drarp and pleafant in fpring falads. The powdered leaves excite fneezing. Horfes, cows, dieep, goats and fwine eat it. millefolium* A. leaves doubly winged j fegments of the wings drap-diaped, toothed.—The dowers of this plant yield an efiential oil. The leaves are celebrated by the ma¬ teria medica writers for a variety of purpofes, but they are little attended to at prefent. Sheep and fwine re- fufe it. Horfes, cowls, and goats are not fond of it. 972. Tridax, or Trailing Star-ivort. One fpecies , viz. procumbens. Vera Cruz. 978. Amellus, or Star-flower. Two fpecies •, viz. lychnites, umbellatus. Cape, Jamaica, Carolina. 1321. Eclipta. Four fpecies} viz. eredfa, pun&ata, latifolia, prof- trata. E. and W. Indies. 973. Sigesbeckia. Two fpecies j viz. orientalis, occidentalis. India, China, Virginia, Peru. 975. Verbesina, or Indian Hemp-agrimony. I 1 fpecies •, viz. alata, chinenfis, virginica, lavenia, dichotoma, bidora, calendulacea, nodidora, fruticofa, gigantea, bofvallea. E. and W. Indies, China, North America. 977. Buphthalmum, or Ox-eye. II fpecies; viz. frutefcens, arborefcens, fericeum, fpinofum, aquaticum, maritimum, durum, falicifolium, grandidorum, fpeciofifiimum, helianthoides. Europe, N. America, Arabia, Jamaica. Order III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. 979. FIelianthus, or Sun-flower. 13 fpecies; viz. annuus, indicus, multidorus, tube- rofus, decapetalus, frondofus, ftrumofus, giganteus, al- tidimus, laevis, anguftifolius, divaricatus, atrorubens. America. ANY. 980. Rudbeckia, or Dwarf Sunflower. Six fpecies; viz. laciniata, triloba, hirta, purpurea, oppofitifolia, anguftifolia. N. America. 981. Coreopsis, or Tick-feed Sunflower. 12 fpecies; viz. verticillata, coronata, leucantha, chryfantha, tripteris, alba, reptans, baccata, auricula- ta, lanceolata, bidens, alternifolia. North America. 983. Osmites. Four fpecies; viz. bellidiaftrum, camphorina, ader- ifcoides, calycina. C. of G. Hope. SCLEROCARPUS. One fpecies; viz. africanus. Africa. 982. Gorteria. 12 fpecies; viz. perfonata, rigens, fquarrofa, fetoia, ciliaris, aderoides, herbacea, hifpida, fpinofa, cernua, unitlora, barbata. C. of G. Hope. 1271. Zoegea. Two fpecies; viz. leptaurea, capenfis. C. of G, Hope. 984. Centaurea, or Blue-bottle, Knapweed. 66 fpecies; viz. crupina, mofchata, erucifolia, lippii, alpina, centaureum, purygia, capillata, unidora, li- nifolia, peflinata, * nigra, pullata, montana, * cya- nus, paniculata, fpinofa, ragufina, cineraria, argentea, fibirica, fempervirens, * fcabiofa, tatarica, doebe, a- caulis, orientalis, behen, repens, jacea, amara, alba, fplendens, rhapontica, babylonica, gladifolia, conifera, fonchifolia, feridis, romana, fphaerocephala, ifnardi, napifolia, afpera, benedidla, eriophora, aegyptiaca, * calcitrapa, calcitrapoides, * folftitialis, melitenfis, ficula, centauroides, collina, rupedris, verutum, fal- mantica, cichoracea, muricata, peregrina, radiata, nudicaulis, crocodilium, pumila, tingitana, galaflites. Europe, Egypt, Arabia, Perfia. * C. calyx fcales ferrated ; leaves drap-draped, very cyanus, entire ; the lower ones toothed.—The exprefi'ed juice of the petals is a good blue ink ; it dains linen of a beautiful blue, but the colour is not permanent in the mode it has hitherto been applied. Mr Boyle fays, the juice of the central dorets, with the addition of a very fmall quantity of alum, makes a lading tranfpa- rent blue, not inferior to ultramarine. Cowrs, goats, and dieep eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. The centaurea centaurium is a large plant cultivated in gardens. The root has a rough, fomewhat acrid tade, and abounds with a red vifcid juice ; its rough tade has gained it fome edeem as an adringent; its acri¬ mony as an aperient; and its glutinous quality as a vul¬ nerary. The prefent praflice takes little notice of it with any intention. The centaurea beneditfa is an annual plant cultivated in gardens ; it dowers in June and July, and perfe&s its feeds in the autumn. The herb diould be gathered when in dower, dried in the diade, and kept in a very dry airy place, to prevent its rotting or growing moul¬ dy, which it is very apt to do. The leaves have a penetrating bitter tade, not very drong or durable, ac¬ companied with an ungrateful davour, which they are in a great meafure freed from by keeping. Water extradls, in a little time, even without heat, the lighter and more grateful parts of this plant ; if the digedion be con¬ tinued for fome hours, the difagreeable parts are taken up* 2j6 B O T up; a ftrong decocHon is very naufeous and offenfive to the Itomach. Redlified fpirit gains a very pleafant bitter tafte, which remains uninjured in the extradl. The virtues of this plant feem to be little known in the prefent practice. The naufeous deco&ion is fome- times ufed to provoke vomiting, and a ftrong infufion to promote the operation of other emetics. But this elegant bitter, when freed from the offenfive parts of the herb, may be advantageoufly applied to other pur¬ poses. Excellent effefts have frequently been ex¬ perienced from an infufion of this plant, in lofs of appe¬ tite, where the ftomach was injured by irregularities. A ftronger inhifion made in cold or warm water, if drank freely, and the patient kept warm, occafions a plentiful fweat, and promotes all the fecretions in ge¬ neral. The feeds of this plant are alfo confiderably bitter, and have been fometimes ufed with the fame intentions as the leaves. Order IV. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA. 985. Milleria. Two fpecies ; viz. quinqueflora, biflora. Panama, Vera Cruz. 1323. Baltimora. One fpecies ; viz. refta. Maryland, Virginia. 986. Silphium, or Bafe Ghryfanthetnum. Eight fpecies; viz. laciniatum, terebinthinaceum, perfoliatum, connatum, afterifcus, folidaginoides, tri- foliatum, trilobatum. N. America. 987. Polymnia, or Dwarf Sun-flower. Seven fpecies j viz. canadenfis, carnofa, uvedalia, te- tragonotheca, abyflmica, fpinofa, wedelia. Africa, Canada, Virginia. r 988. Chrysogonum. One fpecies ; viz. virgitiianum. Virginia. 989. Melampodium. Two fpecies; viz. americanum, auftrale. Jamaica, St Domingo, S. America. 990. Calendula, or Mary gold. Nine fpecies j viz. *arvenfis, fancta, officinalis, plu- vialis, hybrida, nudicaulis, graminifolia, fruticofa, to- mentofa. Europe, Cape. arvenfls. * C. feeds boat-ffiaped, prickly, turned inwards; the innermoft crowded together, the outermoft upright, furniftied with a tail.—This is a very common plant in the corn fields, and in the vineyards in Portugal; and is ufed as food for milch cows. It is found in England near lalmouth, to which place it has pro¬ bably been imported from Portugal, in confequence of the frequent communication by the packets and other- wife. . The milk yielded by the cows which are fed upon it is very good. The herb of the calendula officinalis is common in gardens, where it is found in flower greateft part of the. iummer. Marygold flowrers are fuppofed to be a- perient and attenuating, and alfo cardiac, alexiphar- mac, and fudorific ; they have been principally cele¬ brated in uterine obftrudfions, in the jaundice, and for throwing out the fmail pox. 1 heir fenfible qualities give little foundation for thefe virtues; they have fcarce- A N Y. Syngenefiai ly any tafte and no confiderable fmell. The leaves of the plant difcover a vilcid fweetifhnefs, accompanied with a more durable faponaceous pungency and warmth : thefe feem capable of anfwering fome ufeful purpofes as a ftimulating and aperient medicine ; but at prefent they are fo little employed in Britain, that they have now no place in our pharmacopoeias, and they are al¬ fo rejected from feveral of the lateft and beft foreign ones. * 991. Arctotis. 12 fpecies; viz. calendulacea, hypochondriaca, trif- tis, corufcans, fuperba, ferrata, tenuifolia, plantaginea, anguftifolia, afpera, paradoxa, dentata, anthemoides, tenuifolia, acaulis. Cape, Carolina. 992. Osteospermum, or Hardfeeded Chryfanthemum. 15 fpecies; viz. fpinofum, pififerum, moniliferum, ilicitolium, ciliatum, junceum, triquetrum, corymbofa, imbricatum, herbaceum, niveum, perfoliatum, polyga- loides, calendulaceum, ar&otoides. Cape, E. Indies. 993. Othonna, or African Rag-wort. 26 fpecies ; viz. bulbofa, tagetes, trifida, peftinata, abrotanifolia, athanaliee, ciliata, pinnata, ■ trifurcata, munita, coronopifolia, cheirifolia, craffifolia, parviflora, tenuiffima, linifolia, digitata, lingua, lateriflora, hetero- phylla, cacalioides, ericoides, capillaris, virgineft, fru- tefcens, arborefcens. Africa. 1324. Hippia, or Shrubby Yanfy. Three fpecies; viz. integrifolia, minuta, frutefcens. Cape, E. Indies, America. 994. Eriocephalus. Two fpecies ; viz. afncanus, racemofus. C. of G. Hope. 995. Filago, or Cotton, or Cud-weed. Seven fpecies; viz. acaulis, * germanica, pyrami- data, * montana, * gallica, * arvenfis, leontopodium, Europe. 996. Micropus, or Bafe Cud-weed. Twm fpecies; viz. fupinus, eredftus. Spain, Portu¬ gal, Italy, Levant. Order V. POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA. 997. Elephantopus, or Elephants foot. Two fpecies; viz. fcaber, tomentofus. E. and W. Indies. 1325. Oedera. Two fpecies; viz. prolifera, aliena. C. of G. Hope. 998. Sphasranthus, or Globeflower. Three Ipecies; viz. indicus, africanus, chinenfis. E. Indies, China. 999, Echinops, or Globc-thiflle. lour fpecies ; viz. fphaerocephalus, ipinofus, ritro, ftrigofus. Siberia, Auftria, France, Spain, Italy. 1000. Gundelia. One fpecies; viz. tournefortii. Syria, Aleppo, Amer. 1422. JungiA. One fpecies ; viz. ferruginea. S. America. 1001. Stoebe, or Bafe Ethiopian Elychrifum. Nine fpecies; viz. tethiopica, ericoides, proftrata, gnaphaloides, Gynandrla. B O T gnaphaloides, gomphrenokles, Tcabra, reflexa, rhino- cerotis, difticha, C. of G. Hope. Order VI. MONOGAMIA. 1003. Seriphium. Four fpecies; viz. cmereum, plumofum, fufcum, am- biguuin. Cape of Good Hope. 1002. Strumpfia. One fpecies j viz. maritima. America. 1004. Corymsium. Four fpecies; viz. fcabrum, glabrum, filiforme, vil- lofum. C. of G. Hope. 1005. Jasione, or Sheep's Scabious. Two fpecies j viz. * montana, perennis. Eur. Cape. 1006. Lobelia, or Cardinalflower. 42 fpecies; viz. fimplex, pinifolia, *dortmanna, tupa, anceps, kalmii, paniculata, grandis, cornuta, phyteu- ma, columnese, belliditlora, bulbofa, triquetra, longi- flora, tomento a, fecunda, patula, aflfurgens, cardinalis, laevigata, ferruginea, debilis, fiphilitica, furinamenfis, indata, cliffortiana, urens, minuta, volubilis, bulbofa, laurentia, erinus, erinoides, zeylanica, lutea, hirfuta,co- ronopifolia, comofa, tenella, deprelfa. Cape, Eafl: and Weft Indies, America. The lobelia flphilitica groxvs in moift places in Virgi¬ nia, and bears our wunters. It is perennial, has an ereft ftalk three or four feet high, blue flowers, a mil¬ ky juice, and a rank fmell. The root confifts of white fibres about two inches long ; refembles tobacco in tafte, which remains on the tongue, and is apt to ex¬ cite vomiting. It is ufed by the North American In¬ dians as a fpecific in the venereal difeafe. The form is that of decoction ; the dofe of which is ordered to be gradually increafed, till it bring on very confider- able purgings, then to be intermitted for a little, and again ufed in a more moderate degree till the cure be completed. The ulcers are alfo wafhed with the de- codtion, and the Indians are faid to fprinkle them with A N Y. the powder of the inner bark of the fpruce tree. The fame ftridtnefs of regimen is ordered as during a fali- vation or mercurial courfe. The benefit to be derived from this article, has not, as far as we know, been confirmed either in Britain or by the practitioners in Virginia ; for there, as well as in this country, re- courfe is almoft univerlally had to the ufe of mercury ; and it is probably from this reafon that the London college have not received it into their lift. It, how¬ ever, feems to be an article which, in fome cales at leaft, deferves a trial. 1007. Viola, or Violet. 28 fpecies ; viz. palmata, pedata, pinnata, lanceo- lata, primulifolia, * hirta, *paluftris, *odorata, *canina* montana, cenifia, canadenfis, mirabilis, biflora, uniflo¬ ra, decumbens, * tricolor, *grandiflora, calcarata, cor¬ nuta, arborefeens, enneafperma, fufFruticofa, calceola¬ ria, oppofitifolia, hybanthus, ipecacuanha, diandra. Alps, Pyrenees, Cape, America. The viola odorata is often found wild in hedges and fhady places, and flowers in March : the (hops are ge¬ nerally fupplied from gardens. In our markets w& meet with the flowers of different fpecies; thefe may be diftinguifhed from the others by their being large, of a pale yellow colour, and of no fmell. The offici¬ nal flowrers have a very pleafant fmell, and a deep pur- plifh blue colour, denominated from them violet. They impart their colour and flavour to aqueous liquors : A fyrup made from this infufion has long maintained a place in the (hops, and proves an agreeable and ufeful laxative for children. 1008. Impatiens, or Balfam, Balfamine. Seven fpecies j viz. chinenfis, latifolia, oppofitifo¬ lia, cornuta, balfamina, triflora, noli-tangere. Eu¬ rope, N. America, E. Indies, China. In the clafs Syngcneflia are 115 Genera, including 1252 Species, of which 113 are found in Britain. CHASSIS XX. GYNANDRIA(k). Ordo I. DIANDRIA, ^ 1009. Orchis. Nedfarium corniculatum. * ioiq. Satyrium. Ne6L ferotiforme. * ion. Ophrys. Ne6h fubcarinatum. Vol. IV. Part I. CLASS XX. GYNANDRIA. Order I. DIANDRIA. * O. Neftary horned. * S. Neel, purfe-fhaped. O. Ne6L nearly keel-fhaped. K k 1012. (k) This elafs is diftinguifhed from the others by the fituation of the ftamens (male parts of the flower) up¬ on the prftils (female parts). The ftamens are either placed upon the ftyle itfelf, or upon the receptacle, which in that cafe is lengthened into the appearance of the ftyle which fupports the piftil with the ftamens, and forms a part of the piftih 1 he orders are determined by the number of ftamens. 257 Gynandri ANY. * S. Neft. oval, bulged beneath. L. Ne6l. on a pedicle. * C. Neft. inflate-bellied. E. Ne61, turban-fhaped. A. Ne£h united at the bafe, with a gaping cor. G. Two piftils. Catkin no cal. No cor. One feed. D. Sheath j-valved. Three petals 5 the third lefs, bipartite, bulged at the bafe. F. Cal. double, the outer inferior, 3-leafed ; the in» ner fuperior, 6-cleft. Cor. tubular. Order II. TRIANDRIA. S. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled, flat. Stigmas 3. Capf. 3-celled, inferior. F. One piflil. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled, crifp, Stig. cone-fhaped. Capf. 5-celled, inferior. S. One piftil. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. An¬ thers fitting on the germen. S, One piftil. Cal. t-leafed. No cor. Berry. B o t * 1012. SeblapiAs. Ne&. ovatum, fubtus gibbum. 1013. Limodorum. Nekft. pedicellatum. * 1015. Cypripedium. Neft. inflato-ventricofum. IC16. Epidendrum. Ne6t. turbinatum. 1014. Arethusa. Ne61. connatum, cum corolla ringente. 1272. Gunnera. Digyna. Amenti cal. o. Cor. o. Sem. 1. 1423. Disa. Spatha i-valvis. Petala 3 j tertium minus, bipartitum, baft gibbofum. 1424. Forstera. Cal. duplex ; exterior inferus, 3- phyllus; interior fuperus, 6-fidus. Cor. tubulofa. Ordo II. TRIANDRIA. 1017. Sisirinchium. Monogyna. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, plana. Stigmata 3. Capf. 3-locularis, in- fera. 1018. Ferraria. Monogyna. Cal. o. Cor. 6- petala, crifpa. Stigma cucullatum. Capf. 3-locula¬ ris, infera. 1326. Salacia. Monogyna. Cal. j-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Antherge germini infidentes. 1273. Stilago. Monogyna. Cal. i-phyllus. Cor. o. Bacca. Ordo III. TETRANDRIA. 1019. Nepenthes. Monogyna. Cal. 4 partitus. Cor. nulla. Capf. 4-locularis. Ordo IV. PENTANDRIA. 1327* Gluta. Monogyna. Cal. i-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Germen columnae, corollte adglutinatse, in- fidens. 1020. Ayenia. Monogyna. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 5-cocca. 1021. Passiflora. Trigyna. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca pedicellata. Ordo V. HEXANDRIA. Order III. TETRANDRIA. N. One piftil. Cal. 4-parted. No cor. Capf. 4- celled. Order IV. PENTANDRIA. G. One pift. Cal. i-leafed. Cor. 5-petaled. Germ-, fixed to a pillar attached to the cor. A. One pift. Cal. 5-leafed. Cor. 5-pet. Capf.. 5-celled. P. Three pift. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry pedicled. * Order V. HEXANDRIA. * X022. Aristolochia. Hexagyna. Cal. nullus. * A. Six pift. No cal. Cor. i-petaled. Capf. 6* Cor. l-petala. Capf. 6-locularis. celled. CuiJimilis, Cleome. Ordo VI. OCTANDRIA. Order VI. OCTANDRIA. T425. Scopolia. Cal. 2-phyllus, multiftorus. Cor. A-fida. Antherse connatae in diaplici columna. Ordo VII. DECANDRIA. 1024. Kleinhovia. Monogyna. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Nedtarium ftaminiferum. Capfi 5- cocca. 1025. Helicteris. Monogyna. Cal. i-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 5, i-loculares, polyfpermse. S. Cal. 2-leafed, many-flowered. Cor. 4-cleft. An¬ thers united in a double pillar. Order VII. DECANDRIA. K. One pift. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor.^-petaled. NedE bearing the ftamens. Capf. 5-celled. H. One pift. Cal. 1-leafed. Cor. 5-petaled. Five capf. i-celled, many-feeded. Ordo VIII. DODECANDRIA. Order VIII. DODECANDRIA. 1232. Cytinus. Monogynus. Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 0. JBacca 8-locularis, C. One pift. Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. celled. Berry 8- Orbq Gynandria. BOTANY. *59 Ordo IX. POLYANDRIA. Order IX. POLYANDRIA. 1027. Xylopia. Monogyna. Cal. 1-pljyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Drupa ficca. 1026. Grewia. Monogyna. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca locularls. 1031. Pothos. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-pe- tala. Bacca i-fperma. 1029. Dracontium. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca polyfperma. 103D. Calla. Spatha., Cal. nullus. Cor. nulla. Stam. mixta pillillis. * 1028. Arum. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor. nulla. Stam. fupra piftilla. 1238. Ambrosinia. Spatha. Cal. nullus. Cor. nulla. Stamina alterius lateris diffepimenti. * 1032. Zostera. Folium. Cal. nullus. Cor. nul¬ la. Sem. alterna. nuda. X. One pift. Cal. i-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Drupe dry. G. One pift. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Ber¬ ry celled. P. Sheath. No cal. Cor. 4-petaled, Berry 1- feeded. D. Sheath. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry ma- ny-feeded. C. Sheath. No cal. No cor. Stam. mixed with piftils. * A. Sheath. No cal. No cor. Stam. above the piftils. A. Sheath. No cal. No cor. Stam. on one fide of a divifion. * Z. A leaf. No cal. No cor. Alternate feeds, naked. Order I. DIANDRIA. - ioog. Orchis, Orch or Butterfly Flower. 50 fpecies 5 viz. bicornis, biflora, cornuta, fpathu- Jata, flexuofa, tripetaloides, fagittalis, barbata, draco- nis, tenella, fantta, fufannm, ciliaris, habenaria, * bi¬ folia, ornithis, flexuofa, cucullata, globofa, * pyrami- dalis, coriophora, cubitalis, * morio, * mafcula, * u- ilulata, * militaris, fufea, moravica, papilionacea, ru¬ bra, pallens, hifpidula, fpeciofa, * latifolia, incarnata, fambucina, * maculata, odoratiftima, * conopfea, fla- va, frifeefeens, ftrateumatica, hyperborea, * abortiva, pfyeodes, fpeclabilis, filicornis, tipuloides, japonica, falcata. Europe, Cape, Afia, W. Indies. mafcula. * O. lip of the neclary 4-lobed, finely fcolloped 5 horn blunt $ upper petals turned back.—This fpecies is cal¬ led fatyrion, or early orchis. It is frequent in ftiady places and moift meadows. Each plant has two oval roots of a w’hitifh colour, a vifeid fweetifti tafte, and a faint unpleafant fmell. They abound with a glutinous flimy juice. With regard to their virtues, like other mucilaginous vegetables, they defend the folids againft acrimonious humours : they have alfo been celebrated, though on no good foundation, for analeptic and aphro- difiac virtues, and frequently made ufe of with thefe intentions. Salep, a celebrated reftorative among the Turks, is the prepared root of plants of this genus. It has been fuccefsfully imitated by means of the roots of Thl.Tranf. fpecJes< jyjr Moult, in a letter to Dr Percival, deferibes his method of making falep. He obferves, that the beft time to gather the roots, is when the feed is formed and the ftalk going to fall, for then the new bulb, of which falep is made, is arrived at its full fize. The newr roots being feparated from the ftalk, are to be waftied in water, and the.outer thin Ikin taken off. They are then to be fet on a tin-plate in an oven, heated to the degree of a bread oven. In fix, eight, or ten minutes, they will have acquired a tranfparency like hom, wdthout being diminifhed in fize. They are then to be removed into another room to dry and harden, which will be done in a feu' days j or they may be finifhed in a very flow heat in a few hours. Sa¬ lep, thus prepared, may be fold for lefs than a Hulling a pound, and affords a mild nutriment, which in times of fcarcity, in cafes of dyfentery and ftrangury, and on Ihipboard, may be extremely ufeful. The falep, hi¬ therto imported from Turkey, may thus be prepared at home. The plants muft be propagated by the roots, as the feeds feldom come to perfeftion. 1010. Satyrium, or Lizard-flower. 15 fpecies; viz. hircinum, tabulare, trifle, gigan- teum, aculeatum, viride, nigrum, albidum, epigogium, plantagineum, repens, capenfe, hians, orobanchoides, pedicellatum. Europe, Cape, America. loot. Ophrys, Fwy or Lway-blade. 28 fpecies; viz. * nidus avis, * coralorhiza, *fpira- lis, cernua, ovata, * cordata, lilifolia, * loefelii, palu- dofa, monopbyllos, alata, myodes, arachnides, * mo¬ norchis, alpina, camtfchatea, * anthropophera, cruci- gera, volucris, bradleata, atrata, catholica, circum- flexa, caffra, bivalvata, alaris, patens, nervofa. Alps, N. America, Cape. IOI2. Serapias, ox Hell chorine. 11 fpecies ; viz. * enfifolia, * grandiflora, * lancifo- lia, * latifolia, * longifolia, * rubra, lingua, cordige- ra, capenfis, ereefa, falcata. S. Europe, Cape, W. Indies. 1013. Limodorum, or Bafe Hellebore. Three fpecies; viz. tuberofum, altum, ftriatum. 1014. Arethusa. Seven fpecies ; viz. bulbofa, ophiogloffoides, diva- ricata, ^capenfis, villofa, ciliaris, biplumata. Cape, N. America. 1423. Disa. Four fpecies; viz. grandiflora, racemofa, longicor- nu, fnaculata. C. of G. Hope. 1016. Epidendrum, or Vanelioe. 32 fpecies; viz. vanilla, flos aeris, tenuifolium, fpa- K k 2 tulatum, B O T tulatum, furvuni, coccineum, fecunduin, lineare, punc- tatum, caudatum, ovatum, ciliare, no&urnum, cucul- latum, teres, nodofum, carinatum, aloifolium, gutta- tum, juncifolium, fcriptum, retufum, amabile, coch- leatum, tuberofum, pufillum, enfifolium, moniliforme, ophiogloflbides, rulcifoiium, graminifolium, capenfe. E. and W. Indies, China, Japan. 1015. Cypripedium, or Lady's Slipper. Three fpecies j viz. * calceolus, bulbolum, japoni- cum. Europe, Afia, Japan, America. ANY. Gynandria. 1023. PistiA, or TVater Houfe-leeh. One fpecies 5 viz. ftratiotes. Afia, Africa, South America. Order VI. OCTANDRIA. 1425. SCOPOLIA. One fpecies} viz. compofita. South fea ifles. Order VII. DECANDRIA. 1424. Forstera. One fpecies j viz. fedifolia. New Zealand. 1272. Gunnera. One fpecies 3 viz. perpenfa. Cape, Straits of Ma¬ gellan. 1024. Kleinhovia. One fpecies 3 viz. hofpita. E. Indies. 1025. Helicteres, or Screw-tree. Six fpecies 3 viz. barvenfis, ifora, anguftifolia, pen- tandra, carthaginenfis, apetala. Malabar, China, Jam . Order II. TRIANDRIA. Order VIII. DODECANDRIA, 1017. Sisyrinchium, or Bermudiatia. Two fpecies ; viz. bermudiana, palmifolium. Ber¬ mudas, W. Indies. 1018. Ferraria. Two fpecies 3 viz. undulata, pavonia. o. 1326. Salacia. One fpecies 3 viz. chinenfis. China. 1273. Stilago. One fpecies 3 viz. bunius. Cape, Mex- Order III. TETRANDRIA. 1019. Nepenthes. One fpecies 3 viz. diftillatoria. Ceylon. Order IV. PENTANDRIA. 1020. Ayenia. Three fpecies 3 viz. pufilla, tomentofa, magna. Ja¬ maica, Cumana, Peru. 1327. Gluta. One fpecies 3 viz. benghas. Java. I02X. Passiflora. 28 fpecies 3 viz. ferratifolia, pallida, cuprea, tilaefo- lia, maliformis, quadrangularis, laurifolia, multiflora, adulterina, perfoliata, rubra, normalis, murucuja, vef- pertilio, capfularis, rotundifolia, punftata, lutea, mi¬ nima, fuberofa, holofericea, hirfuta, foetida, incarnata, mixta, coerulia, ferrata, pedata. W. Indies, S. A- merica. Order V. HEXANDRIA. 1022. Arjstolochia, or Birthwort, 22 fpecies 3 viz. * clematitis, bilobata, trilobata, ^entandra, peltata, maxima, bilabiata, eredfa, arbo- relcens, caudata, odoratiflirna, auguicida, maurorum, indica, bsetica, fempervirens, ferpentaria, piftolochia, rotunda, longa, hirfuta, clematitis. S. Europe, A- racrica. 1232. Cytinus. One fpecies 3 viz. hypociftis. Spain, Italy. Order IX. POLYANDRIA. 1027. Xylopia, or Bitter-wood. Twro fpecies 3 viz. muricata, glabra. America. 1026. GreWia. Six fpecies 3 viz. occidentalis, orientalis, afiatica* malococca, falvifolia, microcos. Afia, Cape, Ame¬ rica, South feas. 1228. Ambrosinia. One fpecies 3 viz. baflii. Palermo, Turkey. 1028. Arum, or Wake-robin, Dragon. 15 fpecies 3 viz. * maculatum, dracunculus, dracon- tium, pentaphyllum, triphyllum, ternatum, colocafia, efculentum, macrorhizon, peregrinum, divaricaturn, trilobatum, fagittsefolium, virginicum, probofeideum, arifarum, pictum, ovatum, tenuifolium, cannsefolium, mufeivorum, arborefeens, hederaceum, lingulatum, auritum. S. Europe, E. Indies, America. * A. leaves halberd-fhaped, very entire 3 fpikeftalkmaculaUltn club-fhaped.—This root grows wold under hedges, and by the fides of banks in molt parts of England. It fends forth in March three or four triangular leaves, which are followed by a naked ftalk, bearing a pur- plifh piftil, enclofed in a long (heath : this is fucceeded in July by a bunch of reddilh berries. In fome plants the leaves are fpotted with black, in others with white fpots, and in others not fpotted at all: the black fpot¬ ted fort is fuppofed to be the moft efficacious in medi¬ cine. All the parts of the arum maculatum, particu¬ larly the root, have an extremely pungent acrimonious tafte 3 if the root be but (lightly chewed, it continues to burn the tongue for fome hours, occafioning at the fame time a confiderable third : thefe fymptoms are al¬ leviated by butter milk and oily liquors. Dried and kept fome time, it lofes much of its acrimony, and be¬ comes at length an almoit infipid farinaceous fubdance. The root is a powerful dimulant and attenuant. It is reckoned a medicine of great efficacy in fome cacheftic and chlorotic cafes, in w’eaknefs of the domach occa- lioned by a load of phlegm. Great benefit is faid to have Monoecla. ^ ^ 1 have been obtained from it in deeply feated rheumatic pains. In thefe cafes, it may be given from 10 grains to a fcruple of the frefh root, twice or thrice a day, made into a bolus or emulfion, with unftuous or mu¬ cilaginous fubftances, which cover its pungency, and prevent its making any painful impreffion on the tongue. Neither wune nor fpirits extract its virtues. The root, dried and powdered, is ufed by the French to walk the fkin, and is fold at a high price under the name of cyprefi powder. It is undoubtedly a good and an innocent cofmetic. Starch may be made from the roots. 1029. Dracontium, or Dragons. Five fpecies \ viz. polyphyllum, Ipinofum, foetidum, camfchatcenfe, pertufum. Ceylon, W. Indies, Ame¬ rica. T030. Calla, or Ethiopian Arum. Two fpecies j viz. tethiopica, paluftris. Europe, Cape. ANY. 26s X031. Pothos, or Scunh Weed. Seven fpecies} viz. fcandens, acaulis, lanceolata, crenata, cordata, pinnata, palmata. India, America. 1032. Zostera, or Grafs Wrack. Two fpecies •, viz. * marina, * oceanica. * Z feed-vefiels fitting, Items much branched ; leaves marina* floating, long, grafs-like, blunt from leaf-icales. It is thrown on the fea fhore by the tide in great plenty, and mounds or walls are built with it to refift the en¬ croachment of the fea. Expofure to the weather bleaches it white. Buildings are thatched with the green leaves, and it will endure upwards of a century. It is ufed by the inhabitants of Gothland in Sweden, as a manure, and alfo for fluffing beds, in preference to hay, as being fofter. Horfes and fwine eat it. Cows are not fond of it. In the clafs Gynandria are 32 Genera, including 270 Species, of which 2^ are found in Britain. CLASSIS XXI. MONCECIA (0. Ordo I. MONANDRIA. * 1203. Chara. (i) Cal. nulla. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigma 3-fidum. Sem. 1. * 1034. Zannichellia. (1)Cal.o. Cor. o. (2)Cal. l-phyll. Cor. o. Pill. 4. Sem. 4. 103 5. Ceratocarpus. (0 Cal. 2-partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem; x.inferum. 1426. Artocarpus. (1) Cal. bivalvis. Cor. o. (2) Cal. o. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Drupa multilocularis. Nipa. (1) Spatha. Cor. 6-petala. (2) Spatha. Cor. o. Drupae angulatte. 1036. Elaterium. ( 1) Cal. o. Cor. hypocrate- riform. (2) Cal. o. Cor. hypocrateriform. Capf. infera, pulpola, i-locularis, polyfperma. 1033. Cynomorium. (i) Cal. amenti. Cor. o. (2) Cal. amenti. Cor. o. Styl. I. Sem. I, fubro- tundum. 1427. Phyllachne. (1) Cal. 3-phyllus fuperus. Cor. infundibuliformis. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus, fuperus. Cor. infundibuliformis. Styl. 1. Stigma tetragonum. Capf. infera, polyfperma. 1428. Casuarina. (i) Cal. amenti. Cor. fqua- mulae bipartitae. (2 )-Cal. amenti. Cor. o. Styl. bifi- dus. Strobilus, CLASS XXI. MONCECIA. Order I. MONANDRIA. * C. (1) No cal. No cor. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. No- cor. Stigm. 3 cleft. Seed x. * Z. ( 1) No cal. Nocor. (2) Cal. x-leaved. No cor. Pill. 4. Seeds 4. C. (1) Cal. 2-parted. Nocor. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2. Seed l, inferior. A. (1) Cal. 2-valved. No cor. (2) No cal. No cor. Styl. I. Drupe many-celled. N. (1) Sheath. Cor. 6-petaled. (2) Sheath. No cor. Angular drupes. E. (1) No cal. Cor. falver-fhaped. (2) No cal. Cor. falverffiaped. Capf. inferior, pulpy, 1-celled, many- feeded. C. (1) Cal. catkin. Nocor. (2) Cal. catkin. No cor. Styl. 1. Seed I, roundiffi. P. (1) Cal. 3-leaved, fuperior. Cor. funnel-ffiaped. (2) Cal. 3-leaved, fuperior. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Styl. 1. Stigm. 4-gon. Capf. inferior, many-feeded. C. (1) Cal. catkin. Cor. fcales 2-parted. (2) CaL catkin. No cor. Styl. 2-cleft. A cone. 1429. flj\ jn this clafs the flamens and piflils are found in different flowers on the fame plant. The flowers that have flamens, but want piflils, are, according to the principles of Linnaeus’s fexual fyflem, which we have adopted, called male flowers ; whereas the flowers that have pillils, but want flamens, are flyled female flowers. In the following account of the genera the definition of the male flowers is marked (1), and that of the female flowers (2). 262 B O T 1429. j^goprigon. (1) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. o. (2) Flores folitarii. Cal. ut in mare. Cor. o, Styli tres, Bacca 3-cocca. Ordo II. DIANDRIA. io37» Auguria. (i) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala, (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Pomum biloculare, polyfpermum. # 1038. Lemka. (1) Cal. i-phyllus. Cor.’o, (2) Cal. I-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Capf, i-locularis. Gunnera. Ordo III. TRIANDRIA. 1042. Zea. (1) Glum. 2-flora, 2-valvis. (2) Glum. T.-flora, 2-valvis. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, nudum, fubrotun- dum. 1044. Tripsacum. (i) Glum. 4-flora, 2-valvis. (2) Glum. 2 f. 4-part. 2-valvis. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. Gluma finu perforata. 1043. Coix. (1) Glum.2-flora, 2-valvis. (2) Glum. 2-billora, 2-valvis. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1, te&um mice. i°45. Olyra. (1) Glum, i-flora, 2-valvis. (2)G1. l-flora, 2-valvis. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1, nudum. J046. Carex. (i) Ament, i-florum. Cor. nulla. (2) Ament. 1 florum. Cor. 1. Styl. 1. Sem. i,tu- nicatum. * 1041. Sparganium. (1) Cal. 3-pliyllus. Cor. o. (2) CaL 3-pbyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. 2. Sem. i-fper- ma. * 1040. Typha. (i) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. capillaris. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, pap- pigerum. 1047. Axyris. (x) Cal. 3 partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem. 1, fubrotun- dum. 1050. Phyllanthus. (i). Cal. 6-partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3, Capf. 3- cocca. 1048. Fragia, (i) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Styl, 3-fid. Capf. 3- cocca. 1049. Hernandia. (i) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3- petala. (2) Cal. truncatus, Cor. 6-petala. Drupa excavata. 1039. Omphalea. (i) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 0. Anth. immerfae receptaculo, (2) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. o. Stigm. 3-fid. . Capf. 3-locul. x-fperma. Elate. Amaranthi varii. Ordo IV. TETRANDRIA. » 1054. Urtica. (i) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Nett, cyathiforme. (2) Cal. 2-valvis. Cor. o. Stigm. villof. Sem. 1, ovatum. * 1053. Buxus. (1) Cal. 3-pbyllus. Cor. 2-petala. {2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 3-pet. Stigm. 3. Capf. 3- Jocularis. A N Y. Monoecia* A. (1) Cal. 3-cleft. No cor. (2) Flowers foli- tary. Cal. as in the male. No cor, Styl. 3. Berry 3-celled. Order II. DIANDRIA. A. (1). Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) Cal. 5. cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Apple 2-celled, many-feeded. * L. (1) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. x-leaved. No cor. Style 1. Capf. x-celled. Order III. TRIANDRIA. Z. (1) Glume or hulk 2-flowered, 2-valved. (2) Hulk 1-flowered, 2-valved. Styl. x. Seed 1, naked, roundifh. I. (1) Hulk 4-flowered, 2-valved. (2) Hulk 2 or 4-parted, 2-valved. Styl. 2. Seed 1. Hulk perfo¬ rated. C. (1) Glume 2-flowered, 2-valved. (2) Glumes 2-flowered, 2-valved. Styl. 2-cleft. Seed 1, covered with a nut. O. (2) Glumes i-fiow’ered, 2-valved. (2) Glumes I-flowered, 2-valved. Styl. 2-cleft. Seed 1, naked. * C. (1) Catkin l-flov’ered. No cor. (2) Catkin i-fWered. Cor. 1. Styl. 1. Seed 1, coated. * S. (x ) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. ( 2) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. Stigm. 2. Seed 1. * T. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. hair¬ like. No cor. Seed 1, downy. A. (1) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2. Seed 1, roundilh. P. (1) Cal. 6-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 6-parted, No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. T. (1) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Styl. 3-cleft. Capf. 3-celled. H. (1) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. lopped. Cor. 6-petaled. Drupe hollow. O. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Anth. funk in the receptacle. (2) Cal. 4-parted. No cor. Stigm. 3- cleft, Capf, 3-celled, x-feeded. Order IV. TETRANDRIA. * U. (I ) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Ne£h glafs-fhaped. (f) Cal. 2-valved. No cor. Stigm. woolly. One oval feed. * B. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 3-pet. Stigm. 3. Capf. 3-celled. 1052. Monoecia. B O T * 1052. Betula. ( i ) Ament. 5-florum. Cor. 4-par¬ tita. (2) Ament. 2-flomm. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. ovatum. 1051. Centella. (i) Involucr. 4-phyllum, mul- tiflorum. Petal. 4. (2) Involucr. 2-phyllum. Styl, 2. Pericarp, inferum, 2-loculare. 1274. Serpicula. (i) Cal. 4-dentatus. Cor. 4- petala. (2) C il. 4 phyllus. Cor. . Nux torulofa. Aucuba. (i) Cal. 4-dentatus. Cor. 4-petala, (2) Neel. o. Nux i-locularis. * 1328. Littorella. (x) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 4- fida. Stam. longillima. (2) Cal. o. Cor. 4-fida, Stylus longiffimus. Sem. nux. 1275. Cicca. (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-p,nyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 4-fid. Capf. 4- cocca. Plantago unijlora. Ordo V. PENTANDRIA. 1277. Nephelium. (i)Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. o. Anth. bifidae. (2) Cal. 4-dentatus. Cor. o. Styli. 2, inter germina. * 1056. Xanthium. (i) Cal. comm, polypb. Cor. 5-fida. Filam. connexa. (2) Cal. o. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Drupa 2 locularis. 1057. Ambrosia, (i) Cal. comm, i-phyll. Cor, 5-fida. (2) Cal. i-flor. 2-phyll. Cor. o. Styl. 1. Nux, 5-dentata. 1058. Parthenium. (i) Cal. comm. 5-phyll. Cor. difci fuper. (2) Cal. idem mari. Cor. radii ligulat. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. 1326. Clibadium. (i) Cal. comm, imbricatus. Cor. difci j-fidae. (2) Cal. idem mari. Cor. radii 5-fidae. Drupee umbilicatae. 1059. IyA- C1) Cal. comm. 5-phyll. Cor. difci fuper. (2) Cal. idem mari. Cor. radii o. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. * 1060. Amaranthus. (1) Cal. propr. 5-pliyll. Cor. o. Stam. 3 f. 5. (2) Cal. propr. 5-phyll. Cor. O. Styl. 3. Capf. circumfcifla. 1276. Leea. (i) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fida. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fida. Styl. 1. Peric. 6-loculare. Sem. folitaria. Diofma. Ordo VL HEXANDRlA. 1062. Zizania. (1) Cal. glum. o. Cor. gl. 2-val- vis. (2) Cal. glum. o. Cor. gl. 2-valvis. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. Corolla circumfcilfa. 1063. Pharus. (i) Cal. glum, i-flora. Cor. gl. 2-valvis. (2) Cal. glum, i-flora. Cor. gl. 2-valvis, Styl. x. Sem. 1. Rumex fpinoms. Ordo VII. HEPTANDRIA. 1064. Guettarda. (i) Cal. cylindric. Cor. 7- fida. (2) Cal. cylindric. Cor. 7-fida. Styl. 1, Dru- pa ficca. ANY., 263 * B. (1) Catkin 5-fiowered. Cor. 4-parted. (2) Cat¬ kin 2-fio\vered. No cor. Styl. 2. Seed 1, oval. C. (1) Involucrum 4 leaved, many-flowered. Pet, 4. (2) Involucr. 2-leaved. Styl. 2. Pericarp, in¬ ferior, 2-celled. S. (1) Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4- leaved. Cor. . Nut fuelling out. A. (1) Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) No nefl. Nut x-celled. * L. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4-cleft. Stam. very long. (2) No cal. Cor. 4-cleft. Styl. long. Seed a nut. C. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 4-leaved, No cor. Styl. 4-cleft. Capf. 4-celled. Order V. PENTANDRIA. N. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. No Cor. Anth. 2-cleft, (2) Cal. 4-toothed. No cor. Styl. 2, betwixt the germs. * X. (1) Cal. common, many-leaved. Cor. 5-cleft, Filam. connected. (2) No cal. No cor. Styl. 2, Drupe 2-celled. A. (1) Cal. common, x-leaved. Cor. 5-cleft. (2) Cal. 1-flowered, 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 1. Nut 5-toothed. P. (1) Cal. common, 5-leaved. Cor. of the difc fuperior. (2) Cal. as in the male. Cor. of the ray ftrap-fliaped. Styl. 1. Seed 1. C. (1) Cal. common, tiled. Cor. of the difc 5- cleft. (2) Cal. as in the male. Cor. of the ray 5- cleft. Drupes dimpled. I. (1) Cal. common, 5-leaved. Cor. of the difc fuperior. (2) Cal. as in the male. No cor. of the ray. Styl. 2. Seed 1. * A. (1) Cal. proper 5-leaved. No cor. Stamens 3 or 5. (2) Proper cal. 5-leaved. No cor. 3 flyles, Capf. cut round. L. (l) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. (2) Cal. 5- cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Styl. 1. Peric. 6-celled. Seeds folitary. Order VI. HEXANDRlA.' Z. (1) Cal. hufk none. Cor. a 2-valved hufk, (2) Cal. hufk none. Cor. a 2-valved hufk. Styles 2. Seed 1. Cor. cut round. P. (1) Cal. a hufk 1-flowered. Cor. a hufk 2-val¬ ved. (2) Cal. a x-flowered hufk. Cor. a 2-valved hufk. Style 1. Seed 1. Order VII. HEPTANDRIA. f G. (1) Cal. cylindrical. Cor. 7-cleft. (2) CaL cylindrical. Cor. 7-cleft. 1. Style. Drupe dry. Ordq B O T A N Y. Monoeck Ordo VIII. POLYANDRIA. 1156. Begonia, (i) Cal. o. Cor. 4-petala. (2)Cal. O. Cor. 4-pevala. Styl. 3, bifidi. Capf. infera, 3-I0- cularis, polyrperma. * 1067. Sagittaria. (i) Cal. 3-pbyllus. Cor. 3- petala. Stam. 24 circiter. (2) Cal. 3-phyll. Cor. 3 pet. Pift. 100. Sem. numerofa. * 1066. Myriophyllum. (I) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. O. Stara. 8. ( ':) Cal. 4 phyllus. Cor. o. Pift. 4. Sem. 4. * 1065. Clratophyllum. (i) Cal. Tub 7-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 18 circiter. (2) Cal. fub 7-partitus. Cor. o. Pift. I. Sem. I. 1068. Theligonum. (i) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 12 circiter. (2) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Pift. 1. Sem. 1, corticatum. * 1069. Poterium. (i ) Cal. 4-pbyllus. Cor. 4-par¬ tita. Stam. 32circiter. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 4- pet. Pift. 2. Sem. 2, obdufta. * 1072. Fagus. (r) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 12 circiter. (2) Col. 4-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. 2-iperma. * 1070. Quercus. (i) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 10 circiter. ( 2) Cal. integer. Cor. o. Styl. 5. Nux coriacea. 1071. Juglans. (1) Ament, imbricat. Cor. 6- partita. Stam. 18 circiter. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4 pet. Styl. 2. Drupa coriacea. * 1074. Corylus. (j) Ament, imbricat. Cor. o. Stam. 8. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Nux nuda. * 1073. Carpinus. (1) Ament, imbricat. Cor. o. Stam. 10. (2) Cal. 6-fidus. Cor. o. Pift. 2. Nux nuda. 1075. Platanus. (i) Ament, globof. Cor. ob- foleta. Anther, circumnatae. (2) Ament, globof. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 1. Sem. 1, pappofum. 1076. LIQU1DAM B AR. (l) Cal. 4-phylluS. Cor. O. Stam. plurima. (2), Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Capf. polyfperma. Areca, Caryota. Ordo IX. MONADELPHIA. 1087. Hura. (i) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. An¬ ther. 20, feftiles._ (2) Cal. cylindricus. Cor. o. Pift. 1. Capf. 10-cocca. * 1077. PtNUS. (1) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stam. plurima. (2) Ament, ftrobilac. Cor. o. Pift. 2. Nuces 2, alatae. 1070. Cupressus. (1) Amentum. Cor. o. An¬ ther. 4, fefliles. ( 2) Ament, ftrobilac. Cor. o. Stigm. 2. Nux angulata. 1078. Thuja, (i) Amentum. Cor. o. Anther. 4. (2) Amentum ftrobriau Cor. o. Pift. 2. Nux cinc- ta ala. 1082. Acalypha. (1) Cal. 4 phyllus. Cor. o.— Stam. 12 circiter. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-cocca. 1081. Dalechampia. (i) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Neftar. lamellatum. Stam. multa. (2) Cal. IO-phyl- lus. Cor, o. Stylus 1. Capf. 3-cocca. Order VIII. POLYANDRIA-. B. (1) No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) No cal. 4- petaled. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capf. inferior, 3-celled, many-feeded. * S. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Stam. about 24. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-pet. Pift. ICQ. Seeds numerous. * M. (1) Cal.. 4-leaved. No cor. Stamens 8. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Pift. 4. Seeds 4. * C. (1) Cal. nearly 7-parted, No cor. Stamens, about 18. (2) Cal. nearly 7-parted. No cor. Pift. 1. Seed 1. T. (1) Cal. 2-cleft. No cor. Stam. about 12. (2) Cal. 2-lelt. No cor. Pift. 1. Seed 1, barkiike. * P. (1) Cal. 4 leaved. Cor. 4-parted. Stam. about 32. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4 pet. Pirt. 2. Seeds 2, covered. * F. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. No cor. Stam. about 12. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styles 3. Capf. 2-feeded. * 0^,(0 Cal. 5-cleft. No cor. Stam. about! to. (2) Cal. entire. No cor. Styles 5. Nut leatherlike. I. (1) Catkin tiled. Cor. 6-cleft. Stam. about 18. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-pet. Styles 2. Drupe leather¬ like. * C. (1) Catkin tiled. No cor. Stam. 8. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2. Nut naked. * C. (1) Catkin tiled. No cor. Stam. TO. (2) Cal. 6-cleft. No cor. Pift 2. Nut naked. P. (1) Catkin globular. Cor. obfcure. Anth. ril¬ ing around. ( 1) Catkin globular. Cor. 5-petaled. Styl. 1. Seed 1, downy. L. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Many ftamens. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2. Capf. many- feeded. Order IX. MONADELPHIA. H. ( i ) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Anth. 20, fitting, (2) Cal. cylindrical. No cor. Pet. I. Capf. 10-cell- ed. * P. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Stamens many. (2) Catkin conical. No cor. Pift. 2. Nuts 2, wing¬ ed. C. (1) Catkin. No cor. Anth. 4, fitting. (2) Cat¬ kin conical. No car. Stigm. 2. Nut angular. T. (1) Catkin. No cor. Anth. 4. (l) Catkin conical. No cor. Pift. 2. Nut girt with a wing. A. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Stam. about 12. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. D. ( 1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Neffar. gilled. Stam. many. (2) Cal. IQ-leaved. No cor. Style 1. Capf. 3-celled. 1080. 26s Monoecia. B O T 1080. PlukenetiA. (i) Cal. o. Cor. 4-petala. Stam. 8. (2) Cal. o. Cor. 4-pet. Styl. I. Capf. 4-cocca. 279. Cupania. (x) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Styl. 3-fidus. Capf. feminibus 6 arillatis. 1083. Croton. (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 15. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-cocca. 1085. RiCinus. (i) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. multa. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. 3 cocca. 1084. Jatropha. (1) Cal. o. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. IO. (2) Cal. o. Cor. 5 pet. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-cocca. 1086. Sterculia. (i) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 15 circiter. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Pift. I. Capf. 5. 1088. Hippomane. (i) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. An- therce bifidae. (2) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. o. Stigm. 3- plex. Drupa i-fperma, aut capf. 3-cocca. 1279. Stillingia. (i) Cal. multiflorus. Cor. 1- petala. Stam. 2. (2) Cal. unitlorus. Cor. ftylus 3-fidus. Germen 3-coccum, inter calycem et corol- lam. 1278. Gnetum. (i) Amentum ex calyculis pelta- tis. Cor. o. Anther. 2. (2) Amenti ejufdem. Sty¬ lus 3-fidus. Drupa i-fperma. ANY. P. (1) No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. Stam. 8. (2) No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. 1 Style. Capf. 4-celled. C. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5, (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Styl. 3-cleft. Capf. with 6 coated feeds. C. (I) Cal. 5 leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 15, (2) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. R. ( I) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. many. (2) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. J. (1) Cal. o. Cor. 5 cleft. Stamens 10. (2) Cah O. Cor. 5- pet. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. S. (i)Ca!. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. about 15, (2) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Pift. 1. Capf. 5. H. (1) Cal. 2-cleft. No cor. Anthers 2 cleft. (2) Cal. 3-cleft''. No cor. Stigm. 3-fold. Drupe i-feeded, or a capf. 3-celled. S. (1) Cal. many-flowered. Cor. i-petaled. Stam. 2. (2) Cal. 1-flowered. Cor. a 3-cleft ilyle. Germ, 3-celled, betwixt the calyx and corolla. G. ( 1) Catkin of target-fhaped calycles. No cor. Anth. 2. (2) Catkin of the fame. Style 3-cleft, Drupe i-feeded. OrdoX. syngenesia. 1089. Trichosanthes. (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fida, ciliata. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5 fid. Styl. 3-fid. Pom. oblongum. 1090. Momordica. (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fida. Filam, 3. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3-f. Pom. elafticum. 1092. Cucumis. ( 1) Cal. 5-dentatus, Cor. 5-fida. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3- fid. Pomum. Sem. argutis. 1091. Cucurbita. (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5- fida. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5 dentatus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 3-f. Pomum, fem. marginatis. 1094. Sicyos. (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fida. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl, 3-f. Drupa monofperma. * 1093. Bryonia. (1) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-par¬ tita. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-part. Styl. 3-f. Bacca. Order X. SYNGENESIA. T. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft, fringed. Fi¬ lam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3- cleft. Oblong apple. M. ( 1) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 3. {2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Elaftic apple. C. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 5. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft, Apple, with (harp feeds. C. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Apple wdth bordered feeds. S. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft, Drupe, x-feeded. * B. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5 parted. Filam. 3. (2) Cal. 5-toothed, Cor. 5-parted. Style 3-cleft. Berry. Ordo XI. GYNANDRIA. Order XI. GYNANDRIA. 1095. Andrachne. (i) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5- petala. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-locul. 2-fperma. 1330. Agyneia. (i) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Anth. 3. (2). Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Germen perforatum. Stylus ftigmaque nulla. A. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled, 2-leeded A. (j) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Anth. 3. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Gferm. perforated. No llyle nor ftigma. L I Vot. IV. Part I. Order 266 B G T Order I. MONANDRIA. 1034. Zannichelma, or Three-headed Pond-weed. One Ipecies j viz. pduftris. 1035. Ceratocarpus. One fpecies j viz. arenarius. Tartary. 1426. Artocarpus, or Bread-fruit. Two f’pecies; viz. incifa, integrifolia. It has a (Jylindric amentum or catkin, which thickens gradually, and is covered with flowers ; the male and female in a different amentum. In the male, the calyx1 is two-val- ved, and the corolla is wanting. In the female, there is no calyx nor corolla j the ftylus is one, and the dru- pa is many-celled. Though this tree had been mentioned by many voy¬ agers, particularly by Dampier, by Rumphius, and by Lord Anion, yet very little notice feems to have been taken of it till the -return of Captain Wallis from the South leas, and fince that time by others who have touched at Otaheite and fome countries in the Eafl: In¬ dies. Captain Dampier relates, that in Guam, one of the Ladrone iflands, “ there is a certain fruit called the breadfruit, growing on a tree as big as our large apple-trees, with dark leaves. The fruit is round, and grows on the boughs like apples, of the bignefs of a good penny-loaf j when ripe, it turns yellow, foft, and fweet; but the natives take it green, and bake it in an Oven till the rind is black j this they ferape off, and eat the inflde, which is foft and white, like the inftde of new-baked bread, having neither feed nor ftone j but if it is kept above 24 hours it is harftu As this fruit is in feafon eight months in the year, the natives feed upon no other fort of bread during that time. They told us that all the Ladrone iflands had plenty of it. I never heard of it in any other place.” Rumphius, after deferibing the tree, obferves, that M the fruit is fhaped like a heart, and increafes to the fize of a child’s head. Its furface or rind is thick, green, and covered everywhere with warts of a qua- dragonal or hexagonal figure, like cut diamonds, but without points. The more flat and fmooth thefe warts are, the fetver feeds are contained in the fruit, and the greater is the quantity of pith, and that of a more glutinous nature. The internal part of the rind, or peel, confifts of a flefhy fubftance, full of twilled fibres, which have the appearance of fine wool; thefe adhere to, and in fome meafure form it. The fielhy part of this fruit becomes fofter towards the. middle, w'here there is a fmall cavity formed without any nuts or feeds, except in one fpecies, which has but a fmall number, and this fort is not good, unlefs it is baked or prepared lome other way : but if the outward rind be taken off, and the fibrous flefli dried and afterwards boiled with meat as we do cabbage, it has then the tafte of arti¬ choke bottoms. The inhabitants of Amboyna drefs it in the liquor of cocoa-nuts ; but they prefer it roaft- ed on coals fill the outward part or peel is burnt. They afterwards cut it into pieces, and eat it with the milk of the cocoa-nut. Some people make fritters of it, or fry it in oil ; and others, as the Sumatrans, dry the internal foft part, and keep it to ufe inftead of bread with other food. It affords a great deal of nourilh- ^ Monarch, ment, and is very fatisfying, therefore proper for hard¬ working people : and being of a gentle aftringent qua¬ lity, is good for perfons of a laxative habit of body. It is more nourilhing boiled in our manner with fat meat than roafted on coals. The milky juice which diftils from the trunk, boiled with the cocoa-nut oil, makes a very lirong bird lime. This tree is to be found on the eallern parts of Sumatra, and in the Malay language is called foccus and foccum capas. It grows likewife about the tow-n of Bantam in Java, and in Ballega and Madura, and is known there by the name offoccum.” In Anfon’s voyage w^e are informed, “ that the rima, or bread-fruit tree, is common in all the Ladrone iflands and fome of the Philippines. It is fomewhat larger than our apple tree, and bears a broad dark- coloured leaf with five indentures on each fide. The fruit hangs on the boughs like apples; and is of the fize of a penny loaf, rvith a thick tough rind, which when full ripe turns yellow-. The natives gather it before it is quite ripe, and bake it till the cruft is pretty black then they rafp it, and there remains a pretty loaf, with a tender yellow cruft, and the crumb of it is foft and fweet as a new baked roll: it is without any feeds or ftones. This fruit the inhabitants enjoy for about feven months; during which they never eat any other kind of bread : but they are obliged to bake it every day ; for when it grows a little ftale, it becomes haril and bulky, fomewhat like the potato bread made in the weft of England. There is, how-ever, a remedy for this ; which is cutting the loaf into flices wEen it is new, and drying it in the fun, by which it is changed into the pleafanteft rulk that can be eaten.” Captain Cook, m his voyage, obferves, that this- fruit not only ferves as a fubftitute for bread among the inhabitants of Otaheite and the neighbouring iflands, but alfo, varioufly dreffed, compofes the prin¬ cipal part of their food. It grows on a tree that is about the fize of a middling oak ; its leaves are fre¬ quently a foot and a half long, of an oblong Ihape, deeply finuated like thofe of the fig tree, which they refemble in colour and confiftence, and in the exuding of a milky juice upon being broken. The fruit is about the fize and lhape of a new-born child’s head ; and the furface is reticulated, not much unlike a truffle ; it is covered with a thin Ikin, and has a core about as big as the handle of a fmall knife. The eatable part lies betw-een the Ikin and the core; it is as white as fnow, and fomewhat of the confiftence of new bread ; it muft be roafted before it is eaten, being firft divided into three or four parts ; its tafte is infipid, with a flight fweetnefs fomewhat refembling that of the crumb of wheaten bread mixed with a Jerufalem artichoke. This fruit is alfo cooked in a kind of oven, which ren¬ ders it foft, and fomething like a boiled potato ; not quite fo farinaceous as a good one, but more fo than, thofe of the middling fort. Of the bread-fruit they alfo make three difhes, by putting either water or the milk of the cocoa nut to it, then beating it to a pafte with a ftone peftle, and afterwards mixing it with ripe plantains, bananas, or the four pafte which they call mahie. The mahie, which is likewife made to ferve as a fuccedaneum for ripe bread-fruit before the feafon comes on, is thus made; The fruit of the bread tree is ga¬ thered Monoecia. B O T thered juft before it is perfe&ly ripe ; and being laid in heaps, is clofely covered with leaves: in this ftate it undergoes a fermentation, and becomes difagreeably fweet •, the core is then taken out entire, which is done by gently pulling out the ftalk, and the reft of the fruit is thrown into a . hole which is dug for that pur- pofe generally in the houfes, and neatly lined in the bottom and lides with grafs: the whole is then cover¬ ed with leaves and heavy {tones laid upon them j in this ftate it undergoes a fecond fermentation, and becomes four, after which it will fuffer no change for many months. It is taken out of the hole as it is wanted for ufe } and being made into balls, it is wrapped up in leaves and baked : after it is drefled, it will keep five or fix wrecks. It is eaten both cold and hot; and the natives feldom make a meal without it, though to Europeans the tafte is as difagreeablc as that of a pickled olive generally is the firft time it is eaten. The fruit itfelf is in feafon eight months in the year, and the mahie fupplies the inhabitants during the other four. To procure this principal article of their food {the bread-fruit), cofts thefe happy people no trouble or la¬ bour except climbing up a tree : the tree which pro¬ duces it does not indeed grow fpontaneoufly ; but if a man plants ten of them in his life time, which he may do in about an hour, he will as completely fulfil his duty to his own and future generations, as the native of our lefs temperate climate can do by ploughing in the cold of wdnter, and reaping in the fummer’s heat, as often as thefe feafons return 5 even if, after he has -procured bread for his prefent houfehold, he (hould convert a furplus into money, and lay it up for his children. We have faid that there are two fpecies of artocar- pus, viz. the incifa, with gafhed leaves; and the inte- grifolia, with entire leaves. There is alfo faid to be an¬ other diftinftion, into that which bears fruit with ftones or feeds, and that in which the fruit has none. The parts of frunification of that tree which bears the fruit without ftones are defeiftive. The amentum, or catkin, which contains the male parts, never expands. The ftyli, or female part of the fruit, are likewife deficient. From which it follows, that there can be no ftones or feeds, and therefore that this tree can be propagated only by fuckers or layers ; although it is abundantly evident, that it muft originally have proceeded from the feed-bearing bread-fruit tree. Inftances of this kind we fometimes find in European fruits ; fuch as the barberry, and the Corinthian grape from Zant, commonly called currants, which can therefore be in- creafed only by layers and cuttings. Dr Solander w’as sfiured by the oldeft inhabitants of Otaheite and the adjoining iflands, that they well remembered there was formerly plenty of the feed-bearing bread-fruit; but they had been neglefted upon account of the prefer¬ ence given to the bread-fruit without feeds, which they propagate by fuckers. The Britifii government fent Lieutenant Bligh in the Bounty in 1787 to Otaheite to procure and tranf- port to our Weft India colonies this valuable plant. The project was at that time unfuccefsful, in confe- quence of a mutiny of the ftiip’s crew, who feized the veftel, and carried her back to Otaheite. The object, however, was accomplifhed at a future period, and the A N Y. bread-fruit is now reared in Jamaica and the other Weft India iflands. Plants of this genus have alfo been brought to his majefty’s gardens at Kew. The tafte of the fruit is faid to be a fort of medium between the tafte of common wheaten bread, and the tafte of a boiled potato. Thofe who prefer potatoes to ordinary bread alfo prefer the bread-fruit to it. 1033. Cynomorium. One fpecies ; viz. coccineum. Jamaica. Nipa. One fpecies ; viz. fruticans. Africa. 1203. Ohara. Four fpecies; viz. * flexilis, * hifpida, * tomento- fa, * vulgaris. 1036. Elaterium, or Spring-gourd. Two fpecies ; viz. carthaginenfe, trifoliatum. Car. thagena. J427. Phyllachne. One fpecies; viz. uliginoia. Ferra del Fuego. 1428. Casuarina. Two fpecies; viz. equifetifolia, nodiflora. E. Indies, N. S. Wales. 1429. JEgopricon. One fpecies; viz. betulinum. Surinam, Cayenne, Order II. DIANDRIA. 1037. Anguria. Three fpecies ; viz. trilobata, pedata, trifoliata. A- merica. 1038. Lemna, or Duck-meat. Five fpecies ; viz. * gibba, * minor, * polyrhiza, * trifulca, arhiza. Europe. Order III. TRIANDRIA, 1030. Typha, Cat's-tail, Reed-mace. Two fpecies ; viz. * anguftifolia, * latifolia. 1041. Sparganium, or Burr-reed. Four fpecies; viz. * ereftum, * natans, * ramofum, * fimplex. 1042. Zea, or Indian or darkey Wljeat. One ipecies^ viz. mays. America. 1044. Tripsacum. Two fpecies; viz. daftyloides, hermaphroditum, Virginia, Canada, Jamaica. 1043. Co\x, or Job's tears. One fpecies ; viz. lacryma. E. Indies. 1045. Olyra. One fpecies ; viz. 'latifolia. W. Indies. 1046. Care x, or Sedge, Cyperus-grajs. 67 fpecies; viz. * acuta, * ampullacea, *arenaria,' * atrata, * axillaris, * caefpitofa, *capillaiis, * clan- deftina, * curta, * depauperata, * digitata, * dioica, * diflans, divifa, * divulia, * extenfa, * fihformis, *flava, * hirta, * incurva, * intermedia, * limofa, * muricata,. * ovalis, * pallefcens, * palludofa> * pani- cea, * paniculata, *pauciflora, * pendula, *piluli- k 1 2 '• fera, 267 i B O T fera, *' praecox, * pfeudocyperus, * pullcaris, * re- curva, * remota, * rigida, * riparia, * ftdlulata, *{lric- ta, * trigofa, * fylvatica, * teretiufcula, * veficaria, ^ vulpina, capitata, fquarrofa, uncinata, baldenfis, uli- ginofa, leporina, brizoides, loliacea, elongata, canef- cens, indica, brunnea, poedata, montana, tomentofa, globularis, faxatilis, triftacbya, folliculata, japonica, puraila, lithofperma. Eur. Afia, Afr. America. 1047. Axyris. Four fpecies j viz. ceratoides, amaranthoides, hy- brida, proftrata. Siberia, Tartary. 1039. Omphalea. Two fpecies j viz. diandra, triandra. Jamaica. 1048. Tragia. Six fpecies-, viz-, volubilis, involucrata, mercurialis, urens, chameelia, cannabina. India, Virginia, Carolina. 1049. Hernandia, or Jack-m-a-Box. Two fpecies 5 viz. fonora, ovigera. W. Indies, S. America. 1050. Phyllanthus, or Sea-fule Laurel. Seven fpecies; viz. grandifolia, niruri, urinaria, bacciformis, racemofa, emblica, maderafpatenfis. A- rabia, E. and W. Indies, Carolina. Order IV. TETRANDRIA. 1274. Serpiculata. Two fpecies j viz. * verticillata, repens. India. Aucuba. One fpecies j viz. japonica. Japan. 1328. LrTTORELLA. One fpecies j viz. * lacuftris. 1275. Cicca. One fpecies ; viz. diilicha. India. 1052. Betula, or Birch-tree. Eight fpecies viz. * alba, * alnus, * nana, dale- carlica, nigra, lenta, pumila, incana. Europe, N. America. 1053. Buxus, or Box-tree. One fpecies \ viz. fempervirens.—The wood is very hard and fmooth, and not apt to warp, and therefore well adapted for the ufe of the turner. Combs, ma¬ thematical inftruments, knife handles, and button moulds, are made of it. An empyreumatic oil, diftil- led from the (havings, is often ufed as a topical appli¬ cation for the piles, and feldom fails to procure eafe. It will frequently relieve the foothach, and has been given internally in epilepfies. The leaves, powdered, deftroy worms. In the fouth of Europe it is cultivat¬ ed in gardens and kept in flower-pots, with as much attention as we beftow upon myrtle. 1054. Urtica, or Nettle. 28 fpecies-, viz. *dioica, # pilulifer, * urens, bale- arica, dodartii, pumila, grandifolia, cannabina, alie- nata, cylindrica, parietaria, ciliaris, fpicata, macro- phylla, rhombea, seftuans, capitata, divaricata, cana- denfis, interrupta, nivea, baccifera, arborea, capenfls, frutefcens, ftimulans, japonica, villofa. Europe, N. America, E. and W. Indies. * U. leaves oppofite, heart-fhaped 5 bunches in pairs. .—This fpecies is the common nettle, Its (lings are ANY, Monoeci very curious microfcopic obje£ls: They confift of an exceedingly fine-pointed tapering hollow fubftance, with a perforation at the point, and a bag at the bafe ) or they are (harp tubes feated upon a bag. When the (harp point of the tube, that is to fay the ding, is pref- fed upon, it readily pundlures the (kin, and the fame preffure forces up an acrimonious fluid from the bag, which is fquirted into the wound, and produces ^n ef- fedl which mod perfons have experienced. The plant was formerly ufed as an adringent, but is now difre- garded. A flalk of it, when the leaves are in their prime, put into milk, coagulates it, and may ferve to prepare it for being made into cheefe. A leaf, put upon the tongue, and then preffed againd the roof of the mouth, is pretty efficacious in dopping a bleeding at the nofe. Paralytic limbs have been recovered by- dinging them wdth nettles. The young (hoots are ga¬ thered early in the fpring to boil in broth or gruel. Cowrs eat the. leaves when they are a little withered. The leaves are cut to pieces to mix wdth the food of young turkeys and other poultry. Cowts, horfes, (heep, goats, and fwdne, refufe them. Affes are fond of it, and cows eat it in hay. The dalks may bo drefled like flax or hemp for making cloth or paper. In Kamtfchatka they make ufe of no other material in the manufaflure of cordage or failcloth, and linen, and confider thefe fabrics, wThen produced from nettles, as fuperior in every refpedl to thof@ made from hemp and flax. As the nettle feems of all plants the mod congenial to our foil and climate, growdng in all fitua- tions both fertile and barren, in fpite of every attempt to extirpate it ; and as there exids no doubt, that as a material of manufafture, it is not inferior to either flax or hemp, it is a Angular circumdance that it has never come into general ufe. This, perhaps, is chiefly to be accounted for from the difficulty of colledling its feeds and handling it j difficulties howrever, which a little attention and induflry would probably foon en¬ able us to overcome. 1055. Morus, or Mulberry-tree. Seven fpecies 5 viz. alba, nigra, papyrifera, rubra, indica, tatarica, tindloria. Italy, China, Japan, A- merica.—The mulberry is chiefly remarkable on ac¬ count of the value of its leaves, as the food of that va¬ luable infedl the filk-worm. The M. alba or white mulberry, with leaves obliquely heart-(haped and le¬ vel, grows in Britain in the open air, as far northward as the frith of Froth, and (ilk-worms may be fed with it. The fruit of the black mulberry has the common qualities of other fweet fruits, abating heat, quenching third, and promoting the grolfer fecretions 5 a fyrup, made from the juice, is kept by the apothecaries. The bark of the roots has been in confiderable efleem as a cure for worms : its tade its bitter and fomewhat aflrin» gent. Order V. PENTANDRIA. / 1277. Nephelium. One fpecies ; viz. lappaceum. India. 