virginia, more especially the south part thereof, richly and truly valued viz. the fertile carolana, and no lesse excellent isle of roanoak, of latitude from to degr. relating the meanes of raysing infinite profits to the adventurers and planters. williams, edward, fl. . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing w estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) virginia, more especially the south part thereof, richly and truly valued viz. the fertile carolana, and no lesse excellent isle of roanoak, of latitude from to degr. relating the meanes of raysing infinite profits to the adventurers and planters. williams, edward, fl. . ferrar, john, d. . goddard, john, fl. - . the second edition, [ ], , [ ], , [ ] p., [ ] folded leaf of plates : ill., map. printed by t.h. for john stephenson ..., london : . the first part of this "second edition" appeared in two previous editions: virgo triumphans; or, virginia richly and truly valued, and, virgo triumphans; or, virginia in generall but the south part thereof in particular. both had imprint: london : printed by t. harper for j. stephenson, , and both lacked the map by john ferrar. cf. nuc pre- imprints. the second part, or "addition," has special t.p.: virginia's discovery of silke-vvormes, with their benefit ... london : printed by t.h. for john stephenson ..., . a third edition appeared in , with title: virginia in america richly valued ... quartich (general catalogue, v. , p. - ) says that john farrer (or ferrar), who is referred to in the preface, supplied williams with the material for this work, and describes ferrar's own copy of the st edition, with his marginalia and a drawing of a map dated . quartich also says that no map was issued with the st and nd editions, but that ferrar's design was engraved in for the rd edition. however, this photographed copy of the nd edition does contain the map, which was engraved by john goddard. reproduction of original in the huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into 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characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng sericulture -- virginia. wine and wine making -- virginia. south carolina -- description and travel. north carolina -- description and travel. southern states -- description and travel. virginia -- description and travel. roanoke island (n.c.) - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread - john latta text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion virginia : more especially the south part thereof , richly and truly valued : viz. the fertile carolana , and no lesse excellent isle of roanoak , of latitude from . to . degr. relating the meanes of raysing infinite profits to the adventurers and planters . the second edition , with addition of the discovery of silkworms , with their benefit . and implanting of mulberry trees . also the dressing of vines , for the rich trade of making wines in virginia . together with the making of the saw-mill , very usefull in virginia , for cutting of timber and clapbord to build withall , and its conversion to many as profitable uses . by e. w. gent. london , printed by t. h. for iohn stephenson , at the signe of the sun below ludgate . . to the worthy gentlemen , adventurers and planters in virginia . my loving friends : i thought it convenient heere briefly to minde ●ou of those necessaries , that if wanted there , would greatly prove your prejudice , and render you obnoxiou● to many evils , which are these . necessaries for planters . for aparell : provide each man . m●nm●uth cap , . wa●●●oat , . suit of canvase , b●nds , shirts , shooes , stockings , c●nvase to make sheets , with bed and bolster to till in virginia , . rugge , and blankets . for armes : provide . suit of compleat light armour , and each man . sword , . mu●ket or fowling peece , with powder and shot convenient . for houshold stuffe : provide one gre●t iron pot , large and small kettles , skellets , frying pannes , gridiron , spit , platters , dishes , spo●ns , knives , sugar , spice , fruit , ●nd strong water at sea for sicke men . for tools : provide h●wes br●●d and n●rrow , axes broad and narrow , handsawes , two-hand-sawes , whipsaws , hammers , shovels , spades , augors , piercers , gimblets , hatchets , hand-bills , frowes to cleave pale , pickaxes , nayls of all sorts , . grindstone , nets , hooks , lines , plowes : all which accommodation wherewith each to be well furnished , together with hi● transportation , which is ordinarily l . a man , and l . a tun his goods , may amount unto l. a man , charges . nor needs the carefull adventurer much doubt what wares may prove his profit there . for any commodities of this country are good merchandize transported thither . viz. strong waters , haberdashers wares , ironmongers wares , drapers wares , stationers wares , and many other wares which those ste●ill witted americans doe easily admire . but your judgements are sufficient . and likewise i have further discovered them in the insuing treatise of the incomparable virginia . so wishing you all prosperous happinesse and happy prosperity heere , and i● the world to come eternall blisse , i rest your faithfull servant , e. w. to the supreme authority of ●his nation , the parliament of england . right honorable : this dedication in it selfe unworthy the honour of an addr●sse to your grand●urs , and of a fo●●e too d●ad in sh●ddow ●o approach neer● you● m●st vigo●ous luster , repos●s it selfe y●t upon a co●fidence that in imitation of that god of whom you are in power the proper representatives who vo●chsafed grac●ously to accept a poore paire of turtles from those whose abilities could not ascend to a more rich oblation , you will be pleased to cast a favourable aspect upon this humble offering , as proceeding from a gratefull cleere and sincere inten●ion● whose desire being strongly passionate to present your honours with s●mething more worthy the ●uspice of a beginning yeare , is circum●cribed by a narrownesse of abilities and fortunes . and indeed my lownesse had prompted me to have found out a more humble patron for this treatise ; but since the interest of that nation you have so happily restored to its just and native liberty is the principall ayme intended in it , since the publick acknowledgement of the world unites in this common testimony , that god hath subscribed to all your heroick and christian undertakings with his own broad se●l of victory● with his owne field word , go on and prosper : led you through the red sea of bloud into the land of canaan , into the harvest and vintage of israel , since pharoah and his mighty ones have been swallowed up in the rapid current in the hideous cataracts of their ambitious opposition● and have by loud and convincing testimonies ( t●stimonies attracting the admiration of your friends , and confounding the malice of your enemies ) made it a blessed object of your consideration , that the preservation and fix●re requires a bl●ssing no lesse sub●ime , and a vertue no lesse exalted , then the acquisition and tenure of conquests , made good in the eyes of christendome by vindicating the english honour upon the brittish ocean with a ●uiss●n● navy , a formid●ble subject of am●zment to the forraine enemies of your sion , by a strong winged prosecution of the irish assass●nates , a spacious lettred ex●mple to teach english mutineers what they may expect by the red sentence of justice upon irish rebells : all indeavours holding forth the way to improve the interest of this nation , are improperly addressed to any other then your selves , who as you have been the unexampled instruments of our unpini●nd liber●y , ought to be the sole iudges of whatsoever may relate to our future felicity . we should have suspected the sincerity of history in its delineation of the maj●sty which sat upon that august , and venerable roman senats , after having made the land tremble under the terrour of their armies , the sea to labour under the burthen of their numerous navies , after having delivered all power oppressing the universall liberty to the revenging beak of their victorious eagles and minted the governments of the world by the rom●n standard ; had not the concentricity of your undertakings had not th● homogeniousnesse of your actions and felicity , vindicated and asserted the honour of a●tiquity , and raysed your rep●tations upon so high a wing of glory , that posterity will be lost in the same mist of jealousie and incredulity of your owne augustnesse , yet for ever want the revivall of such examples the restauration of such presidents to confirme them . and to the end you may in all things either parallell or tr●nscend that romane greatnesse , of which you are the inimitable exemplary , who inriched the heart and strengthned the armes of their dominions by dispersing colonies in all angles of their empire , your pious care hath already layd a most signall foundation by inviting incouragements to undertakers of that nature : in the pursuit whereof le● me beg the liberty in this paper , under your honours patronage to publish the many pressing and convincing reasons which have and may induce you to prosecute a designe of such universall concernment . . it will disburthen this nation of many indigent persons , who having formerly perhaps enjoyed a fuln●sse of abused or forfeyted plenty , & at the present reduced to an in●quality of such subsistence , are commonly prompted to their own● and other me●s ruine by making the high wayes ( which should be as publike and inviolable a sanctuary as the most sacred places ) an ambuscado to innocent travellers , by which interruption of passages , there is commonly occasioned a decay and disincouragement of commerce , and dayly examples informe us , that prisons at present are almost as full of criminall as indebted persons . . it will take off all parish charges , in providing for destitute minors and orphans , whereof there are at present a burthensom● mul●itude , wherby the parishes so freed , may with greater alacrity and ability , part with contributory moneys to maintain● , recruite , and incourage your armies and navies . . those orphans so provided for may by gods blessings upon their labours become happy and wealthy instruments , advantagious to the place of their nativity in particular , and their whole nation in generall . whereas the condition of their birth and the usuall way of exposing them , makes them capable of no more gainfull calling then that of day-labourers , or which is more frequent hereditary beggers . . the republick in its present constitution abounding with so dangerous a number of male contents , who commonly like shrubs under high and spreading ●edars , imagine the spacious height of others to be the cause of their owne lownesse , may by this means be honourably secured , and such men removing their discontents with their persons , will have a brave and ample theater to make their merits and abilities emergent , and a large field to sow and reape the fruit of all their honest industrious and publick intentions . . it will to admiration increase the number of ships and seamen , ( the brazen wall of this nation ) all materialls to advance navigation , being abundantly to be furnished out of those countries , and the more ingenious passengers by conference and disputation with the knowing mariner , will take a great delight , satisfaction , and ambition , to attaine to the theory of that knowledge , while the lesse capable being accustomed and assigned to an usuall part in the toyle thereof , and instructed by the ordinary s●aman , will bee brought to a good readinesse therein and speedy perfection . . all materialls for shipping , as timber , cordage , sailes , iron , brasse , ordnance of both mettals , and what ever else we are necessitated ●o supply our wants with out of the e●sterne countries , who make it not unusuall to take advantages of their neighbours necessitie , and often times upon a pre●ence of differen●e or misintelligence betwixt us , embrace an occ●sion to over-rate or over-custome their commodities , or ( a reall quarrell widening ) sell it to other nations from whence we are forced to supply our selves at a second or third market . . it will give us the liberty of storing a grea● part of europe with a larger plenty of incomparably better fish , th●n the holander hath found meanes to furnish it withall , and will make us in no long tract of time , if industriously prosecu●ed , equall , if not transcend him in that his most benificiall staple . . it will be to this common wealth a standing and plentifull magazine of wheat , rice , coleseed , rapeseed , flax , cotton , salt , pot-ashes , sope-ashes , sugars , wines , silke , olives , and what ever single is the staple of other nations , shall be found in this joyntly collected . . it will furnish us with rich furrs , buffs , hides , tallow , biefe , po●k , &c. the growth and increase of cattell in this nation , receiving a grand interuption and stop , by killing commonly very hopefull yong breed to furnish our markets , or store our shipping , meerly occasioned by want of ground to feed them , whereas those provinces afford such a large proportion of rich ground , that neither the increase of this or the succeeding age can in any reasonable probability overfeed the mo●ety . . by it many of your honours reformadoes and disbanded souldiers being dismist with the payment of such part of their arrears as your owne judgement ( guided by the rule of your immense disbursements ) shall thinke a convenient recompence , by transporting themselves thither may change their desperate fortunes into a happy ●ertainty of condition , and a contented livelyhood , which will be a means not only to disburden this republick as before ) but to remove all those clamors usualy disturbing your publick consultations , and to win upon them by your bounty to invert all those fearfull imprecations , with which they would ( as much as in them lies ) unblesse your proceedings , into a joyfull and ferve●t concurrence of prayers to the almighty to shoure downe blessings upon your heads , who , next under him , are the glorious and visible instruments of their increasing happinesse . . it will be a generous and moving incouragement to all industrious and publick spirits , to imploy those parts with which god and nature hath blessed them in the discovery of such happy inventions as m●y drive on hopefull designs with a lesser number of hands then is usually assigned to them , which issues of the brain are legitimate and geniall to beginning plantations , where the greatest want is that of people : but for our own or other popular kingdoms where we are commonly overprest with a greater multitude of l●bourers then imploy●rs , by much l●sse acceptable , since our indigent people look upon such engins meerly as monoppolies to engrosse their livelihood . it will adde a very considerable increase to the revenue of your honours own customs , and i shal assume the liberty in all humility to offer up to your more advised deliberation by way of supplement to your incomes , whether such mal●factors a● the letter of the law dooms to death , yet leaves a latitude for extent of mercy in the bosome of the judges , whose release oftentimes proves not only ruinous to them so discharged , since not seldome they returne to their vomit , but pernicious to the common-wealth reinvaded by their insolencies and disorders , might not be made instrumentally serviceable to the state , if ( as it is frequent in other countreys , where they are condemned to the galli●s ) by way of reparation for their crime , they were sentenced to serve a quantity of years according to the nature of their offences , which expired , they should enjoy all immunities with others , and by this course be reduced and accustomed to a regular course of life . of these a thousand transported and employed by an understanding improver , would by their labour advance an income of forty thousand pounds sterling per annum , at the leaft , and so proportionably according to their number . that all these , and many inestim●ble benefits may have their rise , in●rease , and perfection from the south parts of virginia , a country unquestionably our own , devolved to us by a just title , and discovered by john cabot at the english exp●nces● who found out and tooke seisure , together with the voluntary submission of the natives to the english obedience of all that continent from cape florida northward , the excellen● temper of the aire , the large proportion of ground , the incredible richnesse of soile , the admirable abundance of mineraels , vegetables , medicinall drugs , timber , scituation , no lesse proper for all european commodities , then all those staples which entitle china , persia , and other the more op●le●t provinces of the east to their wealth , reputation , and greatnes ( besides the most christian of all improvements , the converting many thousands of the natives ) is agreed upon by all who have ever viewed the country : to which the judgement of the most incomparable ralegh may be a convincing assertion , whose preferring of that country before either the north of virginia or new-england , though it may sufficiently command my submission and acquiescence ; yet for more particular satisfaction be pleased to accept these reasons for such prae●ation . . the apparent danger all the colonies may be in if this be not possessed by the english , to prevent the spaniard , who already hath seated himself on the north of florida , and on the back of virginia in , where he is already possessed of rich silver mines , and will no doubt vomit his fury and malice upon the neighbour plantations , if a prehabitation anticipate not his intentions , which backt with your authority , he understands too much of your power , and is too sadly acquainted with your admirable successes and generous resolutions , not to sit downe by any affronts offered to those under the wings of your protection , to attempt any thing against such who are immediately your owne colony , lest thereby he administers matter of a fire , to which his own fortunes in the indies must be a fewel , and himselfe raked up in its ashes . . but the south of virginia having a contiguous ledge of at the least one hundred ilands , and in the middest of those the incomparable roanoak , the most of them at the same distance from the continent that the ●le of wight is from hamp●hire , all of hazardous acce●se to forrainers , and affording a secure convenience from surprizall by the natives , will if possessed and protected by your power , be as an inoffensive nursery to receive an infant colony , till by an occasion of strength and number , we may poure our selves from thence upon the mayneland , as our ancestors the saxons from the isle of tanet into brittaine . . it dispences a moderate equality of heat and cold between the two violent extreams thereof in barbad●●s and new england . it will admit of all things producible in any other part of the world , lying in the same parallel with china , persia , japan , cochinchina , candia , cyprus , sicily , the southern parts of greece , spain , italy , and the opposite regions of africa . . it hath besides all timber for shipping , the best and reddest cedars , and cypresse trees that may be found in any countrey . . and lastly , the planting of this collony will open a most compendious passage to the discovery of those more opulent kingdomes of china , cochinchina , cathaya , japan , the phillipines , summatra , and all those beauteous and opulent provinces of the east indies , which beyond dispute lye open to those seas which wash the south-west parts of virginia , through whose bosome all those most precious commodities which enable the chinesie , cathayan , persian , and indostant empires , may more conveniently , speedily , with more security and lesse expences be transported thence from spawhawn● or other remoter provinces to gombroon , by a long dangerous and expensive ●aravane , and from thence to su●at , where when arrived the doubling of the line , calentures , scurvies , with a long train of diseases and famine attend its transportation into our owne countrey . . whereas by expandeing our selves to both sides and seas of virginia , our commerce to those noble nations lies open in short and pleasant voyages to the encouragement , enriching and delight of the seamen , and personal adventurers , who will share in the delicacies and profits of those kingdoms , without participating in the miseries attending our present voyages thither . the cargason being easily conveyed , by much the greater part of the way , through navigable rivers , and from the eastern shore of virginia in a month , or at the largest six weekes time into england . and by this meanes the hollander , spanyard , and portugall , who ( by the supine negligence of this nation , and its merchant adventurers ) do with insufferable insolence lord over us in bo●h the indies , when they shall to the unknitting of their joints perceive by your nursing care over the infancy of your colonies , that they are arrived under your auspice , to cover both the seas with numerous navies , and your honours eye of indulgence and providence waking to their security , will be content laying aside all other passions to wave future affronts and injuries , or fall a deserved sacrifice to your offended justice . and that this addresse may appear the more seasonable , i have ( without any privity or relation to his person ) taken leave to intimate to your honours , that there is a gentleman whom the publick reputation and testimony of those who have the happines to know him render of excellent abilities , integrity , and a never shaken affection to your cause in all its crisis and dangers through which god with a clew of successe hath been your conduct ) who hath already undertaken for the transportation of some men thither , and only waits for your honours approbation and authority , the world taking notice , hopes and encouragement from thence , that as this colony is like to be the eldest of your legitimate daughters ●n that nature , so by your indulgence she shall have the happynesse not to be the yongest in your affection . may that god who hath begirt your house with a grove of lawrell , continue the advance of those victories till the whole nation be crowned with olives : may no sin , no ingratitude of ours divert his protecting hand from us , his ass●stant arme from you : may the generations to come in admiration of your vertue and gratitude for their by you● derived happines , make every heart your monument , wherein to embalme your memory whilst the histories of all nations and times enrich their ●nnals with your names as the most serious and triumphant part of all examples and transactions . and lastly may your owne thankfulnes to him from whom these dispensations of mercy have distilled like the dew of hermon upon your heads and borders , so continue in your bosoms , that when you shal be ripe for translation , he whose instruments you are , may welcom you with the approbation of , well done good and faithfull servant , which are the undisguised wishes of your honours most humble , obedient , and faithful servant . ed. williams . virginia in generall , but particularly carolana , which comprehends roanoak , and the southerne parts of virginia richly valued . the scituation and climate of virginia is the subject of every map , to which i shall refer the curiosity of those who desire more particular information . yet to shew that nature regards this ornament of the new world with a more indulgent eye then she hath cast upon many other countreys , whatever china , persia , iapan , cyprus , canay , sicily , greece , the south of italy , spaine , and the opposite parts of africa , to all which she is parallel , may boast of , will be produced in this happy countrey . the same bounty of summer , the same milde remission of winter , with a more virgin and unexhausted soyle being materiall arguments to shew that modesty and truth receive no diminution by the comparison . nor is the present wildnesse of it without a particular beauty , being all over a naturall grove of oakes● pines , cedars , cipresse , mulberry , chestnut , laurell , sassafras , cherry , plum-trees , and vines , all of so delectable an aspect , that the melanchollyest eye in the wo●ld cannot looke upon it without contentment , nor content himsefe without admiration . no shrubs or underwoods choake up your passage , and in its season your foot can hardly direct it selfe where it will not be died in the bloud of large and delicious strawberries : the rivers which every way glide in deepe and navigable channels , betwixt the brests of this uberous countrey , and contribute to its co●●eniency be●uty and fertility , labour with the multitude of their fishy inhabitants in greater variety of species , and of a more incomparable delicacy in tast and sweetnesse then whatever the european sea can boast of : sturgeon of ten feet , drummes of sixe in length , conger , eeles , trout , salmon , bret , mullet , cod , herings , perch , lampreyes , and what ever else can be desired to the satisfaction of the most voluptuous wishes . nor is the land any lesse provided of native flesh , elkes bigger then oxen , whose hide is admirable buffe , flesh excellent , and may be made , if kept domesticke , as usefull for draught and carriage , as oxen deere in a numerous abundance● and delicate venison , racoones● hares , conyes , bevers , squirrell , beares , all of a delightfull nourishment for food● and their furres rich , warme , and convenient for clothing and merchandise . that no part of this happy country may bee ungratefull to the industrious , the ayre it selfe is often clouded with flights of pigeons , partridges , blackbirds● thrushes , dottrels , cranes , hernes , swans , geese , brants , duckes , widgeons , oxeyes , infinites of wilde turkeyes , which have beene knowne to weigh fifty pound weight , ordinarily forty . and the native corne of the country maiz , is so gratefull to the planter , that it returneth him his entrusted seed with the increase of or hundred interest , so facilely planted , that one man in hours may prepare as much ground , and set such a quantity of corne , that he may be secure from want of bread all the yeere following , though he should have never so large an appetite to consume it , and have nothing else to live upon . nor is it above three , or at the most foure months intervall betwixt the time of planting and gathering : planted in march , april , or may , it is ready for the barne in june , july , and august ; and of this by a provident management , you may have yeerely three or foure harvests . the stalk bruised yields a juice as big as rice , pleasant as sugar , and the green ears boyled in such juice is comparable in agreeablenesse to the palats to what ever our pease , sparagus , or hartichoke , hath eyther for satisfaction or delicacy . nor is the corne difficult in preservation , for in six or seven yeares there is scarce any sensibility of its corruption . but lest our palats should have so much of curiosity as to dislike what ever is not native to our owne country , and wheat is justly esteemed more proper this happy soyle , though at the first too rich to receive it , after it hath contributed to your wealth by diminution of its owne richnesse , in three or foure crops of rice , flax , indian corne , coleseed , or rapeseed , will receive the english wheat with a gratefull retribution of thirty for one increase , every acre sowed with wheat will produce six , seven , or eight quarter of the graine intrusted . and though mr. bullocke be pleased to under-ra●e at it halfe the crowne the bushell , which in the canaries will yeeld ten and twelve shillings , and in spaine eight , yet even in that proportion you are recompenced with six , seven , or eight pound the acre , of which two men by a discreet division of their time , will plow , reape , and in at the least acres . which though it may appeare a matter of admiration , yet i shall easily make it apparant by the following narration , in which such is the exactnesse of the ayre in this country , that you may have five successive harvests of the same grain in different seasons . for though a man and a boy with much ease may plow an acre every day , the ground being pliable of a rich blacke and tender mold , and no frost● or snowes , no usuall droughts or raines to hinder the going of the plow , yet i shall allow a month for the plowing of twelve acres , and thus plowing in september , october , november , december● and january , you may have your severall harvests in june , july , august , and s●ptember , which may easily bee inned by the same hands the labour not falling in a glut upon them , but the corne ripening according to its severall seasons . and thus by two mens labours onely you have a gratefull returne of at the least three hundred and sixty quarters of wheat , which will at that under rate formerly mentioned , viz. s● d . yeeld so many pounds sterling : nor is there such difficulty in the threshing , as may be at first sigh●t suspected , since it may easily be tread out with oxen , as it is usuall in italy and other countries . the first wheat being reaped , if you desire a croppe of barley , the same l●nd plowed in iuly , will returne its ripe increase in september , so that from one and the same piece of ground you may have the benefit of two different harv●sts . but the rice ( for production of which this countrey is no lesse proper then those lands which have the greatest reputation of fertility ) sowed , yeelds a greater encrease with ●he same labour acres of this plowed if valued but at s . d . the bushell● will yeeld l . all done by two men and a teame of oxen , w●o may by other labou● in the intervall betwixt the committing the seed to ground , and its ripening , fall upon ●ole●seed or rape seed , infinitely rich commodities with the same facility . the objection , that the countrey is overgrowne with woods , and consequently not in many yeares to bee penetrable for the plough , carries a great feeblenesse with it . for there are an immense quantity of indian fields cleared already to our hand by the natives , which till wee grow over populous may every way be abundantly sufficient , but that the very clearing of ground carries an extraordinary benefit with it , i wil make apparent by these following reasons . . if wee consider the benefit of pot-ashes growne from ten to fifty pound the tunne , within these twenty yeares , and in all probability likely to encrease by reason of interdicting trade betwixt us and the muscovite , from whence we used to supply our selves ; we shall finde the employment of that very staple will raise a considerable summe of money , and no man so imployed can ( if industrious ) make his labour lesse then one hundred pound , per annum : for if wee consider that those who labour ●bout this in england give twelve pence the bushell for ashes , if wee consider to how many severall parts of the countrey they are compelled to send man and horse before they can procure any qu●ntity to fall to worke upon ; if wee consider some of the thriftiest , and wise , and understanding men , fell wood on purpose for this commodity , and yet notwithstanding this brigade of difficulties finde their adventures and labours answered with a large returne of profit , wee who have all these things , already at our owne doore without cost , may with a confidence grounded upon reason● expect an advantage much greater , and a clearer profit . nor can wee admit in discretion , that a large quantity of those ●hould not finde a speedy market , since ●he decay of tymber is a de●ect growne universall in europe , and the commodity such a necessary staple , that no civill nation can be conveniently without it . nor are pipe●taves and clapboard a despicable commodity , of which one man may with ease make fifteene thousand yearely , which in the countrey it selfe are sold for l . in the canaries for twenty pound the thousand , and by this meanes the labour of one man will yeeld him l . per annum , at the lowest market . if all this be not sufficient to remove the incumbrance of woods , the saw mill may be taken into consideration , which is in every respect highly beneficiall by this timber for building houses , and shipping may be more speedily prepared , and in greater quantity by the labour of two or three men , then by a hundred hands after the usuall manner of sawing . the plankes of walnut-trees for tables or cubbords , cedar and cypresse , for chests , cabinets , and the adorning magnificent buildings , thus prepared will be easily transported into england , and sold at a very considerable value . but that in which there will be an extraordinary use of our woods is the iron mills , which if once erected will be an undecaying staple , and of this forty servants will by their labour raise to the adventurer foure thousand pound yearely : which may easily be apprehended if wee consider the deerenesse of wood in england , where notwithstanding this great clog of difficulty , the master of the mill gaines so much yearely , that he cannot but reckon himselfe a provident saver . neither does virginia yeeld to any other province whatsoever in excellency and plenty of this oare : and i cannot promise to my selfe any other then extraordinary successe and gaine , if this noble and usefull staple be but vigourously followed . and indeed it had long ere this growne to a full perfection , if the treachery of the ●ndians had not crushed it in the beginning , and the backwardnesse of the virginia merchants to reerect i● , hindred that countrey from the benefit arising from that universall staple . but to shew something further , what use may be made of woods besides the forementioned wallnut oyle , at the least a fourth part of the trees in virginia being of that species , is an excellent staple , and very gainefull to t●e industrious labourer . nor is it a contemptible profit that may be made of woods , if by boaring holes in divers trees , of whose vertues wee are yet ignorant , and collecting the juce thereof , a scrutiny be made which are fit for medicinall liquor and balsomes ; which ●or gummes , perfumes , and dyes , and heere i may justly take occasion to complaine of our owne sloth and indulgence , if compared to the laborious spanyard , who by this very practice have found out many excellent druggs , paints , and colours , meerely by bruizing and grinding woods , probably convenient for such experiments : which if boyled , and a white peece of cloth steeped in the boyling liquor , will by its tincture discover what colour it is capable to give , and i● many should faile in the tryall , yet does it not fall under the probab●lity , but that divers noble an● usefull mysteries of nature may be discovered by some su●h perforations scrutinies . nor are the many berries commonly of an excellent collour and lustre unfit for such experiments ; since the labour is little or nothing , and the issue if succesfull of remarkable advantage . and this the spanyard hath experimented to the encrease of gaine and reputation ; and above this is so signally curious and industrious , that he hath discovered many rare and delightfull colours , not onely by the meanes before mentioned , but by bruizing and boyling divers fish-shells , the brightnesse and variety of colours giving him a just reason to pursue such curious examens . the french relations of their voyages to canada , tell us , that the indians and themselves falling into a contagious disease , of which phisitians could give no reason or remedy , they were all in a short space restored to their health meerely by drinking water , in which saxifrage was infused and boyld , which was then discovered to them by the natives , and wee justly entertaine beliefe that many excellent medicines either for conservation of nature in her vigour or restauration in her decadence may be communicated unto us , if projection of this stampe be so much incouraged by hopes of reward or honour , as to be put in practice . by this improvement of woods , the ground comming to bee cleared , wee have a soile fit to produce what ever is excellent in nature , the vine and olive which naturally simpathize together , will thrive beyond beliefe , nor need it be any interruption to tillage , since the vintage and harvest alwayes fall but in different reasons . that wild vines runne naturally over virginia , ocular experience d●clares who delighting in the neighbourhood of their beloloved mulberry-trees inseparable associates over all that countrey , and of which in this their wildnesse wines have beene made , of these wines if transplanted and cultivated , there can be made no doubt but a rich and generous wine would be prod●ced : but if wee set the greeke cyprian candian or calabrian grape , those countries lying parallell with this , there neede not be made the smallest question● but it would be a staple which would enrich this countrey to the envy of france and spaine , and furnish the northerne parts of europe , and china it selfe where they plant it not , ( of which more heereafter ) with the noblest wine in the world , and at no excessive prices . and from this staple 't is not unworthy of our most serious consideration , what an occasion of wealth would flow upon this nation : virginia when well peopled being able to match spaine in that his soveraigne revenue , and the state by addition to their customes for exportation thereof according to the mode of france and spaine , would in no short time be sensible of this most inestimable benefit : to which if wee joyne the profits of our olives , wee may ( gods favourable hand blessing our industry ) be the happiest nation in europe . nor need wee be at that charge for caske under which spaine labours , where ever wee cast our eyes upon this fortunate countrey wee may finde timber proper for it . for the advance of which noble staple , i should propose that the greeke , and other rich vines , being procured from the countries to which they are geniall , every planter in that countrey might be enjoyned to keepe a constant nursery , to the end when the ground is cleared , that they may be fit for removal , and the vineyard speedily planted . further that some greeke , and other vignerous might be hired out of those countries to instruct us in the labour , and lest their envy , pride , or jealousie of being layd aside when their mysterie is discovered , may make them too reserved in communicating their knowledge , they may be assured , besides the continuance of their pension of a share in the profits of every mans vintage , which will the more easily perswade them to be liberall and faithfull in their instructions , since the publick advance of this designe cannot miscarry without a sensible losse to their particular interest . that before their going over a generall consultation may be had whith them what ground is proper , what season fit , what prevention of casualties by bleeding or splitting , what way to preserve or restore wine when vesseld , which species of wine is fittest for transportation over , or retention in the countrey● which for duration , which for present spending : it being in experience manifest that some wines refine themselves by purge upon the sea , others by the same meanes suffer an evaporation of their spirits , joyne to this that some wines collect strength and richnesse , others contract feeblenesse and sowernesse by seniority . these consultations drawne to a head by some able person , and published to be sent over in severall copies to virginia , by the inspection of which people might arrive at such competent knowledge in the mystery , that the reservation or jealousies of those vignerons , could not but be presently perceived and prevented . but from hence no occasion should bee derived to breake or fall short of any contract made with those vignerons , who are to be exactly dealt with in performance of articles , every way made good unto them , with all just respects to win upon them , and the non-performance of this hath beene the originall cause why virginia at this day doeth not abound with that excellent commodity . those contracted with as hired servants for that imployment , by what miscariage i know not , having promise broken with them , and compelled to labour in the quality of slaves , could not but expresse their resentment of it , and had a good colour of justice to conceale their knowledge , in recompence of the hard measure offered them , which occasioned the laying aside of that noble staple , the diligent prosecution whereof , had by this time brought virginia to an absolute perfection in it , and to a great degree of happinesse and wealth which would attend it . and had this beene as happily followed as it was prudently intended● that excellent country had not hung downe its desolate head in so languishing a condition as the disrespect cast upon her , till of late yeares had reduced her to . nor had the poore planter ( who usually spends all the profits of his labour in forraigne wines ) been impoverished by the want of it : but with delight might have shaded himselfe under his vine , reaped the benefit of it in autumne , and buried all the memory and sense of his past labours in a cheerfull rejoycing by his owne harth with the issue of his owne vineyard . and from hence might barbadoes , st. christophers , and all our islands in the indies , have richer , better , and by much cheaper , wines transported to them from a place much neerer in distance then spain or the canaries ) and which doubles the benefit such intercourse together , would draw them to an association in power as well as communication of staples . were this brought to a just perfection no other nation could upon a quarell betwixt us , and spaine , and france , reape a benefit by selling us their wine at a third market . and what wee vend now for it ( that being made native to us ) might be returned in bullion , to the app●rent enriching of the common-wealth , and the impoverishing of our enemies , or at the least friends deservedly suspected . all authors of agriculture unanimously consent that neither arable pasture , meadow , or any other grounds are so benigne genuine , or proper for planting vines in , as those cleared lands are , wherein not shrubs , but tall trees were standing . and wee must want a parallell in any part of the world to compare with virginia for tall and goodly timber-trees cleared of all under woods , to which when cleared your vines may be removed ( the very removeall of them , as indeed of all other , giving an addition to their perfection ( the excellency of transplantation being more particularly insisted upon heereafter . ) but in the clearing of these woods it will be a saving of labour , and a delight to the vine , besides other profits following to leave the mulberry trees standing there , being such a happy correspondence together such a mutuall love ingra●ted in them by nature , that wee well may conclude with this axiome● that the same nature joynes all her excellencies together by an association of simpathies . nor does she wave that her happy order in incomparable virginia , where the soile and climate that fits the one , is equally amiable to the other , their loves and hates happily according , what the one shunnes , the other flies from , what the one affects , challenges the others embraces , and were not this soile and climate most geniall and proper nature her selfe ( whose productions are never uselesse ) would never have crowned the virgin brow of this unexampled countrey , with such a universall plenty of them , or with such a voluntary league have united them every where together . virginia compared to persia . but to illustrate this with another argument : let us compare this felicity-teeming virginia , as it is scituated from degrees of latitude to . with other countries , seated in the same degrees which opens us a method of observing what commodities natio●s so planted abound with , which found wee shall discover in this excellent virgin a disposition ingrafted by nature to be mother of all those excellencies , and to be equall ( if not superior ) as well in all their noble staples , as in nearenesse to their particular enricher the perpetually au●picious sunne . and this to whom virginia owes the publication and portract of her incomparable beauty ; mr. harriot the noble mathematician delivers us by a happy instance in finding out for her ● noble sister of the same latitude , the most glorious persia , innobled as much by this comparison as in her empire . and those who have travelled and viewed persia , unanimously relate wonders of her admirable fertility in all sorts of graine and fruits , with an unexpressible abundance of silke and wines : in which this her rich-bosomed sister claimes an equality in her plen●y of mulberries , silke , and gums , vines , maiz , rice , and all sorts of graine : onely as a fuller-dowryed sister she merits a priority in fertility , pleasure , health , and temperature , a virgin countrey , ●o preserved by nature out of a desire to show mankinde fallen into the old age of the creation , what a brow of fertility and beauty she was adorned with when the world was vigorous and youthfull , and she her selfe was unwounded with the plough-shares , and unweakened by her numerous future teemings . another eye-witnesse of this victorious empire , delivers to memory that covazan in a province of that countrey● is so incomparably fruitfull , that dearths are never knowne , nor famine ever suspected in it , that in one onely city called e●y , there is such an inestimable store of silke● that there might be bought in one day in that city as much silke as will lode three thousand camells . and he is little conversant with experience or history , who is ignorant that the abundance of silke native to that countrey and climate , is almost the sole staple of that mighty empire , by which never-to-be exhausted treasure of silkes the sinewes and vitalls of the persian empire , the sophy to the generall good of christendome , keepes both the hornes of the ottoman moone from compleating their ambitious circle . and if the english east india company of merchants were not wrong-byassed by the factions and sinister ambition of some men in authority amongst them , a great part of that wealthy staple might be transported into england , and by that meanes dispersed over all parts of europe to the enriching and honour of this nation . the digression upon this parallell hath diverted me from ampliation upon the publick benefit , which may devolve into this republick by the olive , which being genuine to the vine , will by a happy consent of nature indisputably flourish in a vast abundance , and by a transportation into the warmer regions , where the heate or scarcity of cattle causeth a like indigence of butter , will be a staple of inestimable value , and of no smaller conducement to our owne shipping , into those provinces neere the equinox , or in those voyages where the doubling of the line either putrifies , or makes it of a taste little pleasing or agreeable to the palate . virginia compared to china . but to leave persia and descend to a more wealthy and powerful parallell , the richest and mightiest empire in the world lies in the same latitude and climate with our fortunate virginia ; namely china , divided from it onely by the southsea , and ( which will bee a part of another discourse ) not of any long distance from it , agreeing with it in multitude of staples . china is stored with an infinite number of mulberry trees to feede silkewormes with , and vends silke in such a vast proportion , that in one onely city lempo , which some call liempo , the portugeses , have with no small admiration , observed that one hundred and sixty thousand pound weight of silk hath beene caried out in one shippe in the onely space of three moneths . into cambula the chiefe city of tartary ( as authors of great repute and credit , and one who was personally there , reports ) there comes ●very day from china , a thousand waggons laden with silke . nor is china lesse happy in its multitude of navigable rivers , in its wonderfull fertility of all sorts of graine , maiz , rice , &c. of which it receiveth every yeere three or foure most plentifull harvests . rivers stored with an incredible quantity of fish and fowle , enriched and ennobled with numerous mines of gold , silver , brasse , iron , and other mettalls , quicksilver , nitre , allum , pretious stones , pearles , muske , cotton , sugars , rubarb , china root , vast proportions of flax , furres extraordinary rich . to this happinesse of soile and situation , they associate an equall felicity of parts and industry , by which they pretermit not one span of ground which they assign not to particular and profitable uses , and by an ingenious division of the ground according to the quality of the soyle , designe the drier part for wheat and barly , that which is more visited with an improving moysture , to rice and sugar ; as●ents and mountaines to groves of p●nes and chestnuts , betweene which are planted maiz panicle , and all kinde of pulse . in other proper places are mulberry groves , gardens , orchards , flax , and in a word no spot of ground misimployed from its proper advantage . and that virginia is parallell in neerenesse of staples , as well as neighbourhood to the sunne , to that celebrated empire , what multitudes of fi●h to satisfie the most voluptuous of wishes , can china glory in which virginia may not in justice boast of ? what fowles can she make oftentation of , in which virginia can be esteemed inferiour ? can china , insolent with her prosperity , solely lay clay●e to a more singular honour for her affluence in maiz and other grain , for the maintenance and luxury of her plenty-wanton inhabitants , without an open injury to her equall , to her mayden sister , to our incomparable virginia ? are her mulberries springing from a voluntary bounty of nature lesse numerous or usefull then those to which china hath added all the assistance which could be expected from advantages of tra●splantation , or an industrious people ? if china will descend to particulars , to compare quantity and quality of fish and fowle , let her shew us turkies of pound weight , let her instance an example of one hundred and fifty fowle , to reward the labour of three charges of shot and powder , let he● publish a president so worthy of admiration ( and which will not admit beliefe in those bosomes where the eye cannot be witnesse of the action● of five thousand fish taken at one draught neere cape charls ● at the entry into chesapeak bay , and which swells the wonder greater , not one fish under the measure of two feet in length . what fleets come yeerely upon the coasts of new found land , and new england for fish , with an incredible re●●rne ? yet t is a most assured truth , that if they would make experiment upon the south of cape cod , and from thence to the coast of this happy countrey , they would find fish of a greater delicacy , and as full handed plenty , which though foraigners know not , yet if our owne planters would make use of it , would yield them a revenue which cannot admit of any diminution , whilest there are ebbes and flouds , rivers feed and receive the ocean , or nature fayles in ( the elementall originall of all things ) waters . there wants nothing but industrious spirits and incouragement , to make a rich staple of this commodity ; and would the virginians but make salt pits , in which they have a greater convenience of tides ( that part of the universe by reason of a full influence of the moone upon the almost limitlesse atlantick causing the most spacious fluxes and refluxes , that any shore of the other divisions in the world is sensible of ) to leave their pits full of salt-water , and more friendly and warme sunbeames to concoct it into salt , then rochel , or any parts of europe . yet notwithstanding these advantages which prefer virginia before rochel , the french king rayses a large proportion of his revenues out of that staple yearly , with which he supplyes a great part of christendome . and if from this staple the miserable french can procure a subsistence , some of them a comfortable livelyhood , notwithstanding all the private oppressions of their grinding landlords , the publick tallies , subsidies , aides , imposts , and other hard titles of a●thorized rapine . what shall wee imagine the freeborne english in a countrey where he owes no rent to any but to god and nature , where he has land to satisfie his desires in its extent , his wishes in its fertility , where free-quarter is a word onely un●erstood by report , may expect of profit and content both in this staple of salt , in that of wines made in those countries , where either the spanish insolence and exactions , the french extortions , or the turkish imperiall robberi●s , though in the highest degrees of exorbitance , are not of force so to disincourage the inhabitants from attendance upon the vineyard , which notwithstanding all those horse-leaches of imposition , returnes them such a profit a● make them keepe a middle path betweene the ascent of riches , and precipice of poverty . nor would it be such a long intervall ( salt being first made ) betwixt the undertaking of this fishing , and the bringing it to perfection ; for if every servant were enjoyned to practise rowing , to be taught to handle sailes , and trimme a vessell , a worke easily practised , and suddainely learned , the pleasantnesse of weather in fishing season , the delicacy of the fish , of which they usually feede themselves with the best , the encouragement of some share in the profit , and their understanding what their owne benefit may bee when their freedome gives them an equallity , will make them willing and able fisher-men and seamen . to adde further to this , if wee consider the abundance , largenesse , and peculiar excellency o● the s●urgeon in that countrey , it will not fall into the least of scruples , but that one species will bee of an invaluable profit to the buyer , or if wee repeate to our thoughts the singular plenty of herrings and mackarell , in goodnesse and greatnesse much exceeding what ever of that kinde these our seas produce , a very ordinary unders●anding may at the first inspection perceive that it will be no great difficulty to out-labour and out-vye the hollander in that his almost onely staple : which wee may also sell at a cheaper market then in common estimation● if wee revolve the salt to be our owne , which they buy from france , or fetch from the isle of may , and that the very fraight of passengers ( of which allured by this improvement , and the publick approbation , there will be constant multitudes ) in our owne sh●ppes will at the least defray ● fourths of the charges . i should not unwillingly heare ( though i dispaire ever to know it for a certainety ) that china did exceede us in fishing ; for were it granted , wee should not imagine those watry inhabitants so circumscribed and limited to one part of the ocean especially the same climate and latitude , inviting them as not to visit our opposite shore of southwest virginia in as great variety and plenty . and to the more curious and able persons i shall offer what singular object it were of variety and plenty , if they would take the advantage of some tides and seasons , when the resort of fish is greatest to stoppe the returne of them out of some creeke perpetually flowing with salt by sl●ces , or such other invention : heere would those great ones generate and produce till even they laboured with their owne multitude , if permitted to increase two or three yeares , who might with very small charge be maintained , and yearely render to the proprietar an ocean of fish in a narrow confine of water . nor were it unworthy the labour to make an experiment whether the s●urgion himselfe might not receive a kinde of domestication in that narrow circumscript on , especially if wee let it descend into our thoughts , that ( by small perforations in the sluces he perpetually admits a renovation and change of salt water ) he may receive the s●me benefit of liberty , namely variety of water , which he delights in when unconfined , and admitting the originall breeder not to thrive well by such imprisoning , yet customes ascending as high as nature in the breed , would make that familiar to them , which peradventure might have been offensive to the first spawner , and should they delight ( as in some seasons of the yeare fishes doe vary their resorts ) at any time in fresh water ; a large pond digged neare having either springs to feede it , or raines to fill it , might by communication of a sluce receive both them and salmon , when they seeke aft●r the freshes . and that fishes may be unwilded , and become domestick , history will sufficiently informe us , wherein are delivered reports of some who growne more particularly intelligent , were distingu●sht by names , a●d understood themselves so called : and martiall in one of his epigrams to caesar , ( i