1056. Xanthium, or hejfer Burdock. Five fpecies } viz. * drumarium, orientale, echina- turn, fpinofum, fruticofum. S. Europe, Ceylon, Chi¬ na, Peru. * X, Monoecia. B O 1 Jlruma- * X. ftem tliornlefs, leaves heart.lhaped, three-fibred. riUm, The leaves are bitter and aftringent. A decodlion of the whole plant affords a Ihorvy yellow colour ; but it is better if only the flowers are ufed. Horfes and goats eat it. Cows, flieep, and fwine, refufe it. 1057. Ambrosia. Four fpecies ; viz. trifida, elatior, artemififolia, ma- ritima. 10^8. Parthenium, ox Bafe Feverfew. Two fpecies j viz. hyft^rophorus, integrifolium-. Virginia, Jamaica. 1059. Iva, or Falfe "Jefuits-Bark tree. Two fpecies 5 viz. annua, frutefcens. Virginia, Ca¬ rolina, Jamaica. 1329. Clibadium. One fpecies ; viz. furinamenle. Surinam. 1060. Amaranthus, or Flower-gentle. 24 fpecies ; viz. albus, graecizans, melancholicus, tricolor, polygamus, gangeticus, mangoftanus, triftis, lividus, oleraceus, blitum, viridis, dedexm, polygo- noides,. fcandens, hybridus, paniculatus, fanguineus, retroflexus, flavus, hypochondriacus, cruentus, cauda- tus, fpinofus.. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America. 1276. Leea. Two fpecies j viz. gequata, crifpa. Jamaica. Order VI. HEXANDRIA. 1062. Zizania, ox Water-oats, Tnre-grafs. Three fpecies 5 viz. aquatica, paluftris, terreftris. Malabar, N. America, Jamaica. 1063. Pharus. One fpecies j viz. latifolius. Jamaica, S Amer. Order VIE HEPTANDRIA. 1064. Guettarda. One fpecies j viz. fpeciofa. Java, W. Indies. Order VIII. POLYANDRIA. 1065. Ceratophyllum, or Hornwort. Two fpecies ; viz. * demerfum, * fubmerfum. 1066. Myriophyllum, or Water Milfoil. Two fpecies } viz. * fpicatum, * verticillatum. 1066. Sagittaria, or Arrowhead. Five fpecies j viz. * fagittifolia, obtulifolia, lancifo* lia, acutifolia, trifolia. Europe, Afia, America. fagittifolia * S. leaves arrow-fhaped, acute.—It grows in ditches and on the banks of flow running rivers. There is al¬ ways a bulb at the lower part of the root, growing in the folid earth beneath the mud. This bulb confli- tutes a confiderable part of the food of the Chinefe, and upon that account they cultivate it. Horfes, goats, and fwine, eat it. Cows are not fond of it. 1156. Begonia. Three fpecies *, viz. ferruginea, capenfis, urt:ca. Cape, E. and W. Indies. 1098. Theligonum, ox Dogs-cabbage. One fpecies j viz. cynocrambe. S. of Europe. A N Y. 2% 1069. Potertum, or Garden Barnet. Three fpecies; viz. * fanguiforba, hybridum, fpino * P. without thorns j ftems fomewhat angular.'—- Yhefanguifor* leaves and feeds of this plant are mildly aftringent, and have been ufed in dyfenteries and haemorrhagies.^ I he. ^ feeds, when bruifed, fmell like cucumbers. 1 here are large tradls of the fineft parts of what are cabled the South Downs in England, upon which this plant forms half the indigenous pafturage. It feems to grow naturally (without being fown) only on chalky foils j but it will ilourifh, when fown, on any foil; on fand, clay, peat, &c. It is chiefly valuable for fheep pa- ftures that are to be kept fully flocked. It forms a fine herbage when clofe bitten } but when fuffered to run to a height it is rather coarfe. 1070. Quercus, or Oak-tree. 20 fpecies j viz.'* phellos, molucca, glabra, acuta, glauca, cufpidata, ferrata, ilex, fuber, coccifera, pri- nus, dentata, nigra, rubra, alba, efculus, * robur, egillops, ceiris, * femina. * 0. leaves on leaf-ftalk, oblong, broadeft towardsf-obur. the end, indentations rather acute, angles blunt; fruit nearly fitting. * leaves oblong, on fhort leaf-ftalks, blunt, wing-fermnal cleft, with indentations 5 fruit moftly folitary, on long fruitftalks. Withering, vol. iii. p. 387. The oak is a native of the temperate climates. It loves hilly better than boggy ground, and thrives beft, while young, in large plantations. Its roots defcend deep into the earth, and therefore will not bear to be tranfplanted. Much lopping deftroys it. Grafs will hardly grow beneath it. T. he wood is haid, tough, tolerably flexible, not eafily fplintering } and therefore is prefer¬ red before all other timber for building ftiips of war. It is well adapted to almoft every purpofe of the car¬ penter } but an attempt to enumerate the ufes of this well-known wood, would be equally fuperfluous and difficult. Oak faw-duft is the principal indigenous ve- getable ufed in dyeing fuftian. All the varieties of drabs and different fhades of browm are made with oak faw-duft, differently managed and compounded. The balls or oak apples are likewife ufed in dyeing, as a fubftitute for galls. The black, got from them by the addition of copperas, is more beautiful than that from galls, but not fo durable. The bark is univer- fally ufed to tan leather ; and it is faid that the faw- duft has been ufed for the fame purpofe with equal fuc- cefs. The bark is ufed to make writing ink. Its aftringent properties might be rendered uleful in me¬ dicine. An infufion of it with a fmall quantity of cop¬ peras, is ufed by the corpmon people to dye woollen of a purplilh blue : the colour, though not very bright, is durable. The balls or galls upon the leaves, are oc • cafioned by a fmall infedt with four wings, called cy- nfs querci folii, which depofits an egg in the fubftance of the leaf by making a fmall perforation on the under furface. The ball prefently begins to grow, and the egg in the centre of it changes to a worm 5 this worm again changes to a nymph, and the nymph to the fly¬ ing infeft, with four wings. Horfes, edws, (heep, and goats, eat the leaves. Swine and deer fatten on the acorns. The oak grow7S in a good foil fometimes to a xnoft immenfe fize. At Little Shelfley in Worcefter- thire^, 270 B O T fliire, an oak meafured clofe to the giound nearly 48 feet, and about two yards from the ground 22 feet four inches. Lightfoot mentions one growing near Ludlow in Shropfhire in 1764, the trunk of which meafured 68 feet in girth, and 23 in length $ fo that allowing 90 fquare feet for the larger branches, it contained 1455 feet of timber. An oak near Wei- beck meafured in girth, at 11 feet from the ground, 38 feet; and one growing at Cowthorpe near Wether- by, Yorklhire, meafured 48 feet in circumference at three feet from the ground, and 78 feet clofe to the ground. 1071. Juglans, or Walnut-tree. Five fpecies $ viz. regia, alba, nigra, cinerea, bac- cata. Perfia, N. America.—This tree, when planted in Scotland, feldom ripens its fruit. 1072. Fagus, or Beech, Sweet Chef nut. Three fpecies $ viz. * callanea, pumila, * fylvatica. Europe, N. Americav (ajlanea. * F. leaves fpear-fhaped, with tapering fcrratures, na¬ ked underneath.—In the (hade of this fpecies, called the chefnut, nothing will thrive. The wood is appli¬ cable to the fame ufes that oak is. Pipes made of it to convey water under ground, are faid to laft longer than thofe made of oak. Poles for efpaliers, &c. made of it without removing the bark, alfo lall very long. Some of the oldeft buildings in London are faid to be conftrutted of the wmod of the chefnut tree. At Tort- worth in Gloucefterlhire, is faid to be a tree 52 feet round, which is proved to have flood fince the year 1150, and w7as then very old. It is fuppofed to be 1100 years old. In 1759, its girth, at fix feet from the ground, was 46 feet fix inches. The nuts are ufed to w'hiten linen cloth, and to make flarcb. They conflitute a great proportion of the food of the com¬ mon people in the fouth of Europe ; and hogs, feeding on them as they run wild in the forefts, are reckoned particularly excellent. fylvatica. * F. leaves egg-fhaped 5 indiflin&ly ferrated. Com¬ mon beech.—This tree is large and beautiful, but no verdure is found under its fhade. It retains its old leaves during the winter, and may be trained to form very lofty hedges. The wood is brittle, foon decays in the air, but endures under water. It is formed in¬ to tool handles, planes, mallets, chairs, and bedfteads. Split into thin layers, it is ufed to make fcabbarcls for fwords. It is excellent fuel, and its afhes afford much potafh. The leaves, gathered in autumn before they are much injured by frofi, make much better mattref- fes than flraw or chaff, and laft feven or eight years. The nuts or maft, when eaten, occafion giddinefs and headach •, but when well dried and powTdered, make wholefome bread. They are fometimes roafted and fubftituted for coffee. They fatten fwine, and are de¬ voured greedily by mice, fquirrels, and birds. The poor people in Silefia ufe the expreffed oil inftead of butter. Sheep and goats eat the leaves. 1073. Carpinus, Hornbeam-tree. Two fpecies j viz. * betulus, oftrya. Europe, N. America. letulus. C. fcales of the cones flat.—This, wdiich is the com¬ mon hornbeam, loves a poor ftiff foil on the fides of hills, is eafily tranfplanted, and bears lopping. Cat¬ tle eat the leaves, but no pafture grows under its ANY, Monoecia, fhade. The WTood burns like a candle : it is very white, very tough, harder than hawthorn, and capa¬ ble of fupporting a great weight. It is ufeful in turn¬ ing, and for many implements of hufhandry. Coggs for millwheels made of it are fuperior to thofe of yew. The inner bark is ufed in Scandinavia to dye yellow7. 1074. Corylus, Hazel or Nut-tree. Two fpecies j viz. * avellana, colurna. Europe, N. America. * C.—This wood is profitably planted in many places avellanih in hedges and coppices, for the purpofe of cutting down portions in rotation, to be converted into char¬ coal for forges. The wood is ufed for fifhing-rods, rvalking-fticks, hoops, See. The roots are preferred where beautiful wood is wanted for inlaying or flam¬ ing. It is a practice in Italy, to put chips of hazel in¬ to turbid wine to clear it, which it does in 24 hours. In countries where yeaft is fcarce, they twift together hazel twigs, fo as to leave a multitude of chinks : thefe , they fteep in their ale while it is fermenting ; then hang them up to dry, and when they brew again they put them into the wort inftead of yeaft. Charcoal of hazel, when ufed in drawing, leaves ftains which are eafily rubbed out. The nuts, which are agreeable to moft people, afford, by/preffure, an oil for the ufe of painters. 1075. Platanus, or Plane-tree. Twro fpecies ; viz. orientalis, occidentalis. Levant, N. America. 1076. Liquidambar, or Sweet Gum. Twro fpecies j viz. ftyraciflua, peregrina. Levant, N. America.—The refinous juice of the former of thefe fpecies, brought from America, wTas once ufed as a perfume, but is now neglected. Order IX. MONADELPHIA. 1077. Pin us, or Pine-tree. 12 fpecies j viz. * fylveftris, pinea, taeda, cembra, ftrobus, cedrus, larix, picea, balfamea, canadenfis, a- bies, orientalis. Europe, north of Afia, America. * P. leaves in long pairs, rigid j cones egg-conical, moftly in pairs, as long as the leaves j fcales oblong, blunt. Scotch fr.—This fpecies, which is a native of our ifland,.flourifties beft on a poor fandy foil. In a grove the trunk is tall and naked •, in open places branched. It does not bear the leaft clipping, as the terminating buds fend forth the branches. The roots fpread near the furface of the earth, except the central root, which pufhes perpendicularly downwards. If it is either broken off or interrupted in its paffage, the ftem ceafes to fhoot upwards, and the tree remains a dw'arf. Hence it is apt to fuffer by tranfplanting. The bark will tan leather. In the north of Europe bread is thus made from it by the inhabitants : They choofe a ftraight tree, as thefe have leaft refin, and ftrip off the bark in the fpring, when it feparates moft readily. This they firft dry gently in the ftiade then in a greater heat, and reduce it to powder. With this powder they mix a fmall quantity of corn meal, and with water they knead it into bread. This they eat, not only in times of fcarcity, but at other times, from an apprehenfion, that long difufe might render it difa- greeable « Monoecia, B O f greeable to them. Their children are very fond of the frefli bark in the fpring time, either fliaved with a knife or grated with a rafp. The young fhoots, diftil- led, afford a fragrant effential oil. Sheep and goats are not fond of it. Horfes refufe it. Burnt with a clofe fmothering fire, the wood of this fpecies yields tar. The fpecies called /ar/x has rifen into confider- able reputation in this country, on account of its beau¬ ty, rapid growth, and the value of the timber. It is extremely hardy, growing in Siberia almoff to the coafts of the Icy fea ; but this very hardinefs, or capa¬ city of vegetating with a very fmall degree of heat, renders it in this country delicate when young. The firft warmth of the fpring is fufficient to bring forth its buds, wdrich are thus, by the unfteadinefs of our cli¬ mate, expofed to frequent pernicious frolfs. In this way nurferymen often fuffer great Ioffes by the larix, in confequence of an early fpring and a premature ve¬ getation, which is afterwards nipt by frofty weather. From the trees of the genus pimis the different turpen¬ tines are extradited by bleeding the trees, by wounds in the bark or branches. 1079. Cupressus, or Cyprefs-tree. Six fpecies; viz. fempervirens, dilticha, thyoides, juniperoides, pendula, japonica. Crete, Cape, Japan, N. America. 1080. Plukenetia. One fpecies ; viz. volubilis. E. and W. Indies. 1081. Dalechampia. Two fpecies j viz. colorata, fcandens. W. Indies, New Granada. 1082. Acalypha. Five fpecies ; viz. virginica, virgata, indica, villo- fa, auftralis. N. America, E. and W. Indies. 279. Cupania. One fpecies j viz. americana. W. Indies, Coro¬ mandel. 1084. Jatropha, or CaJJhda, Manihot. Nine fpecies •, viz. goffypifolia, moluccana, curcas, multifida, manihot, janipha, urens, herbacea, elaftica. Africa, S. America. 1085. Kicinus. Four fpecies; viz. inermis, communis, tanaricus, mappa. Vera Cruz.—The fpecies called R. communis produces nuts about the fize of fmall beans, which like bitter almonds are deleterious. An oil is obtained from themby expreffion, called cajlor oil, which is ufed as a fafe and mild laxative j half an ounce or an ounce for an adult, and a dram for an infant. - 1086. Sterculia. Three fpecies; viz. balanghas, foetida, platanifoli- um. Arabia, E. and W, Indies, China. ANY. 1088. Hippomane. Three fpecies; viz. mancinella, biglandulofa, fpinofaa 1279. Stillingia. One fpecies; viz. lylvatica. Carolina. 1278. Gnetum. One fpecies; viz. gnemon. India. 1087. PIura, or Sandbox-tree. One fpecies; viz. crepitans. Mexico, W. Indies. Order X. SYNGENESIA. 1089. TriChosanthes, or Serpent-cucumber. Four fpecies ; viz. anguina, nervifolia, cucumerina, amara. E. Indies, China. 109. Momordica, ov Male Balfam-apple. Eight fpecies ; viz. balfamina, charantia, opercula- ta, luffa, cylindrica, trifolia, pedata, elaterium. S, Europe, India, America. 1091. Cucurbita, or Gourd. Seven fpecies; viz. lagenaria, hifpida, ovifera, pe- po, verrucofa, melopepo, citrullus. E. and W. In¬ dies* America. 1092. Cucumis, or Cucumber. 13 fpecies; viz. colocynthis, prophetarum, an- guria, africanus, acutangulus, melo, dudaim, chate, fativus, anguinus, flexuofus, conomon, maderafpata- nus. Levant, India, Africa, Jamaica.—The fpecies called fativus, is the ordinary garden cucumber. It is lefs apt to grow rancid by keeping than others of the clafs. The C. colocynthis, called coloquintida or bitter apple, is a native of Turkey. The fruit is about the fize of an orange. Its medullary part, freed from the rind and feeds, is light, white, and fpongy, compofed of membranous leaves, of an extremely bitter, nau- feous, acrimonious tafte. Colocynth is one of the molt powerful and violent cathartics; but is accounted dangerous by the beft phyficians. The beft mode of abating its virulence, confifts of triturating it with gummy farinaceous fubftances, or oily feeds. With¬ out this precaution, a few grains of it will often difor- der the body, and even occafion a difcharge of blood. The C. melo is ufed in hot countries as a cooling and agreeable food. 1098. Bryonia, ox Bryony. 11 fpecies; viz. alba, * dioica, palmata, grandis, cordifolia, laciniofa, africana, cretica, fcabra, fcabrella, japonica. Crete, Africa, E. Indies. * B. leaves hand-fhaped, rough on both fides, with callous points ; male and female flowers on different plants.^—The root is purgative and acrid. A dram oidioica it in fubftance, or half an ounce of it infufed in wane, is a full dofe. A cold infufion of the root in wTater is ufed externally in fciatic pains. A cataplafm of it is a moft powerful difeutient. A decoftion, made wdth one pound of the frefh root, is the beft purge for horn¬ ed cattle. The plant is rough, growing on dry banks under hedges, and climbing upon the bufhes. The roots are large, fometimes as thick as a man’s thigh. Their juice, when frefli, foon excoriates the fkin, but in drying they lofe much of their acrimony. 1083. Croton, or Bafe Ricinus, Tallow-tree. 23 fpecies ; viz. variegatum, cafcarilla, caffaneifo- lium, paluftre, glabellum, tinftorium, glandulofum, argenteum, febiferum, japonicum, acutum, tiglium, lucidum, lacciferum, balfamiferum, aromaticum, hu- mile, ricinocarpus, moluccanum, flavens, capenfe, lo- tum, fpinofura. China, Japan, W. Indies, N. Ame¬ rica. IC94. Dioecisb 272 B O T 1094. Sicyos, or Single-feeded Cucumber. Three fpecies j viz. angulata, laciniata, garcini. America. Order XI. GYNANBRIA. X095. Andrachne, or Bafe Orpine. Two fpecies; viz. telephioides, fruticofa. Italy, Levant, Egypt. ANY. 1320. Agyneia. Two fpecies j viz. impubes, pubera. China. In the clafs Monacia are 78 Genera, including 392 Species, of which 83 are found in Britain. CLASSIS XXII. DICE CIA* (m) Ordo I. MONANDRIA. 1430. Pandanus. (i) Cal. o. Cor. o. Anthera feflilis, ramificationibus thyrfi inferta. (2) Cal. c. Cor. o. Stigmata 2. Fruft. compofitus. 1096. Najas. (i) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Filam. nullum. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. o. Pift. 3. Capf. i- locularis. Ordo II. DIANDRIA. 1097. Vallisneria. (i) Spath. multiflora, 2-part. Cor. 3-partita. (2) Spath. 1-flora. Cal. 3-part. Cor, 3-pet. Pift. 1. Capf. i-locularis. 1099. Cecropia. (i) Spath. recept. comm. Cor. nulla. (2) Spath. recept. comm. Cor. o. Pift. 1. Bacca i-fperma. * 1098. Salix. (i) Ament, fquama. Cor. nulla. Stam. 2, raro 5. (2) Ament, fquama. Cor.o. Stigm. 2. Capf. 2-valvis. Sem. pappofa. Ordo III. TRIANDRIA. * 1 too. Empetrum. (i) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3- petala. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 9. Bacca 9-fperma. it01. Osyris. (1) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal, 3-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. o. Drupa i-locu- laris. 1280. Caturus. (t) Cal. o. Cor. 3-fida. (2) Cal, 3-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-cocca. 102. Excoecaria. (i) Ament, fquama. Cor. nul¬ la. (2) Ament, fquama. Cor. o. Styl. 3. 'Capf. 3- cocca. 1331. Restis. (1) Ament, fquama. Cor. 6-petala. (2) Ament, fquama. Cor. 6-petala. Styl. 3. Capf. 3 locularis, plicata, polyfperma. 1431. Mas a. (1) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. 3-fida. (2) Cal. ut m mare. Drupa fupera, 2-locularis. CLASS XXII, DICE CIA. Order I. MONANDRIA. P. (1) No cal. No cor. Anthers fitting, inferteft in the ramifications of a clufter, (2) No cal. No cor. Stigmas 2. Fruit compound. N. (1) Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. No filam. (2) No cal. No cor. Pift. 3. Capf. i-celled. Order II. DIANDRIA. V. (1) Sheath many-flowered, 2-parted. Cor. 3- parted. (2) Sheath i-*flowered. Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-pet. Pift. 1. Capfi 1-celled. C. (1) Sheath common receptacle. No cor. (2) Sheath common receptacle. No cor. Pift. 1. Berry l-feeded. * S. (1) Catkin a fcale. No cor. Stam. 2, rarely 5. (2) Catkin a fcale. No cor. Stigm, 2. Capf. 2- ceiled. Seed downy. Order III. TRIANDRIA. * E. (1) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-pet. Styl, 9. Berry 9-feeded, O.(l) Cal. 3-cleft. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-cleft, No cor. No ftyl. Drupe 1-celled. C. (1) No cal. Cor. 3-cleft. (2) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. E. (1) Catkin a fcale. No cor. (2) Catkin a fcale. No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. R. (1) Catkin a fcaie. Cor. 6-petaled. (2) Catkin a fcale. Cor. 6-petaled. Styles 3. Capf. 3-celled, plaited, many-feeded. M. (1) Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft. (2) Cal. as in the male. Drupe luperior, 2-celled, Ordo (m) In this clafs the male and female flowers are found on different plants; and every plant belonging fco this clafs is either male or female. None are hermaphrodite; i. e. no one plant bears flowers containing ftamenSj auft alfo flowers containing piftils. Dicec'u. B O T A N Y. 2 73 Ordo IV. TETRANDRIA. * 1106. Hippophae. (i) Cal. 2-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Pift. I, Bacca i-fperma, arillo truncate. 1103. Trophis. (i) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-petala. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. o. Sty 1. bifid. Bacca i-fper- ma. * 1105. Viscum. (1) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. obtuf. Bacca i-fperma, infera. 1432. Moninia. (1) Cal. 4-dentatus, fuperus. Peta- la 4. (2) Cal. et cor. ut in mare. Filamenta fterilia. Styl. 2-fidus. Capf. oblonga, 2-locularis. 1104. Batis. (i) Amentum. Cor. nulla. (2) In- vol. 2-phyllum. Cor. o. Stigm. 2-fid. Bacca 2- fperma, * 1107. Myrica. (i) Ament, fquama. Cor. nulla. (2) Ament, fquama. Cor. o Styl. 2. Bacca 1- ^jerma. Urticce varice. Morus nigra. Rhamnus. Ordo V. PENTANDRIA. 1113. Iresine. ( i ) Cal. 2-pbyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Nedar. 5-phyllum. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 2, Capf. polyfperma. 1115. Cannabis. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. {2) Cal. j-nhyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Nux. * 1116. Humulus. (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. i-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem. calyce alatum. 1108. Pistacia. (») Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. O. Styl. 3. Drupa ficca. 1117. Zanonia. ( 1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-partita. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-part. Styl. 3. Bacca infera, 3-locularis. 1112. Spinacia. (t) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla, (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. 4. Sem. I calycinum. XI14. Acnida. (i) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 5. Sem. I, calyce veficario. 1110. Antidesma. (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nul¬ la. (2) Cal 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. 5. Bacca 1- fperma. nix. A«tronium. (i) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5- petala. Neftar. glandulis 5. (2) Cal. 5-phyUus, Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 5. Sem. 1. 1281. Canarium. (1) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 3-peta- la. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Stigma fef- file, Drupa. 1199. Zanthoxylon. (l) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Pift. 5. Capf. t -fperma. 1118. Fewihea. (iJ Cal. 5-partitfis. Cor. 5-fida, Neftarium filamentis 5. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5- fid. Styl. 5. Bacca infera, Phylica dioica. Rhamnus alaternus. Salix pentandra. Ordo VI. HEXANDRIA. xi 20. Smilax, (i) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Bacca fu- pera, 3-locularis. Vox,. IV. Part I. Order IV. TETRANDRIA. * H. (l) Cal. 2-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-cleft. No cor. Pift. I. Berry i-feeded, with a lopped feed- coat. T. (1) No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) No cal. Nc cor. Styl. 2-cleft. Berry i-feeded. * V. (1) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. none. (2) Cal. 4* leaved. No cor. Stigm. obtufe. Berry i-feeded, inferior. M. (1) Cal. 4-toothed, fuperior. Petals 4. (2) Cal. and cor. as in the male. Filam. barren. Styl. 2- cleft, Capf. oblong, 2-celled. B. (l) Catkin. No cor. (2) Invol. 2-leaved, No cor. Styl 2 cleft. Berry 2-feeded. * M. (1) Catkin a feale. No cor. (2) Catkin a feale. No cor, Styl. 2. Berry i-feeded. Order V. PENTANDRIA. I. (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectary 5-leaved. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 2. Capf. many-feeded. C. (1) Cal. 5 parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Nut. * H. f I) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 1-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Seed winged in a calyx. P. (I) Cal. 5-cleft. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-cleft. No cor. Styl. 3. Drupe dry. Z. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-parted. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-parted. Styl. 3. Berry inferior, 3-celIed. S. (1) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. none. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styl. 4. One feed, cup-like. A. ( 1) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-leafed. No cor. Styl. 5. Seed I, with a bladder-Lke cup. A. ( 1 ) Cal. 5 leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Stigm. 5. Berry i-feeded. A. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Ne&ary with 5-glands. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Styl. 5. Seed 1. C. (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal, 2-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Stigma fitting. Drupe. Z. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Pift. 5. Capf. i-feeded. F. (1) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5 cleft. Ne&ary xvith 5 filaments. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Styles 5, Berry inferior. Order VI HEXANDRIA. S. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 6-leaved, No cor. Styles 3. Berry fuperior, 3-ceded. < .V# .■’•“A M m 31x9, B O T * mg. Tamus. (i) Cal, 6-phyllu?. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3-fid. Bacca in- fera, 3-loculavic. 1122. Dioscorea. (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-p’nyllu?. Cor, o. Styl. 3. Capf. fupera, 3- locularis. 1121. Rajania. (x) Cal. 6-pliyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyilus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Sem. infe- rum, ala aurita. Rumex acctofa. Acetofella aculeatus. Ordo VII. OCTANDRIA. * 1123. Populus. (1) Ament, lacerum. Cor. o. Neft. ovat. Stam. 8-16. (2) Ament, lacerum. Cor.o. Stigm. 4-fid. Capf. 2-valvis. Sem. pappofa. * 1124. Rhodiola. (1) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 4-peta- la. (2) Cal, 4-partitus. Cor. o. Pift. 4. Capf. 4, polyfpermae. 1133. Margaritaria. (r) Cal. 4-dentatus. Cor. 4- petala. (2) Cal. et cor. ut in mare. Styl. 4!’. 5. Bacca cartilaginea 4-5-cocca. Laurus nobiiis. Acer rubrum. Loranthus F.uropaus. Ordo VIII. ENNEANDRIA. * 1125. Mercurialis. (i) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 9-12. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Capf. 2-cocca. * 1126. Hydrocharis. (l)Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3- petala. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor, 3-pet. Styl. 6. Capf. xnfera, 6-locul. Laurus, an omnis ?- Ordo IX. DECANDRIA. 1127. Carica. (i) Cal. fub-nullus. Cor. 5-fida. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-pet. Stigm. 8. Bacca polyfperma. 1128. Kiggelaria. (i) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5- petala. Neftar. glandulce 5. (2) Cal. 5-parthus. Cor. 5- pet. Styl. 5. Capf. 5-valvis. 1129. Coriaria. (i) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-peta- la. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 5. Bacca 5-fperma, petalina. 1130. Schinus. (1) Cal. 4 fidus. Cor. 5-petala. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 3-cocca. Lychnis dioica. Cucuba/us otites. Guilandina dioica. Phytolacca dioica. Ordo X. DODECANDR1A. . Euclea. (i) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 15. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 2. 1131. Menispermum. (i) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 12-petala. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Bacca 3-cocca. 1132. Datisca. (i) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Antherae feffiles 15. (2) Cal. 2-dentatus, fuperus. Cor. O. Capf. i-locularis, polyfperma. Ordo XI. POLYANDRIA. 1133. Cliffortia. (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 0. Styl. 2, Capf. 2-cocc. infera. ANY, Dioecia, * T. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Styl. 3-cleft. Berry inferior, 3-celled. D. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-leaved, Cor. o. 3-Styles. Capf. fuperior, 3-celled. R. (1) Cal. 6 leaved. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 3. Seed inferior. Order VII. OCTANDRIA. * P. (i ) Catkin ragged. Cor. o. Neft. oval. Stam. 8 16. (2) Catkin ragged. Cor, o. Stigm. 4-cleft. Capf, 2-valved. Seeds downy. * R. (1) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) Cal'. 4-parted. Cor. o. Pill. 4. Capf. 4, many-feeded. M. (1) Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) Cal, and cor. as in the male. Styles 4 or 5, Cartilaginous berry, 4 or 5-celled. Order VIII. ENNEANDRIA. # M, (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. o. Stam. 9 to 12. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 2. Capf. 2* celled. * H. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal, 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Styles 6. Capf. inferior, 6-celled. Order IX. DECANDRIA, C. (1) Cal. nearly none. Cor. 5-cleft. (2) Cal, 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stigm. 8. Berry many- feeded. K. (1) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Ne&ar. glands 5. (2} Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-pet. Styles 5. Capf. 5-valved. C. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-pet. Styles 5. Berry 5-feeded, petal-like. S. (1) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) Cal. 5- cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 3-celled, Order X. DODECANDRIA, E. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. (2) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2. , M. (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 12-petaled. (2) Cal, 6-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled, Berry 3-celled. D. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. c. Anthers fitting 15. (2) Cal. 2-toothed, fuperior. Cor. o. Capf. 1-celled, many-feeded. Order XI. POLYANDRIA. C. (x) Cal. 3-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-leaved* No cor. Styles 2. Capf. 2-celled, inferior. H34* DlcecU, B O T !434. Hedycarta. (i)Cal. 8f. xo-fidus. Cor. q. Filamenta o. Antherae in fundo calycis, 4-fulcse, apice barbatte. (2) Cal. et cor. maris. Germina pedicel- lata, Nuces pedicellatw, monQfperrnae. Clematis dioica, TbaliBrum (Hokum, Stratiotcs alioidesi Ordo XII. MONADELPHIA. * 1134. Juniperus. (1) Ament. Cor. nulla. Stam. 3. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 3. Bacca in- fera, 3 fperma, calycina. * 1135. Tazus, (i) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Antherae 8-fidae. (2) Cal. 4-pbyllus, Cor. o. Stigm. i» Bacc. r-fperma, recutita. 1136. Ephepra. (1) Ament, 2-fidum. Cor. nulla. Stam. 7, (2) Cal, imbricatus. Cor* o. Pift. 2. Bacca 2-fperrna, calycina. 1138. Ci.ssampepos. (l) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4- petala, Stam, 4. (2) Cab nullus. Cor. O. Stam. 3. Bacca 1-fperma, 838, NAPiCA, (1) Cal, y-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. plurima, Styl. plures. (2) Cal. y-fidus. Cor. y-petala, Stam. plur. effcEta, Styli plures. Arilli 10 in orbem, 1137. Adelia. (i) Cal, 3-partitus. Cor. nulla, Stam. 20. (2) Cal. y-partitus. Cor. o, Styl. 3. Capf. 3-cocca, Napa;a dioka, Orpo XIII. SYNGENESIA. 1x39. Ruscus. (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Stam, y. (2_) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Pift. I. Bac¬ ca 3-locularis, 2-fperma, Gnaphfllium diokum, Bryonia dioica, Ordo XIV. GYNANDRIA, 1140. Clutia. (i) Cal. y-phyllus. Cor, y-petala. Stam, y, (2) Cal, y-phyllus. Cor. y-pet, Styl. 3. Capf, 3-cocca, Order I. MONANDRIA. 1430. Pandanus, or Screw-pine, One fpecies $ viz, odoratiflima. Eaft Indies, South Sea Wes. 1096. Najas. One fpecles j viz, marina. Europe, Order II. DIANDRIA. 1097. Vallisneria. One fpecies j viz. fpiralis. Italy. 1099. Cecrop 1 a, or Trumpet-tree, One fpecies $ viz. peltata. Jamaica. 1098. Salix, or Willow, 34 fpecies j viz. * acuminata, * alba, * amygdali- na, * aurita, * caprea, * cinerea, * fragilis, * fufea, * herbacea, * lanata, * lapponum, # monandra, * myr- A M Y. 275' H. (1) Cal. 8 or 10-cieft. Cor. o. Filam. o. Antb. in the bottom of the calyx, 4-furrotved, barbed at the point. (2) Cal. and cor. like the male, Ger- mens pedicled. Nuts pedicled, i-feeded- Order XII. MONADELPHIA. * J. (l) Catkin. No cor. Stam. 3. (2) Cal. y-- parted. Cor. 3-petaled. Styles 3. Berry inferior, 3-feeded, cup-like. * T. (1) Cal. 4 leaved. Cor. o. Anthers 8-cleft, (2) Cal. 4-ieaved. Cor, o. Stigm. 1. Berry i-feed- ed, bent back. E. (1) Catkin 2-cleft. Cor. o. Stam. 7. (?) Cal. tiled. Cor. o, Pift. 2. Berry 2-feeded, cup-like. C. (1) Cal. o. Cor. 4-petaled. Stam. 4. ( 2) CaL O. Cor. 0. Stigm. 3. Berry l-feeded. N. (1) Cal. y-cleft. Cor. y-petaled, Stam. many. Styles many. (2) Cal. y-cleft. Cor. y-petaled. Stam, many, feeble. Styles many. Seed-coats xo in a circle. A. (1) Cal, 3-parted. Cor. o. Stamens 20. (2) Cal. y-parted. Cor, o. Styles 3, Capf. 3-celled, Order XIII. SYNGENESIA. R. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Pift. 1. Berry 3-celled, 2-leeded, Order XIV. GYNANDRIA, C. (1) Cal. y-leaved. Cor. y-petaled. Stamens 5, (2) Cal. y-leaved. Cor. y-petaled. Styles 3. Capf. 3-celled, Unites, * pentandra, * repens, * reticulata, * retufa, * rofmarinifolia, * rubra, * triandra, * viminalis, *vi- tellina, phylicifolia, japonica, haftata, tegyptiaca, ba~ bylonica, helix, arbulcula, myrtilloides, integra, glauca, arenaria, incubacea. Europe, America. * S. leaves ftrap-fliaped, upper leaves oblique ; catkins monandra, downy j one ftamen.—willow, or purple willow. Withering. Called byLinnaeus, S. puipurea. Balkets. cradles, and all forts of twig work are made of its long flender and flexible fhoots. * S, leaves oblong, fpear-ftiaped ; flowers with three- triandra, ftamens, fometimes two. Smooth willow.—.The bark, in doles of one or two drams, cures agues. * S. leaves egg-lhaped, acute j flowers with five pentendra, mens. Sweet willow, or bay-leaved willow. Called by Linnaeus S. hermaphroditica. The wood crackles great¬ ly in the fire. The dried leaves afford a yellow dye. Ufed in Yorkfliire to make the large fort of bafkets. * S. leaves egg-fpear-lhaped, acute, fmooth above, fer- vitellina, Mm2 rature sjS B O T rature like griitle. Yellow willow.—The wood is white and very tough. The flroots are uied by balket- inakers. frag ills. * S. leaves egg-fpear-ihaped ; leaf-ftalks toothed rvith glands. Crack zvil/ow.—A quick grower, and bears cropping. Thrives in any foil if moift. The bark in dofes of one or two drams cures agues. rubra. * S. leaves ilrap-fpear-fhaped, acute. Red willow.— The twigs much fought after by balket-makers. viminalls. * S. leaves fpear-ftrap-lhaped, very long, acute, filky underneath j branches rod-like. 0%ier.—Much ufed for making hoops, and the larger balkets. Is planted to prevent the banks of rivers from being walked away by torrents. alba. * S. leaves fpear-lhaped, tapering to a point, ferrated, downy on both lidesj the lovvermoft ferratures glandu¬ lar. White willow.—Grows quick, and bears lopping. The bark colletled in fummer when full of fap, and dried by a gentle heat, is extremely valuable, as a fub- llitute for Peruvian bark, in the cure of intermittent fevers. It will tan leather. Horfes, cows, (keep, and goats, eat the leaves and young Ihoots. If a fhady walk with willows is wanted, male fets only ought to be planted, otherwife they will fpeedily multiply fo as to form a thicket inllead of a grove. Order III. TRIANDRIA. IIOI. Empetrum, or Berry-bearing Heath. Two fpecies j viz. * nigrum, album. fligrum. * E. with Hems trailing.—The berries boiled with alum afford a dark purple dye. Eaten in quantities they occalion headach. HOI. Osyris, or Poets-caJJia. Twofpeciesj viz.alba, japonica. South Europe, Japan. 1431. Maba. One fpecies j viz. elliptica. Tongataboo, Namoka. 1331. Restis. Nine fpecies j viz. paniculatus, verticillaris, dichoto- mus, vimineus, tritlorus, fimplex, elegia, cernuus, tec- torum. C. of G. Hope. 1102. Excoecaria, ot Aloes Wood. One fpecies 5 viz. agallocha-. Amboyna, Mallacca, China. 1280. Caturus. Two fpecies j viz. fpiciflorus, ramillorus. Eaft and Weft Indies. Order IV. TETRANDRIA. 1103. Trophis. One fpecies j viz. americana. Jamaica. 1104. Batis. One fpecies j viz. maritima. Jamaica. 1105.V1SCUM, ox Mifletoe. Nine fpecies j viz. * album, rubrum, purpureum, opuntioides, capenfe, verticillatum, paucifforum, ter- reftre, rotundifolium. Europe, Cape, Weft Indies, North America. album. * V. leaves fpear-lhaped, blunt j ftem forked j fpikes axillary. White mijletoe.—A lingular paralitical ever¬ green plant. The barren plant oppofite to the fertile one. The root inlinuates itfelf into the fubftance of A N Y. Dioecia. the tree on which it grows. Bloffom greenilh white. Berries whitilh. Birdlime may be made from the ber¬ ries or the bark. Birds having fwallowed the berries, void them unchanged upon trees, wfoere they take root. No art has hitherto been able to make them take root in the earth. Sheep eat it greedily ; and in the fouthern Englilh counties, where chiefly it grows, it is often torn from the trees to feed them. It is faid to pre- ferve them from the rot. If the berries, when fully ripe, be rubbed on the fmooth bark of almoft any tree, they will adhere clofely, and produce plants the fol¬ lowing winter. 1432. Montinia. One fpecies j viz. acris. C. of G. Hope. 1106. Hippophae, or Sea-buckthorn. Two fpecies j viz. * rhamnoides, canadenlis. * H. leaves fpear-lhaped.—Cows refufe it. Harks, rham* goats, and Iheep eat it. The berries are very acid, with noideSi an auftere vinous flavour. The filhermen of the gulf of Bothnia prepare a rob from them, which im¬ parts a grateful flavour to frelh filh. In funny and fandy lituations it is planted for hedges. 1107. Myrica, or Candle-berry Myrtle, Gale. Seven fpecies $ viz. * gale, cerifera, aethiopica, quer- cifolia, cordifolia, trifoliata. Europe, Madeira, Cape, North America. * M. leaves fpear-lhaped, fomewhat ferrated} ftem^/^ Ihrub-like. Sweet willow, Dutch myrtle,gale, goule.— Dyed in autumn, it dyes wool yellow. It is ufed to tan calf-lkins. The Wellh lay bunches of it under their beds to keep off fleas and moths, and give it as a vermifuge in powTder and infulion, applying it alfo ex¬ ternally to the abdomen. Its effential oil rifes in dif- tillation. The catkins boiled in water throw up a waxy feum fit to make candles. From the M. cerifera the myrtle candles are prepared. Order V. PENTANDRIA. 1108. Pistacia, or Pijlacia-nut. Five fpecies j viz. trifolia, narbonenfis, vera, terebin- thus, lentifeus. South Europe, Barbary, Perfia, India, The P. vera, with leaves unequal wdnged, leaflets nearly egg-lhaped, bent back, produces a moderately large nut, containing a pale greenilh kernel, wflth a reddilh Ikin. The tree grows fpontaneoufly in Perfia, Arabia, and the Archipelago} and has been found able to produce fruit in England. Piftachio nuts have a pleafant, fweet, un&uous tafte, refembling almonds, and are efteemed by feme in certain weakneffes, and in emaciated habits. The P. lentifeus wflth leaves abruptly winged, and fpear-fhaped leaflets, in like manner bears our winters. The wood is brought to us in thick knotty pieces, with an alh-coloured bark and white within, of a rough fome¬ what pungent tafte, and a grateful but faint fmell. A de- codtion of it, under the pompous appellation of aurum potabile, potable gold, is recommended by the Germans in catarrhs, naufea, and weaknefs of ftomach. In the ifland of Chio, this tree affords maftich, which is a refinous fubftance brought from thence in fmall yel- lowilh tranfparent grains or tears of a pleafant fmell, efpecially wrhen heated. It is recommended in old coughs, dyfenteries and all cafes of laxity. 1109, Dioccia. 277 alba. B Q T 1J09, ZANTHOJfVLUM. Two fpecies j viz. clava herculis, trifoliatum. v 1 r 11. Astronium. One fpecies j viz. graveolens. South America. 1281. Canarivm. One fpecies ; viz. commune. India. 1110. Antidesma, or Chinefe Laurel. One fpecies j viz. alexiteria. E. Indies, China, Japan^ H13. Iresine. One fpecies > viz. celofia. Virginia, Jamaica. 1112. Spinacia, or Spinage. Two fpecies j viz. oleracea, fera. Siberia. 1114. Acsida, or Virginian Hemp. One fpecies *, viz. cannabina, Virginia. 1115. Cannabis, or Hemp. One fpecies 5 viz. fativa. India. See Agricul¬ ture Index. 1116. Humulus, or Hops. One fpecies 5 viz. * lupulus. Europe.—Cultivated in England to preferve malt liquors. The young {hoots are eaten in the fpring inftead of afparagus. Strong cloth is in Sweden made from the {talks, which are foaked in water all winter, and in the fpring dref- fed like flax. A decoaion of the roots, or from 20 to 30 grains of the extraa, is faid to be fudorific. 1117. Zanonia. One fpecies 5 viz. indica. Coaft of Malabar. 1118. Fevillea. Two fpecies j viz. trilobata, cordifolia. W. Indies, Order VI. HEXANDRIA. 1119. Tamus, or Black Bryony. Two fpecies j viz. * communis, cretica. South Eu¬ rope, Cape. 1120. Smilax, or Rough Bindweed. 14 fpecies j viz. afpera, excelfa, zeilanica, farfaparil- la, china, rotundifolia, laurifolia, tamnoides, caduca, bona nox, herbacea, tetragona, lanceolata, pfeudochina^ South Europe, Eaft Indies, North America. 1121. Rajania. Five fpecies; viz. haftata, cordata, quinquefolia, quinata, hexaphylla. Japan, North America, Weft Indies. 1122. Dioscorea, or Indian Yam. 12 fpecies-, viz. pentaphylla, triphylla, trifida, acu- leata, alata, bulbifera, fativa, villofa, oppofitifolia, fep- temloba, quinquelobata, japonica. Eaft and Weft In¬ dies, North America. Order VII. OCTANDRIA. ANY. footing, being little fubjeft to fwell or Ihrink. Floors, laths, packing boxes, and turners ware, are made of it. Horfes, fheep, and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. . * P. leaves circular, toothed, and angular fmooth on tretnulG* both fides. Afp, afpen tree, trembling poplar.—This tree grows in all foils, but worft in clay. It impover- ifhes the land, deftroys the grafs; and the numerous {hoots of the roots fpread fo near the furface of the earth, that they permit nothing elfe to grow j but rife in all quarters, whether they are wanted or not. It is eafily tranfplanted. The wood is extremely light, white, fmooth, woolly, foft, durable in the air. The bark is the principal food of beavers. The bark of the young trees is made into torches. * P. leaves trowel-lhaped, tapering to a point, ferrated, nigra, fmooth on both fides. Black poplar.—It loves a moift black foil, grows rapidly, and bears cropping. The bark being light like cork, fupports the nets of fifher- (battle pat it- 11 24. Rhodiola, or Rofe-root. One fpecies *, viz. * rofea.—The root, particularly when dried, has the fragrance of a rofe j but cultivated, in a garden it lofes moft of its fweetnefs. I433* Margaritaria. One fpecies j viz. nobilis. Surinam. Order VIII. ENNEANDRIA. 1125. Mercurialis, or Mercury. Three fpecies j viz. * annua, * perennis, tomentofa. Europe. * M. ftem undivided, leaves rough. Dogs mercury.—pcremns. It is noxious to ftieep, and deleterious to man. In dry¬ ing, it turns blue. Steeped in water it affords a fine d*ep blue colour 5 which, however, is deftruftible both- by alkalies and acids. 1126. Hydrocharis, or Frogs-bit. One fpecies; viz. * morfus rame. Order IX. DECANDRIA. 1127. Carica, or Papaw tree. Two fpecies j viz. papaya, pofopofa. E. and Wr Indies. 1128. Kiggelaria. One fpecies 5 viz. africana. C. of G. Hope. 1130. Sc h in us, or Indian Majlich tree. Two fpecies; viz. molla, areira. Peru, Brazil* Chili. 1129. Coriaria, or Myrtle-leaved Sumach. Two fpecies j viz. myrtifolia, rufcifolia. Spain, S, France, Peru, 1123. Populus, or Poplar tree. Five fpecies j viz. * alba, * nigra, * tremula, balfa- mifera, heterophylla. S. Afia, Italy, Archipelago, N. America. * P. leaves nearly triangular, toothed, and angular j cottony underneath. White poplar —It loves low fitua- tions, and flourifhes beft in clay. It grows quick and bears cropping, but is unfavourable to pafturage. The wood is foft, white, and ftringy, and makes good wain- Order X. DODECANDRIA. Eucuea. One fpecies \ viz. racemofa. C. of G. Hope. 1132. Datisca, or Bafe Hemp. Two fpecies j viz. cannabina, hirta. Crete, N. A- merica. 1131. Menispermum, or Moon-feed. 11 fpecies ) viz. canadenfe, virginicum, japonicum, carolinum* B O T eaiolmmn, eocalue, crirpum, acutum, orbicuktujn, birfutum, tnyoftoideg, trilobum. N- America, Japan* Order XI. POLYANDRlA, II33. CuFFORTIA, iSrpecies*, viz. odorata, ilicifolia, rufcifolia, ferns’- ginea, grarpinea, polygonifolia, filifolia, crenata, pul. chella, trifoliata, fiirmentofa, ftrobiljfera, obcordata, temata, juniperina, falcata, teretifolia, ericaefolia, C. of G. Hope. 1432. Hedycaria, One fpecies viz. dentata. N. Zealand. Order XII, MONADELPHIA. 1134. Juniper vs, or "jumper tree, to fpecies $ viz. * communis, thunfera, barbadenfis, berraudiana, chinenfis, fabina, virginiana, oxycedius, phoenicea, lycina. Europe, Bermudas, America, * J. leaves three together^ expanding, (harp pointed, longer than the berry.—-It grows in all foils and fjtua- tions, and to a correfponding variety of fizes, It is eafily tranfplanted, and bears cropping. Grafs will not grow beneath it, but the avena pratcnjis deftroys it. The wood is hard and durable. The bark may be made into ropes. The berries are two years in ripening—. When bruifed they afford a pleafant diuretic liquor, but it is not eafy to prevent its growing four. It is efteemed a good antifcorbutic. Ardent fjpirhs, impreg. nated writh the effential oil of thofe berries, is termed gin, though it is faid that fome diftillers know how to produce the fame effeft, by means of the fpirit of tur¬ pentine. Gumfandarach, more commonly called pounce, is the produft of this tree. Horfes, Iheep, and goats, eat it. From the j. lycina, a gum refm called olibanum is produced. From the J, fabina, is extrafted an ef¬ fential oil, which is accounted a moft powerful emme- nagogue. It is a warm, irritating, aperient medicine. 1135. Tax vs, or Tew tree. Four fpecies •, viz. * baccata, nucifera, macrophylla, verticillata, Eur, Cape, Jap, N. America, A N Y. Polygamia, * T, leaves folitary flrap-(haped, prichle-pointed, ncav caecata, together; receptacle of the male dowers fomewbat globular.-—It grows belt on a moift loamy foil, and languiffes in bogs and dry mountains. It bears tranf- planting, even when old j and, as an evergreen hedge, is a valuable fereen to delicate plants. The wood is hard, fmooth, and beautifully veined with red. It is ufed for bow's, axletrees, fpoons, cups, cogs for mill¬ wheels, and floodgates for fifh ponds, which hardly e- ver decay. The berries are fweet, vifeid, and harmlefs, The frelh leaves are fatal to the human fpecies. 4136, Ephedra, Shrubby Horfe-tail, Two fpecies $ viz, diftachya, monoftachya. Sibe¬ ria, France, Spain. 1138. Cissampeuos. Five fpecies j viz. pareira, caapeba, fmilacina, fru- ticofa, capenfls. Cape, America, 836. Nap^la, Two fpecies $ viz, bevis, fcabra. Virginia, j 137. Apelia. Three fpecies) viz, bernardia, rjcinella, acidoton, Jamaica, Order XIII, SYNGENESIA, 1139, Ryscvs, or Knee-holly, or BuUhers-broom, Five fpecies} viz. * aculeatus, hypophyllum, hypo- gloffum, androgynus, racemofus, Hungary, Fr, Italy, Canaries, Order XIV, GYNANDRIA, 1140. CuVTIA. Nine fpecies’, viz. alaternoides, polygonoides, pul- chella, birta, tomentofa, retufa, eiuteria, ftipularis, acu¬ minata, In the clafs Dicecia are 51 Genera, including 219 Species, of which 38 arc found in Britain. CHASSIS XXIII, CLASS XXIIL POLYGAMIA (o). POLYGAMIA. Orpo X. MONCECIA* Order!, MONCECIA, 1141. Musa* (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. j.petala. M. (3) No cal. Cor, s-petaled. Stam. 6, 1 fer- Stam, 6, 1 fertil. Pift. J. Bacca infera, (3) Cal. tile, PUt. t. Berry inferior. (3) No cal. Cor. 2- nullus. Cor. 2-petala, Stam. 6, 5 perfea. Pift, t* petaled. Stam, <5, 5 perfea. Put. J, No berry, Bacca nulla. j 146. (o) The charaaer of this clafs confifts of the following circumftances : that every plant belonging to it pro¬ duces, iff. Hermaphrodite flowers, that is, flowers having both ftamens and piftils in the fame flower j and, sdiy, In addition to the hermaphrodite flowers, the fame plant produces alfo other flowers, not hermaphrodite, but either male or female, that is, which have ftamens, one or more, without piftils, or the reverfe. The her- maphrodite PoJygamia, B Q T * XI46. Holcus. (3) Glum. I-flora, 2-valv. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Sem. I. (1) Glum. l-flor. 2-valv. Stam. 3. 1149. Cenchrus. (3) Glum. 2-flor. 2-valv. Stam. 3. Styl, 2-fid. Sem. 1. (1) In valuer, idem. Glum. 2-valv. Stam. 3. 1148. Isch^emum. (3) Glum.2-flor. 2-valv. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Sem. I. (1) Glum, eadem, 2-valv. Stam. 3. I334- Ma'nisuris. (3) Glum. 1-flora. Cor. 2- valvis. Stam. 3. Stylus bifidus. (1) Glum, i-flora. Cor. 2-valvis. Stam. 3. Valvuke calycis omnes emar- ginatm apice iateribufque. 1150. ^Egilops. (3) Glum. 3-flor. 3-arift. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. (1) Glum. 3-flor. 3-anil. Stam. 3. 1333. Spinifex. (3) Glum. 2-flor. 2-valvis. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. (1) Gluma communis, 2-valvis. Stam. 3. Valvulae omnes calyci parallel*. 114$. Andropogon. (3) Glum, i-flor. bafi ariff. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Sem. i. (1) Glum, i-flor. bafi arifl. Stam. 3. 1147. Apluda. (3) Cal. gluma communis flofculo faemineo feflili, mafeulis pedunculatis. (2) Cal. o. Gluma 2-valv. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. (1) Cal. o. Glum. 2-valv. Stam. 3. 1151. Valantia. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-parti¬ ta. Stam. 4. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1. (1) Cal. null. Cor. 3 f. 4-part. Stam. 3 f. 4. 1142. Ophioxylon. (3) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5- fida. Stam. 3. Pift. 1. (2) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. 5- fida. Stam. 2. 1143. Celtis. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. Styl. 2. Drupa. (2) Cal. 6-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 6. 1144. Veratrum. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 6-peta- la. Stam. 6. Pift. 3. Capf. 3. (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 6-petala. Stam. 6. * 1155. Acer. (3) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 8. Styli 2. Capf. 2-cocca, alata. (1) Cal. 5- fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 8. 1157. Gouania. (3) Cal. 5-fidus, fuperus. Cor. O. Stam. 5. Styl. 3-fidus. Frudlus 3-queter, 3-par- tibilis. (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 5. 1158. Mimosa. (3) Cal. 5-dent. Cor. 5-fid. Stam. 4-100. Pift. 1. Legum. (1) Cal. 5-dent. Cor. 5-fida. Stamina 4-100. 160. Bradeium. (3) Amenti. Cor. 4-partita. Stam. 4. Stylus 2-fidus. Drupa nucleo carnofo glo- bofo. (3) Amenti. Cor. 4-partita. Stam.4. Sty¬ lus 2-fidus, abortiens. 1283. Terminalia. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 10. Drupa infera. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 10. 1154. Clusia. (3) Cal. 8-phyllus. Cor. 4 f. 6- petala. Anther* aggreg. Stigm. 4-6. Capf. 6 loc. polyfperma. (1) Cal. 4 f. 6-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Stam. pi. A NY. 279 * H. (3) Hulk 1-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3, Styles 2. Seed x. (1) Hufk i-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3. C. (3) Huflc 2-flowered, 2-valved, Stam. 3. Styl. 2-cleft. Seed 1. (1) Involucr. the fame. Hufk 2- valved. Stam. 3. I. (3) Hufk 2-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3. Styles 2. Seed 1. (1) Hufk the fame, 2-valved. Stam. 3. M. (3) Huik 1-flowered. Cor. 2-valved. Stam. 3. Style 2-cleft. (1) Hufk i-flowered. Cor. 2- valved. Stam. 3. All the valves of the calyx notch¬ ed at the point and the fides. A. (3) Hufk 3-flowered, 3-awned. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Seed 1. (1) Hufk 3-flowered, 3-awned. Stam. 3. S. (3) Hufk 2-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3. Styles 2. (1) Hufk common, 2-valved. Stam. 3. All the valves of the cal. parallel. A. (3) Hufk i-flowered, awned at the bafe. Stam. 2. Styles 2. Seed 1. (1) Hufk i-flowered, awned at the bafe. Stamens 3. A. (3) Cal. a common hufk, with the female floret fitting, the male on fruitftalks. (2) No cal. Hufk 2-valved. Style 1. Seed 1. (1) No cal. Hufk 2- valved. Stamens 3. V. (3) Cal. none. Cor. 4-parted. Stamens 4 Styl. 2-cleft. Seed 1. (1) No cal. Cor. 3 or 4- parted. Stamens 3 or 4. O. (3) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 3. Pift. 1. (2) Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 2. C. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Drupe. (2) Cal. 6-parted. No cor. Stam. 6. V. (3) No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Stam. 6. Pift. 3. Capf. 3. (1) No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Stamens 6. * A. (3) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 8. Styles 2. Capf. 2-celledy winged. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 8. G. (3) Cal. 5-cleft, fuperior. Cor. o. Stam. 5.. Style 3-deft. Fruit 3-angular, 3-parted. (l) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. o. Stamens 5. M. (3) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Stamens 4 to 100. Pift. 1. Legume. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Stamens 4 to 100. B. (3) Catkin. Cor. 4-parted. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft. Drupe, with a flefhy globular kerneL (3) Catkin. Cor. 4-parted. Stam. 4. Style 2- cleft, barren. T. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. 10. Drupe inferior. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stamens 10. C. (3) Cal. 8-leaved. Cor. 4 or 6-petaled. An¬ thers incorporated. Stigm. 4 to 6. Capf. 6-celleds many-feeded. (1) Cal. 4 or 6-leaved. Cor. 6-peta¬ led. Stamens many. maphrodite flowers of this clafs are ufually imperfect in one of their parts (either ftamens or piftils), which ren¬ ders an additional male or female flower neceffary. Sometimes there are two hermaphrodite flowers on the fame plant of different powers 5 and this circumftance conftitutes the polygamy, or is underftood to bring the plant under the prefent clafs. As in the two former claflfes, the male and female flowers are here diftinguilhed by prefixing to them the figures (1) and (2). The hermaphrodite flowers are here marked (3). ANY. Polygamic H. (3) Umbel, Cor. in the flowers 5-petaled. Stamens 5, barren, (1) Umbel. Cor, of flowers 5. petaled. Stamens 5, fertile, Styles ?. Seeds 2, in¬ ferior, nearly orbicular, * P. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Stam. 4. Style 1, Seed 1. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Style 1. Seed 1. B O T 1332. HermA-S. (3) Umbella. FJoris cor. 5-pe- tala. Stam. 5, rterilia. (1) Umbella. Florum cor, 5-petala. Stam. 5, fertilia, Styli 2. Sem. 2, infera, iuborbiculata. * 1152. Parietaria. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla, Stam. 4. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Styl. 1. Sem. x. * 1x53. Atriplex. (3) Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus, Cor. nulla. Styl. x-fid. Sem. x. JEfcuhts. Mammca. 'Jacq. Kuphorbia, Melothrio, Ilex. Ordo II. DICECIA, 1266. Pan ax. (3) Umbel. Cal. 5-dent. Cor. ^-petala. Stam. 5. Styl. 2. Bacc, 2-fperm. ( 1) Um¬ bel. Cal. integ. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. 1161. Diospyros. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Stam. 8. Styl. 4-fid. Bacca 8-fperma. ( 1) Cal. 4- fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Stam. 8. Chrysitrix. (3) Gluma 2-valvis. Cor. pa- lem numerofae. Stam. multa mixta paleis. Pift. x. (1) Glum. 2-valvis. Cor. paleae numerofae. Stam. rnulta mixta paleis. 1336. Stilbe. (3) Cal. exter. 3-phyllus, inter. 5- dentatus, cartilagineus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 4. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. (1) Cal. exter. 3-phyllus, inter, nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 4. 1163. Nyssa. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla, Stam. 5. Pift. X. Drupa infera. (x) Cal. 5-parti¬ tus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 10. * 1160. Fraxinus. (3) Cal. o. f. 4-part. Cor. o. f. 4-pet. Stam. 2. Pitt. X. Sem. 1. (3) Cal. o. f. 4- pet. Cor. o. f. 4-pet. Stam. 2, Pift. x. Sem. 1. 1164. Anthospermum. (i) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. 4-fid. Cor.nulla. Styl. 2, Peric. inferum. 1165. Arctopus. (i) Umbella. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (3) Invol. maxim. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (1) Umb. Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 2. Sera. 1, biloculare. 1159. Gledistia. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-pe- tala. Stam. 6. Pift. I. Legum. (i ) Cal. 3 phyll. Cor. 3-petala. Stam. 6. (2) Cal. 5-phyll, Cor. 5- petala. Pift. I. Legumen. 1163. Pisonia. (3) Cal, nullus. Cor. 5-fida, Stam. 6. Pift. 1. Capf. 5-valvis. (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam, 6. (2) CJ. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Pift. 1. Capf. 5-valvis. Ilex aquijoliunu Rhamnus alaternus, Guilandina. Oroo III. TRICECIA. 1167. Ceratonia. (3) Cal, 5-partitu$. Cor. o. Stam. 5. Styl. 1. Legum. coriaceum, polyfperm, (x) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor, o. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. fub- 5- dent. Cor. 0. Stylus j. Legum. coriaceum, po¬ lyfperm. • 1168. Ficus. Recept. commune turbinatum, conni- venti claufum, carnofum. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Ccr. o. Pift. x. Sem. x, (l) Cal. 3-part.itus. Cor. o. Stam. 3. (O&t (2) 'ntra idem reeeptaculum com¬ mune diftxn&is fru&ificatioiubus partiaiibus. * A. (3) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Style 1. Seed 1. (3) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Style x-cleft. Seed i. Order II. DICECIA. P. (3) Umbel. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled* Styles 2. Berry 2-feeded. (1) Umbel, Cal. en¬ tire. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. D. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Stam. 8. Styl, 4 cleft. Berry 8-feeded. (1) Cal, 4-cleft. Cor. 4- cleft. Stamens 8. C. (3) Hulk 2-valved, Cor. ftraws, numerous. Stamens many, mixed with ftraws. Pift. I. (1) Hulk 2-valved. Cor. ftraws, numerous. Stamens many, mixed with ftraws. S. (3) Cal. outer 3-leafed j inner 5-toothed, carti¬ laginous. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 4. Style x. Seed 1. (1) Outer cal. 3-leaved, inner none. Cor. 5-cleft, Stamens 4, N. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. 5. Pift. I. Drupe inferior. (1) Cal. 5-parted, No cor. Sta¬ mens 10. * F. (3) Cal. none, or 4-parted. Cor. none, or 4-pe- taled, Stam. 2. Pift. 1. Seed 1. (3) Cal. none, or 4-parted, Cor, none, or 4-petaled. Stamens 2, Pift. I, Seed I. A. (x) Cal. 4-cleft, No cor. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styl. 2. Seed-velfel inferior. A. (1) Umbel. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. (3) In- volucrum very large. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 5. (1) Umbel. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2. Seed I, 3= celled, G. (3) Cal. 4-cleft, Cor. 4-petaled, Stamens 6. Pift. I. Legume. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-peta- led, Stam. 6. (2) Cal, 5-leaved, Cor. 5-petaled, Pift. 1. Leguminous. P, (j) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 6, Pift. x, Capf. 5-valved. ( 1) No cal. Cor, 5-cleft. Stam. 6. (2) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Pift. 1. Capf. 5-valved. Order III. TRICECIA. C. (3) Cal, 5.parted. No cor. Stam. 5. Styl.*. Legume leather-like, many-feeded, (1) Cal. 5-part¬ ed. No cor. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. nearly 5-toothed. No cor. Style 1. Legume leather-like, many-feeded. F. Common receptacle turban-fihaped, converging, clofed, fleftiy, (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Pift. I. Seed 1. fx') Cab 3-parted. No cor. Stamens 3, (1) and (2) both within the fame common receptacle, with diftinil partial fructifications. Order Folygamla* B O 281 lanatus. T Order I. MONCECIA. 1141. Musa, or Plntitam-tree. Three fpecies j viz. paradifaica, fapientum, troglo- dytarum. E. and W. Indies. 1144. Veratrum, or White Hellebore. Three fpecies; viz. album, nigrum, luteum. Ruf- fia, Auftria, Italy, N. America—The V. album grows f'pontaneoufly on the mountains of Switzerland and Germany. The root is naufeous and acrid. If wound¬ ed, when frefn, it emits an acrid juice, which is faid to prove dangerous when mixed with the blood by an wound. The powder of the dry root applied to an if- fue, occalions violent purging. Snuffed up the nofe, it is a ftrong, but not always a fafe fternutatory. It is alfo a violent emetic. The ancients ufed it in defperate cafes, but modern pradlice rejedls it, though it is faid to have been given with fuccefs to the amount of a fcruple in cafes of mania. I333* Spinifex. One fpecies j viz. fquarrofus. E. Indies. U45. Andropogon, or Beard-grafs. 25 fpecies; viz. caricofum, contortum, crinitum, di- varicatum, gryllus, nutans, ciliatum, ferratum, cotuli- ferum, cymbarium, fquarrofum, proftratum, alopecu- roides, diftachyum, fchcenanthus, virginicum, bicor- ne, hirtum, infulare, barbatum, nardus, muticum, ifchasmum, fafciculatum, polydadtylon. S. Europe, E. and-W. Indies, America. The nardus, Indian nard or fpikenard, as it comes from the Ealt Indies, is a matted congeries of fibres iffuing from one head, and probably forming the root of the plant. Spikenard has a warm, pungent, bitterifh tafte, and a flrong not very agreeable fmell. It is ftomachic and carminative ; and faid to be alex- ipharmac, diuretic, and emmenagogue ; but is at pre- fent little employed. 1146. Ho ecus, or Indian Millet. 14 fpecies 5 viz. * avenaceus, * lanatus, * mollis, fpicatus, bicolor, forghum, halepenfis, faccharatus, laxus, ftriatus, ferratus, odoratus, latifolius, pertuius. N. Europe, India, N. America. * H. hulks two-flowered, woolly j hermaphrodite flo¬ ret awnlefs; male floret with a bent awn, inclofed -.n the calyx.—This grafs flourifhes well on any moift foil, and grows very generally, except on the moft dry and barren ones. It fhould be fown chiefly with a view to pafturage by fheep. It makes a loft ipongy hay unfit for horfes. 1147. Apluda. Four fpecies ; viz. mutica, ariftata, zeugites, digi- tata. E. and W. Indies, N. America. 1148. Is c HAS MUM. Two fpecies j viz. muticum, ariftatum. India, Chi¬ na, Carolina. 1149. Cenchrus, or Hedgehog-grafs. Nine fpecies ; viz. racemofus, lappaceus, muricatus, capitatus, echinatus, tribuloides, ciliaris, granularis, Irutefcens. S. Europe, Virginia, W. Iddies. Vol. IV. Part I. ‘ ANY. 1150. iEciLOPS, or liard-grafs. Four fpecies \ viz. ovata, caudata, triuncialis, fquar- rofa. S. Europe, Carolina. 1334. Maniswris. One fpecies j viz. myurus. E. and W. Indies, N, America. 1151. Valantia, or Crofs-wort. Eight fpecies j viz. * aparine, * cruciata, muralis, hifpida, cucullaria, articulata, glabra, hypocarpa. Atiftria, S. Europe, Canaries, Jamaica. 1152. Parietaria, or Pellitory. Eight fpecies } viz. * oflicinalis, indica, judaica, lu- fitanica, urticaefolia, cretica, zeylanica, microphylla. S. Europe, Canaries, Ifle of Bourbon. 11^3. Atriplex, or Oracle, Sea Purjlane-tree. 12 fpecies j viz. * haftata, % laciniata, * littoralis, spatula, *pedunculata, *portulacoides, halymus, glau- ca, rofea, fibirica, tatarica, hortenfis. Europe, Tar¬ tary, America. 1283. Terminalia, or Benzoin. Two fpecies j viz. catappa, benzoin. E. Indies.--* From the lafl: of thefe fpecies a refin of the fame name is fuppofed to be extradfed, though others reprefent it as the produft of another plant called /?yr<7.v ben%oc° Benzoin is ufed in perfumes, and as a cofmetic. 160. Brabeium, or African Almond. One fpecies $ viz. ftellulifolium. 1154. Clusia, or Balfam-tree. Four fpecies 5 viz. rofea, alba, flava, venofa» A» merica, Jamaica. 1142. Ophioxylum. One fpecies } viz. ferpentinum. E. Indies. 1155. Acer, Maple-tree. 17 fpecies; viz. * campeftre, * pfeudoplatanus, fem- pervirens, tataricum, rubrum, faccharinum, difledlum, japonicum, palmatum, feptemlobum, pidtum, plata- noides, penfylvanicum, monfpefTulanum, creticum, tri- fidum, negundo. Europe, N. America, Japan. * A. leaves 5-lobed, blunt, unequally ferrated ; floxv-pfeudo- ers in compound pendent bunches. Sycamore-tree, fy-platanus. camore maple.—It flouriflies beft in open places and fandy ground, but will thrive in a richer foil. It grows quick, is eafily tranfplanted, bears cropping, and the grafs flouriflies under its fliade. It is faid to grow well near the fea, and that a plantation of thefe trees, at 50 feet afunder, with three fea-fallow thorns between every two of them, will make a fence luffi- cient to defend the herbage of the country againfl: the fea fpray. Gent. Mag. 1757, p* 252. The wood is foft and very white, and is ufed by the turners. By boring a hole into the body of the tree, when the fap rifes in fpring, a fweetifli watery liquor is obtained, which is ufed in making wine, and, if infplfiated, af¬ fords a fine fugar. From the A. faccharinum large quantities of fugar are annually thus made in North America. See United States, and Sugar. 1143. Celtis, or Lote, Nettle-tree. Three fpecies; viz. auftralis, occidentalis, orienta- lis. S. Europe, Virginia, W. Indies. Nn 1157j ANY. Polygamla, to fpoil the milk of cows. It will give a good, though not a beautiful green, to cloths that have been dyed blue. The wood is nearly as good when young as when old. It is hard and tough, and much ufed to make the tools employed in hufbandry. The bark is ufed to tan calf-lkin. An infufion of the leaves, from half an ounce to an ounce, is a very good purge ; and a decoftion of two drams of the bark, or of hx drams of the leaves, has been ufed to cure agues. 1161. Diospyros, oi Indian Date-plum. Five fpecies 5 viz. lotus, virginiana, kaki, hirfuta, ebenum. Italy, Barbary, Ceylon, N. America, Ja¬ pan. 1163. Nyssa, or Tupelo-tree. One fpecies 5 viz. aquatica. N. America. B O T 1157. GowaniA, or Chaw-Jlick. One fpecies j viz. domingenfis. W. Indies. 1332. Hermas. Five fpecies 5 viz. depauperata, gigantea, capitata, quinque-dentata, ciliata. C. of G. Hope. 1158. Mimosa, or Scnjitive Plant. 53 fpecies j viz. fimplicifolia, inga, fagifolia, no- dola, natans, bigemina, unguis-cati, tergemina, latifo- lia, purpurea, reticulata, viva, circinalis, cinerea, ca- fla, fenfitiva, pudica, entada, fcandens, plena, virga- ta, pun&ata, pernambucana, arborea, lebbeck, odo- ratiffima, fpeciofa, vaga, latifiliqua, polyftachya, mu- ricata, peregrina, glauca, cinerea, comigera, catechu, horrida, eburnea, latronum, tortuofa, farnefiana, nilo- tica, pigra, afperata, fenegal, csefia, pinnata, intfia, femifpinofa, quadrivalvis, tenuifolia, ceratonia, tama- rindifolia. Egypt, E. and W. Indies, New Holland. —The plants of this genus poffefs the fingular proper¬ ty of fhrinking or drawing in their leaves, when touch¬ ed, wdiich has obtained for them the Englifh appella¬ tion of fenfitive plants. From the fpecies M. catechu a vegetable extradt is obtained, which has long impro¬ perly received the appellation of terra japonica or Ja¬ pan earth. This extraft is outrvardly of a reddifh co¬ lour, internally of a dark brown, with a flight call of red. It is capable of being reduced to the date of a porvder 5 and is a mild, but powerful aftringent. It is particularly ufeful in alvine fluxes ^ and where thefe require aftringents, no one is fo beneficial. It is like- wife employed in uterine profluvia, and in laxity and debility of the vifcera in general. It is often fuffered to diflblve leifurely in the mouth, as a topical aftrin- gent, for laxities and exulcerations of the gums, for apthous ulcers in the mouth, and fimilar affedtions : and it is in fome other cafes applied externally under the form of folution, and as an ointment. Catechu dif- folves in water, with the exception of its impurities, which amount to an eighth part of the mafs. Redli- fied fpirit difiblves feven-eighths of the pure matter into a red liquor, leaving, undiffblved, an infipid mucila¬ ginous fubftance. The bell form of adminiftering it is that of Ample infufion in warm water, with the addi¬ tion of fome cinnamon or caflia. From the M. nilotica gum arable exudes, the ufes of which are well known to be extremely numerous. The infpiffated juice of the unripe fruit of this tree is termed acacia, and is ufed as a mild aftringent medicine. Order II. DICECIA. 1159. Gleditsia, or Phree-horned Acacia. Two fpecies j viz. triancanthos, inermis. Java, N. America. 1160. Fraxinus, or AJh-tree, Three fpecies j viz. * excelfior, ornus, americana. S. Europe, N. America. * F. leafets ferrated j flowers without petals.—It flou- rilhes beft in groves, but grows in a rich foil, though in the open field. It bears tranfplanting and lopping, siovfes, cows, fheep, and goats, eat it j but it is faid 1164. Anthospermum, or Amber-tree. Three fpecies ; viz. sethiopicum, ciliare, herbaceum. C. of G. Hope. 1336. Stilbe. Three fpecies j viz. pinaftra, ericoides, cernua. C- of G. Hope. 1165. Arctopus. One fpecies ; viz. echinatus. C. of G. Hope. 1166. Panax, or Ginfeng. Five fpecies 5 viz. quinquefolium, trifolium, fpinofa^ arborea, fruticofum. China, North America, Weft Indies.—-The root of the P. quinquefolium is the gin¬ feng of the Chinefe, of which they have an extraordi¬ nary opinion, regarding it as an univerfal reftorative in all decays from age, intemperance, or difeafe. It is alfo found in North America, and frequently export¬ ed from thence to China. It has a very fweet tafte, accompanied with a flight bitternefs and warmth. Order III. TRICECIA. 1168. Ceratonia, or Crab-tree, St John’s Bread. One fpecies ; viz. filiqua. Spain, Sicily, Levant, Chili. 1168. Ficus, or Fig-tree. 15 fpecies j viz. carica, fycomorus, religiofa, benja- mina, benghalenfis, indica, racemofa, pertufa, pumi- la, toxicaria, maculata, trigona, hifpida, heterophyl- la, microcarpa. S. Europe, India, China, America. —The dried fruit of the F. carica or ordinary fig- tree, is fometimes ufed in medicine as a foft emollient fweet fubftance. It is much efteemed by fome as a fuppurative 5 in which cafe it is applied as warm as it can well be endured. In the clafs Polygamia are 34 Genera, including 222 Species, of which are found in Britain. 1162. Pi son 1 a, or Fingrido. Two fpecies j viz. aculeata, inermis. W. Indies. I335* Chrysitrix. One fpecies j viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. CLASSIS Cryptogamia, BOTANY. 283 CLASSIS XXIV. CRYPT O G AMI A (o). CLASS XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. Ordo I. FILICES. Order I. FERNS. Se£t. I. FruBlfications fpiked. * E. Spike fcattered. Fruftifications target-fliaped, valved at the bafe. C. ( 1) Catkin tiled. Pollen or dull; covering the fcale. (2) Sheath fword-lhaped. Drupe with a woody kernel. Z. (1) A cone with fcales covered beneath with pollen. (2) A cone with fcales in each border. Drupe folitary. O. A 2-rowed fpike. Fru£lifications 5-valved. * O. A jointed fpike. Fructifications cut round, * O. Spike branchy. Fructifications 2-valved. 1 Se£t. II. Fruihjications frondcfe, in the under fur- face. * A. A fpot occupying the whole difc. * P. DiftinCt dots on the difc. N n 2 1176. (o) This clafs contains a number of vegetables whofe ftamens and piftils are too minute to admit of that mod6 of inveftigation which prevails through the preceding claffes. The ftruCture too of thefe vegetables differs con- fiderably from that of other plants. The Fi/ices or Ferns conftitute the firft order. Their flowers are generally difpofed in fpots or lines on the under furface of the leaves, but fometimes in fpikes. In the male flowers the anthers are found fitting or fup- ported on a very fhort filament, egg-fhaped or globular, fcattered on the under furface of the leaves. 1 he male flowers unite fo as to form a fpike or bunch, or form lines or dots underneath the leaves, either on the furface at the edge, or at the point. In fome cafes they entirely cover the under furface. None oi the flowers have any corolla, or even a calyx, excepting perhaps a fcale formed from the leaf, opening, containing globules. I he feeds are very minute, and globular. * The fecond order, called Mtfci or Mof'es, have the female parts of fruClification inclofed in a veil, which ad¬ heres to the top of the ripe capfnle, and covers it. Capfule opening tranfverfely. Stems leafy. Leaves mem¬ branaceous, reticulated j after being dead, reviving when foaked in water. In general the ftamens and piftils are on feparate flowers on the fame or diftinCt plants. The third order, or Algce, includes a divifion of plants which fcarcely admit of a diftinftion of root, ftem, and leaf; much lefs can the parts of their flowers be defcribed. Their fubftance is flefh-like or leather-like, mem¬ branaceous or fibrous, jelly-like or horn-like, or refembling calcareous earth. 1 he female fructifications are either found in faucers or tubercles, as in lichens ; in hollow bladders, as in fucus ; or difperfed through the fub¬ ftance of the plant, as in ulva. The aquatic genera, which grow on the fea coaft, are called, in ordinary lan¬ guage, or fea-ware, and by incineration, produce fodaor mineral alkali. The lichens are of much im¬ portance in the economy of nature. They grow on the bareft rocks, and their remains form a foil on which, better vegetables afterwards flourifli. Some of them afford valuable colours. The order of Fungi, or Mujhrocms, confifts of plants moftly of a cork-like texture, and thort duration, bearing their feeds either in gills or tubes, or attached to fibres or to a Ipongy fubftance. As little is known of the.tr fructification, the generic characters are taken from their external form. Se£t. I. Fru&ifcat tones fpicatce. * 1169. Equisetum. Spica fparfa. FruCtif. pelta- tae, baft valvulatae. 1222. Cycas. (O Ament, imbricatum. Pollen fquamam tegens. ( ) Spadix enfiformis. Drupa nu- cleo lignofo. 1227. Zamia. (1) Strobilus fquamis fubtus polline teftis. (2) Strobilus fquamis in utroque margine. Drupa folitaria. 1170. Onoclea. Spica difticha. FruCtif. 5-valves. * 1171. Ophioglossum. Spica articulata. FruCtif. circumfciffae. * 1172. Osmunda. Spica racemofa. FruCtif. 2- valves. Sect. II. FruBifcat tones frondofa, inpagina inferiore. * 1173. Acrostichum. Macula difcum totum oc- cupans. * 1179. Polypodium. PunCta difci diftinCta. 284 B O T 1176. Hemionitis. Linear difci decuffantes. * 1178. Asplenium. Lineae difci fubparallelae, va- rlae. * 11*1 Blechnum. Linese difci cofta: utrinque ad- jacente?. 1177. Lonchitis. Lineae marginis ad finus. * xi 74- Pteris. Linese raarginis ad peripberiam. * 1180. Adianthum. Maculae apicum margine re- flexo obteftum. * xi8i. Trichomanes. Fr. folitariae, raargini ipfi In- fertae. Sccl. III. Fruffificaticnes radicales. 1182. Marsilea. Fruft. 4-capfularis. * 1183. PlLULAREA. Fruft. 4-loCularis. * 1184. Isoetes. Fruft. 2-locularis. Ordo II. MUSCI. Sed. I. Acalyptrati. * 1185. Lycopodium. Antbera 2-valvis, feffilis. 1186. Porella. Antbera pertui’a poris. * 1187. Sphagnum. Antbera ore lievi. Sed. II. Calyptrati diclini* * 1191. Splachnum. Antb. cum apopbyfi maxima. * 1192. Polytrichum. Antb.cumapophyfi.mini- ma, marginata. * 1193. Mnium. Anth. fine apopbyfi. Sed. III. Calptrati monoclim. * 1189. Phascum. Antb. operculata, ore ciliato. * 1194. Bryum. Anth. pedunculo terminali e tuber- culo. * 1197. Hypnum. iVntb. pedunculo laterali e peri- chaetio. * 1190. Fontinalis. Antb. feflilis, pericbaetio im- bricato obvoluta. * 1188. Buxbaumia. Antb. pedunculata, altero la¬ tere membranacea. Ordo III. ALGiE. Sed. I. Ferrejlres. * 1198. Marchantia. FI. calyci communi peltato, fubtus florido. '* 1196. Jungermannia. FI. calyci fimplici, 4-valvi. * 1197- Targionia. FI. calyci 2-valvi. •* 1201. Anthoceros. FI. calyce tubulofo. Anther, fubulata, bivalvis. * 1199. Blasia. Fr. cylindrica, tubulofa. * 1200. Riccia. Fr. granulis frondi innatis. * 1202. Lichen. Fr. receptaculo laevi nitido. 1208. Byssus. Subftantia lanuginofa, vel pulveru- lenta. A N Y. Cryptogam!*. H. Lines of the difc crofs pairs. * A. Lines of the difc nearly parallel, various. * B. Lines of the difc adjacent to the rib on each fide, L. Lines at the infide of the margin. * P. Lines at the extremity of the margin. * A. Spots covered with the refledted margin of the points. * T. Frudlifications folitary, placed on the very margin. Sed. III. FruBifications at (or very nearJ the root, M. Frudlification 4-capfuled. * P. Fiudtif. 4-celled. * I. Frudtif. 2-celled, Order II. MOSSES. Sed. I. Not calyptred, i. e. not veiled. * L. Anther 2-valved, fitting. P. Anther pierced wuth holes. * S. Anther with a level mouth. Sed. II. Veiled dioicous. * S. Anth. wdth a very large excrefcence. * P. Anth. with a very fmall excrefcence, bordered. * M. Anth. without an excrefcence. Sed. III. Veiled monoicous. * P. Anth. lidded, mouth fringed. * B. Anth. on a terminal fruit-ftalk arifing out of a little folid pimple. * H. Anth. on a lateral fruit-ftalk out of an involu* crum or cover. * F. Anth. fitting, enveloped in a tiled cover. * B. Anth. on a fruit-ftalk, one fide membranous. N. B. The term anthera in this order ought rather to be tranflated by the word capfule^ as there are feeds contained in it. Order III. ALGiE. Sed. I. Terrejlrial. * M. Flower with a common calyx, target-fhaped, flowering underneath. * J. Flow, calyx Ample, 4-valved, * T. Flow, calyx 2-valved. * A. Flow, calyx tubular. Anther awl-fhaped, 2» valved. * B. Frudtif. cylindrical, tubular. * R. Frudtif. granules imbedded in the frond. * L. Frudtif. receptacle even, ftiining. B, Subftance dowmy, or powdery. Sect. Ciyptogamia, O T A N Y. B Seel. II. Aquatica. * 1204. Tremella. A. gelatinofa. * 1206. Ulva. A. membranacea. * 120^. Fucus. A. coriacea. * 1207, Conferva. A, capillaris. Ordo IV. FUNGI. Se£l. I. PUeatl. * 1209. Agaricus. Pileus fubtus lamellofu?, * I2TO. Boletus. Pileus fubtus porofus. * 1211. Hydnum. Pileus fubtus eebinatus. * x212. Phallus. Pileus fubtus laevis. Se£t. II. Pileo dejlituti. '* 1213. Clathrus. F. cancellatus. * 1214. Helvella. F. turbinatus. * 1215. Peziza. F. campanulatus. * 1216. Clavaria. F. oblongus. * 1217. Lycoperdon. F. globofus. * 1218. Mu cor. F. velicularis llipitatus. Seel. II. Aquatic, * T, A. gelatinous. * U. A. membranous. * F. A. leather-like. * C. A. capillary. Order IV. FUNGI, Se£t. I. With a cap, * A. Cap gilled underneath. '* B. Cap porous underneath. * H. Cap prickly underneath. * P. Cap leavel beneath. Seel. II. Without a cap, * C. F. latticed. * H. F. turban-draped. * P. F. bell-fhaped. * C. F. oblong. * L. F. globular. * M. F. little bladders on a pillar. 285 Without reciting the names of the fpecies of this clafs, we lhall Hate their numbers, and fuch cir- cumltances relative to particular kinds of plants be¬ longing to it as feem molt worthy of attention. Order I. FERNS. 1169. Equisetum. , Seven fpecies •, of which fix are Britilh. hyemale. * ftem naked, rough, fomewhat branched at the bafe. Rou^h horfetail, Jhave-grafs, pewter-wort, Dutch rufhes.—The turners or cabinet-makers ufe it to polilh their work. It is faid to be wholefome to horfes, but hurtful to cows. Sheep diflike it. 1222. Cycas, or Podda Pana. Two fpecies. E. Indies, China, Japan. 1227. Zamia. Two fpecies. Cape, E. Florida, W. Indies. 1170. Onoclea, ox Senjible Fern. Two fpecies. N. America. 1x71. Ophioglossum, ox Adder's Tongue. Nine fpecies ; one Britilh. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America. 1172. Osmunda, ox Flowering fern. 21 fpecies; 4 Britilh. Europe, America. 1173. Acrostichum, ox Forked-fern. 35 fpecies ; 2 Britilh. Europe, Africa, America. 1179. Polypodium, ox Polypody. 78 fpecies ; 18 Britilh. Europe, Madeira, India, America. flix-mas. * P. leaves almolt doubly winged ; leafets (trap-fpear- Ihaped ; Item and midribs chaffy. Male fern, male polypody.—The Siberians boil it in their ale, and ara fond of the flavour it imparts. The powder of the root is a remedy for expelling the tape-worm. A li¬ quid lubricating fupper is given to the patientand, u coftive, a common glyller. Early next morning two or three drams of the root in powder are mixed with water, and fwallow’ed. If thrown up, the dofe muit be repeated. Ihe patient mull fall two hours, and- then take a llrong purge. 1176. Hemionitis, or Mules-fern. Four fpecies. Jamaica, S. America. 1178. Asplenium, or Spleen wort. 28 fpecies; 9 Britilh. Europe, Java, America. 1175. Blechnum. Six fpecies; one Britifh. America, Cape, E. Ind^ 1177. Lonchitis, ox Rough Spleenwort. Four fpecies. Jamaica, S. America. 1174. Pteris, Brakes ox Female fern. 23 fpecies; tw’o Britilh. Europe, E. and W. In¬ dies, N. America, China. * P. leaves more than doubly compound ; leafets wing- aquilind, ed ; wings fpear-lhaped ; the lowermoll wing-cleft, the upper ones fmaller.—The common people in many parts of England mix the alhes with water, and form them into balls; thefe balls are afterwards made hot in the fire, and then ufed to make an alkaline ley for fcouring linen. It makes very durable thatch, and is excellent litter for horfes and cows. It affords a vio¬ lent heat, and where coal is fcarce, is ufed to burn limellone and heat ovens. 1180. Adiantum, ox Maiden-hair. 27 fpecies; one Britilh. Europe, Africa, Amer. 1181* 286 Cryptogamia* B O T 1181. 'Frichomanes, or Tunbridge Maiden-hair. 13 Species j two Britifh. S. Europe, Cape, China, America. 1182. Marsilea. Three fpecies. Siberia, France, Italy, S. Amer. 1183. Pilularia, or Pepper-grafs, One fpecies j Britifli. 1184. Isoetes, or ^uil/wort. Two fpecies j one Britiih. Coromandel. Order II. MUSCI. 1185. Lycopodium, or Club-mofs. 29 fpecies ; three Britifh. E. and W. Indies, Ma- . deira, America. * L. leaves fcattered, terminating in threads j fpikes cylindrical, on fruitflalks, in pairs. Common club mojs, Wolf’s claiu.—In Sweden they form it into mats or baffes, which lie at their doors to clean fhoes upon. It reftores ropy wine in a few days. The feeds flalh when cafl into a flame, and are faid to be fometimes ufed in theatres to imitate lightning. They are with difficulty made wet, and if fcattered on a bafon of wa¬ ter, the hand may be dipped to the bottom without wetting it. 11&6. Porella. One fpecies. Pennfylvania. 1287. Sphagnum, ox Bog-mofs. Three fpecies ; all found in Britain. 1191. Splachnum, ox Bottle-mofs. 13 fpecies j 12 Britifh. Europe. 1192. Polytrichum, or Golden Maiden-hair. j8 fpecies 5 16 Britifh. Jamaica, Magellan. 1193. Mnium. 20 fpecies $ all Britilh. 1189. Phascum. 13 fpecies j 11 Britifh. Europe, N. America. 1194. Bryum. 93 fpecies; Britifh. 1195. Hypnum. 70 fpecies; all Britifh. W. Indies, &c. 1190. Fontinalis, ox Water-rnofs. Six fpecies 5 Britifh. antipyre- * F. capfules lateral j leaves acute, keeled, doubled tica. together, difpofed in three rows. Greater water-mofs. —Contrary to the nature of all other moffes, this fpe¬ cies is fcarcely combuflible. Accordingly, the Scan¬ dinavians line the infide of their chimnies with it to defend them again!! fire. tx88. Buxbaumia. Tw^ fpecies j one Britifh. Europe. Order III. ALGAL 1198. Marchantia, or ILiver-grten. Seven fpecies; five Britifh. N. America, W. Ind. 1196' Jungermannia, or Star-tip. 48 fpecies; Britifh. ANY. 1197. Targionia. Two fpecies; Britifh. S. Europe. 1201. Anthoceros. Three fpecies; two Britifh. N. Amer. Jamaica. 1199. Blasia. One fpecies ; Britifh. 1200. Riccia, or Marjh Liverwort. Five fpecies ; Britifh. Jamaica, 1202. Lichen, or Liverwort. 218 fpecies; all Britifh. Alfo Cape, India, Ame¬ rica. Lord Dundonald obtained a patent, dated July 31. 1802, for the difcovery of a fubftitute for the foreign gums, to be obtained from the plants of this genus. The fpecification of his lordfhip’s patent is in thefe terms: “ My invention confifts in procuring a fubfli- tute or fubllitutes for gum fenegal, or other gums, from the clafs of plants called in botany lichens ; from the plants of hemp and flax, previous to being ffeeped in water, or after being fteeped ; likewife from the bark or rind of the wullow or lime tree. The procefs for obtaining the gum may be varied according to circum- flances, and is done by wafhing the materials in water, digeflion, and boilings, and with or without the aid of fixed or volatile alkaline falts or their folutions. “ It does not appear, from fuch trials as I have hi¬ therto made, that there is any very great difference of the produce of gum from the lichen colledfed from dif¬ ferent trees or fhrubs : all of them anfwer equally well for yielding a gum fit for calico printing. The lichen is mod abundant on the trees W'hich grow on a poor ftiff clay foil, and particularly if fituated at fome con- fiderable height above lea level. It fliould be pulled in dry weather, otherwife it is apt to break in the pulling; befides, in this cafe, requiring to be dried before it can with fafety be laid up in the Itorehoufe, where, if put in dry, it may be kept for years. Should a fufficient quantity of it not be found in this country, it may be had in almoft unlimited abundance in Swe¬ den, Norwray, and in the northern parts of America, where it grows to the length of from a foot to 18 inches, depreffing the branches of the tree by its weight. There is, however, every reafon to believe that a fufficient quantity is to be had in this country. According to information received from botanifts, it takes three or four years in coming to maturity or its full fize; lo that a crop from the fame tree may be had every fourth year. The lichen does not con- fift entirely of a gummy matter ; there is the outer Ikin or cuticle, belowT that a green refinous matter. The remainder of the plant confifls of partly gum, partly fomewhat analogous to animal fubllances, and a fmall proportion of fibrous matter, which cannot be diffolved by boiling, or the aflion of alkaline falts. “ The firft procefs in preparing gum from the li¬ chen, is to free it of the outer Ikin of the plant and the refinous matter. This is done by fcalding the li¬ chen two or three times with boiling water, allowing it to remain fo long in the water as by abforbing it to Iwell ; in doing this the Ikin cracks, and comes off along with the greatelf part of the refinous matter ; or it may be freed from them by gently boiling the li¬ chen for about 15 or 20 minutes, then waffling it in cold t water, Crypt ogam'a. B O T water, laying it afterwards on a "ftone or brick floor, where it fhould lie for to or 12 hours, perhaps more. The reafon for this is, that the expofure for that time to air, greatly facilitates the fubfequent extraction of the gum. “ The fcalded lichen is then to be put into a copper ^ boiler, with a due proportion of water, fay three Scots pints, or two wine gallons, to every pound of lichen, and boiled during ro or 12 hours, adding about a quarter of an ounce of foda or pearl allies, for every pound of lichen 5 or inftead of thefe falls, about two ounces of volatile alkali. The boiling fliould be con¬ tinued until the liquor acquires a confiderable degree of gummy confidence. It is then to be taken out of the boiler, allowed to drain or drip through a wire or haircloth fearce. The refiduum to be put into a hair¬ cloth bag or bags, and to be fqueezed in a prefs fimi- lar to that which is ufed by the melters or rinders of tallow. “ The firfl boiling does not extraCl the whole of the gum. The lichen fhould be boiled a fecond, or even a third time, repeating the procefs as above defcribed, diminilhing at each procefs the quantity of water and the quantity of alkali, which a little experience will foon point out : vrhen three boilings are employed, the gummy extracf of the laft boiling (hould be kept for the firft boiling of a frefh batch of lichen ; the extraCI proceeding from the firft and fecond boilings {hould be mixed together, and evaporated to the confidence ne- ceflary for block or prefs printing. The evaporating veflels fhould be of tin or thin lead, placed over a range of ftoves, and moderately heated by fire, or the fleam of water. It has been neglecfted to ftate, that before evaporating the gummy extradl to the confiftence ne- ceflary, it fhould be kept 10 or 12 hours, fo as to al¬ low the fediment or dregs to fubfide. The clean li¬ quor may either be drawm off by a fyphon, or the dregs may be drawm off by a cock at the bottom of the wooden veffel ; the bottom of which fhould be made Hoping, higher at the back than the fore part, in or¬ der that the dregs may run more completely off. The proportion of gummy matter remaining in the dregs may be got off by mixing them with a due proportion of boiling wTater, allowing the liquor to clear, and pro¬ ceeding as above directed, employing this weak folu- tion for boiling the next batch of lichen. When vo¬ latile alkali is ufed, the boiler fhould be of iron, as volatile alkali a£ls on copper. Hemp, flax, and the bark of the wfilkw and the lime trees, or fea weed, are to be heated in a fimilar manner, to extradl the gum or mucilage contained in them. Likewu'fe it is intended that this patent fhall include every tree, plant, or ve¬ getable, of whatever kind, from whence a mucilage or gum is to be obtained by the a&ion of volatile or fixed alkaline falls, or their folutions, when ufed in the pro- ceffes of maceration, digeftion, or boiling, thefe vege¬ table matters ; being a method of obtaining a mucilage or gum never before praflifed and adopted by any other perfon.” The above invention was for fome time pra&ifed to a great extent by the calico printers in the weft of Scotland, where it was found to anfwrer for almoft all colours. We have heard, however, that the ufe of it has been difcontinued ; whether from the price of gum fenegal, for which it was employed as a fubftitute, ha- ANY. 2S7 ving fallen, or that it has otherwife failed of its effe7Ar, protruded from a co - mon calyx in form of a fheath called fpatha. Phis order confifts of trees and fhru s on y. e e . ^ a fimple ttem, not branched, bearing leaves at the top, refembling thofe of fern, icing a compo K)^_ 0 and a branch, calPd frondes i and the corolla hath always three petals, or tnree deep iviion„. ae genera are 10 in number. Hiflory. B O T 1219. Cham^rops, or Dwarf Palm, Palmetto. Two fpecies 5 viz. humilis, excelfa. S. Europe. 1220. Borassus, or Fan Palnn One fpecies j viz. flabelliformis. Malabar. 1221. Corypha, or Mountain Palm. Two fpecies ; viz. umbraculifera, minor. E. In¬ dies, Carolina. 1223. Cocos, or Cocoa-nut Tree. Three fpecies; viz. nucifera, butyracea, guineenfis. Guinea, E. and W. Indies.—This tree is wfell known on account of the rich milky juice that its nut contains. The fpecies, ftyled butyracea, yields what is called palm oil. This oil, as brought to us from the Weft Indies and Africa, is about the confidence of an oint¬ ment, and of an orange colour. It has a ftrong, not difagreeable fmell, but very little tafte. By long keeping it lofes its high colour, and becomes white, when it ought to be reje61ed as no longer fit for ufe. The inhabitants of the Guinea coaft are faid to make this oil part of their food, and to employ it for the fame purpofes as we do butter. With us it is rarely given inwardly, and ufed only in fome external appli¬ cations for pains and weaknefles of the nerves, cramps, fprains, and the like. The common people apply it for the cure of chilblains} and when early made ufe of, not without fuccefs. 1224. Phoenix, or Common Palm, Date-tree. One fpecies *, viz. da&ylifera. Levant, India.— Dates, the fruit of this tree, are imported into Britain in the ftate of a half-dried fruit, about the fize of an acorn, but generally larger, confifting of a fweet pul¬ py part, and a hard ftone : the beft are brought from Tunis. They were formerly ufed in pe&oral decoc¬ tions ; and fuppofed, befides their emollient and in- craffating virtue, to have a flight aftringency. They form the principal part of the food of the inhabitants of fome of the oafes, or inhabited fpots, of the great African defert. 1284. El^is. One fpecies } viz. guineenfis. Guinea. 1225. Areca, or Cabbage-tree. Two fpecies $ viz. catechu, oleracea. E. and W. Ind. ANY. 1 226. Elate, or Wild Malatar Palm. One fpecies j viz. fylveftris. E. Indies. 1228. Caryota. One fpecies j viz. urens. India. 1436. Mauritia, or Ginhgo, Maiden-hair-tret. One fpecies $ viz. flexuofa. In the order of Palma are 10 Genera, including 15 fpecies, all foreign. The following TABLE contains a ftatement of the number of Plants w'hich we have mentioned or de- feribed in this Treatife. Genera. Spec. I. Monanbria contains II. Diandria III. Tr iandria IV. Tetrandria V. Pentandria VI. Hexandria VII. Heptandria VIII. OcTANDRIA IX. Enneandria X. Decandria XL Dodecandria XII. IcOSANDRIA XIII. PoLYANDRIA XIV. Didynamia XV. Tetradynamia XVI. Monadelphia XVII. Diadelp H IA XVIII. PoLYADELPHIA XIX. Syngenesia XX. Gynandria XXL Mo NOE C1A XXII. Dioecia XXIII. PoLYGAMIA XXIV. Cryptogamia Append. Palm.® 3° 39 90 1 x7 325 111 15 70 7 119 41 39 85 123 3+ 60 56 12 JI5 3 2 79 55 34 51 10 84 299 920 638 2537 784 31 493 49 987 273 346 563 1006 426 682 710 65 1252 270 392 219 223 J447 *5 B. Spec. 8 29 J47 56 168 63 1 3° t 84 18 42 5o 72 58 16 59 8 113 28 83 38 J5 1204 00 1749 14721 239! S89 HISTORY OF BOTANY. HAVING thus ftated the botanical arrangement contrived by Linnaeus, which proceeds upon the fuppofi- tion of the exiftence of a fexual fyftem in the vegetable world we proceed to take notice of fome other im¬ portant circumftances connefted wdth this branch of fcience, more particularly its hiftory, and the natural orders, as oppofed to the above artificial claflification of plants. Seel. I. Ancient Writers upon Botany. The origin of this fcience, like that of moft others, cannot be found out from the moft ancient hiftories; but it is very probable, that fome degree of botanical knowledge has exifted in every age of the wrorld. The firft botanical writings of which we have any account Vol. IV. Part I. are thofe of Solomon, who we are informed by Scripture wrote a treatife upon this fubjefl; which, howrever, is abfolutely loft, not being quoted by any ancient author, nor the leaft fragment of it remaining. Among the Greeks, Anaxagoras, Pythagoras, and other ancient philofophers, wuote treatifes on plants 5 but their works are alfo loft j and from the quotations that yet remain in the works of Theophrartus, Diofcorides, and Pliny, we learn, that thofe firft botanical writings could con¬ vey but very little information. The hiftorical tera of botany, therefore, commences with Theophraftus the difciple of Ariftotle. He was born at Erefium, in the ifland of Lefbos ; and flourifh- ed in the third century before the Chriftian a;ra, being about 100 years pofterior to Hippocrates. His work is entitled The Hi/lory of Plants, and treats of their O o origin. B O T origin, propagation, anatomy, and conftrutlion} of vegetable life, and of vegetation. It confided origi¬ nally of ten books ; but of which only nine are now extant. In thefe, vegetables are diftributed into feven claffes or primary divifions ; which have for their ob- jeft, the generation ot plants; their place of growth ; their fize, as trees and fhrubs •, their ufe, as pot herbs, and efculent grains ; and their la&efcence, or the li¬ quor, of whatever colour, that How's from plants when cut. In his work, above 500 different plants are de- fcribed. The next botanifl of any note was Diofcorides, a Grecian by birth, but under the Roman empire, being near 300 years poflerior to Theophraflus. He de- fcribes about 600 plants j and thefe he has arranged, from their ufes in medicine and domellic economy, into four claffes, which are thus defigned : aromatics 5 ali¬ mentary vegetables, or fuch as ferve for food ; medi¬ cinal, and vinous plants. Almoft cotemporary with Diofcorides flourifhed An- tonius Mufa, Cato, Varro, Virgil, and Columella j the firff, author of a treatife dill extant on the plant betony; the four others celebrated for their ufeful trafts on agri¬ culture and rural economy. Pliny the Elder, in his voluminous work entitled The Hijlory of the World, hath a botanical part which is contained in 15 books. In thefe, befides the plants of Theophradus and Diofcorides, he has given defcrip- tions of feveral new fpecies, extrafted probably from works which would otherwife have been totally lod. Pliny ufes fcarce any mode of arrangement, except the ancient, but very incorreft, didinftion into trees, ihrubs, and herbs. His plan, however, extends not only to botanical didindlions, but to gardening, agri¬ culture, and whatever is conneiffed either more nearly or remotely with the fcience of plants. He gives de- fcriptions of above 1000 different fpecies j but from the rvant of a proper fydematic arrangement, it is often difficult, and perhaps impoffible, to determine wffiat plants he or other ancient botanids do really defcribe. This w'ant of precidon in properly arranging their plants was the reafon wffiy the botany of the ancients w as ahvavs very limited, and after the time of Pliny declined fo rapidly. On the dedru&ion of the wedern empire by the Goths and other barbarous nations, it is not to be thought that botany could furvive any more than the other fciences. It w'as not till near the clofe of the eighth century, that the ancient botany began again to appear in Arabia. Serapion, well known in medicine, dands fird in the Arabian catalogue of bo¬ tanids; to him fucceeded Razis, Avicenna, Averrhoes, Afluarius, &c. An author knowm by the name of Plato, Si pule ins, or Apolienjis, of whofe Herbarium very old manufcript copies are preferved in fome curious li¬ braries, is fuppofed to have lived near this period. The works of mod of thefe botanids, how’ever, wTere only tranflations and compilations from the Greek writers : fo that, for wmnt of a proper fydematic arrangement, the fcience funk a fecond time into total oblivion. For near 4C0 years after Abenguefit, an Arabian phyfi- cian wffio dourilhed in the end of the 12th century, fcarce any attempts were made in the botanical w'ay. Some obfcure writers indeed appeared in feveral parts of Europe ; as Arnoldus de Ville Nova ; Platearius ; Mattheus Sylvaticus; and Bartholomew Glanvil, A N Y. Hiftory, commonly called Bartholomeus Anglus, a Francifcan monk, defcended of the family of the earls of Suffolk, who lived in the reign of King Edward III. and wrote a book of natural hidory, entitled De proprietatibus rerum, which was tranflated into Englidi by John de Trevifa in 1398 : but though all thefe wrote of plants, they were io totally deditute of method, that their wrorks remain one great chaos, from whence it is im¬ poffible to extraft any thing intelligible. On the revival of letters in the beginning of the 16th century, the botany of the ancients was redored a fe¬ cond time. The Greek writings were trandated into Latin the common language of Europe, Gaza, a Greek refugee at Rome, made elegant tranflations of Aridotle and Theophradus, who afterwards were com¬ mented upon by Scaliger and Stapel. Diofcorides was alfo trandated and commented on. His bed commen¬ tators are Hermolaus Barbarus, Fuchfcius, Ruellus Cordus, Gefner, and Matthiolus. The mod didin- guidred commentators on Pliny are Dalechamp in 1604, Salmafius in 1689, Harduin and Guilandinus. Meur- dus and Urfinus have written commentaries upon Cato; Campegius and Monardes upon Mefue the Arabian, and Lonicer upon Avicenna. This lad hath been, trandated by feveral wmiters, particularly Alpagus, Codaeus, and Plempius into Latin; and by one writer, Amalthaeus, into Hebrew. Hieronymus Bock, or Bouc, a German, generally known by the name of Tragus, is the fird modern who has given a methodical didribution of vegetables. In 1532, he publifhed a Hidory of Plants, in which he delcribes 800 fpecies; and thefe he divides into three claffes, founded on the qualities of vegetables, their figure, habit, and fize. The fame method of arrange¬ ment was followed by Lonicer, Dodonaeus, L’Obel, Clufius, Brunsfelfius, Monardes, Cordus, and