meane domi●ian ) tells the prince speaking of fishes so instructed , quid quod nomen habe●t & ad magistri nomen quisque sui venit cita●●s ? and further , ma●●mque lambit , a thing , which though a poet , and consequently bold , ev●n to untruths , yet he durst never have obtruded upon caesar , whom himselfe makes a party in the experiment . and to adde something to what hath formerly beene delivered of balsomes and colours , why from the livers and most unctuous parts of those more delicate fishes , may not curiosity finde a means to extract an oyle , which ( if it be not medicinall , though i am enclined by severall reasons to belie●e the affirmative ) may notwithstanding artificially distilled after its first extraction prove a delicacy for the tables of princes and great ones , especially for sauces , and other confections which luxury hath found out for the irritation of dull and retreating appetites . but i cannot believe it to be deprived of its particular virtue in physicall operations , and the industrious conclusions of our ancestors have by such probations discovered many rich mysteries of nature ; whilst wee either glutted with our owne plenty of receipts , or out of a too fond a reverence wee pay to antiquity acquiesc● in their prescriptions , as in the ne plus ultra , the hercules pillars of wisedome , beyond which there were no passage , or else feare every innovation brings inconveniences in his traine , which opinion if it had possessed those our ancestors , the world had continued in ignorance , and must for ever have layne sick of an incurable folly in the fooles hospitalls . for what concernes the flax of china , that wee may not lose the smallest circumstance of parallell with virginia , nature her selfe hath enriched this her bosome favourite with a voluntary plant● which by art , industry , and transplantation may be multiplyed and improved to a degree of as plentifull , but more excellent nature : which because of its accession to the quallity of silke , wee entitle silke grasse : of this queene eliz●beth had a substantiall and rich peece of grograine made and presented to her. of this mr. porey in his discovery of the great river chamonoak , to the south of iames river delivers a relation of infinite quantity , covering the surface of a vast forest of pine-trees , being . miles in length . it had beene wished that the injun●tion given to every planter to set so many thousand plants of this kinde had been effectually prosecuted : the intermission wher●of hath beene a prejudice not easily imaginable : nor is it yet too late to effect it , and in all probability by transplantation it may thrive beyond comparison larger , and the skinne of it growne more tender and delicate , may arrive to some equali●y with the labou● of the silke-worme , if it be managed by such rules of nature best sute with its production . for hempe there is a naturall kinde of hempe , a sp●cies of flagg in that countrey , from which being boyled you may strippe a long and fine skinne , not onely proper for cordage , but the finer sort singularly usefull for linnen ; of this two hundred weight hath beene sent into e●gland , of which hath beene made excellent cordage , and very good linnen . this , by observation of the soile it growes in , and transplanted into grounds of like , but richer property , would together with tht silke-grasse make a staple of admirable returne and profit ; provided every planter had an injunction for this , as well as the former to sow or set a convenient proportion , to which his owne profit ( quickned with the imposition of a mulct in case of neglect ) would easily invite him . and by this meanes would virginia not onely furnish her owne people , but supply other nations with stuffes and linnen . to the brasse of china , wee shall oppose the virginian copper ( or gold , for yet it is doubtfull ) for by a concurrent relation of all the indians , justified to severall english of quality , particularly to the earle of southampton ● in mr. poryes narrative● to sir william b●rkely , all seconding mr. heriots report , that within ten dayes west toward the setting of the sunne , the natives of that countrey gathered a kinde of a red sand falling with a streame issuing from a mountaine , which being washed in a sive , and set upon the fire speedily , melts and becomes some copper , which they shew us , but as they say much softer . we shall only suppose it to be copper , contrary to the opinion of divers knowing men , who apprehend it for a richer metall ; but melting with such ease two parts in five turning to a solid metall , the other three parts being peradventure not any thing of the oare , but onely such rubbidge , as joyned to the oare in rouling , and this falling meerely from the superficies of the mountaine , yet a rich copper ; what eye enlightned with the smallest beame of reason , will not conclude it for an extraordintry accession of wealth to this countrey ? and why may not the intralls of this minerall be gold , since the skinne and crust of it is copper ? nature her selfe oftentimes dealing after the mode of divers great men , delighting to lay an unregarded outside over her richest linings . to proceed in continuation of our comparison with china , if it abound more in visible silver ( of which with our abundance of staples may quickly put us into a ●ondition of entring into completion with ) yet cannot virginia in all probability be destitute of that metall : for besides divers conjectures grounded upon naturall cir●umstances : mr. gage in his relation of the indies , assures us that the spanyards have found out a rich silver mine on the back side of florida westward , in degrees of latitude , and the farther they extend their search northward , the more rich and pure the mines discovered improve themselves . nor shall wee plead inferiority in pearles with china or persia , since mr. heriot assure● us of a large quantity of pearles found amongst the natives , spoyled by their ignorance in boring of them , and defacing their orientall lustre , by exposing them to the fire . these were found amongst the indians at roanoak , and the relations of the natives on all hands unanimously concur that the south and west of this opulent countrey was stored with such abundance and variety , that the indians used to make and adorne babies with them : and one of the english had collected a bracelet of very orientall pearle , to the number of five thousand , which were all lost in the returne to england . if china suppose a merit of precedency in muske , virginia may justly oppose them with her mu●k rat , or muscassus , which in all probability cannot but be the same ; for it is a tradition received into the number of truhts , that the confection of their muske in that countrey is bruizing and burying a certaine creature to pu●refaction , of which this odour is effected , and it is very open to conjecture that this musk-r●t or musc●ssus , whose flesh and skinne are extraordin●ry redolent ●nd durant , and of which there is an infinite plenty , by such order may be brought to the same perfection . neither is it so improbable th●t this odour should proceed from putrefaction , which is naturally an abhorrence to the nosthrill : for if you apply too neare to the substance of the muske , there is an occult subolency of such a putrefactive originall . neither are all excretions of nature in themselves offensive to the sense of smelling , for the fluxe of the civet-cat is accounted am●ngst our most sov●raigne per●umes : and this exp●rimented will be a staple of noble use , and no lesse benefit . nor shall wee yeeld the laurell of preeminence in richnesse of furres to china , if the furres of beavers , otters , martines , and above all black foxes ( which are upon some part of this continent ) may pretend any title to richnesse : and yet have wee beene hitherto so supinely negligent to permit the dutch and the french to carry away most of this pretious commodity , to trade in our rivers , under-sell us , and which discovers either an ●mplacable malice or insatiable avarice , trade with those indians ( of whom wee have no reason to nourish any great confidence ) for muskets and powder . to conclude , what ever else china may presume to boast of : whether nitre , allum , quicksilver , rhubarb , and china root , of which some wee have already discovered : if wee consider the parallell in latitude , the equality of temperate climate , the parity in soile , and its fertility , the similitude in brave navigable rivers , the unanimous congruity and consent in divers knowne commodities , wee shall have an ample basis to ground conjectu●es upon , that what ever singularity of nature that nation may im●gine her selfe victorious over others● will be found equall in this garden of the world , this aemulous rivall of china , virginia : and the chineses may with as great justice deny the europ●ans the benefit of both eyes , as boast that they precede in any thing except antiquity of habitation and a long experienced industry , this great luminary of the new world virginia . what ever other commodities , the novelty of inhabiting this amorous virgin hath made it appeare defective in as sugar , ●ndigo , cotton , ginger , and other advantageous staples , wee shall appeale to all who have seene this unexampled countrey ; ( we meane roanoak , and the more southerne parts , and those cou●tries towards the fertile mangoack ) whether it be guilty of any contrariety , distemper , or extremity which might hinder their production . the sunne , which in other countre●s makes his visit in flames and droughts , heere casts his auspicious beames , and by an innocent and complementall warmth , courts the bosome of this his particular favo●rite , hastening and disposing its wombe for ripe productions , which salute him in an absolute perfection . winter snowes , frosts , and other excesses , are heere only remembred , never known . the purling springs and wanton rivers every where kissing the happy soyle into a perpetuall verdure , into an unwearied fertility : no obstructions in your expectations , attempt and hope them , prosecute and enjoy them . nor have we in design to lay any imputation upon the barbadoes , which already aboundeth to admiration , with the staples last mentioned , yet it will become our charity to wish the country as health●●ll , as it is fruitfull ; that it may answer the expectation and merit of its most industrious and publicke spirited planters , who have given a brave example to all , by the effects of their industry and unwearied constancy . from a thing almo●t lost to memory , ( at the least to reputation ) they have raysed the honour of that island , to be a subject of admiration for wealth and staple , and that so little a circumference of ground should be able to vent the value of two hundred and fifty thousand pound yeerely , as some merchants have maintayned , not only addes to the weight and measure of their just estimation , but increases the favourable wishes of all ●overs of industry , that they had a larger proportion of ground to improve upon . and if an invincible sloth doth not possesse us in virginia , ( wee meane the south ) why should not wee rayse an equall or greater profit upon as fertile and convenient a soile ? especially if we consider ●he populousnesse of the place , has so raysed the price of land there , which we have heere gratis , where number of inhabitants doe so little take from our abundance , that they adde to our wealth , security and plenty , and the sole meanes to increase and improve upon staples . we have made it apparant that what ever china hath of staple or delicacy , is produced or producible in this above-example virgin. but to shew that even china her selfe must in some thi●gs give place to this more happy mayden , t●rra sigillata , or lemnia , ( as peculiar an income to the grand signiors treasury , as that of salt is to the french kings ) and of which china can no way boast , is native to this countrey ; vines are eyther not naturall , neglected , or not understood by the chineses● but in this incomparable soyle the grape presents it selfe every where to your delighted prospect . and what ●hadow can there be of scruple that wines well cultivated , and issuing from a rich grape , will not be as commodious a staple to that voluptuous and gluttonous nation , who wanton away their wealth in banqnets , as the wines of france and spain are to the more northerne and lesse abstenious nations of europe ? there ●eeds no objection be made against this staple ; for the southwest part of virginia being once discovered , the sea laid open and that passage compleat in all its numbers● the pleasure of the commerce , the richnesse of returnes , and the extraordinary quickne● of the profit , will invite so many to come over and plant that commodious quarter of virginia , that as we shall never labour with too numerous a multitude of inhabitants , so we shall not have any great occasion to complaine of the paucity of planters . nor is tobacco in those indian seas ( especially cured as in virginia , and of that strength and excellency ) a commodity of inconsiderable commerce , particularly if wee call to minde what gayne there is by the exchange for indian commodities , so that any ordinary understanding may comprehend that although tobacco should yeeld but three pence the pound in india , yet by way of barter with those nations where the returne quadruples the value in england , the gaynes gotten by it might be very considerable . but if we may beleeve printed relations ( and the person delivering it so cleerely , is , in my opinion● worthy of all credit ) tobacco from surat to moco yeeld ten for one profit , returned in eastridge feathers to england , you have six to one profit ; but this is for those planters who are so infected with that disease of the countrey , that they cannot admit of any other staple , though more gainefull and lesse laborious . yet is not tobacco without its vertues : for the spaniard hath found out , besides the use of it in smoke , ( or the smoky use ) that the juice thereof ( when greene ) applyed to any wound cut , sore , and without a●y distinction , whether greene , festered , or cankered , will heale it speedily , and almost miraculously ; the leafe bruised or stamped , and applied to any bite or sting of a venemous quality , to any wound made by a poyso●ed arrow , the green leafe heated in hot ashes , and layd upon any part of the body afflicted with aches , will worke effects answerable to the most powerfull operations of nature . the benefi● and part of the silke-worme mystery treated of . but to show to the world that wee may equall the best of the westerne kingdomes in this noble mystery of nature the silke-worme : that france and italy are much below this mignon of glory and profit , the universally advantageous virginia , wee shall ●pon those in●allible demonstrations of nature , make evident , having the clew of truth , reason , and modesty to direct us . it will not be denied by any , whose forehead is not too brazen , that no countrey is so proper for adventitions as its owne native commodities , the seeds of things suffer a deterioration by changing the propriety of that soile which was geniall to them , and the exact order of nature suffers a diminution , if wee imagine any other climate or region more proper for the perfection of any thing , then where it is originally produced . tellier aff●rmes that this mystery of the silke-worme hath not been experimented in europe above a thousand yeares● being transmitted to our climate out of the asiatick world , in so much that italy hath not beene above yeares enriched with this industrious creature , france received it from italy , and it is observed , that the warmer the region , by so much larger and stronger encrease and texture receive they from the labour of this admirable and naturall weaver . france being of a colder temper then italy , their wo●mes are weaker , in the more northerne part of that kingdome from one ounce of seed they profit five or sixe pound of silke increase , worth at the least ●os . per pound , in languedock , and the warmer provinces the same quantity is increased to ● , or l . but in brescia , of calabria seede , they use usually to make eleaven or twelve pound of silke from the same originall proportion . the poore people in both those kingdomes buy their mulberry leaves to feede this profitable and ind●strious spinner , and the very charge of those leaves amounts to a full halfe of all other their expences . the nobility of italy and france ( the grand duke of tuscany himselfe , descending into a part of this profit ) make up a considerable part of their r●venue from their trees , the leav●s of every one being valu●d according to their goodnesse and quality , from five shillings to twenty and upwards , so that divers make an income of three , four , five , sometimes a thousand pound , from the sole profit of their mulberry trees . the grand duke from the sale of his , rayses an income ●●mm●xibus a●nis of sixty thousand ducats , yet divers gentlemen in italy make a larger increase of profit , by setting out their mulberry trees to necessito●s people , fo● hal●e the gaine arising from the worme so ●●d . those poo●e con●●ibute their seed , employ their labour , and are at all expences in bringing the silke to perfection ; yet notwithstanding when completed , the gentleman who sets out his trees , divides the moyety of the entire profit , for the hire of his leaves only , yet are these people , maugre this difficulty , comfortable gayners . and the same tellier is bold to affirme , that non obstante the disagreeablenesse of the country to that worme , in the kingdome of france from the sole revenue now of silke , arises a greater intrade then from their corne , oyle and woad put together , which grow in that kingdome in vast proportions . and another french author affirmeth , that the benefit of the silke worme , ( of which france hath had no triall till within these fifty yeeres ) ariseth to four millions per annum , sterling , and this he pretends to have all circumstances of truth and certainty , drawne from an exact computation to confirme it . if france ( an almost improper countrey for this improvement ) can rayse within the verge of fifty yeeres , so large and numerous a revenue , what shall we imagine italy ( a warmer region , and by much more convenient , although not altogether native , for this inriching creature ) may meerely upon this staple returne in their treasury , having besides the advantage of climate , a hundred and fifty yeeres precedency in the mystery , and their seed more strong , better fed , and lesse subject to diseases and casualties ? but virginia a countrey which nature hath no lesse particularly assigned for the production , food , and perfection of this creature then persia or china , stored naturally with infinites of mulberry-trees , some so large that the leaves thereof have by frenchmen beene esteemed worth l . in which the indigenall and naturall worme hath beene found as bigge as wallnuts ; and the using in the south thereof in admirable plenty and excellence ; if this mystery were but duly followed , and industriously promoved , might be a magazine for all the westerne world , and singly in her selfe outvy france , spaine , and italy , in all their advantages collected . heere the leaves are onely sold by nature , who requires no other satisfaction then industry to make use of her bounty . timber to erect their fabricks is provided , and costs no more then preparing a benevolent sunne , and a serene sky , contributing their indulgence to its perfection . no narrow assignation of ground ( richer then the most fertile france or italy can pretend to , or boast of ) to plant those trees on , if not neare enough to the setled plantations ; in briefe , all the conveniences imaginable to assist and advance this to the noblest commerce in the world , if neglect and sloth make us not ingratefull to our selves , and nature , by abusing our selves , by not using her bounty . to further this happy designe , let us descend into an unequall comparison : let us compare our most incomparable virginia , where the mulberry and the worme are aboriginall to italy , where they are onely adventitious : let us imagine our owne worme of that strength and greatnesse onely equall to those of brescia and italy , where the usuall ofcome from sixe ounces of seede is , ot at least pound weight of silke , and adhearing to this parallell ; let us see the apparency in the profit . a man and a boy , if their hands be not sleeping in their pockets , will feede as many wormes as come of sixe or eight ounces of seed till they be past their foure first sicknesses , and within some dayes of spinning : indeed the last dayes require a more extraordinary diligence and attendance , a more frequent and carefull feeding , because in that time they conceive , gather , and store up the disposing matter from whence the silke comes , which by an incomprehensible mystery of nature , they after as it were vomit out of their mouthes , and spinne out of their bowells . at this more particular season , there is a necessity of adding the labour of three or foure helpes more ( to which women or children are as proper as men ) which is an inconsiderable accession considering the gaine arising from it . that you may know the reason why women , children , lame and impotent persons are as fitting to attend the last fourteene dayes , as men , will appeare by their labour , which is nothing but to feede them within doores , cleanse , dry , and perfume their lodgings , with some strengthning but not overstrong odour . and as one skilfull in this noble mystery is sufficient for the employing , overseeing , and directing hundreds under him , so ( the skill being rather experimentally to be taught , then built upon long and ambiguous precepts ) he may bee able to perfect all those under him within the five or six weeekes time of their imployment in the full understanding the mystery . and the better to incourage both the teacher and learner of the mystery , the master should be invited by reward to be liberall in communicating his knowledge , and those under his instruction encouraged by arguments of honour and profit proposed to the best proficient , would disperse seeds of emulation and diligence , since every one would imploy himselfe seriously to engrosse and appropriate to himselfe the reputation and advantage in the victory . and in boyes and children , disputations frequently set on foot , with some slight distinction of merit , would make all that are ingeniously disposed , quicken their observation and diligence , to gaine the credit of prelation . though to take off all disincouragement or despayre , from those lesse apprehensive and docible , in this noble and gainefull trade of silke , there is no such absolute necessity layd upon them to be supersticiously and precisely curious in observing the booke rules , and written precepts , that upon the omission or unpunctuall observation of any of those precepts in hatching , lodging , feeding , and tending of the silke-wormes , wee should imagine such minute deviations might occasion an improsperity or generall failing : for wee will admit something may be wanting either in materialls , accommodation , or precisenesse of knowledge ; yet may the worke ( a higher and irresistible cause not interrupting it ) prosper and succeede , notwithstanding such defect , to the great contentment and gaine of them which keepe them . let us imagine it to be granted that the indigency of the person improving the incommodiousnesse of the place , or want of house-roome , which the bookes exactly tye us to , be in many things preterregular ( though such a supposition may fall upon any other part of the world more justly then virginia , where all materialls and convenien●y answer our exactest wishes ) yet will dayly examples confirme us , that in languedoc , provence , and other parts of france , and as many in spaine and italy , amongst the common sort of that exaction tyred people , that one poore low-rooft cottage , and one roome in it is all the house extent they have to take their sleepe in , dresse their miserable dyet , and serve themselves of for use and retirement ; yet does this industrious creature ( such are the blessings with which god rewards the sweat of industry ) thrive as happily ( and sometimes answer labour with a greater felicity ) as those which the curiosity of richer persons fit with all commodiousnesse of chamber feeding , and attending , which is a speaking encouragement that no man should despaire , but reposing a cheerefull confidence in the blessing of the almighty , with this r●solution , that what ever mean●s , what ever curiosity , art , or precept , may contribute towards the preparing and facilitation of a worke , yet the end , the event must depend on his eternall goodnesse to crowne it , and all our labours projected with never so great a talent of humane wisdome and experience , must conclude with this never failing truth : that except the lord build the house their labour is but lost that build it : except the lord keepe the city , the watchman watches but in vaine . wee must therefore lift up our hearts and eyes with thankefullnesse u●to the hills , unto the mountaine of israel , and rock of david , from whence those streames of blessings must acknowledge their sole , their originall fountaine , which may serve as an admonition , that neither the whole , nor any part of the work● should be begunne without applying our devotions to him : let it therefore be the morning omen to the worke , and the evening auspice , lord prosper the worke of our hands , prosper g●o● lord our handy workes . after the reposall of this confidence in god ; let him apply himselfe with his greatest industry and ability , with this comfort and assurance , that he cannot but make a considerable returne : though wee should be much injurious to art ( the noble right hand and midwife to nature ) if wee should deny a more promising probability of a riper and fuller gaine the more curious and observant he is in following all the approved experiments , rules , directions , and precepts thereunto belonging . but the chiefest aime and intention of those rules are to illustrate the perfection of this art , and to informe your knowledge , and better your future experience and preventionall care , if any misadventure arrive , or miscarriage in the silke●wormes , or if they prosper not equally this yeare with the last ; for by inspection upon them you may understand the cause and reason of such misadventure , and with it the remedy ; and this also takes away all dispaire or disincouragement for men , commonly men till they are convinced in the naturall ca●se of a disaster or failing attribute , all such mischances to nature , or else impu●e the non-thriving to their owne misfortune by a ridiculous opinion that they are not ordained to be fortunate in this or that mystery , so freequently does fortune incurre the blame of humane neglect or ignorance . besides wee are to imprint in our knowledge , that no rules can have so much of generality and exactnesse , which will not admit of deviations arising from some particular and variable circumstances . wee must not therefore conforme the nature of the c●imate to our rules , but our rules to it , in which wee must resume to your deliberation how , and in what one climate differs from another , how the constitution of this yeare varie● from the next , or the precedent , the immediocrities of heate , cold , drought , and moisture , serenity , or mists , &c. the manner of their lodgings , the quality of the winde to be admitted or excluded : to temper a season inclining to a preternaturall coolenesse with an artificiall heate , to refresh and infrigidate the aire in times of immoderate heate , by admitting the cooling aire and windes proceeding from a cooler q●arter , and this to be observed with a more particular care ; when they spinne their silke , that creature then being very obnoxious to be stifled with too much heat . there must be likewise a providentiall regard in a moist season , that the mulberry leaves be carefully dryed after their gathering , before they be administred for food to the silke-worme : but if the season pertake more of drought it will be wisedome to let the leaves lye and shade a little after their gathering , that they may have them coole and refreshing , and in seasons of temperature and continued droughts , it may be very requisite to water the roots of the mulberry-tree , which will be a refreshing to the leaves , and this is usually practised in spaine ; especially if the mulberry-tree be seated in a hot or dry ground , which otherwise must not be so prescribed without particular caution . nor is it below our consideration to weigh the condition of the place in which the mulberry is planted , if in a sower foule or wet soile to collect what inconvenience that food may bring unto your worme , and therefore if your necessity will admit it to avoyd such wholly , if not to use them with such qualifications as may make them least offensive . after having regard to the nature of the ground your tree receives its juce from , the quality of the season , in which you gather them ; it falls next to your consideration to compare the kinde and nature of the tree , together with the kinde and nature of their seed , worme , and silke , and directing your selfe by an exact observation of particular circumstances , so to make exceptions , and to order every thing with judgement and discretion thereafter , that your bookes and experience may by that meanes walke hand in hand together . but time and observations will affoord you many experiments , out of which perhaps some more rules of art may be framed , in divers particulars , more consenting to the country and climate of virginia . which finding , after good triall thereupon made , it will become the reputation of a good patriot in generall , and a good master of a family in particular , to digest them into such a regular order and method , that the publication thereof may be a common benefit to all , and a private memoriall to particulars . for since in persia and china it does not fall under likelihood , that they can oblige themselves to observe all particulars in its strictest limitation , where such an infinite quantity of silke passeth through the hands of the people , it is very agreeable to reason that in a climate of the same nature and parallell , namely virginia , there may be rules found out of far l●sse brevity , and more pertinency , then have yet been considered or published . and yet where all these rules are curiously observed , they make not onely in spaine and italy , but in the colder parts of france a far greater gaine ( the quantity of adventure and time considered ) by thus chargeably feeding of silk-wormes , then by any other commodity whatsoever . but to avoid that inconvenience of fetching leaves a far off , or attending the growth of your owne mulberries , or that necessity which makes the poorer sort of our owne miserable people to lodge them in that roome which is their kitchin , their chamber , th●ir all . with what ease and conveniency may there be a house set up in the middle of a grove of mulberries , naturally growing , where the silkewormes , in a dry cabinet of boords , after the maner of sicily , may be kept ( described more largely in the bookes which treat of this silkeworme , then can bee expected in this paper ) set up with stones in it , in case the countrey and season require it , eyther to correct the ill sents , or ( if so be they are seated in cold , moyst , or shady plac●s , of which your owne sense and experience will quickly acquaint yo● ) to give the ayre a temper and qualification , which if not prevented , may destroy your worke by killing the silkeworme . and this lodge built for them , the season of the yeere will invite your selfe and family ( i meane such part of your family as you assigne to this worke ) to lodge there also , the time being at the most but six weekes , and for the first moneth , one third of your family will be sufficient to feed them , but the last . dayes ; the other . thirds will be requisit that the wormes may bee more often and plentifully fed the well feeding at that time contributing much to their strength and perfection , and consequently to the improving your expected silke , both in quantity and quality . that all may be invited and courted to this undertaking , in this glorious countrey , n●ture hath left us destitute of no materialls . to erect these slight silken lodgings , will be no more expences , then your labour ; nor is that any greater , then to cut out some posts and studdes , fit them , and set them up , then to cleave and saw out small quarters , rafters , plankes , pales , and boards , to make and set up the sides of the house , in stead of more substantiall walls , and to cover the roofe in stead of tile . for the effecting of all which with the lesser trouble , that countrey affords abundance of woods , which will runne out , slit , and cleave into long lengths and br●adths , which by the directnesse of the ground will rive in a manner , as if they had beene sawen for the worke . all which must be so close layd , joyned , and nayled together , the one still lapt over the other , that no winde or raine may penetrate therein to offend that laborious creature , and this may easily be prevented , if such chinkes and open places as you shall discover bee stopped up with lome , clay , and lime , of which materialls in those countreyes you will finde no want . and to this purpose the indian mats , and the like things may be made good use of in this way , which will be sure to keepe out winde and perhaps raine : but to these things your owne inventions , pro re nata , will abundantly furnish you with matter of preventing casualties : nor will it bee unseasonable to repeat the extraordinary convenience of saw-mills , which in this case will be in a high degree serviceable to you , and of ●his the whole colony will be beneficially sensible in boards , plankes , housing , silk-worm-lodgings , timber , shipping , and all particular kinde of uses . and this once erected , with what speed may such a house be clapped up together , with a few nailes one lopping over another , either long like a bowling-alley , that the functions of the family may be distinct , and no offensive heat or sent disturbe the worme in his curious operations . or being in doubt of surprisall , some families going into the woods together may equally joyne together , and those woodden houses ( still observing that the roomes where the wormes are may be set end and end together , that so the kitchins and their lodgings may be still the two extreames ) may be cast into the forme of a fort which pall●sadoed , and your house sentinelled by halfe a dozen of good dogges , wil be a sufficient defence against all the natives of the countrey . and this may be in case they worke not in common , which if by compact they agree upon , the lodging for the wormes may be cast in the middle of such a circle , the timber houses round about shading them from over much heat , wind or moisture , and the necessary fires there made , will throughly cleere the ayre of all vapours and mists which may disorder this innocent spinner . the silke harvest ready , and the encrease brought to a just estimation : the cohabitors may according to the agreement made betwixt them , returne with their dividends , and this removall into the woods will have the same nature of content which the citizens take in a time of vacation and city wearinesse ( citizens being never so weary as when they have no worke ) to visit the delights of the countrey , though with different ends ; since these in their voyages of pleasure expend , the other both save and encrease their stock and treasure . these boards ( the worke ended ) being taken downe are serviceable for seaven yeares together , and easily erected or renewed . i am not altogether of advice , that the indians be hired to assist you in these remoter workes , as sensible how apt they and the divell t●eir tutor may be to embrace an occasion of being treacherous ; but if they could be brought to worke by parties ( well watched and spyes amongst themselves set over them ) in the middest of our most populous plantations , with their wives and children , who will easily runne through this curious , but not heavy labour , and may be sufficient pawnes for the indian fidelity , if cunningly divided , they would be very serviceable in this kinde for a small reward , and peradventure might be made great use of for this worke heereafter by undertaking it themselves , which may be manifested for these reasons . . first , the indian is naturally curious and very ingenious , which they shew in all their works and imitations : the only thing that frights them from bringing any work to perfection , is the labour attending it . . but to feed his curiosity , there is nothing in the world more p 〈…〉 then this cu●ious atome of nature the silkeworme : to see th●●●●taught artist spin out his transparent bowels , labour such a monument out of his owne intralls , as may be the shame , the blush of artists , such a robe that solomon in all his glory might con●esse the meannesse of his apparell , in relation to the workemen , cannot but bring them to admiration ; and that thos● spi●i●s whose t●oughts are of a higher wing then ordinary , may bee convinced of a divine power of the hand of god in the creation : which gaynd upon him , it will not be impossible to drive him to an acknowledgement of redemption , if private ends or any other respect then that to gods glory , possesse not those who should cover a multitude of sinnes , by winning a soule to his creator , and forcing him from the jawes of his destroyer . . in this curiosity there is little or no labour ( a thing which they abhorre ) their women and children will bee sufficient to goe through with it : and if they could but be brought to it , our trade with them f●r silke would be of greater consequence , then all their furs or other commodities put together . . by this meanes it were possible to fasten clo●●hs upon them , which if once it were effected , that which mr. bullocke excellent patly calls , the universall not of nature , ambition would cement them to a more orderly course of life , and one still striving to ou●vie the other in bravery of habits : there would be no labour under heaven like this , to reduce them to civility , the toyle thereof being inc●nsiderable , and the profit great to him in respect of his now trifling merchandise : and to us by trading with them , might bee returned for ● . the pound at the most in commodities . . by this means would he be brought to plant great quantities of mulberry trees round about his plantation , which according to his constant inconstancy , evermore shifting , would necessarily , our ●wne numbers increasing , fall into our hands and possession , or if he should against the tide of his nature abide by them , yet a very inconsiderable tri●le would buy the propriety from him . . the silkeworme harvest lighting at such a season of the year , wherein he by improvidence hath wasted all his bread-corne , at which time he usually retires into the woods to seeke a thinne s●bsistence , by the allurement of this great profit he would undo●btedly stay at his plantation , and allow us a share in his increase of silke , for such provision of maiz as would maintaine him , and ●his would be a large accession of profit to the english. . admitting virginia in its whole extent from cape henry southward ( as a worke so easily comp●ssed , and such profit ensuing thereupon , especially to the weroances or reguli● , who have many wives , slaves , and children , would hardly faile from being a universall labour ) to containe in all thirty thousand people , of which the ●ourth part or more men , if this staple be followed by them , and our vigilance preventing any traffick of other nations with them , it will yeeld the c●lony of course a trade with them worth cleare a hundred thousand pound per annum . neither doe i comprehend a sufficient reason why in so happy a climate as that of virginia ; there may not be a double silke harvest : this i am sure of , that there are s●cre●s in nature of retardation as well as acceleration of springs , and both being industriously brought to the experiment , the acceleration anteceeding the first spring , and the retardation postvening the latter by three weekes , ( which may easily be effected by election and distinction of ground to plant in ) and at the latter end of the harvest the seeds being disposed and ripened for production , will without doubt produce an effect answerable to the most inestimable profit intended by it . that the election of ground may doe this , wee may see by freequent examples betwixt things well cultivated , and that which is never transplanted from its first wildnesse , and there are many presidents round about us , where in one and the same towne , one and the same fruit have oftentimes three weekes distance of time betwixt their unequall maturity ; the naturall warmenesse or coldnes of the ground occasioning the advance or procrastination of fruits according to its severall disposition . nor can such a course be any interruption to harvest or vintage , both comming much after the season of the silke●worme , though i should ( in submission to better judgement ) conceive that with transplantation of trees ( such as they would have come later then ordinary , for that purpose being loosed from the ground neare upon the ascent of their sap would spring for that season accordi●g to ●heir expectation later then is usuall , and the next yeare its novelty of ground having made it wanton will come much earlier , and more improved then those whose fixure to the place of it● first pull●lation keepes it selfe to its former constancy , and by this meanes the later harvest would not be at the most three weekes time a●ter the ( usuall ) income of the first . and without doubt the chineses and persian could not vend such vast quantities of silke , with which they fa●shion so huge a part of the world with one single harvest , which though wee are at present ignorant of , yet what should discourage us from delivering such conjectures to a tryall , since the examen of it is not without probability , nor the discovery without an extraordinary certainety of profit ? those who will object that notwithstanding ● years practice i●aly hath not discovered this mystery , or if discovered , found it destitute of successe , may be pleased to receive this answer : that there is an immense disproportion betwixt the happyest region of italy , and the south of the excellent virginia . italy ( and that annually● is subject much to inclemency of winters , in respect of our more temperate maid●n , where snows and black swans are alike prodigies ; the cold th●re is rather like a phletomy to tame the plethorick abundance of springs , then dead it : nor are the srpings of italy so early as ours in that climate , and the mulberry shooting forth later then all other trees by much , may by this meanes of transplantation and heat of soile , be equall with the first , and by that early apparence give day-light to this and other more abstruse magnalia . i have insisted so much the longer upon this mystery of the silk-worme , because ( if it were handled by a better pen , judgement , and ability ) it is every way noble and sublime , so much worthy the knowledge , not onely for the benefit ( which is extraordinary rich how ever ) but for the admiration of nature , who hath ab●eviated all the volums of her other miracles into this her little , but exact epitome , like that artist who contracted the whole body of iliads and odysses into a nutshell . b●sides what wee have sayd of silke wee shall find the indian profitable to himselfe , and as in the staple of win●s , of which when he has r●c●ived ●he whole knowledge , wee cannot make the l●●st tittle of doubt , but he will with all eagernesse prosecute it : first , because it concernes his belly , to which no peop●e under h●av●● are more indulgent ; and secondly , his wife and children who plant his corne may take the charge of the vineyard with not much more lab●ur . but that which turnes to our advantage is , that the indian communicating the knowledge of the grape to his neighbours , and they transmitting it all along as far as new spain , will stir up the spanish jealousie to interdict all viti-culture amongst them , and as far as the extent of his power can fathome to prosecute severely all such natives as shall make it a subject of their indu●try to the prejudice of spaine . this must of necessity make strong combinations and leagues against the spanish tyranny , which though they are not of themselves able to shake off , yet will the spanyard feare to extend himselfe further ( except in such strength as at present his condition denies him ) knowing the indians untingu●shable thirst of revenge● and his laying hold of all opportunities to put it in execution , with all the powers of his understanding cruelty and malice . and thus shall the spanyard in case he attempts our supplantation be constantly discovered by the siding indian , and if there be a necessity to prevent his malice , by turning his designe upon his owne head , infinite occasion of intelligence may wee have from the enraged native , how to attaque him in his strongest security , where either the distance or impassability of the way will make him confident and carelesse . further use may be made of the native in fishing after pearle , to which if wee allure him by a constant trade with him for them , his owne profit will quickly enlighten his desire of more , and that desire quicken his industry . that virginia affordes multitude of pearles , mr. lane is sufficient to give publick information , where he tells us a relation delivered to him of a w●roance , who had so great quantity of pearle , and did so ordinarily take the same , as that not onely his owne skinnes that he weareth , and the better sort of his gentlemen and followers are set with the sayd pearle ; but also his beds and houses are garnished with them , and that he hat● such quantity of them that it is wonder to see : these are mr. lanes words exactly . nor is there any difficulty in the discovery of this , or ingrossing the trade ; especially since wee are the masters of the countrey , and if any other nation should attempt to partake in the benefit of our trade , the strength of virginia is at present such as may repell by violence , all forraigne incroachments upon their trade and livelyhood . the indians unanimously consent that twenty two mil●s beyond ●he falls , is a rocke of chrystall , and this they evidence by their a●rowes very many whereof are headed with it . and that dayes journey from thence , is a rock● or hill of silver oare . beyond which , over a ledge of hills , by a concurrent relation of all the indians , is the sea , which can be no other but that sea which washes the shore of china , &c. that this report of a great sea southwest , beyond the mountains , cannot have the least of fiction or confederacy , since all the indians from canada to florida , doe unjarringly agree in the rela●ion , is obvious to the meanest apprehension . the discovery whereof , if we fall upon it by degrees , will bee a worke of no long time or difficulty , but the unexpressible profit and glory of the action , will rayse the noble head of this above example countrey to such a high zenith of wealth , power , and lustre , that it will be reputed a very remarkable degree of felicity to any nation which shall reach to such a verticall point of glory , as to bee reputed but our second in these most noble considerations . by this meanes what wealth can there be in those richest provinces of the world , in those countries which nature created for her cabinets of excellency , which we shall not discover ? what discover without a power of appropriation ? what opulency does china teeme with which shall not be made our owne by the midwi●●y , by the juno lucina of this virtuall pass●ge ? this by a happy transmigration● by an innocent magick will convert that countrey , ( which by a swelling denomination , yet without no● some preten●e of reason its natives call by a title signifying all under he●ven ) into our maid of admiration and envy virginia . her silke-worm shall spinne for carolana , her cloth of gold be weaved for roanoak . the english name shall keepe company with the sunne , and those nations who owe him a particular adoration shall honour it as the next thing sacred . the easterne nations oppressed with the slavery of those illustrious horseleeches their princes , will come under our shadow , and by a thicke repayre to our most glorious and happy mayden , live with us in that liberty , which nature in their creation intended to the noblest of his creatures mankind . and by this recourse all those curiosities of art , in which those easterne nations transcend europe , will bee conveyed to us with their persons . cattell and horse in which they abound , will bee sold to us for nothing● for european trifles , whilest the more necessary staples of this ou● w●st●rne wor●d , will be sold at advantages not convenient to be mentioned . the voyage short , easie , rich , and pleasant . no doubling of the line , no calentures , scurvies● or other long-passage dis●ases , to affright or distast the laborious seaman : whereas now the enfe●bling and destroying of mariners is almost an unavoidable consequence of those long and dangerous , rather circumferences , then voyages . but lest we should sing a paean before a victory , it will not bee unworthy our labour to discourse what meanes m●y be used in this discovery . which if it should misse in its prosecution , ( for which fayling there is not the least shadow of probability ) yet might carry a vast profit to recompence all your paynes and expences . that it must not bee attempted at the first heat , but must have more recourses then one to the fire of a triall , will bee made apparent by these reasons . first , the inconveniency or non feysibility of carrying so much provision as will serve the discoverers , whose number , in my opinion , cannot bee lower then two hundred , if wee le● slide into our deliberation the many unknowne nations , through whose territories we are to make our passage , and which by common estimation , are much more numerous in the inland , then marine countreyes . next , admit wee undertake and compasse it with such a number , yet the discovery not being capable of secresie amongst such a multitude of unde●takers , the publick resentment of such a felicity approaching , not suff●ring people to be silent : wee should have this ar●ive to the spanyards knowledge , who will roule all stones under heaven to dispossesse or prepossesse , and indeed the danger his peru , chili and philippines , by s●ch seating , may lie obnoxious to , will adde spurres to his inclination to prevent us , which till wee bee in in a condition to resist , may be effected with our absolute ruine . the safest way therefore is , by degrees to steale upon the design , and take our way thither , by ceasing of places of advantage , very frequently found in that contry , which we may progressionaly fortifie at every twenty or five and twenty miles distance , and to these places we may constantly send supplies of victualls and ammunition , not only for the men there garrisond , but for our owne reception and maintenance in the discovery : and these men standing continu●lly upon their guard , may ( i meane those most remote ) by conference with the indians , discover with much ease , of what distance , what accesse , what harbours , what frequentation , and by what people the neighbour sea consists of ; to take with them ex●mplars of all mineralls , drugges , dies , colours , birds and beasts , drawne to the life in colours , which ( by an invitation of reward ) will be a surer meanes of discovery , ( if any such be ) then by multitudes of people , whose number commonly ( as in the ex●mple of fernando soto in florida ) hastens no other discovery , but that of unavoydable famine , and being usually , either through necessity , or a disordred maner of living irregular and ungoverned , fright the inhabitants from all commerce and conference or else make them join in a confederacy to abuse and remove them by t●lling their unwelcome company , golden lies , and miracles of countreys farther distant , where they are likely to find small satisfaction for their covetousnes or hunger . reason and experience will condemne us of folly , if wee shoul● refuse to profit by commendable examples , though proceeding from enemies or friends suspected : it will be therefore an incitement irreproveable to commend to our owne imitation the custome which the industrious spanyard practiseth in his designe of discoveries : every one of the associates carry a little horne about their necks in such journeys , by which mean●s if the errour of the night or thickenesse of the woods occasion any separation betw●xt them , or an ambuscado of enemies make the passage doubtfull , by winding of that horne , presently notice is given to the rest , who upon receiving the sound give the first winder notice of their residence , to which they may repaire , or testifie their apprehension and readinesse to prevent all hostile stratagems . the same indefatigable nation in their passage over rivers , presently make themselves light canoas after the indian mode , with which entring themselves and swimming their horses ( whose heads they keepe above water by a coller fastened to the boat ) they overcome difficulties of currents , which to any other but those seem● insuperable , and indeed their labour in this kinde show them of admirable resolution and constancy . though wee may entertaine grounds of hope and confidence , that this discovery of the south sea may be m●de without any tedious land-jou●ney , since it is certaine that from the great confluence of waters in the gulfe of s● . laurence , foure mighty rivers receive their sourse , the first whereof pouring it selfe north into canada , another running eastward into the sea called hunsons river , the third running w●stward into the maine are already discovered , but the fourth upon which wee have reason to fixe high expectation bending southward to florida , washes all the backside of virginia , and may in all probability discharge it selfe into the south ocean , which if it suit with our conjectures , virginia will have by that meanes a double accession of security and convenience . for our security it will be a naturall bar betwixt us and the jealous spanyard , who if he shou●d injustly continue the possession of ou● florida , which is indisputably english ; yet thus dividided from us by a vast r●ver full of islands , and places convenient to command the channell fortified and maintained by our nation , he is too full of providence and caution to attaque us , if once in so good a posture . for the conveniency which sufficiently speakes it selfe the ease of transportation by water , and all in our owne chanell , the saving of land charges , and probability of a more speedy passage , are prespicuous arguments to commend it . and to confirme the probabilities of this passage by the lake the more strongly , the indians of canada confessed to iames cartier that i● is but a moneths sayling , from thence to go to a land where cynanon and cloves are gathered● others told the same person , that from the place where they left their pinnace , there is a river which goeth south-west , from whence there is a w●ole moneths sayling to go to a certaine land , where there is neither ice nor snow seene , where the ●nhabitants doe continually war one against the other , where there is great store of orenges , almonds , nuts , and apples , with many other sorts of fruits . what ev●r beliefe other men bestow upon this relation , i know not ; but tru●ly in such a generall concordance of reports , whe●e there can be no roome left for confederacy or designe , to be perswaded of the t●uth therein , cannot have any vitious tincture of facility or cred●lity . but it is time to remit these high and noble atchievements to the prosecution of those who have more power and ability● who may give such ● discovery the honour of their names , and tr●nsfer a perpetuall illustrious memory to posterity , we shall onely suppose it fai●ible and hope the effects will answer such supposition . which if it should faile , why may not virginia in her future felicity of silke be a new china and persia to europe ? why may not all the spicery of the east flourish with an equall successe in this our most justly tempered climate ? already can virginia boast of cinamon , which if transplanted might not be inferiour unto any ? why may not the cloves perfume virginia with as aromatick redolency as the philipine gardens . our aire is more serene , better tempered then theirs , nor have we any more sense of winter to hinder the ascent of sap then the moluccians , if it be any thing more harsh in cold , yet is it but a check to a peradventure too forward spring . what multitude of flowers have our lat● gardens in england seen non native to this soyle or climate ? fruits thought solely proper to italy and spaine flourish here to the envy of those countties , who see often times the colonies in a happier degree of prosperity then the mother , for fruit and flowers . but these designements must be the daughters of time , curiosity and industry , to whom away may be made passabl● , and easie , by that uncabinetting and deciphring of nature , garden philosophy● what harsh disposition in the world will not be lenified and refined by these curious conclusions ? di●clesian could postpose the science of governing mankinde to the knowledge of managing his scions , to see those plants grow up , which his own laureld hand had set , watred and attended , and accordingly flourish , was in a manner the production of so many children , who in this have the advantage , that their florescence is not subject to selfe-deprivation , give them but an acceptable ground● a boun●eous aire , and an arriding sunne and ●hey answer the most exact d●sires of the setter or ingrafter ; but children , let them have all the auxiliares of a full fortune , warmth of education , and heat of encouragement , by some private disease of the genius , by some secret malignity in nature , or its right hand custome , seldome or neuer thrive according to the wishes of the parent , they are either too ranke with insolence , too much parched with rashnesse , or withered with infamy and luxury , that those which planted them instead of delight in that which they esteemed their masterpeece , have nothing but a spring of indignation , or an autumn of melancholly to answer their expectation , and are so far from contentment at their groweth that they would have reckoned it amongst the smiles of their fortunes , that no warmth of theirs had contributed to their production , no indulgence to their continuance and edu●ation . these allurements are for those whose delights onely are interested and denoted to this reti●ed activity ; but those who looke further will finde ( that which is rarely or never contingent to other contentments ) this pleasure to be attended with an inestimable p●ofit , and one of the most certaine returnes in nature : but this fertility-labouring countrey , especial●y in its southerne beauties , in its roanoak excellencies , like to a princesse , all compos'd of bounty , suffers no addresse to be made unsatisfied . gentle winters to court your seed , warme springs to marry them to perfect masculine ripenesse , nothing but ingratitude and indiligence to delay or divert its liberality , hitherto ( like those confined virgins in a barbarous se●aglio ) it hath suffered the imputation or injury of sterility by a non-complacency in i●s savage amourists , the abundance of perfection having put them into a satiety or incapacicy of enjoyment . the tru●h of this being abundantly manifest , an apparent profit and delight inviting the able and industrious ; necessity must be the next argument to those whose poverty can pleade no excuse for their indiligence ; yet this laborious necessity is not so ingra●efull as in england , and in other more thick-peopled countries , what ever you sweat for in this bounteous region , is crowned with a recompence amazing your expectation ; such things as make poverty and life wearisome , contempt of , or impossibility of any melioration to their condition are things heere never charged upon hone●t indigence , or denyed to a commendable industry , nor can they palliate their sleepe and sloth with a pretence of wanting materialls to worke upon , or plead that such things as should employ them must be first had out of england , since there is enough abundantly and naturally in that unpresidented countrey to employ their industry , to enrich their labour . though silke-grasse is unquestionably a staple which will bee neighbour to the profit of the silke-worme , though the naturall hempe-flagge may be a merchandize in time equal to english flax , though the sar●aparilla be an extraordinary vendible commodity , though pipestaves be so beneficiall , that with not many drops an extraordinary workeman may make his labour worth sixty pounds per annum . though he has fish there , and in such abundance that the attending diligently upon two seasons , onely returnes him a reward of one hundred pound sterling in sturgion , salmon , herings , mackrell : pot-ashes a rich and never decaying staple , &c. yet since against this an objection may be made what course they may take for their provisionall subsistence . those who apprehend such doubts will be pleased to receive this answer , in which if they are sensible of reason they cannot faile to receive satisfaction . there is no man will ever be denyed the loane of corne for his house-spending , and seed till the harvest ; if he be a single man he may prepare as much ground if cleared , and set as large quantitie of corne for his owne spending and repayment of what borrowed , in two dayes space as will abundantly suffice him twelve moneths . admit there be no cleared ground , yet if he but unbarke the trees one foot round after the indian mode to prevent the shade occasioned by the leaves , which such unbarking quite destroyes , the corne ( set betwix● those trees ) will thrive and prosper exceedingly , ●nd their ground thus prepared will last seaven or more yeares successively , and this worke cannot last him above five dayes at the longest . if he have a family , his wife and children will be able to beare part in that labour , and many others . for provision of flesh , if he can use his peece he may , even at his labour in the woods , have opportunity of killing venison , hares , wild-fo●le ( in their season innumerable ) and fish , of which the rivers are all times plentifully furnished , and of great delicacy ; if in all this abundance he is yet apprehensive of famine , wee shall refer him to the number of those who are afraid to be starved for meat in a cooks shop . besides what a small summe of money will buy your cattell , and swine in virginia ? whose feeding co●ts them nothing but thankes to god , who has spread that superfici●s of that noble countrey with perpetuall friut and verdure . poultry in infinite variety and plenty , the ●orbearance of whose encrease for a small terme of years will make them so numerous , that they may alwayes have a full table . the w●st indie potatoe ( by much more delicate and large then what wee have heere growing ) besides that it is a food excellently delicious and strongly nourishing , fixes himselfe wherever planted , with such an irradicable fertility● that being set it eternally grows : of this an extraordinary pleasing and strong drinke may bee composed . nor is the m●iz lesse commendable for bread then malting , of both which in its use it affordeth a peculiar goodnesse and convenience : and i am much to learne how a poore man can in justice complaine of want , when he is as it were besieged with such plenty : this for provision may abundantly satisfie , but if he can be content ●o forbeare debauches and profusenesse for t●e first three yeares he may by any of the meanes aforesaid arrive to such a condition of thriving , that he may allow himselfe a large latitud● of expences ( that first three yeares once expired ) without much empairing his fortunes . but since all men either by constitution of age , oppression of yeare● , or different education , are unable or improper for the fish-net or hatchet , i shall offer them a way which may be lesse laborious and peradventure more gainefull ; yet before i descend to this , i must take leave by digression to enlarge something which i have already hinted on , namely the benefit of transplantation . the removing and transposition of wild plants , doth with an experimented happinesse wonderfully mitigate and engentile their le●●e noble natu●e ; w●ethe● ( as an authour delivers it very elegantly ) it be b● reason that the nature of plants , as o● men , is desirous of novelty and peregrination , or because that at their parting from their former grounds they leave there that ranke wildnesse virule●cy and ill quality from the forest , where is first rooted the grate●ull novelty and allurement of a well cultivated s●yle makes it ●●ceive a new by exiling it from the old savagenesse and in●omestication of its first seat and nature . since then the r●moving of wild plants addes so much to their improvement and melioration confirmed by naturall reason and unerring experience : why may not the diligent labour by removeall and transposing this excellent staple of silke grasse , make it thrive equally in greatnesse and goodnesse , there needes no more art to be used then th●t of comparing the soile ( transplantations into worse grounds being naturally improsperous ) and though there appe●re now somewhat of trouble ( though nothing of lab●ur ) in peeling the silky skinne of , yet that it may be broken as flaxe or cleared by some instrument ( the commodity richly rewarding the nobility of any invention ) to this purpose ; time and further exp●rience will no doubt to the publick enric●ing of the colony and this nation make apparent . in this any one which is not sworne ● servant to ease and sloth , may with a small toile reape a considerable profit . next , what will not those vines produce if well husbanded after their transplantation , and in this most delightfull labour the gain is so appare●t that almost the blindest judgement may perceive it . orenges , lemons , pine-aples , plantanes , peaches , apricocks● peares , aples , in a word all sort of excellent fruits will grow there in full perfection ; you may sleepe whilst they are growing , after their setting or engrafting , there needes no more labour but your prayers , that they may prosper , and now and then an eye to prevent their casualties , wounds or diseases . sugars , indigos , cotton , and ginger , require a greater industry ; but if wee consider the difference betwixt the two climates of barbadoes and virginia , the immoderate heate of the first and the exact temper of the other , the labour though it may require as frequent handling , yet is by much lesse toylesome . in a word , if a man be yet timerous of a thriving condition in this countrey ; i shall with his pardon believe him , dis●rustfull of gods providence ; or if he be so vitiously disposed as to hope after a land where he may enjoy an undisturbed plenty without the sweat of his browes , the maps are so extreamely deficient in the description of such a countrey , that i must desire him to looke for a new world and kingdome , for such an easie accommodation . if any make an objection why this countrey stored with all these riches , furnished with all these staples , hath so long held downe her head in the lownesse of a desperate condition ? why being capable to crowne her browes with garlands of roses and plenty , she sate desolate amongst the w●llowes of neglect and poverty ? let them but recall their memory , how by the prevailency of gon●amore the co●poration was dissolved , their patent cancelled , to which if wee adde the cooperation of the indian treachery in their first massacre , they will cease their wonder at its languishing condition . and convert it to a full admiration , how that colony could ever raise her endangered head out of those gulfes of distraction , in which the gold of spaine , the dis●ncouragement of the court , the discontent of the better sort of planters , and the desperate negligence of the more inconsiderable had in humane opinion irrecoverably involved her . but the incomparable virgin hath rai●ed her dejected head , cleared her enclouded reputation , and now like the eldest daughter of nature expresseth a priority in her dowry ; her browes encircled with opulency to be believed by no other triall but that of expeperience her unwounded wombe full of all those treasuries which indeere provinces to respect of glory , and may with as great justice as any countrey the sunne honours with his eye-beames , entitle her selfe to an affinity with eden , to an absolute perfection above all but paradize . and this those gentlemen to whom she vouchsafes the honour of her embraces , when by the blessings of god upon their labours sated with the beauty of their cornefield , they shall retire into their groves checkered with vines , olives , mirtles , from thence dilate themselves into their walkes covered in a manner , paved with orenges and lemmons , whence surfeited with variety , they incline to repose in their gardens upon nothing lesse perfumed then rose● and gilly-flowers . when they shall see their numerous heards wanton with the luxury of their pasture , confesse a narrownesse in their b●rnes to receive their corne , in bosomes to expresse fully their thankefulnesse to the almighty authour of these blessings , will chearefully confesse : whilst the incomparable ro●noak like a queene of the ocean , encircled with an hundred attendant islands , and the most majestick carolana shall in such an ample and noble gratitude by her improvement repay her adventurers and creditors with an interest so far transcending the principall . a valuation of the commodities growing and ●o be ha● in virginia : valued in the year , . and since those times improved in all more or lesse , in some ⅓ , in others ½ , in many double , and in some treble . iron , ten pounds the tun. silke coddes , two shillings six pence the pound . raw silk , s . d . the pound , now at s . and . per pound . silke grasse to be used for cordage , d . the pound : but we hope it will serve for many better uses , and so yeeld a far greater rate , wherof there can never be too much planted . of this q. elizabeth had a silke gowne made . hemp , from s . to s . the hundred , flax , from s , to s . the hundred . cordage , from s . to s . the hundred . cotton wooll , d . the pound . hard pitch , s . the hundred . tarre , s . the hundred . turpentine , s . the hundred . rozen , s . the hundred . madde● crop , s . the hundred : course madder , s . the hundred . woad , from s . to the hundred . annice seeds , s . the hundred . powder sugar , panels , muscavadoes and whites , s . . and l . the hundred . sturgeon , and caveare , s it is in goodnesse . salt , s . the weight . mastick , s . the pound . salsa perilla wild , l. the hundred . salsa perilla domestick , l . the hundred . red earth allenagra , s . the hundred . red allum , called carthagena allum , s . the hundred . roach allum , called romish allum , s . the hundred . berry graine , s . d the pound : the powder of graine , s . the pound : it groweth on trees like holly berries . masts for shipping , from s . to l. a peece . pot-ashes , from s . the hundred , to . now . and s . the hundred . sope-ashes , from s . to s . the hundred . clapboord watered , s . the hundred . pipe staves , l . the thousand . rape-seed oyle , l . the tun , the cakes of it feed kine fat in the winter . oyle of walnuts , l. the tun . linseed oyle , l . the tun . saffron , s . the pound . honey , s . the gallon . waxe , l . the hundred . shomacke , s . the hundred , whereof great plenty in virginia , and good quantity will be vented in england . fustick yong , s . the hundred . fustick old , s . the hundred , according to the sample . sweet gums , roots , woods , berries for dies and drugs , send of all sorts as much as you can , every sort by it selfe , there being great quantities of those things in virginia , which after proof made , may be heere valued to their worth . and particularly , we have great hope of the pocoon root , that it will prove better then madder . sables , from s . the payre , to s . a payre . otter skins , from s . to s . a piece . luzernes , from s . to a piece . martins the best , s . a piece . wild cats , ● d . a piece . fox skins , d . a piece . muske rats skins , s . a dozen : the cods of them will serve for good perfumes . bever skins that are full growne , in season , are worth s . a piece . bever skins , not in season , to allow two skins for one , and of the lesser , three for one . old bever skins in mantles , gloves or cap● , the more worne , the better , so they be full of fur , the pound weight is s . the new bevers skins are not to bee bought by the pound , because they are thicke and heavy leather , and not so good for use as the old . pearles of all sorts that ye can find : ambergreece as much as you can get : cristall rocke : send as much as you can , and any sort of minerall stones , or earth that weighs very heavy . preserve the walnut trees to make oile of , & cut them not down : so also preserve your mulberry and chestnut trees very carefully . in the month of june , bore holes in divers sorts of trees , wherby you shall see what gums they yield , and let them bee well dried in the sun every day , and send them home in very dry caske . finis . the table . that virginia is parallell with china , and the happiest countries of the east and we●t●rne world in scituation , and if not superior , equall to the best in exactnesse of temperature . page . that it is stored with all sorts of timber for structure of houses , building of shipping , and all other uses● whether of necessi●y or ornament . ibid. that the native fruits of the country are various and delicate . ibid. that the virginia sea affords fishes for number and tast comparable to any other . p. . that the native beasts of the land are many , the flesh of most excellent , the hides of divers usefull , and the furres extraordinary rich . ibid. that divers harvests may be made of corne in one yeare , with the meanes , and the generall quality of the soyle . p. . that two mens labour in virginia may be worth l. per an . p. . . that rice will there flourish with extraordinary increase . ibid. that pot-ashes , pipe●taves , and clapboard may be made there in great abundance and equall profit . p. . . that the iron oare in virginia is equall to the best of any other nation , and that iron mils will be of great advantage & profit . p. . that divers rich dyes , colours , and drugs may be found out there , and the way which the spaniard useth for this discovery . p. . that vin●s grow naturally all over the countrey , which may make a rich wine . p. . that virginia will admit and improve the most generous grapes of any other countrey , whether greeke , italian , or spanish , with the means to undertake and advance this staple . p. . . . that virginia is comparable to persia. p. . that she is by nature made capable of all those excellencies of china , to which she is compared● from p. . to p. . that the art use , and excellency of the silk-worme is mor● convenient to be set on foot in virginia , then any country in europe . p. . that the silke-worme is as naturall to virginia , 〈◊〉 persia , or china . p. . that mulberry-trees proper for this mystery grow there by nature . p. . that it may with much facility be set on