feme other botanifts of this period. How far fuch a method was deficient, diall be confidered in the following feftion ; however, it was not till 1560 that Conrad Gefner firft propofed to the W'orld an arrangement of vegetables from the parts of the dower and fruit. He did not e- dablidr any plan founded upon this principle; but hav¬ ing fuggeded the idea, left the application to be made by others : and in 1582, Dr Andrew Caefalpinus, phy- fician at Pifa, and afterwards profeffor of botany at Padua, fird availing himfelf of the ingenuity of his predeceffor, propofed a method of arrangement which has the fruit for its bafis ; and thus gave origin to fydematic botany, the fecond grand aera in the hidory of that fcience. Even this improved method of Caefalpinus was net without very great inconveniences, w hich diall be tak¬ en notice of hereafter. As it was, however, fo greatly fuperior to every thing that had happened before, it might have been expedfed that the learned would have immediately adopted it, and that all the former equi¬ vocal and infufficient chara&ers would have been re- jefted. But the fa£l was otherwife. Caefalpinus’s me¬ thod of arrangement died with him; and it was net till near a century after, that Dr Robert Morrifon of A- berdeen, attaching himfelf to the principles of Gefner and Caefalpinus, re-edablidied fcientific arrangement upon a folid foundation ; fo that, from being only the redorer of fyftem, he has been generally celebrated as its founder. In the long interval between CeefaJpinus 29 I Hiftory. B O T and Morrlfon flouriflied fome eminent botanifts. The mod noted are, Dalechamp, author of A general Hi¬ ftory of Plants-, Theodore, furnamed Taberncemontanus, and Thalius, two German writers 5 Porta, an Italian, famous for an arrangement of plants from their relations to the ftars, to men, and other animals ; Profper Al- pinus, author of a Catalogue of the Plants of Egypt; Fabius Columna, inventor of many of the botanical terms now ufed ; the two Bauhins •, Gerard, and Park- infon; Zaluzianfki, a Pole, author of an arrangement from the qualities and habits of plants; Margrave and Pifo, celebrated for their natural hiftory of Brazil; Hernandez, equally celebrated for his hiftory of Mexi¬ co ; Paflmus, or Du Pas, author of an arrangement of plants from the time of flowering, of all charafters the moft uncertain and infufficient; Johnfton ; Bontius, a Dutchman, author of a Natural Hiftory of the Eaft Indies ; Aldrovandus, the celebrated naturalift ; and Rheede, governor of Malabar, and author of the well- known Hortus Malabaricus. The method propofed by Morrifon has the fruit for its bafts, as well as that of Caefalpinus ; to which, how¬ ever, it is greatly inferior both in the plan and execu¬ tion. It is indeed of all others the moft difficult in praflice, and was therefore not adopted by any fuc- ceeding writer, except Bobart, who in 1699 completed Morrifon’s Univerfal Hiftory of Plants, and an anony¬ mous author whofe work appeared in 172c. Imper- fefr, however, as his method is, it furniffied many ufe- ful hints, which fucceeding botanifts have not failed to improve. Ray and Tournefort have owed him much, and are not afhamed to own the obligation. The fame has been done even by Linnaeus; who hath efta- blifhed the fcience of botany on the moft folid founda¬ tion, by 'introducing a method of arrangement, if not abfolutely perfect, at leaft as nearly approaching to -perfection as can be expefted; and which therefore hath been defervedly followed, in preference to every other, by all botanifts, fince its firft publication. But to give a particular account of all the different botanical fyftems, with the particular advantages and difadvantages at¬ tending each, ftiall be the bufinefs of the fubfequent FeClions, Sect. II. Of the Ancient Method of arranging Vege tables. DefeCls of In giving an account of the works of Theophraftus the ar- and Diofcorides, we have already taken notice that rangement former chofe feven diftinguiffiing charafters, viz. °^C0" generati°n piants 5 their place of growth ; their fize, as trees and ffirubs ; their ufe, as pot herbs and efculent grains; and their laftefcence, or liquor that flows from them wffien cut. Diofcorides divided them into aromatics, alimentary, medicinal, and vinous plants. The good properties of this method are, that the bo- tanift as it were comes to the point at once; and when he knows the plant, knows alfo its virtues and ufes, or at leaft part of them : but this convenience is greatly overbalanced by innumerable difadvantages ; for the qualities and virtues of plants are neither fixed and in¬ variable, nor are they impreffed in legible charafters on the plants themfelves. The different parts of a plant often poffefs different and even oppofite virtues ; fo that fuppofing the virtues to be known, and applied to the ANY. purpofe of vegetable arrangement, tbe roots mufl fre¬ quently fall under one divifion, the leaves under a fe- cond, and the flower and fruit under a third. Befides, if we refleft that the foie end of fuch arrangement is to facilitate the knowledge of plants to others, the in- fufficiency and even abfurdity of methods founded up¬ on their virtues will immediately appear. A ftalk of vervain, for inftance, is prefented to me, which I am to inveftigate from a prefuppofed knowledge of the virtues of plants. Before I can fettle the clafs to which it be¬ longs, I muft difeover whether or not it has the virtues belonging to any of the plants I know ; and this dif- covery being the refult of repeated experiments on va¬ rious parts of the human body, may require many years for its accomplrffiment. The fame caufes which render methods founded on the virtues of plants unfavourable for the purpofe of inveftigation, muft evidently difqualify all their other variable quantities and accidents from having a place in a genuine fyftematic arrangement. The natale folum of plants, which is one of Theophraftus’s divifiens, af- Defects of fords no better diftinClive characters than their powers Theophra- and virtues. Many countries as well as many foils pro- ^l!S s ar" duce the fame individual plants. The fame fpecies ran°en‘eni which crown the mountains, frequently cover the fens; and plants which have long been reckoned the peculiar inhabitants of fome parts of Afta and America, are now found to grow naturally in equal perfection in the very different climates of Lapland and Siberia. The fize of plants, which fuggefted the ancient divifion into trees and fhrubs, is no lefs an equivocal mark of diftinCtion than the circumftances already mentioned. The vine which modern botanifts denominate a flirub, was ranged by Theophraftus in his third clafs containing trees. In faCt, every thing refpeCting fize is fo much affeCted by differences of foil, climate, and culture, that the fame plant, in different circumftances, ffiall differ exceedingly in height ; and in a method founded upon the fize, would fometimes be ranged as a tree, and fometimes as a flirub, or even an under-ffirub, according as it hap¬ pens to exceed, equal, or fall ftiort of, a given ftandard. No lefs infufficient are charaCteriftical marks drawn from the colour, tafte, and fmell of plants. Of all the at¬ tributes of vegetable nature, colour is perhaps the moft inconftant. Heat, climate, culture, foil, &x. contri¬ bute to the production of endlefs diverfities of colour, and render the tranfition from one to another natural and eafy. Red and blue pafs eafily into white, white into purple, yellow into white, red into blue, blue into yellow, &c. In the fame leaf or flower, different co¬ lours are frequently obferved. Variations too in point of colour are frequently obferved to take place not only in different individuals of the fame fpecies, but even in fimilar parts of the fame plant. Marvel of Peru and fweetwilliam produce flowers of different colour upon the fame ftalk. ObjeClions equally valid lie againft charaCleriftical marks drawn from the tafte and fmell. The former varies in different individuals from differences of age, and even in the fame indivi¬ dual at different times, according to the morbid or found ftate of the organ. The latter is different in dif¬ ferent fubjeCls, and varies in each ; nor are the efflu¬ via fent forth from the fame body always of equal in- tenfity. In plants, tafte is fubjeCl to continual varia-- tions, from differences of elimatej- foil, and culture. O o 2 Garlic 29 Gefner’s arrange¬ ment. Caefalpinus. B O T Garlic in loins climates, particularly in Greece, is faid to lofe its ranknels : apples and pears, that grow na¬ turally in the woods, are intolerably acid ; celery and lettuce, which culture renders fweet and palatable, are in their wild uncultivated Hate bitter, difagreeable, and in fome cafes noxious. Thefe confiderations are abundantly fufficient to Ihow the imperfeftions of the ancient fyftem of botany; and, indeed, conlidering the vague and uncertain marks by which the ancients dillinguilhed one plant from ano¬ ther, we may rather wonder how fuch a fcience as bo¬ tany came to have an exiftence among them, than that they arrived at no greater perfeftion in it, or fuffered it lb foon to fall into oblivion. Sect. III. Of the different Botanical Sfflems from the time of Gefner to that of Linnaus. The infufficiency of the ancient botanical fyftem be¬ ing fo fully fhowm in the laft febtion, we think it need- lefs to take much notice of the methods ufed by Tra¬ gus and his cotemporaries and folkrwers. The virtues of plants being found an infufficient charadferiftic, fuc- ceeding botanills had taken in the root, ftem, and leaves; but thefe being alfo found infufficient and va¬ riable, Gefner turned his eye to the flower and fruit, as being the moft permanent and unchangeable parts of the plant. In propofing the parts of frudlification, however, as the moft proper for arranging plants, he communicated no hints refpedling the choice of fome of thofe parts in preference to others. Each particular organ of the flowrer and fruit furniffies fufficient variety to ferve as the foundation of a method; but all of them are not equally proper for this purpofe. Caefalpinus, the firft follower of Gefner, made a miftake in his choice, and took his diftinguilhing charadleriftics only from the. fruit. The parts of the flower, therefore, being em¬ ployed by the firft fyftematic writers only as fubaltern diredlions in finding out orders and genera, it is evident that the plant could not be fully inveftigated for feve- ral months. Suppofe a plant ripens its fruit in Odtober, and does not produce flowers till the following May : the clafs, upon infpedtion of the fruit in the month of Odlober, is immediately afeertained; but the plant ftill remains unknown, and will continue fo upwards of fix months after, if the charadlers of the order and genus have been made to depend on any part of the flow7er. Methods founded on the fruit have another inconve¬ nience ; plants conftantly ripen their fruit in thefe countries where they grow naturally, but not always in the countries to which they may be accidentally tranf- ported. So far from this, that many plants that are natives of a warm climate, neither ripen nor form fruit in a cold one. Few of the African, Afiatic, and Weft Indian plants produce fruit in Britain. A method, therefore, founded upon the fruit, could only facilitate the knowledge of fuch plants to be inhabitants of thofe countries where they grow : to the Englifh botanift they could be of little or no fervice. The fame objec¬ tion cannot reafonably be urged againft methods found¬ ed on the flower, fince the influence of climates much colder than that of Britain has not been able to deflroy the faculty of producing flowers in many, perhaps in moft, of the plants juft mentioned. Csefalpinus fets out with an ancient diftinfticn of A N Y. Hiftory. vegetables, from their duration, into trees and herbs. With the former he combines fhrubs; with the latter, under-lhrubs; and diftributes his plants into the 15 following clafles. 1. Trees with the germ (radicle or principle of life in the feed) on the point of the feed. 2. Trees with the germ on the hafe of the feed, 3. Herbs having one feed only. 4. Herbs having twro feeds. 5. Herbs having four feeds. 6. Herbs having many feeds. 7. Herbs having one grain or kernel. 8. Herbs having one capfule. 9. Herbs having two capfules. 10. Herbs having fibrous roots. 11. Herbs having bulbous roots. 12. Herbs having fuccory or endive-like flowers. 13. Herbs having common flowers. 14. Herbs having feveral follicles or feed-bags. 15. Herbs having neither flower nor feed. The inconveniences of this method have been alreadv pointed out pretty fully, and will evidently appear upon an attempt to refer any common plant to one of the 15 above-mentioned clafles. His fe&ions, orders, or fecondary divifions, are 47 in number, and depend upon a variety of parts and circumftances. The principal of theie are, the difpofition, fituation, and figure of the flowers; the nature of the feed-veffel, or cover of the feeds ; the fituation of the radicle in the feed ; the number of feed-lobes, or feminal leaves; the difpofition of the leaves, and colour of the flowers. The ladfef- cence too, or milkinefs, which is obferved in the com¬ pound flo-wers with flat florets, is made a charafteriftic diftindtion, and diferiminates the firft order of the 1 2th clafs. Thus, in the firft fyftematic arrangements, the chara&ers of the claffes only were borrowed from the parts of fru&ification ; while thofe of the fubaltern di¬ vifions •were very numerous, and refpefted every part of the plant ; but that fuch divifions might be perfedf, they fliould be conftituted, like the clafles, from the modifications of a Angle part of the frudlification. The great objett had in view by Morrifon, who comes Mornfoa’a next in order to Caefalpinus, was to inveftigate themethod‘ order of nature, not to fabricate an eafy method of arranging plants. Hence his fyftem is devoid of uni¬ formity, and clogged with a multiplicity of characters; his claffes are frequently not fufficiently diftinguiffied from one another, and the key of arrangement feems totally loft. He fets out with a divifion of plants, from their confiftence, into ligneous or woody, and herbace¬ ous. He founds his fyftem on the fruit, the corollse or bloffoms, and the habit of the plants. His claffes are as follow: 1. Trees. 2. Shrubs. 3. Under-lhrubs. 4. Herbs climbing. 5. Herbs leguminous or papilio¬ naceous. 6. Herbs podded. 7. Herbs tricapfular or with three capfules. 8. Herbs with four or five cap¬ fules. 9. Herbs corymbiferous. 10. Herbs having 3 milky juice, or downy tops. 11. Herbs culmiferous, as graffes. 12. Herbs umbelliferous. 13. Herbs hav¬ ing three kernels. 14. Herbs having helmet-lhaped flowers. 15. Herbs having many capfules. 16. Herbs berry-bearing. 17. Herbs called capillary plants, as the fern kind. 18. Anomalous or irregular herbs. Of thefe clafles, the fourth and eighth poffefs no ge¬ nuine diftinClive charafter; nor are the ninth and tenth, claffes fufficiently diftinguilhed ; the fifteenth clafs is not fufficiently diftinguiffied from the eighth, nor the 16th from the fourth. His feCtions or fecondary di¬ vifions, which are ic8 in number, arife from the fi¬ gure and fubftance of the fruit 5 the number of feeds, leaves. «93 Hiftory. EOT leaves, and petals; the figure of the root; the dlreo tion of the ftem j the colour of the flowers ; the place of growth ; and, in one clafs, from the medicinal vir¬ tues of fome of the plants that compofe it. Ray’s me- In 1682, Ray propofed his method to the world, tbod. two years after the publication of Morrifon’s, which ferved in fome mealure as its balls. It confided ori¬ ginally of the following 25 clafies: l. Trees. 2. Shrubs. 3. Herbs imperfedf. 4. Herbs having no flow’ers. 5. Capillary plants. 6. Staminous herbs having only the ftamina. 7. Thofe having one naked feed. 8. Um¬ belliferous herbs. 9. Verticillated, annular, or ring- fliaped ones. 10. Rough-leafed plants. 11. Stellated or ftar-lhaped one*. 12. Apple-bearing herbs. 13. Ber¬ ry-bearing herbs. 14. Herbs having many pods. 15. Monopetalous uniform, or regular herbs. 16. Mo- nopetalous irregular, or having different forms. 17. I e- trapetalous, having large pods. 18. I etrapetalous, having fmall pods. 19. Papilionaceous. 20. Penta- petalous herbs. 21. Corns. 22. Graffes. 23. Grafs- leafed plants. 24. Bulbous-rooted plants. 25. Plants near akin to the bulbous. This method Ray carefully corre&ed and amended at different times *, fo that the plan of arrangement which now bears the name of that author, and was firff publilhed in 1700, is entirely different from what had appeared in 1682. It now confifts of 33 claffes. Their diftinguifliing marks are taken from the port or habit of the plants j their greater or lefs degree of perfeftionj their place of growth ; the number of feed-lobes, or feminal leaves, petals, capfules, and feeds', the fituation and difpofition of the flowers, flower-cup, and leaves; the abfence or prefence of the buds, flower-cup, and petals ; the fubllance of the leaves and fruit ; and the difficulty of claffing certain plants. I hey are as follow: I. Submarine, or fea plants. 2. Fungi. 3. Moffes. 4. Capillary plants. 5. Thofe without petals. 6. P/a- niftetaLe, thofe with compound flowers 5 femiflofculous, or half-florets. 7. Thofe with compound flowers ra¬ diated. 8. Thofe with compound flowers, flofculous, or with whole florets. 9. Plants with one feed. 10. Plants umbellated. 11. Thofe ftellated or ftar- lhaped. 12. Rough-leafed plants. 13. Plants verti- cillate or whorled. 14. Thofe wfith many feeds. 15. Apple-bearing herbs. 16. Berry-bearing herbs. 17. Thofe with many pods. 18. Monopetalous herbs. 19. Thofe with two and three petals^ 20. Fhofe with great and fmall, or long and ihort pods.- 21. Legu¬ minous plants. 22. Pentapetalous ones. 23. Bulbs, and bulbous-like plants. 24. Stamineous ones, or thofe having only the ftamina. 25. Anomalous plants, or thofe of an uncertain family. 26^ The palms. 27. Trees without petals. 28. Trees with an umbi- licated fruit. 29. Trees with fruit not umbilicated. 30. Trees with a dry fruit. 31. Trees with podded fruit. 32. Anomalous or irregular trees. The diftimftion into herbs and trees with which Ray’s method fets out, acknowledges a different, though not more certain principle than that of Caefalpinus and Mcr- rifon. The former, in making this diftin&ion, had an eye to the duration of the ftem •, the latter, to its con- fiftence. Ray called in the buds as an auxiliary ; and denominates trees, “ all fuch plants as bear buds j” herbs, “ fuch as bear none.” But againft this auxi¬ liary there lies an unanfwerable objection j namely, that ANY. though all herbaceous plants rife without buds, all trees are not furniihed with them : many of the largeft trees in warm countries, and fome ffirubby plants in every country, being totally deftitute of that fcaly appear¬ ance which conftitutes the effence of a bud. In other refpefts, it is evident that neither Mr Ray’s plan nor execution is in any degree calculated to facilitate the knowledge of plants. In faft, it feems to have been Ray’s great objedl, no lefs than Morrifon’s, to collett as many natural clafles as poffible j and thefe being fe- parately inveftigated, a multiplicity of characters and fteps was neceffarily required to conned them : and hence the intricacy complained of in both thefe me¬ thods, which muft always take place where the claffes give rife to the connecting characters, not the charac¬ ters to the clafles. The characters of the orders, or fecondary divifions, in Ray’s method, are no lefs mul¬ tifarious than thofe of the claffes. They refpeCt the^ place of grow th of plants j their qualities 5 the figure of the ftem ; the number, fituation, fubftance, and divi- fion, of the leaves 5 the fituation and difpofition of the flowers and calyx ; the number and regularity of the petals j with the number and figure of the fruit. In his improved method, Ray has adopted Tournefort’s cha¬ racters of the genera, wherever his plan would permit- His general Hiftory of Plants contains 18,655 fpecies,. and varieties. The third volume, which was not pub- lifhed till 1704, and was defigned as a fupplement to the two former, contains the plants difcovered by Tour- nefort in the Levant, and by Camelli at Luzon one of the Philippine iflands. Ray’s method was followed by Sir Hans Sloane, in his Natural Hiftory of Jamaica*, by Petiver, in his Britifh Herbal j by Dillenius, in his Sy- nopfis of Britifh plants; and by Martin, in his Catalogue of plants that grow in the neighbourhood of Cambridge. To Ray’s original method fucceeded that of Chrifto- Chriftopher pher Knaut, a German*, which acknowledges the fameKnaut’s ar- principle, and is manifeftly founded upon it. In his^S61116111, enumeration of the plants that grow round Hal in Saxony, publiffied in 1687, he divides vegetables into 17 claffes, which have for their bafis the fize and dura¬ tion of plants, the prefence or abfence of the petals, the difpofition of the flowers, the fubftance of the fruit, the number of capfules or feeds, the number and figure of the petals, and the prefence, abfence, or figure of the calyx. His claffes are, 1. Herbs berry-bearing, 2. Monopetalous, or with one flower-leaf. 3. Tetra- petalous and regular, with four petals. 4. Tetrapeta- lous and irregular. 5. Pentapetalous, or with five pe¬ tals. 6. Hexapetalous, or fix petals. 7. Polypetalous, or many petals. 8. Multicapfular, or many capfules. 9. Naked feeds. 10. Solid, or not downy. 11. Downy feeds. 12. Without petals. 13. Stamineous, without petals or calyx. 14. Imperceptible, 15. ImperfeCt. 16. Trees. 17. Shrubs. The feClions or fubdivifions of the claffes in Knaut’s method are 62 in number j and arife frcm the figure of the ftem and petals, the number of capfules and cells, their figure, the number of feeds and leaves, and fitua¬ tion of the flowers. In 1696, a new method, propofed by Dr Herman Herman’!^ profeffor of botany at Leyden was publiffied by Zum- method, bac, who arranged according to it the plants contain¬ ed in the public garden of Leyden. Rudbcckius the Younger, in a differtation publiffied the fame year, on the 294 Eoer- liaave’s method. B O T tbe fundamental knowledge of plants, adopted Her¬ man’s method, with a few inconfiderable variations. The claffes of Dr Herman are 25 in number. They are founded on the fize and duration of the plants $ the prefence or abfence of the petals and calyx j the num¬ ber of capfules, cells, and naked feeds; the fubftance of the leaves and fruit $ the form and confiftence of the roots j the fituation and difpofition of the flowers, leaves, and calyx 5 and figure of the fruit. 1. Herbs having one naked feed and a Ample flower. 2. Having one naked feed and a compound flower. 3. With two naked feeds, and ftellated or ftar-fhaped. 4. Two naked feeds, and umbelliferous. 5. Four naked feeds, and rough leaves. 6. Four naked feeds, and verticillated or whorl-fhaped. 7. With many naked feeds. 8. Having feed-veffels. bulbous and tricapfular. 9. Having one feed-veffel. IO. With two feed-veflels. 11. With three feed-veflels. 12. With four feed-veffels. 13. With five feed-veffels. 14. Podded, which are always tetrapetalous. 15. Le¬ guminous and papilionaceous. 16. With many cap¬ fules. 17. Having fleflry fruit, berry-bearing. 18. With fleftry fruit, apple-bearing. 19. Without petals, but having a calyx. 20. Without petals, chaffy or ftami- nous. 21. Without petals, calyx, chaff, or ftamina, r. e. a naked antherse, as the moffes. 2 2. Trees. Im- perfefl fru&ification, bearing catkins. 23. Trees with a fleftry fruit umbilicated. 24. Trees with a fleftiy fruit not umbilicated. 25. Trees with a dry fruit. The claffes in Herman’s method are fubdivided in¬ to 82 fe&ions or orders; which have for their bafis the number of petals, feeds, capfules, and cells, the figure of the feeds and petals, and difpofition of the flowers. To the method of Dr Herman fucceeded that of Dr Boerhaave, who fucceeded to the botanical chair of Leyden in 1709. His method is that of Herman, blended with part of the fyftems of Tournefort and Ray; and contains the following claffes. 1. Herbs fubmarine, or fea plants. 2. Imperfect land plants. 3. Capillary plants, of the fern kind. 4. Many naked feeds. 5. Four naked feeds, and verticiliated. 6. Four naked feeds, and rough leaves. 7. Four naked feeds, and four petals. 8. Plants having one feed-veffel. 9. Two feed-veffels. 10. Three feed-veffels. 11. Four feed veffels. 12. Five feed-veflels. 13. Many feed- veffels. 14. Two naked feeds, and umbelliferous. 15. Two naked feeds, and ftar-ftiaped. 16. One naked feed, and a Ample flower. 17. One naked feed and compound flowers femiflofculous. 18. One naked feed, and compound flowers radiated. 19. One naked feed, and compound flowers corymbiferous. 20. One naked feed, and compound flowers flofculous. 21. Berry¬ bearing herbs. 22. Apple-bearing herbs. 23. With¬ out petals. 24. One cotyledon, and having petals. 25. One cotyledon, and without petals. 26. Trees having one cotyledon. 27. Many podded. 28. Podded. 29. Tetrapetalous and cruciform. 30. Leguminous. 31. Having no petals. 32. Bearing catkins. 33. Mo- nopetalous flowers. 34. Rofaceous flowers. Thefe 34 claffes of Dr Boerhaave are fubdivided in to 104 fe£lions, which have for their chara&ers, the figure of the leaves, ftem, calyx, petals, and feeds ; the . number of petals, feeds, and capfules *, the fubftance of the leaves ; the fituation of the flowers, and their diffe¬ rence in point of fex. By this method, Dr Boerhaave ANY. Hiftory. arranged near 6000 plants, the produce of the bota¬ nical garden at Leyden, which he carefully fuperin- tended for the fpace of 20 years, and left to his luccef- for Dr Adrien Royen, in a much more flouriftung ftate than he himfelf had received it. His Index or Cata¬ logue of the Leyden plants was publilhed in oftavo in 1710 $ and afterwards, with great additions, in quarto, in 1720. This laft edition contains defcriptions of 5650 plants $ of which number upwards of two-thirds had been introduced into the garden fince the time of Her¬ man, by his illuftrious fucceffor. Bperhaave’s charac¬ ters are derived from the habit or general appearance of plants combined with all the parts of fructification $ fo that, as Linnaeus very properly obferves, he wTas the firft who employed the calyx, ftamina, and ftyle, in de¬ termining the genus. About 17 new genera were efta- bliftied by this author •, among others, the very fplen- did family of the protea and filver tree, which, although partly defcribed by Morrifon, had remained generally unknown till this period. His method was adopted by one Emfting, a German, in a treatife entitled The JirJl Principle of Botany, publifhed in oflavo at Wolfenbut- tle, in 1748. Hitherto all the botanifts had been intent upon inve-Rdv'nus^ (ligating the order of nature, rather than facilitating1116^0^* the arrangement of vegetables } therefore their methods were very intricate and perplexed ; and their writings, however entertaining to the learned, could afford but very little inftruflion to the young botanift. In 1690, however, Auguftus Quirinus Rivinus, a German, pro- feffor of botany at Leipfic, relinquiftiing the purfuit of natural affinities, and convinced of the infufficiency of charafteriftic marks drawn only from the fruit, at¬ tached himfelf to the flowrer, which, he was fenfible, would furnifh characters no lefs numerous, permanent, and confpicuous, than thofe drawn from the fruit. The calyx, petals, ftamina, and ftyle, or pointal, which conftitute the flower, are fufficiently diverfified in point of number, figure, proportion, and fituation, to ferve as the bafis of a mode of arrangement 5 yet all are not equally proper for this purpofe. Rivinus made ufe of the petals as the largeft and mod beautiful part, and that from which the flower itfelf is commonly charac¬ terized. His method confifts in the following 18 claf- les, w’hich have for their bafis the perfection and difpo¬ fition of the flow'ers, and regularity and number of the petals. 1. Regular monopetalous, or having one pe¬ tal. 2. Dipetalous. 3. Tripetalous, 4. Tetrapeta¬ lous. 5. Pentapetalous. 6. Hexapetalous. 7. Poly- petalous, or having many petals. 8. Irregular mono¬ petalous. 9. Irregular dipetalous. 10. Irregular tri¬ petalous. xi. Irregular tetrapetalous. x2. Irregular pentapetalous. 13. Irregular hexapetalous. 14 Ir¬ regular polypetalous. 15. Compound flowers of regu¬ lar florets. 16. Compound flowers of regular and ir¬ regular florets. 17. Compound flowers of irregular florets only. 18. Incomplete, or imperfeCl plants. As Rivinus fet out with the profeffed defign of im¬ parting facility to botany, he judged very properly in divefting his method of all extraneous matter, and ren¬ dering it as fimple and uniform as the nature of the fcience would admit. 7'he diftinCtion into herbs and trees had been adopted by every writer on plants fince the time of Ariftotle. Rendered in fome meafure fa- cred by its antiquity, this diftinClion maintained a kind Hiftory. B O T of Importance to which it was by no means effentially entitled. Rivinus was the firft who in this matter da¬ red to think for himfelf. He was early fenfible of the inconveniences to which thofe had fubmitted who em¬ ployed it as a primary divifton ; and therefore refolved at once to get rid of a diftin&ion that is frequently un¬ certain, always deftru£Hve to uniformity, and in its na¬ ture repugnant to the genuine fpirit of fyftem, becaufe totally unconne&ed with the parts of fru&ification. In the uniformity of its orders or fecondary divifions, which are 91 in number, and acknowledge the fruit for their principle, Rivinus’s method equals, perhaps excels, all that went before or fucceeded it. Only three claffes of his method were publilhed by Rivinus him¬ felf. Thefe are the nth, 14th, and 15th, which were offered to the public at different times, illuftrated with very fplendid figures. The method was completed and publifhed entire by Heucher, in a work entitled Hor- tus Wirtenbergenjis, printed in quarto at Wirtenberg in 17x1. Followers Several German authors have followed Rivinus’s me- of Rivinus. thod, either wholly or in part, without offering any confiderable amendment. The principal of thefe are, Koenig, in a work on vegetables, publifhed at Bafil in 1696 j Welch, in his Bajis Botanica, printed at Leip- fic in oftavo, in 1697 ; Gemeinhart, in a catalogue of plants publifhed in 1725 ; Kramer, in a work entitled Tentamen Botanicum, publifhed at Drefden in 1728, and afterwards reprinted with additions at Vienna in 1744 ; and Hecker in a differtation on botany pub- liflied at Hal in Saxony, in 1734. To thefe may be ad¬ ded Hebenflreit, an ingenious botanift, who in a trea- tife on plants publifhed at Leipfic in 1731, juft before his famous African expedition, eftablifhed generical chara&ers, which had hitherto been wanting in Rivi¬ nus’s method. The writers who have attempted to improve upon Rivinus’s method are Bernard Ruppius, Chriftopher Ludwig, and Chriftian Knaut. Ruppius, in his F/ as it is acknowledged by Linnaeus himfelf, that there are many exceptions with refpedt to this fadl, the op¬ pofers of the fexual hypothefis allege that it carries the beft anlwer in its owm bofom. The fifth argument is founded on the circumftance of fome flowers (hutting up their petals in rainy or moift evenings.—But many flowers do not (hut themfelves up, either in the night or moift weather, as the paflion- flower, &c. : the lychnis nodliflora, mirabilis peruvi¬ ana, &c. open their flowers in the night, and (hut them at the approach of the fun. Hence this is another fi¬ nal caule (fay the anti-fexualifts) perverted to fupport a favourite hypothefis. We come now to the culture of the palm tree, which is the fixth and moft plaufible argument employed by the fexualifts. Of this, the moft authentic account we have is the following by Dr Haffelquift, in one of his letters to Linnaeus, dated Alexandria May 18. 1750. “ The firft thing I did after my arrival was to fee the date tree, the ornament and a great part of the riches of this country. It had already bloffomed \ but I had, neverthelefs, the pleafure of feeing how the Arabs aflift its fecundation, and by that means fecure to themfelves a plentiful harveft of a vegetable, which w7as fo import¬ ant to them, and known to them many centuries be¬ fore any botanift dreamed of the difference of fexes in vegetables. The gardener informed me of this before I had time to enquire 5 and would (how me as a very curious thing, the male and female of the date or palm trees : nor could he conceive how' I, a Frank, lately arrived, could know it before *, for (fays he) all who have yet come from Europe to fee this country, have regarded this relation either as a fable or miracle. The Arab feeing me inclined to be further informed, accom¬ panied me and my French interpreter to a palm tree, which was very full of young fruit, and had by him been wedded or fecundated with the male wTen both were in bloffom. I his the Arabs do in the following manner: when the fpadix has female flowers, that come out of its fpatha, they fearch on a tree that has male flowers, which they know by experience, for a fpadix which has not yet burfted out of its fpatha : this they open, take out the fpadix, and cut it lengthwife in fe- veral pieces, but take care not to hurt the flowers. A piece of this fpadix with male flowers they put length- wife between the fmall branches of the fpadix which hath female flowers, and then lay the leaf of a palm over the branches. In this fituation I yet faw the greateft part of the fpadices which bore their young fruit j but the male flowers which were put between were withered. The Arab befides gave me the follow7- ing anecdotes : Firft, Unlefs they in this manner, wed and fecundate the date tree, it bears no fruit. Se¬ condly, 302 EOT condly, They always take the precaution to preferve fome unopened fpatlue with male flowers from one year to another, to be applied for this purpofe, in cafe the male flowers Ihould mifcarry or fuffer damage. Third¬ ly, If they permit the fpadix of the male flowers to burft or come out, it becomes ulelefs for fecundation: it muft have its maidenhead (thefe were the words of the Arab), which is loll in the lame moment the bloflbms burfl: out of their cafe. Therefore the perfon who cultivates date trees mull: be careful to hit the right time of af- fifting their fecundation, vrhich is almolt the only ar¬ ticle in their cultivation. Fourthly, On opening the fpatha, he finds all the male flowers full of a liquid which refemblcs the fineft dew ; it is of a fweet and pleafant tafte, refembling much the talk of frefh dates, but much more refined and aromatic 5 this u’as likewife confirmed by my interpreter, who hath lived 32 years in Egypt, and therefore had opportunities enough of tailing both the neftar of the bloffoms and the frefh dates.” Now, though this account feems fully to confirm the faft, viz. that luch a prablice obtains among the A- rabs, and that they aflert its efficacy in fecundating the trees, it is certain (fay the oppofers of this do&rine), that no intelligent perfon, who is not already wedded to an hypothefis, will attempt to found an argument upon the affertions of a people fo full of ridiculous fu- perftitions. Before Dr Haflelquift, or any other per¬ fon, can draw any argument from the above mentioned account, he ought to fee the experiment feveral times repeated, with his own eyes, and not take it upon the word of a people who, befides their fuperftition, may very probably find it their intereft to impofe upon tra¬ vellers. Mr Milne, author of the Botanical Di6tionary, how¬ ever, relates an experiment, near akin to the above mentioned, which merits fome attention : “ In the garden of M. de la Serre, of the Rue S. Jacques at Paris, was a female turpentine tree, which flowered every year, without furniffiing any fruit capable of ve¬ getation. This was a fenfible mortification to the owner, who greatly defired to have the tree increafed. Meffieurs Duhamel and Jeffieu very properly judged that they might procure him that pleafure by the affift- ance of a male piftachio tree. Tney fent him one very much loaded with flowers. It was planted in the gar¬ den of M. de la Serre, very near the female turpentine tree, wffiich the fame year produced a great quantity of fruits, that were well conditioned, and rofe with faci¬ lity. The male plant was then removed 5 the confe- quence of which was, that the turpentine tree of M. de la Serre in none of the fucceeding years bore any fruit that, upon examination, w7as found to germi¬ nate.” 6 Upon this experiment it is obferved by the antifex- ualifts, that, though it were a thoufand times repeated, it never could be decifive. The nature of the contro- verfy, fay they, is fuch, that one experiment is more decifive in favour of their opinion, that 10.000 can be againfl; them. I he reafon is plain : If there is fuch a thing as a lexual intercourfe in vegetables, it is as won¬ derful that any feeds fliould be pertefted without that intercourfe, as that a virgin fhould have a child ; the laft is not in the lea1! more extraordinary than the firft. One experiment, therefore, which Ihows that feeds may ^ ^ Hiftory, be perfedkd without fucb fexual intercourfe, is either to be refolved into a miracle, or muft prove abfolutely decifive againrt the fexual fyftem; while numberlefs ex¬ periments i'uch as that above mentioned could prove no¬ thing, becaufe we know not what effecl vegetables may have by growing in each other’s neighbourhood, inde« pendent of any fexual intercourfe. In Milne’s Botanical Di&ionary, under the article Sexus Plant arum., the author quotes Dr Alfton’s experi¬ ments partially. The fafts recorded by Dr Alfton are as follow: 1. Three fets of fpinach, planted at a great di- ftance from each other, proved all of them fertile, and ripened plenty of feeds, which were found to anfwer as well as other fpinach feed. 2. A plant of hemp grow- ing by itfelf, being taken care of, produced about 30 good feeds, though in a fttuation very much expofed, and plucked up too foon, on account of bad weather, in the autumn. 3. This experiment, which is the moft remarkable of the three, w7e ftiall give in the Dolor’s own words. “ In the fpring of 1741, I carried two young feedling plants of the French mercury, long be¬ fore there w7as any in, from this city phyfic garden, the only place where it was then to be found in this coun¬ try, to the king’s garden at the Abbey ; which are more than 700 yards diftant from one another, wfith many high houfes, trees, hedges, and part of a high hill between them $ and planted one of them in one enclo- fure, where it was ffiaded from the fun the greateft part of the day ; and the other in another 25 yards diftant, expofed to the fouth and weft. Both plants ripened fer¬ tile feeds ; and the laft ffied them fo plentifully, that it proved a troublefome weed for feveral years, though none of the fpecies was to be found in that garden tor more than 20 years preceding.” Of this experiment Mr Milne hath not taken any notice ; but upon the other two, has the following re¬ mark : “ The refult of thefe, and fuch like experi¬ ments, can be accounted for, on the principle of the fexes, in no other way than on the fuppofition that fome male flowers have been intermixed with the fe¬ male, and operated the fecundation in queftion. This appears the more probable, as only a part of the feeds in the above experiments attained to perfeft maturity, fo as to be capable of vegetation. The feventh argument of Linnaeus is taken from the floras nut antes.— The piftils of thefe flowers, according to Linnaeus, are always longer than the ftamina ; and nature has affigned them this penfile pofture, that the pollen, which is fpecifically heavier than air, may the more conveniently fall upon the ftigma. But the pi¬ ftils c the campanula, lilium, and many other floras nu- tantes, are not longer than the ftamina. Befides, grant¬ ing this were uniformly the cafe ; yet, as the pollen is heavier than air, this pofture muft of neceffity either make the pollen mifs the piftiilum altogether, or, at any rate, it can only fall upon the back part of the piftil in place of the ftigma ; and, of couife, fuch a dire&ion would rather tend to fruftrate than promote the im¬ pregnation of the feed. The eighth argument is taken from the p/antee Jub- merfle, which are laid to emerge as foon as their flowers begin to blow, left the pollen Ihould be coagulated or walked off .by the water. But many iubmarine and aquatic plants frudlify entirely below water ; and, fup- pofing they did not, the fame argument would equally prove Hi (lory. B O T prove it to be tbe intention of nature, that the pollen fhould be blown away by the winds, as that it fhould be fubfervient to the impregnation of the feed. The ninth and laft argument is entitled Omnium jlorum genu in a conjideratio ; which (fay the antifexual- ills) is nothing more than a collection of vague ob- lervations upon the ftruCture and economy of particu¬ lar plants, fome of them true, others falfe, but all of them evidently thrull in as fupports to a favourite hy- pothelis. Farther Thus the difpute reded fome years ago; but of late byLinnaeus. t^ele ^laS aPPearec^ a tranflation of one of Linnteus’s wmrks upon the fubjeft, which, though publilhed in 1759, was but little knowm in this country. A trea- tife on the Sexual Syftem had alfo been publilhed by the Abbe Spalanzani, in which he not only oppofed the Linnaean doCtrinc, but treated it with ridicule, though without taking any notice of this lad publication, which he feems to have been ignorant of. In this he mentions an experiment with hemp dmilar to fome of thole already related; but which was alfo tried by Lin- njeus, and in his hands turned out the very reverfe of what it did with Spalanzani. In the treatife alluded to, Linneeus mentions Sir Thomas Millington as the fird among the moderns who thought of the didin&ion of fexes in plants. He was Savilian profeffor at Ox¬ ford ; and Dr Grew, in his Anatomy of Plants, relates, that in a converfation on the nature of the antherce of flowers, Sir Thomas hinted, that thofe parts might pro¬ bably be analogous to the male organs of animals, and ferve for the impregnation of the fruit. Grew impro¬ ved on the idea, and purfued it. That the fubjeft, howrever, may be properly underflood, our author is of opinion, that u’e Humid frit accurately underdand the nature of vegetable bodies; and in order to do this, we ought fird to confider the operations of nature in the human frame, and ficm thence continue our refearches through the various tribes of inferior animals, till at lad we arrive at the vegetable creation. In like man¬ ner, to illudrate the generation of plants, W'e mud like- wife take our fird lights from the animal kingdom, and purfue the fame chain till we come to vegetables. This fubjeCf, indeed, he owns to be fo obfeure, that no natu- ralid has hitherto been able to fay any thing fatisfac- lory concerning it; he only mentions fome remarkable fads concerning the produCHon of mule animals from the copulation of two individuals of different fpecies. In the horfe kind we fee two different kinds of mules produced. “ From the mare and male afs (fays he proceeds the mule properly fo called, which in its na¬ ture, that is, in its medullary fubdance and nervous fy- Item, agrees with its mother; but in its cortical fub- ftance and outward form, in its mane and tail, refem- bles the afs. Between the female afs and the horfe, the other kind of mule is engendered, whofe nature or medullary fubdance refembies that of the afs ; but its cortical llrudfure that of the horfe. If the he-goat of Angora copulates with the common Ihe-goat, the kid, by that means procured, inherits the external drufture •and valuable coat of its father ; while, on the other hand, if the common he-goat impregnates the goat of Angora, the kid produced has the fame external form, and bears the fame worthlefs hair with its father. Hence it feems probable, that the medullary fubdance, with AN Y. 303 wrhat Malpighi calls the keel (ennna), and the ner¬ vous fyflem, are latent in the egg of the mother ; the cortical fubdance, or vafcular fyflem, being derived from tbe father.” Thefe cortical and medullary fubdances are previouf- ly explained by our author to be thofe of which both animal and vegetable bodies are compofed. By the medullary fubdance in animal bodies, he means the fpi- nal marrow arifing from the organized brain, and fend¬ ing off the nerves; by the cortical fubdance the veffels with the heart attached to them, by w'hich the medul¬ lary part is nouriihed. In vegetables, the cortical part nourilhes the plant, not only by its roots, but with its WThole furface. For a fmall branch torn from the pa¬ rent ftem, and placed in w'atcr, imbibes nourifliment at its pores. Thus the Fuci, and other marine vegetables, are nourifhed without a root, folely by the pores dif- perfed through their w'hole fubdance. The bark of trees every year depofites its gelatinous internal layer, which is added to the wood, and aflimilates itfelf to it. The medullary, which is the other effential part of ve¬ getables, is multiplied and extended without end ; and whenever it is entirely lofl, the death of the plant ne- ceffarily follows. In examining this lubflance, w*e mud be careful, in two cafes, that we be not milled; fird, by the draws of grades, and by other hollow flems, where the medulla lines the infide of the bark; and fecondly, by large trees, whofe trunks become perfeftly lolid throughout, except in the very fummits of the branches. The wood performs the office of bones, when there is no longer any occafion for the medulla in that part; and trees, although become hollow, continue never- thelels to grow fo long as this fubflance remains in the extreme branches. It is by no means neceffary that the medulla Ihould have any connexion with the root, as it is only nouriflred by the cortical fubdance of the plant, and is therefore increafed at its upper extre¬ mity without end if it meets with no refiflance. In thole animals whofe fpinal marrow is furrounded by a bony covering, as in the larger and more perfedf kinds, this fubdance never comes out of its confinement; and the harder its cafe, the more abfolutely is its increafe prevented ; but in the fmaller tribes of worms, where this covering is lefs rigid, a perpetual and unlimited in¬ creafe of the animal takes place. “ The mod important parts of the flower, and which are abfolutely effential to it, (our author pro¬ ceeds to ob ferve *), are the damina and piflilla. So * on eflential are they, that among the many thoufands of ^ ^ flowers with which w-e are acquainted, no one can be found not fumilhed with both thefe organs. TheTranfl. flamina derive their origin from the fubdance of the P- 38. feq. wood, which was originally formed from the inner bark, and they may therefore be faid to fpring from the cortical fubflance of the vegetable. This is perfe&ly evident in the afarum (afarabacca), whofe twelve fta- mina proceed from twelve fibres in the inner bark. Double flowers illudrate the fame fa£! : in them, the flamina being weakened and diflblved by excefs of nou- rilhment, the woody fubflance reaflumes the foftnefs of the inner bark, of which it was originally formed. All flamina confid of veffels containing the pollen, or impregnating pow'der, which they difeharge in due time, not without the flridefl obfervance of certain natural laws. The form of thefe veffels, like that of the- 304 B 0 T the capfules of the fruit, is accurately defined, as well as their cells, their particular manner of burfting, and the pollen which they contain j this pollen, like wife, is no lefs certain and uniform in its figure, fize, and co¬ lour, than the feeds themfelves. “The piftillum is the only part which originates from the medullary fubftance, and is therefore invariably fi tuated in the centre of the flower. It alwrays contains the rudiments of the feed, which, in procefs of time, ripen into fruit. The rudiments of the fruit are called the germen, or feed-bud $ this has conftantly another organ conne£led with it, named the JHgma, which is in its higheft degree of vigour and perfedion during the time of flowering. “ Another circumitance worthy of attention is, that the root, which the firft year of its growth is large and filled with medullary pulp, the following feafon becomes hollow, in producing the ftem, flowTers, and feed ; all this pulp being conveyed to the flower, and feeming to be only deftined to the formation of feed, fo many new and diftind animations being formed from it as there are rudiments of new plants. This is par¬ ticularly obfervable in the turnip. “ Thus vegetables, like infeds, are fubjed to a me- tamorphofis *, with this difference only, that their flowers are fixed to one fpot, inftead of being able, like in¬ feds, to fly from place to place ; and that their nou* rifliment is not given them by means of peculiar organs for the formation of chyle. We have feen, that the outer bark becomes calyx, the internal bark corolla, the wood ftamina, and the medulla piftillum $ the frudification exhibiting the internal parts of a plant naked and unfolded. We have likewife feen, that the frudification puts an end to vegetation in the part from whence it arifes, flopping the progrefs of the medulla, which would otherwife have extended itfelf without end by the branches, and occafioning the di- vifion of that medulla into a number of feeds, each endowed wflth a feparate living principle. But as the medulla exifts naked in the germen, it cannot fupport itfelf, or make any farther progrefs, without the af- fiftance of the cortical fubftance which it has left j it muft therefore receive this afliftance by fome means or other, and in fad does receive it from the ftamina and their pollen, which owe their origin to the woody mat¬ ter derived from the inner bark, and originally gene¬ rated by the outer bark. But if it happens that the cortical fubftance is able to inveft the medullary rudi¬ ments of the feed in the flower itfelf, the plant becomes viviparous, as in fejhica, aira, and poa viviparay in which nearly the fame thing takes place as in the me¬ dulla of other plants, which remains in the branches, and is varioufly diftributed, being at once both clothed and nouriftied by the bark, and enabled to form new branches, juft as it happens in the compound animals, or fertularia. “ The organs common in general to all plants are, I. The root, with its capillary veffels, extrading nou- rifhment from the ground. 2. The leaves, which may be called the limbs, and which, like the feet and v\ings of animals, are organs of motion $ for being them¬ felves ftiaken by the external air, they (hake and exer- cife the plant. 3. The trunk containing the medul¬ lary fubftance, which is nourifhed by the bark, and for the molt part-multiplied into ieveral compound plants. ANY. Hifiory, 4. The frudification, which is the true body of the plant, fet at liberty by a metamorphofis, and confifts only of the organs of generation ; it is often defended by a calyx, and furniihed wflth petals, by means of which it in a manner flutters in the air. “ Many flowers have no calyx, as feveral of the lily tribe, the hippuns, &c.; many want the corolla, as graffes, and the plants called apetalous; but there are none deftitute of ftamina and piftilla, thofe important organs deftined to the formation of fruit. We there¬ fore infer from experience, that the ftamina are the male organs of generation, and the piftilla the female j and as many flowers are furnifhed with both at once, it follows that fuch flowers are hermaphrodites. Nor is this fo wonderful, as that there fhould be any plants in which the different fexes are in diftind individuals $ for plants being immoveably fixed to one fpot, cannot, like animals, travel in fearch of a mate. There exifts, however, in fome plants, a real difference of fex. From feeds of the fame mother, fome individual^ (hall be produced, wdiofe flowers exhibit ftamina without piftil¬ la, and may therefore be properly called males; while the reft, being furniftied with pift.lla without ftamina, are therefore denominated females : and fo uniformly does this take place, that no vegetable was ever found to produce female flowers, without flowers furniftied with ftamina being produced, either on the fame indi¬ vidual, or on another plant of the fame fpecies, and vice verfa. “ As all feed-veffels are deftined to produce feeds, fo are the ftamina to bear the pollen, or fecundating powrder. All feeds contain within their membranes a certain medullary fubftance, which fwTells when dipped into warm water. All pollen, likewife, contains in its membrane an elaftic fubftance, which, although ve¬ ry fubtile and almoft invifible, by means of warm wa¬ ter often explodes writh great vehemence. While plants are in flower, the pollen falls from the antherte, and is difperfed abroad, as feeds are diflodged from their fituation when the fruit is ripe. At the fame time that the pollen is fcattered, the piftillum prefents its ftigma, which is then in its higheft vigour, and, for a portion of the day at lead, is moiftened with a fine dew. The ftamina either furround this ftigma, or, if the flowers are of the drooping kind, they are bent towards one fide, fo that the pollen can eafily find ac- cefs to the ftigma 5 where it not only adheres by means of the dew of that part, but the moifture occafions its burfting, by which means its contents are dilcharged* What iffued from it, being mixed with the fluid of the ftigma, is conveyed to the rudiments of the feed. Ma¬ ny evident inftances of this prefent themfelves to our notice \ but I have nowhere feen it more manifeft than in the Jacobean lily {amaryllis formofjjima), the piftil¬ lum of which, when iufticient heat is given the plant to make it flower in perfection, is bent downwards, and from its ftigma iffues a drop of limpid fluid, fo large that one would think it in danger of falling to the ground. It is, however, gradually re-abforbed into the ftyle about three or four o’clock, and becomes invifible till about ten the next morning, when it ap¬ pears again j by noon it attain its largeft dimenfions $ and in the afternoon, by a gentle and fcarcely percep¬ tible dtcreafe, it returns to its fource. If we (hake the antherae over the ftigma, fo that the pollen may Hiftory. B O T fall on tKii limpid drop, xve fee the fluid foon after be¬ come turbid, and affume a yellow colour ; and we per¬ ceive little rivulets, or opake ftreaks, running from the ftigma towards the rudiments of the feed. Some time afterwards, when the drop has totally difappear- ed, the pollen maybe obferved adhering to the fligma, but of an irregular figure, having loft its original form. No one, therefore, can alfent to what Morland and others have afferted, that the pollen paffes into the ftigma, pervades the ftyle, and enters the tender rudi¬ ments of the feed, as Leeuwenhoek fuppofed his worms to enter the ova. A moft evident proof of the falfe- hood of this opinion may be obtained from any fpecies oi vurabilis (marvel of Peru), whofe pollen is fo very large, that it almoft exceeds the ftyle itfelf in thick- nefs, and, falling on the ftigma, adheres firmly to it j that organ fucking and exhaufting the pollen, as a euttle-fifh devours every thing that comes within its grafp. One evening in the month of Auguft I re¬ moved all the ftamina from three flowers of the mira- bihs longi/lora, at the fame time deftroying all the reft of the flowers which were expanded ; I fprinkled thefe three flowers with the pollen of tnirabi/is ja/appa : the feed-buds fwelled, but did not ripen. Another even¬ ing I performed a fimilar experiment, only fprinkling the flowers with the pollen of the fame fpecies j all thefe flowers produced ripe feeds. “ Some writers have believed, that the ftamina are parts of the fruftification, wdiich ferve only to dif- charge an impure or excrementitious matter, and by no means formed for fo important a w^ork as genera¬ tion. But it is very evident, that thefe authors have not fufficiently examined the fubjeifl ; for as, in many vegetables, fome flowers are furnifhed wfith ftamina nnly, and others only with piftilla, it is altogether im- poffible, that ftamina fituated at fo very great a di- ftance from the fruit as on a different branch, or per¬ haps on a feparate plant, fhould ferve to convey any impurities from the embryo. “ No phyliologift could demonftrate, a priori^ the neceflity of the mafculine fluid to the rendering the eggs of animals prolific j but experience has eftablifhed it beyond a doubt. We therefore judge a pqfleriori principally of the fame effedl in plants. “ In the month of January 1760 the antholyza cu- nonia flowered in a pot in my parlour : but produced no fruit, the air of the room not being fufficiently agitated to waft the pollen to the -ftigma. One day, about noon, feeing the ftigma very moift, I plucked off one of the antherse, by means of a fine pair of forceps, and gently rubbed it oy one of the expanded ftigmata. The fpike of flowers remained eight or ten days longer ; when I obferved, in gathering the branch for my herbarium, that the fruit of that flower only on u'hich the experiment had been made had fw7elled to the fize of a bean. I then differed this fruit, and difcovered that one of the three cells contained feeds in confiderable number, the other tw7o being entirely withered. “ In the month of April I fowed the feeds of hemp [cannabis) in two different pots. The young plants came up fb plentifully, that each pot contained 30 or 40. I placed each by the light of a window, but in different and remote apartments. The hemp grew ex¬ tremely w7ell in both pots. In one of them I permit- Vol. IV. Part I. A N Y. 305 ted the male and female plants to remain together, to flower and bear fruit, which ripened in July ; and be¬ ing macerated in water and committed to the earth, fprung up in twelve dayr. From the other, however, I removed all the male plants as foon as they were old enough for me to diftinguilh them from the females. The remaining females grew very well, and prefented their long piftiila in great abundance, thefe flowers continuing a very long time, as if in expectation of their mates ; while the plants in the other pot had al¬ ready ripened their fruit, their piftilla having, quite in a different manner, faded as foon as the males had difeharged all their pollen. It was certainly a beauti¬ ful and truly admirable fpectacle, to fee the unimpreg- nated females preferve their piftilla fo long green and flourilhing, not permitting them to begin to fade till they had been for a confiderable time expofed, in vain, to the accefs of the male pollen. Afterwards, when thefe virgin plants began to decay through age, I exa ¬ mined all their calyxes in the prefence of feveral bota- nifts, and found them large and flourifhing, although every one of the feed-buds was brown, comprefted, membranaceous, and dry, not exhibiting any appear¬ ance of cotyledons or pulp. Hence I am perfectly convinced, that the circumftance which authors have recorded, of the female hemp having produced feeds, although deprived of the male, could only have hap¬ pened by means of pollen brought by the wind from fome diftant place. No experiment can be more eafily performed than the above j none more fatisfaCIory in demonftrating the generation of plants. “ The clucia tenella wTas in like manner kept growing in my window through the months of June and July. The male plant was in one pot, the female in another. The latter abounded with fruit, not one of its flowers proving abortive. I removed the two pots into differ¬ ent windows of the fame apartment: ftill all the fe¬ male flowers continued to become fruitful. At length I took away the male entirely, leaving the female alone, and cutting off all the flowers which it had already borne. Every day new ones appeared from the axilla of every leaf j each remained eight or ten days \ after which their footftalks turning yellow, they fell barren to the ground. A botanical friend, who had amufed himfelf with obferving this phenomenon with me, per- fuaded me to bring from the ftove in the garden a An¬ gle male flower, which he placed over one of the fe¬ male ones, then in perfeftion, tying a piece of red filk round its piftillum. The next day the male flower was taken aw7ay, and this Angle feed-bud remained and bore fruit. Afterwards I took another male flower out of the fame ftove, and with a pair of ftender for¬ ceps pinched off one of its antherse, which I after¬ wards gently fcratched with a feather, fo that a very fmall portion of its pollen was difeharged upon one of the three ftigmata of a female flower, the two other ftigmata being covered with paper. This fruit likewife attained its due fize ; and on being cut tranfverfely, exhibited one cell filled with a large feed, and the other two empty. The reft of the flowers, being unimpreg- , nated, faded and fell off. This experiment may be per¬ formed with as little trouble as the former. “ The clatifca cannabina came up in my garden from feed ten years ago, and has every year been plentifully increafed by means of its perennial root. Flowers in Qji great 306 B G T ^I’eat numbeif ii&ve been produced by it ; but being all i’emale, tliey proved abortive. Being defirous of pro¬ curing male plants, I obtained more feeds from Paris. Some more plants were railed •, but thefe likewife, to my great mortiucation, all proved females, and bore flowers but no fruit. In the year 1757, I received another parcel of feeds. From thefe I obtained a few male plants, which flowered in 1758. Thefe were planted at a great diftance from the females j and when their flowers were juft ready to emit their pollen, hold¬ ing a paper under them, I gently (hook the fpike or panicle with my finger, till the paper was almoft cover¬ ed with the yellow powder. I carried this to the fe¬ males, which were flowering in another part of the garden, and placed it over them. The cold nights of the year in which this experiment was made, deftroyed thefe datifcas, with many other plants, much earlier than ufual. Neverthelefs, when I examined the flowers of thofe plants which I had fprinkled with the fertili¬ zing powder, I found the feeds of their due magni¬ tude ; while in the more remote datifcas, which had not been impregnated with pollen, no traces of feeds were vifible. Several fpecies of momordica, cultivated with us, like other Indian vegetables, in clofe ftoves, have fre¬ quently borne female flowers $ which, although at firft very vigorous, after a (hort time have conftantly faded and turned yellow, without perfecting any feed, till I inftrufted the gardener, as foon as he obferved a female flower, to gather a male one and place it above the fe¬ male. By this contrivance we are fo certain of ob¬ taining fruit, that we dare pledge ourfelves to make any female flowers fertile that (ball be fixed on. “ rV\\z. jatropha urens has flowered every year in my hot-houfe 5 but the female flowers coming before the males, in a week’s time dropped their petals, and faded before the latter were opened $ from which caufe no fruit has been produced, but the germina themfelves have fallen off. We have therefore never had any fruit of the jatropha till the year 1752, when the male flowers were in vigour on a tall tree at the fame time that the females began to appear on a fmall jatropha which was growing in a garden pot. I placed this pot under the other tree, by which means the female flowers bore feeds, which grew on being fown. I have frequently (ince amufed myfelf with taking the male flowers from one plant, and fcattering them over the female (lowers of another, and have always found the feeds of the latter impregnated by it. “ Two years ago I placed a piece of paper under fome of thefe male flowers, and afterwards folded up the pollen which had fallen upon it, preferving it fo folded up, if I remember right, four or fix weeks, at the end of which time another branch of the fame ja¬ tropha w7as in flower. I then took the pollen, which I had fo long preferved in paper, and ftrewed it over three female (lowers, the only ones at that time ex¬ panded. Thefe three females proved fruitful, while all the reft which grew in the fame bunch fell off abor¬ tive. “ The interior petals of the ornithogalutn, common¬ ly, but improperly, called canadenfe, cohere fo clofely together, that they only juft admit the air to the ger- rnen, and will fcarcely permit the pollen of another flower to pafs; this plant produced every day new A ,K Y. Hiftoiy. flowers and fruit, the fru&ification never failing in any inftance *, I therefore, with the utmoft care, extra&ed the anther* from one of the flowers with a hooked needle ; and, as I hoped, this Angle flower proved bar¬ ren. This experiment was repeated about a week af¬ ter wdth the fame fuccefs. “ I removed all the anther* out of a flower of che- lidoniunt cormculatum (fcarlet horned poppy), which was growing in a remote part of the garden, upon the firft opening of its petals, and (tripped off all the reft of the flowTers ; another day I treated another flower of the fame plant in a fimilar manner, but fprinkled the piftillum of this with the pollen borrowed from an¬ other plant of the fame fpecies : the refult w?as, that the firft. flower produced no fruit, but the fecond af¬ forded very perfect feed. My defign in this experi¬ ment was to prove, that the mere removal of the an¬ ther* from a flower is not in itfelf fufficieiit to render the germen abortive. “ Having the nicotiana fruticofa growing in a gar¬ den-pot, and producing plenty of flowers and feed, I extra&ed the anther* from a newly-expanded flower before they had burft, at the fame time cutting away all the other (lowers $ this germen produced no fruit» nor did it even fwell. “ I removed an urn, in wdiich the afphodelas Ji/lulo- fus was growing, to one corner of the garden, and from one of the flowers which had lately opened I extrafled its anther* j this caufed the impregnation to fail. Another day I treated another flow'er in the fame man¬ ner : but bringing a flower from a plant in a different part of the garden, with which I fprinkled the piftil¬ lum of the mutilated one, its germen became by that means fruitful. “ Ixia chinenjts, flowering in my ftove, the windows of which were (hut, all its flow'ers proved abortive. I therefore took fome of its anther* in a pair of pincers, and with them fprinkled the ftigmata of two flowers, and the next day one ftigma only of a third flower ^ the feed-buds of thefe flowers remained, grew to a large fize, and bore feed j the fruit of the third, however, contained ripe feed only in one of its cells. “ To relate more experiments wTould only be to fa¬ tigue the reader unneceffarily. All nature proclaims the truth I have endeavoured to inculcate, and every fkwer bears witnefs to it. Any perfon may make the experiment for himfelf, with any plant he pleafes, only taking care to place the pot in which it is growing in the window of a room fufficiently out of the reach of other flowers 5 and I will venture to promife him that he will obtain no perfect fruit, unlefs the pollen has accefs to the piftillum.” Se£t. V. Of the Natural Method of Clajfijication. Besides all the afiovementioned methods of claffing and diftributing plants into their different orders, ge¬ nera, &c. which are deduced from the frudification, and are therefore called artificial^ Linnaeus and moll other botanifts are of opinion that there is a natural method, or nature’s f>ftem, which we fhould diligently endeavour to find out. That this fyftem, fay they, is no chimera, as fome imagine, will appear particularly from hence, that all plants, of what order foever, (how an affinity to fome others; and thus, as formerly ob¬ ferved. 3°7 Hiftory. EOT ferved, not only the virtues of a great number of fpe- cies may be afcertained, but we may know with cer¬ tainty how to find a proper fuccedaneum for plants which cannot eafily be had—Linnaeus divides vegeta¬ bles into the 58 natural methods following. 1. Palma. Thefe are perennial, and moftly of the (hrub and tree kind. The ftem is in height from a to 100 feet and upwards. The roots form a mafs of fi¬ bres wLich are commonly fun pie and without any ra¬ mifications. The ftem is generally fimple, without branches, cylindrical, and compofed of ftrong longitu¬ dinal fibres. The leaves, wLich are a compofition of a leaf and a branch, by Linnaeus called frondes, are of different forms $ being fometimes fhaped like an um¬ brella or fan y fometimes fingly or doubly winged ; the fmall or partial leaves, which are often three feet in length, being ranged alternately. The branches, or principal leaves, are fix, eight, ten, or twelve feet long 5 the length varying according to the age and fize of the plant. They are covered at firft wuth a thick brown duft, like thofe of the ferns. The bafe of the leaves frequently embraces the greater part of the ftem. The flowers are male and female upon the fame or different roots. The flowers are all difpofed in a panicle or diffufed fpike, except in the hydrocharis, ftratiotes, and vallifneria y in which they proceed fingly from the wings or angles of the leaves. The common calyx, in this order, is that termed a fpatha or Jheathy and has either one or twTo valves. The fpadix, or head of flowers protruded from the fheath, is generally branched. Each flower is generally furnifhed with a perianthiura or proper flower-cup, confifting of three leaves or divifions that are fmall and permanent. The •petals are three in number, of a fubftance like leather, and permanent like the leaves of the calyx. The fta- mina are from l to 20 and upwards, cohering flightly at their bafe. The feed-buds are from one to three in number, placed in the middle of the flower, and fup- porting a like number of ftyles, which are very fhort. The feed-veffel is generally a pulpy fruit of the ber¬ ry or cherry kind, containing one cell filled with fi¬ brous flefh, and covered with a {kin which is of a fubftance like leather. The feeds are in number from one to- three in each pulpy fruit, of a hard bony fubftance, round or oval, and attached by their bafe to the bottom of the fruit.—-Thefe plants, particu¬ larly the feeds, are aftringent, and of efficacy in dy- fenteries. 2. Pipeutoe. Thefe plants are moftly herbaceous and perennial. The ftalks of pothos creep along rocks and trees, into wffiich they ftrike root at certain di- ftances. The greateft height which any of them is known to attain is 15 feet ; the greater part do not exceed three or four. The flethy roots of many of thefe plants are extremely acrid when frefti. They lofe this pungent quality, however, by being dried, and become of a foapy nature. The fmell of many of them is extremely fetid, frequently refembling that of human excrements. The flowers, however, of an Ethiopian dracunculus or arum, and the cover in which they are involved, are faid to emit a very fragrant odour. With regard to their virtues, thefe plants are commonly aftringent. 3. Calamarie. In this clafs the bafe of the leaf, A N Y. which embraces the ftalk like a glove, has no longitu¬ dinal aperture, but is perfeftly entire. The ftalk is ge¬ nerally triangular, and without knots or joints. The roots of feme are long and knotty ; in others they are compofed of fleftiy fibres which pierce deep into the ground : and in others, of a bulb. The flowers are either hermaphrodite, or male and female upon the fame root. The mode of inflorefcence in this order is gene¬ rally a fpike ; fometimes a capitulum or head. The calyx is either a gluma or an amentum. The corolla is wanting. The filaments of the ftamina are three in number, fhort, flender like a hair, and fometimes briftly. The antherae are generally long, flender, and erett. The feed-bud is very fmall, blunt, and fome¬ times three-cornered. The ftyle is thread-fhaped, and of the length of the fcaly calyx. The ftigmata are ge¬ nerally three in number ; flender, hairy, and fometimes permanent. The virtues, ufes, and fenfible qualities, of this order of plants are the fame with thofe of the following. 4. Gramina. Moft of thefe plants are annual or pe rennial herbs ; feme of them creep upon the ground, others are ereft. The roots, in the greateft number, are creeping, and emit fibres from each knot or joint ; in others they are fimply branching and fibrous. The items and branches are round. The leaves are fimple, alternate, entire, very long, and commonly narrow. They form below a fort of fheath, which embraces or furrounds the ftem, and is generally cleft or divided on one fide through its whole length. The flowrers are either hermaphrodite, male and female on the fam6 root, or hermaphrodite and male on the fame root. They proceed either fingly from the fheath of the leaves, or are formed into a panicle or loofe fpike. The calyx and corolla in this order are not fufficiently afcertained $ in feme a fingle fcale or hufk, in others two, fupply the place of both covers $ fome grafles have four hufky feales, two of which ferve for the ca¬ lyx, and the other two for the corolla ; fome have five ; others fix, four of which conftitute the calyx, and the other two are termed improperly enough the hujky petals. The corolla is fometimes compofed of one petal with' two divifions ; and in general the hulks of the calyx are always placed oppofite to thofe of the corolla. The ftamina are generally three in number, and placed irregularly with regard to the fituation of the calyx and corolla. The antherse are long, fur¬ nifhed with two cells, and flightly attached to the fi¬ laments. The feed-bud is placed upon the fame re¬ ceptacle as the calyx, corolla, and ftamina. The ftyle is generally double, and crowned with a hairy ftigma or fummit. The feed-veffel is wanting. The feeds are fingle, oval, and attached below to the bottom of the flower.-—The roots of the graffes are opening j fuch as have an aromatic fmell are ftomachic ; their feeds are mealy, mucilaginous, and nourifhing. All the parts of thefe plants are wholefome. 5. Tripetaloidea (from tres, three; and pet alum, a petal). Thete plants have no very ftriking charadfers, and are nearly allied to the graffes. All the genera of this order have not the circumftance exprefled in the title. 6. Enfate. This order, which is very nearly allied to the graffes and liliaceous plants, fumiffies a very Qjl 2 beautiful 3q8 B O T beautiful coikcfion of perennial herbs, which are of difterent heights, from one inch to 15 feet. The roots are tuberous or tleihy, ami garni(hed with fibres j the (talks are fimple, and commonly fiat or comprefl’ed on the iides. The leaves are fimple, alternate, entire, (word-ihaped, and, like the liliaceous plants, form at their origin a (heath or glove, which in the greateft number is cleft or divided through the whole length, except at the bafe, where it is entire, and embraces the (talk like a ring. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and generally pioceed from the fummit of the (talks either (ingly, in an umbel, a fpike, or in a panicle. In pon- tederia they proceed from the wings or angles of the leaves either fingly or in an umbel. Moll of thefe plants want the perianthium or fiower-cup j the flowers built from a common cover or (heath, termed by Lin- uku* fpatba, which in this order is frequently perma¬ nent. The petals are in number from one to fix. The (tamina are generally three. The feed-bud is placed fometimes above the flower, fometimes below it. The (tyle is generally fingle, and crowned with a triple (tigma. The feed-velTel is a dry capfule, generally of an oblong Ihape, and opens at three valves, difeover- ing the fame number of cells, each inclofing a quanti¬ ty of roundifh feeds.-—Thefe plants refemble the lilia¬ ceous in their powers and fenlible qualities j very few of them, however, are ufed in medicine. 7. Orchidea. The roots of many of thefe plants are compofed of one or more flefliy tubercles or knobs, at¬ tached to the lower part of the ftem,' and feuding forth fibres from the top. Thofe of orchis bear an obvious refemblance to the ferotum in animals : from which circumftance the genus has derived its name. The leaves are of a moderate fize, inferibed with a number of longitudinal nerves or ribs, and without any foot- ftalk. At their origin they form round the (talk a kind of (heath, which is long, entire, cylindrical, but not furniflred, like the grafles and fome other plants, with a crown at top. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and placed at the fummit of the (talk either in a fpike or in a panicle. The calyx is that fort termed by Lin¬ naeus a fpatha or jheath, that burfting open protrudes a head or clufter of flowers, termed fpadix, which have no perianthium or flower-cup. The petals are five in number, and very irregular. The nedfarium in this order is remarkably confpicuous ; yet fo different in the different genera, that Linnaeus has employed it for his principal charadler or mark of diftindlion, in- ftead of the root, which had chiefly engaged the at¬ tention of former botanifts. It has the appearance of a lixth petal. The filaments are always two in num¬ ber, and placed upon the piftillum or female organ. The antherae are erecl, and generally covered by the upper lip of the nedtarium. The feed-bud is either oblong or pillar-fhaped, twilled like a ferew, and uni- verfally placed below the receptacle of the flower. The ilyle is fingle, very fhort, and forms one fubflance wuth the inner margin of the nedfarium. The feed-veffel is generally a capfule with one cavity or cell, and three valves or openings, which are keel-fliaped, and open on the angular fides, being jointed both at the bottom and top. The feeds are numerous; very frnall, like faw-duft y and attached, without footflalks, to a (len¬ der receptacle or rib, which extends itfelf lengthwife A N Y. Hiftory. in the middle of each inclofure or valve. The plants of this order are reckoned (Irong aphrodifiacs. 8. Scitartunea. This clafs confiifs of beautiful exo¬ tic plants, all natives of very warm countries. Some of them furnifh exquifite fruits ; but though the plants rife very high, they are perennial only by their roots. Thofe which have only one filament, have in all their parts an aromatic odour, and an acrid or poignant taftej qualities, however, poffeffed in a much greater degree by the roots, which are hot and refinous. 9. Spathacea, fo called becaufe their flowers are protruded from a fpatha or (heath. They are nearly allied in habit and ftrufture to the liliaceous plants, from which they are chiefly diftinguifhed by the fpatha but of which their flowers are protruded. 10. Coronaria. Thefe plants are herbaceous, per¬ ennial, and from one inch to J 5 feet high. The roots are either bulbous, fibrous, or compofed of fmall fiefhy knots, which are jointed at top. rI he bulbs either con- fift of feales laid over each other like tiles, or are folid. The ftem of the liliaceous bulbous plants is properly- wanting ; what fupplies its place being nothing elfc than the bafe of the leaves, which, wrapping or enfold¬ ing each other, form at bottom a roundifti fleftiy bulb hitherto diftinguifhed, though perhaps improperly, by the name of root. In the others the ftem is fimple, that is, has few branches, and is either furnifhed with leaves, or rifes naked. The branches are alternate and cylindrical. The leaves are fimple, alternate, and en¬ tire. Thofe next the root, termed radical leaves, ge¬ nerally form at their origin a (heath, which in a great number is entire $ that is, goes all round j whilft in others, it is cleft or divided longitudinally on one fide. The flowers are univerfally hermaphrodite, except in white hellebore, which has both male and hermaphrodite flowers mixed together on the fame root. The flowers are fometimes fingle, and terminate the ftem, fometimes they form an umbel, fometimes a fpike, and fometimes a panicle. The calyx or flower cup, in this order, ac¬ cording to Linnseus, is generally wanting. In Uriel propriety, however, the fingle cover that is preient in moil of thefe plants, though beautifully coloured, ought to be denominated n calyx; as its divifions, generally fix in number, are placed oppofite to the ftamina. The petals, or, to fpeak more properly, the coloured leaves of the flower, are in number from one to fix. Plants which have a fingle petal, have the limb or upper part fplit into fix divifions or fegments. The petals in fome fpecies are rolled or turned back. T he ne£larium is various j in the lily it is a longitudinal line which runs through each petal, and reaches from the bafe to the middle. In crown imperial, it is a fmall hollow or pore, formed at the bafe of each petal j in afphodel it confifts of fix very fmall valves, which, approaching, form a globe, and are inferted into the bafe of the pe¬ tal 5 in hyacinth, it is compofed of three melliferous pores, fituated on the top of the feed-bud. In pine¬ apple, it is a fmall fcale lying within the fubftance of each petal above the bafe j and in albuca, or baftard flat of Bethlehem, it confifts of two (harp-pointed bodies proceeding from the furrows of the feed-bud, and co¬ vered by the broader bafe of the three fertile filaments. In fome fpecies of lily the nedlarium is hairy j in o- thers it is naked. 'I he ftamina are fix in number 5 ereft. 3°9 Hiftory. ^ 1 ereS, and inferted into the common receptacle, if the flower confifts of many petals j into the tube, or divi- fions of the corolla, if it confifts of one. 1 he anther® are long, commonly divided below, and llightly attach¬ ed by their Tides to the filaments on which they turn like a vane or the needle of a compafs. 1 he leefl-bud is Tingle, and placed either within the flower-cup or be¬ low it. The ftyle is Tingle, thread-illaped, and gene¬ rally of the length of the petals. The Ttigma is gene¬ rally Tingle, of a conic form, and (baggy or hairy at the extremity. The feed-veffel is generally a capfule, di¬ vided externally into three valves, internally into three cells.- With refpeft to the powers of the plants of this order, it may be affirmed in general, that fuch as have little tafte or fmell, as the roots of tulip, and (far. of Bethlehem, are perfe&ly innocent; whilff thofe which have a heavy naufeous imell, asfquill, hyacinth, crown imperial, and fpider-wort, are at leaft fufpicious, and frequently prove noxious. ii. Stirmentofce, (from far men turn, a long (hoot, like that of a vine.^) This order confifts of plants which have climbing ftems and branches, that, like the vine, attach themfelves to the bodies in tbeir neigh¬ bourhood for the purpofe oi lupport. 1 hele plants are far from being a true natural affemblage •, in fact they fcarce agree in a Tingle circumilance, except that ex- preffed in the title, which is far from being peculiar to this order. t 2. Rjleracea. This order confifts of plants wdiich are ufed for the table, and enter into the oeconomy of domeftic affairs : it contains trees, (lirubs, perennial, and annual herbs. Some of the woody vegetables retain their green leaves during the winter. The roots are very long, and frequently fpindle-lhaped j from the knots on the ftems and branches of fuch plants as creep on the ground, or float on the water, proceed fibrous and branching roots. The ftems and young branches are cylindric \ and in the greateft part of the aquatic plants of this order, the ftalks are hollow within. The buds are of a conic form, and naked j that is, not ac¬ companied with fcales. The leaves are generally fimple, entire, alternate, and attached to the branches by a cylindric foot-ftalk, which is fometimes very long, but commonly very (hort. Some plants of this kind have two ftipulee or fcales which are attached to the branches near the origin of the foot-ftalk of each leaf. In many others, inftead of ftipul®, each leaf bears on its foot- ftalk a membranaceous (heath, which is cylindric, fre¬ quently fringed on the margin, and pierced or pene¬ trated by the ftem. The flowers are either hermaphro¬ dite ; male and female upon the fame root j male and female upon different roots; hermaphrodite and male on the fame root j hermaphrodite and female on the fame root; or hermaphrodite and male on different roots. 13. Succulent#. This order confifts of flat, fleftiy, and juicy plants, moft of them evergreens. They are aftringent, refrelhing, and very wholefome. 14. Gruinales (from^rwr a crane). Thefe confiftof geranium, vulgarly called cranes-bill, and a few other genera which Linnaeus confiders as allied to it in their habit and external ftru&ure. This order furnifties both herbaceous and woody plants. The roots are fometimes fibrous, fometimes tuberous. In fome fpecies of wood- forrel they are jointed. The ftems are cylindric j the A N Y. young branches, in Tome, nearly fquarc. i ne buds are of a conic form, and covered with fcales. The leaves are either fimple or compound. The flowers are her¬ maphrodite ; they proceed from the wings of the leaves either fingly or in clufters. The calyx or flower-dip confifts of five diftimff leaves, or of one leaf divided al- moft to the bottom into five parts. It generally ac¬ companies the feed-bud to its maturity. The petals are five in number, fpreading, and frequently funnel- (haped. The (lamina are generally ten in number, awl (haped, ere£l, and of the length of the petals, '['he (lamina are generally oblong ; and frequently attached to the filaments by the middle, fo as to lie, and Tome- times to veer about, upon them. The Teed-bud is ei¬ ther oblong or five-cornered. The number of ftyles is either one or five. In tribulus, the ftyle is wanting. The feed-veffel is generally a five-cornered capfule, with one, three, five, or ten cells. The feeds are ge¬ nera]’) equal in number to the internal divifibns or the cells of the feed-veffel; one feed being placed in each cell. 15. Inundates. The plants of this order are aqua¬ tic, of low ftature, herbaceous, and moftly perennial. The roots are fibrous. The ftem is generally wanting. In its place is an affemblage of leaves, which wrap¬ ping or enfolding each other mutually form a (heath , ■ and from the middle of this (heath is produced the foot- ftalk of the flower. The leaves are fometimes alternate, fometimes placed in wdiirls round the ftem. In a great many genera the foot-ftalk is extended at its origin into a membranaceous fubftance, which forms a (heath that is cleft through the whole length, on the fide oppofite to the leaf. The flowers are hermaphrodite, or male and female on the Tame root. The flow®r-cup is either wanting, or confifts of three, four, or five divifions or leaves, wdiich accompany the Teed-bud to its maturity. The petals are generally wanting. The (lamina are in number from 1 to 16 and upwards. The filaments in fome genera are fo Ihort, that they feem wanting. The anther® are fliort, and generally marked with four longitudinal furrows. The feed-buds are in number from one to four, the ftyle is frequently wanting. The feed-veffel is univerfally wanting, except in elatine, which has a dry capfule, with four external openings, and the fame number of cells. The feeds are generally four in fiumber. 16. Calyciflor*, (from calyx the flowrer-cup, zn&Jlos the flower), confiding of fuch plants as have the (la¬ mina (the flower)inferted into the calyx. All the plants of this order are of the (hrub and tree kind. Some of them rife to the height of 12 or 14 feet j others not above two or three. The roots are branching, fibrous, and woody. The ftems are cylindric. The branches, when young, are cornered } the buds of a conic form, and without fcales. The leaves are fimple, alternate, and attached to the branches by a very (hort foot-ftalk. The flowers are either male or female upon diftinft roots, or hermaphrodite and male on the fame root. The calyx is a perianthium compofed of one leaf di¬ vided into tw'O, three, or four fegments. It is com¬ monly placed upon the germen or feed-bud, which accompanies it to maturity. The corolla is univerfally wanting, except in trophis, the male plants of which, according to Linnaeus, have four obtufe and fpreading petals. The ftamina are generally four in number,, (lender B O T {lender like a hair, Jliort, placed at a confiderable di- flance from the rtyle, and inferted into the tube of the calyx. The piitillum is compofed of a roundidi ger- men, crowned with the calyx ; a fingle thread-fhaped ifyle ; and a cylindric fligma. The feed-vedel is either an obtufe oval fruit of the cherry kind, or a globular berry with one cell, containing a roundifh feed. The plants of this order are aftringent. 17. Ca/ycanthenue, (from rWj/.v the flower-cup, and the jlovjer); confiding of plants, which, among other charafters, have the corolla and ftamina inferted in the calyx. This order furnifhes trees, flmibs, and annual, biennial, and perennial herbs. The herbaceous annuals are by much the mod numerous. The roots are branching and fibrous; the ftems and branches cylin¬ dric, fquare, or four-cornered while young. The buds are of a conic form, and without fcales. The leaves are generally either alternate, fimple, and attached to the branches by a fhort foot-dalk, or oppofite at tile bot¬ tom of the dem ; and in forae, alternate towards the top. They are univerfally feflile ; that is, attached to the branches, without any foot-dalk. The calyx is uni¬ verfally a perianthium, and generally monophyllous, or compofed of one leaf. The corolla confids of four, five, and fix petals, which are attached to the tube of the calyx, and are fometimes placed alternate, fometimes oppofite to the divifions of the limb. The ftamina, which are in number from 4 to 20 and upwards, are at¬ tached to the tube of the calyx either on its margin or lower down. When the number of ftamina is double the divifions of the calyx, the ftamina which ftand op¬ pofite thefe divifions are a little longer than the reft. The antherse are generally of a hemifpherical figure ; frequently cleft or flit beloiv 5 and by that aperture at¬ tached (lightly to the filaments, on which they often veer about like a vane or needle. They are furrounded longitudinally, and open on the fides into two loculi or cells. The pollen, or male duft, confifts of a number of minute particles, of an oval figure, yellow and tranf- parent. The germen, or feed-bud, is placed either a- bove or under the receptacle of the flower. The ftyle is fingle, thread-fhaped, and of the length of the fta¬ mina. The ftigma is generally fingle and undivided. The feed-veflel is a capfule, which is generally divided internally into four loculi or cells. The feeds are nume¬ rous, minute, and frequently three-cornered. The plants of this order are reckoned aftringent. 18. Bicornes, (from twice, and cornu a horn), plants whofe antherse have the appearance of two horns. This appearance, however, is not very confpicuous, unlefs in a few genera. The plants of this order are all of the fhrub and tree kind. The roots are branch¬ ing and fibrous. The ftems and branches are cylin¬ dric. The buds conic, fometimes covered with fcales, and fometimes naked. The leaves are generally alter¬ nate. In moft plants of this order they are either fefiile, or fupported by a very fhort foot-ftalk, which is femi- eylindnc, and flat above. The flowers are univerfally hermaphrodite, except in one genus, the Indian date- plum, where hermaphiodite and male flow’ers are pro¬ duced in the fame fpecies upon diftinft roots. They proceed either fobtary, or in a corymbus from the angles formed by the leaves and branches : or hang dowmin fpikes and clufters at the end of the branches; .each flower having a fmall Icale or floral leaf placed A N Y. 1 under it. In moft plants of this order the calyx is placed around er below the germen. The calyx is uni¬ verfally a perianthium, and generally monopr.yllcus or of one piece, deeply divided into four or five legments, which are permanent, that is, accompany the germen to its maturity. The fegments are often acute, and fometimes coloured. The corolla is generally rr-onope- talous, and bell or funnel fhaped ; the figure, however, is not very conftant, even in plants of the fame genus. The limb, or upper part of the petal, is generally di¬ vided into four or five fegments, which are fometimes rolled back, lometimes bent inwards. The limb too is fometimes (lightly cut, fometimes divided almoft to the bottom. 7 he tube, or lower part of the petal, is cy- lindric, and generally of the fame length wu’th the cahx, ri'he number of ftamina is from 4 to 20. Thefe are ge¬ nerally ereft, and attached to the lower part of the tube of the corolla. The anthers} are bifid or forked below, and, being (lightly attached to the filaments, are fre¬ quently inverted in fuch a manner as to exhibit the ap¬ pearance of two horns at top. The germen or feed- bud, is generally roundifh, and feated above the recep¬ tacle. The ftyle is fingle, thread-fhaped, of the fame length wdth the corolla, and in a fewT genera permanent, i he feed-veffel is either a capfule with five cells, a round¬ ifh berry, or an oblong four-corned nut with two cells. —The plants of this order are aftringent. 19. Hefperidecv, (from the Hefperides, whofe or¬ chards are faid to have produced golden apples). The plants of this order are of the fhrub and tree kind, and moftly evergreen. The bark of the ftalks is (lender, and comes off in thin plates. The leaves are general¬ ly oppofite, and covered with fmall tranfparent points. In feme, the leaves are placed oppofite at the bottom of the ftalks, and alternate above. The buds are of a conic form, the flowers generally hermaphrodite ; they proceed from the wings of the leaves either fingly, or in clufters like ivy-berries. The calyx is placed above the feed-bud, and accompanies it to its maturity. The petals are three, four, or five in number, and ftand upon the brims of the tube of the calyx. The feed-bud is large, oblong, and placed below the receptacle of the flower. The ftyle is fingle, awl-fhaped, of the length of the ftamina, and terminated with a fingle ftigma, 1'he feed-veflel in fome genera is a berry furnifhed w ith one or three cells ; a capfule with four cells, or of the nature of a cherry, containing a ftone. The feeds are generally numerous, fmall, and oblong. The leaves and fruits are aftringent, the berries elculent. 20. Rotacea, (from rota, a wdieel), confifting of plants wuth one wdieel-fhaped petal without a tube. Thefe referable in quality thofe of the order of Precia-, to which they are in all refpedfs very nearly allied ; but very few' of them can be faid in ftrift propriety to pof- fefs the charafter fpecified in the title. 2T. P’ecia-, (from prcents early). Thefe confift of primrofe, an early flowering plant, and fome others which agree with it in habit and ftruflure, though not always in the ehara&er or circumftance expreflfed in the title. Thefe plants, w'hich pofliefs no ftriking uniform chara&ers, are, in general, innocent in their quality; yet the root of fow-bread is dangerous, if taken inter¬ nally. 22. Caryophylletc. All the plants of this order are her¬ baceous, and moftly annual. Some of the creeping kinds Hillary. B O T kinds do not rife above an inch, and the tailed: exceed not feven or eight feet. The roots are branching, fibrous, and of a moderate length. The dems are cy¬ lindrical. The branches proceed from the wings or angles of the leaves, and are generally oppofite, and as it were jointed at each knot. In fome fpecies of ceradium the branches are fquare. The leaves are ge¬ nerally placed oppofite in pairs, fo as to referable a crofs ; and are nightly united at the bottom by their foot-dalks, which form a fort of glove round the dem. The hairs are Ample, like fiik. The flowers are her¬ maphrodite *, but fome have male and female flowers upon didinct roots. They either dand fingle on their foot-dalks, and proceed from the wings or angles of the leaves and branches, or are difpofed in a fpike, corymbus, umbel, or panicle. The calyx is permanent, and compofed either of one piece with five indentments, or of four or five didintt leaves. The corolla generally confids of five petals, which have claws of the length of the calyx ; and a fpreading limb, fometimes entire, but oftener cleft or divided in two. The damina are in number from 3 to 15, and of a moderate length. When their number is double the divifions of the calyx, they are attached alternately to the claw's of the petals, thofe fo attached being diorter tha9 the red 5 the re¬ maining damina are inlerted into the common recepta¬ cle, and dand oppofite to the fegments of the calyx. In fome genera of this order the number of damina is found to vary, even in the different flowers of the fame plant. The antherae are Ihort, hemifpherical, marked with four longitudinal furrows, frequently divided or cleft below, mod commonly ereid 5 fometimes, however, m- cumbent, that is, fadened to the filaments by the fidcs. The pointal is compofed of a fingle feed-bud, which is generally roundilh, fometimes cornered. The dyles are thread-fliaped, of the length of the damina, and crowned with a fimple digma, which is deck or fmooth externally, and dightly hollowed or vaulted within. The feed-veffel is a dry capfule, of an oval form, of the length of the calyx, and confids of one or three cells. The plants of this order are innocent in their quality ; they abound in a watery fort of phlegm, and have bit¬ ter feed. With refpeft to their virtues, they are rec¬ koned adringent, attenuating, and deterfive. 23. Tnhilattfy (from tres three, and hilum an ex¬ ternal mark on the feed) ; confiding of plants with three feeds, which are marked didinftly with an exter¬ nal cicatrix or fear, where they are fadened within to the fruit. 24. Corydales, (from xejv? a helmet) ; confiding of plants which have irregular flowers, fomewhat refem- bling a helmet or hood. Thefe plants 'are moflly her¬ baceous and perennial. The roots are tuberous or knobby. The dems are generally branching. The leaves are alternate, fometimes fimple, but mod com¬ monly winged. The foot-dalk of the leaves is drait or narrow, except in epimedium, where it is large, and has a membranous edge or border. The flowers are univerally hermaphrodite. They proceed either fingly from the wings and angles of the leaves, or are collected in duffers at the end of the branches. The calyx confids of two, four, five, or fix leaves, which are frequently coloured, and commonly fall off immediately before, or very foon after, the expanfion of the petals. The corolla is generally irregular} of one, or many A N Y. pieces j gaping j and furnilhed with a ne61arium, which is very different in the different genera. The damina are in number from two to fix, and of a proportionate length, except in honey-flower, rvhich has two fhorter than the red. The filaments are diffincl, except in two genera, fumitory and monnieriay which have tw?o fets of firings or filaments united in a cylinder. The antherae are univerfally diflindl, except in impatiens, wffere they are formed into a cylinder divided at the bafe. The feed-bud is generally roundiffi, but fome¬ times angular or cornered. The dyle is commonly fingle, extremely fhort, flender, or thread-draped, and crowned with a fimple fligma. The feed-veffel is ei¬ ther a hollow blown-up berry, a capfule of one cell, a longilh, or a rounaiffi pod. The feeds are generally' numerous and round. 25. Putaminea, (from put amen a fliell) : confiding of a few genera of plants allied in habit, whofe flefliy feed-veffel or fruit is frequently covered with a hard woody fliell. Mod of thefe plants are acrid and pe¬ netrating ; and yield, by burning, a great quantity of fixed alkab. With refpect to their virtues, they are powerful aperients. The Indians pretend that the fruit of a fpecies of caper-bufli, which they call baducca, extinguifhes the flames of love. 26. Multifiiiquce, (from multui many, and Jiliqua a pod) ; confiding of plants which have more feed-vef- fels than one. From the etymology of the term, one would naturally imagine that the feed-veffels in quedion were of that kind called by Linnteus Jiliqua,, or pod j., but the faff is, that not a fingle plant of this order bears podsj the greater part having many dry capfules, and the remainder being furnifhed properly with no feed-veffel, but bearing numerous diflinfl feeds. Plants of this order are moffly perennial herbs : the flems of fome are ere