foot , and with great felicity brought to perfection . p. . that in this the indians may easily be brought to be coadjutors . p. . that virginia may admit of a double silk-harvest . p. . that the silk-grasse of virginia may prove a staple of incomparable richnesse . p. . that th●re is a naturall hempe in virginia excellent for cordage and linnen . p. . . that there is a rich copper ( with great probability of a golden ) min● in virginia . ibid. that there is great probability of rich silver mines . p. . that sugar , cotton , ginger , indigo , and pepper will grow in the south of virginia wit● equall fertility , and much more conveniency then in barbadoes . p. . that muske and civet may both be made in virginia . p. . that from the terra sigillata , equall in goodnesse to the best , will be yeelded an incredible revenue to the undertaker , and that it is there in vast abundance . p. . that there is no exact necessity to observe all the prescribed rules written by masters in the silk-worme mystery ; that example and observation will dimi●ish the number of these rules , and the conveni●ncy of virginia for that creature may much abreviate them . p. . . . that all the spiceryes of the philippines and other countries may grow in virginia in equall felicity , the place affording as happy , an aire , and a soile fitting in its variety for their general production . p. . that the excellencies of transplantation to meliorate what ever transplanted may be with lesse charges and greater probability of thriving in virginia , then else where made experiment of . p. . that ground may be prepared even in woody places for setting corne , vines , and potatoes , without any eradication , or felling of trees , with great speed and little labour . p. . that there is a rock of chrystall in virginia , already discovered , and the place where . p . that if the english wil but equall or imitate the industry of the spanyard , what ever ha● been discovered in new spaine , peru , and chili may be ( by meanes there set down ) laid open to such their attempts . that as the indian may be invited to practise the silk-worme mystery , so with 〈◊〉 probable hopes of successe he may be gained upon to plant the vine and olive . p. . that his planting the vine will cement him to the english to the disadvantage of the spaniard . ibid. that the south-west passage may easily be found out by a constant intelligence and information of the natives : from whence a trade and co●merce may be driven with china and cathaya . p. . that a fishing trade may be driven in virginia , which ●or excellency and plenty may be greater then that of holland , and in conclusion to make the staple of fish a rich , delightfull , and unlaborious knowledge . p. . . . that salt in virginia may be made in greater abundance and conveniency , then at rochel . p. . that so●e parts of virginia abound with pearle , and that the indian may be serviceable in fishing for them , himselfe allowed a small share in the profit arising from so rich a merchandise . that who ever can but satisfie for his owne transportation , neede not trouble himselfe for any stock to set up with , since so many severall wayes are proposed for his enriching and maintenance . lastly , it may evidently appeare through all the passages of the whole booke , that virginia duly considered for exactnesse of temperature , goodnesse of soyle , variety of staples , and capability of receiving what ever is produced in any other part of the world , gives the right hand of preheminence to no province under heaven . as a supplement to all which , since so many objections have beene , and are dayly made , lest a wilful silence might believe their scruples as authentick as reason it selfe ; such as have beene made to me have had this answer returned them , with which i desire to satisfie and communicate to all others who may have the same doubts . why rather doe wee apply our selves to the south of virginia , then the north ? why to a new where in probability all things may be wanting , rather then an old colony where already there is great abundance ? to this may be returned , that the south of virginia is more proper then the north , by reason of its fertility and aptnesse to produce all those staples o● sugar , cotton , ginger , which the colder aire in the north will not permit to flourish : that the south is more proper , may appeare by the large quantity of palmetoes which have been found there , who cannot flourish in any countrey in which there may be so much as an appearance of winter . neither need wee so much f●are a want or non-abundance in this new colony , our nearenesse to virginia and n●w england being able plentifully to furnish us with all sort of cattle at a cheaper ●ate then in england , and the very r●putation of this place once planted will quickly invite so many men as know by experience or information the excellence of the place , to remove what ever is theirs out of those more cold countries to joyne issue with us in the better sunbeam'd carolana . another objection is , what security wee may expect from the natives , who looke upon us as intruders upon the land of their nativity , and seeing the south of virginia in like manner to be possessed as the north , whether they will not in all probability attempt what ever rage , malice , and treachery can dictate to them to oppose the beginnings of such possession to our extirpation , to which they will be more enabled ( say they ) since wee are at the first seating not likely to be so numerous , or so well fortified to resist them , as in the north of virginia , where already they have committed two mass●cres notwithstanding the length of yeares to secure the implanters , and their large numbers . wee should attribute too much of the bug-beare to the indian armes , to believe that of our men well appointed are not able to give law to their aided with all the advantages of animosity and revenge , to which by nature i must confesse them prone , but their cowardise is so great , that they never act any thing but upon the scor● of anticipation or security ; a nights march and the dawne of the day are the onely opportunities which they take to revenge former hostilities upon their sleeping enemies : he which considers the desperate security the english then lived in , the fatall entercourse to the admission of them into their houses , into the heart of all their plantations without any jealousie ( i had almost said discretion ) will rather admire they were not totally massacred , then but in part attemp●ed ; and yet to sh●w the invincible basenesse and cowardise of those s●vages , then when in the heat of their revenge and height of bl●ud , fury , and success●●when all cowards but themselves are irr●sistably desp●rate and ●ushing on th●ir fortune ) one man that was mast●r but of a hart and pitch●forke , hath been known stave off and ●ffright ten of those as●assinates ; nor were any that had the gen●rosity to oppose , or the discretion to keepe good their houses mass●cred by them . the basenesse of these incomparable poltrons considered , what cause should there be to feare them ? yet to shew how those which through igno●ance or doubt of their attempts may be sufficiently secured , these remedies have been proposed and are resolved upon to r●move all futu●e attempts of tha● nature . our first seating will be upon as pleasant islands as eye may delight , into which all accesse must be by water . the indian ( first bought out of those seas , which a most inconsiderable trifle will pu●chase and prohibited fi●hing there , with a severe punishment to all those who shall against such prohibition appeare with their canoas upon the waters ) cannot assemble upon the main to our prejudice , or gather together their canoas without our notice ; besides a small thing will buy spyes amongst themselves to discover all such practises ; a knife or a hatch●t will make them betray their neighbours , or which is more , their kindred . when our numbers ( ●y the blessing of god ) shall enable us to grow upon the maine , the same price which bought them out of islands will purchase t●●m out of the continent ( i meane such a part of it as will sufficiently serve . inhabitants ) in the bounds whereof no indian shall appeare without an uncountrefaitable mark of permission , and spies used as before ; we may make use of their intelligence concealing the authors , which w●ll make those so discovered attribute to miracle what we receive by information● and peradventure enter into a superstitious beliefe of our praescience of their machinations● which will deter their attempting the like for the future . another objection which is usually made , whether this part of virginia may not be too hot as the north of that continent is too cold , considering the constitution of the english not proper to endure it , the extreams of either being alike distastfull . though it be certaine that all over those countries drawing near the center of the sun a constant brise arises and continues from . to . with a great mitigation during the violence and height of the sun , and that during those intervalls , servants are so indulged as not to labour without doors , yet it is certain that the violentest of heats in that southern is not hotter then some dayes which we feele in england . and though ancient philosophy may stumble at the doctrine ( able to make reason herselfe almost blear-eyed ) yet those no lesse signall experiencers of the modern will tell us , that the causes of moderation and habitability of those regions proceed from that which imposed upon our patriarchs of learning , who upon favourable conjecture that the ( supposed dangerous ) neighborhood of the sun , and the rapid transit of the cele●●iall bodies , with the perpendicularnesse of direct rayes could not but perpetually exile all cold and moisture as non-naturall and forreine to their immediat residence . neither had reason any allegations to the contrary , till experience opened its eye-lights by this demonstration , for moisture is never more violent in those ( which we call torrid ) regions then when the sun is in his nearest visits ; from hence arise winds and impetuous showers dayly , from hence the sun having ( in a degree of debauch ) caronsed too much in his spacious and sweaty journey , over the ocean does there discharge it ; whereas in his abscence he receives no more of those moist vapours then he can temperately and healthfully concoct . besides , these frequent showers do not only coole and refresh the otherwise parching earth , but adde as much to its fatnesse and improvement , ●s the innundations of nilus , niger , and zaire in africa , and makes the earth invulnerable against the sun's hostility & arrowy beams : and as in an alembick a fire of heat and violence enlargeth the quantity of vapours , which stifled as it were and issulesse are converted into waters , but the fire being but meanly eager , drinks up those vapours in their exhaustion ; so the sun ●n the greatnesse in the giantism of his strength , onely exhales ( not digests ) that quantity of vapours which he is inforced to disgorge in showers , which draughts of his are in his lesser heat in a more temperate quantity imbibed and concocted . nor deserves it a le●se part of consideration , that in that part of the world in which there are so many unbounded gulphs , such immense rivers and inlets , the vapours and exhalations cannot but adde coolnesse and moisture to the neighbouring elements of earth and aire : and which is an indisputable reason the almost equall length of dayes and nights dividing perpetually the time into equall portion● causeth a lesse heat then presented it selfe to the consideration-slumber of the ancients , which is confirmed by the philosophick poet in these verses . quodque die solis violento in canduit aest●● , humida nox reficit paribusque refrigerat horis . nights what e're dayes burn with o're heated powers , coole and refresh by their length-equal'd houres . joyne to this the plentifull discent of dewes greater th●n unexperienced imagination can comprehend them , and in dispensation of moisture equall to petty showers behealth the dayes with coolenesse and freshnesse , which added to the neighbourhood of such an unfathomed depth , such an unembraceable greatnesse with their spacious fluxes resolve the heated aire into a healthfull moisture : but nearer the poles the continuance of the sunne , the almost no nights , and long lived dayes make those parts more insufferably hot , then nearer an equall division of night and light , and this cause makes the summer hotter in russia then in england . i had not dwelt so long upon this discourse , but onely to show that if the centre and head-quarters of the sunne perpetually assigned betwixt the tropiques be capable of coolenesse and habitability : what shall virginia a region as fortunately and temperately seated as the noblest countries under heaven expect of moderate heates , and a by-these-infertiled surface ? to those other questions how people shall transport themselves if of fortunes ? how the lesse able be transported ? what conditions they are to expect ? i shall not doubt but publick bils will make manifest to them , and that speedily . for the other what meanes to live there ? what way of improvement upon meanes ? the book is referred unto for directions : but if that appeare unsatisfactory ( that and all things humane being subject to fa●lings ) i owe too much to my owne and that countrey , not to give them further satisfaction to the best of my knowledge : and if they please to collect the stationers name and residence from the frontispiece of the booke , i am confident he out of his humanity and good affection , will either signifie to them where i may prefer my addresses to their information , or where i shall be to attend them , and withall contribute my best knowledge in what may be usefull to them , or bring them to such of higher quality as may give them plenary satisfaction . it is my opinion ( but the more ripe judgement of others ) that this countrey well husbanded , and peopled , will in regard of its variety of staples , be such a constant entercourse of traffick to our merchant adven●u●ers , as to free them totally from all those dangers which they now groane under , either by open hostility of knowne , or under hand dealing of pr●v●te enemies● trade will be so secured among our selves of all those staples which france and spaine sell us with a hand full of exaction and causelesse expostulations , that no●hing but the casualties of the sea will contribute to c●st down countenances upon the exchange or making our merc●ants bankrupt . and that this may want no poore contribution of mine : the r●●d●● will be pleased to take notice that a booke fully discovering the whole mystery of the silke-worme , the whole art of the vine , and the conversion of the sawmill to infinite other as profitable us●s , will shortly be published , in whic● the authour as in this will reckon it amongst his happinesses , if he can at all be availeable to private instruction , or the publick benefit . finis . virginia's discovery of silke-vvormes , with their benefit . and the implanting of mulberry trees . also the dressing and keeping of vines , for the rich trade of making wines there . together with the making of the saw-mill , very usefull in virginia , for cutting of timber and clapbord , to build withall , and its conversion to other as profitable uses . london , printed by t. h. for iohn stephenson , at the signe of the sun , below ludgate . . to all the virginia merchants , adventurers , and planters . gentlemen : the unhappinesse to be amongst the lowest of men , for parts and ●ortune , cannot hinder mee from the sa●is●action which i receive in my selfe , that none is possessed with a more eager passion of contributing towards the advancing virginia to that degree of felicity which the bounty of nature , richnesse of soyle , and temperature of climate designed her to : and were my power but of as strong a wing as my inclinations and desires , that above-example countrey should be placed in such a zenith of stability , wealth , and glory , that it should behold all the other nationall happinesses o●●he world in a sphere benea●h her ; and her merchan●s adventurers and planters , like so many load-starres to conduct mankinde into an innocent ocean of un●athom'd wealth of unrocky prosperity . no countrey under the s●nne is lesse ingratefull then virginia , if she be but justly courted , but to complement a virgin for her affection by brea●hing smoake in her nostrils , to expresse our civilities by vapour ; and for all that vast dowry of spaciousnesse , wealth , bounty of aire , and plenty of provisions , to proffer her a joynture of tobacco , is a complement indistinguishable from incivill rudenesse . what riches may not the silke-worme , vine , olive , and almond afford us ? by these noble undertakings wee contract china two thousand leagues nearer to us , and are not troubled though spaine and italy were remooved five thousand more distant from us : and if wee could not satisfie the implacable curiosity of our senses without the easterne spices , it is without dispute , that what every orient hath of aromatick , would grow without any deterioration in this incomparable countrey . yet if , by some occult propriety of nature , these spices , and gummes should not prosper with that successe in the countrey to which they are onely adoptive , as where they are naturall : the south sea flowing upon the skirts of this gl●riously apparrelled virgin , would not onely furnish us , but ( through our meanes ) all the westerne world with whatever the philippines and china have in their brow , or bosome : which that it may be discovered , a publique incouragement from the merchants here , and the colony there , would awaken all spirits which have any scintillation of honour , or industry , to undertake the imployment , effect it undertaken , and by the effect raise an unperishable structure for their owne glory , perpetuated by the publique felicity . the greatest defect that colony can with consent complaine of , is their want of shipping , and the greatest with which others finde themselves perplexed , is the want of industry to build them . if virginia had not as stately timber as any other region whatsoever : if it had not a soyle naturally inviting them to improve her in iron for gunnes , anchors , and other conveniences ; in hempe for cordage , flax for canvase , and pine trees for mast : this defect might be allowed for reall : but where all these concenter , it is as unreasonable to complaine , as for a man seated at a table covered with excellent provision , to accuse his fortune for suffering him to perish with hunger , because his meat is not digested in his stomack , without putting his hands and teeth to labour . i could cordially wish that there were such quantity of cleared ground in virginia , that every one at his first arrivall might fix upon the plough , that the so much discoursed of staples of wheat and rye , might be brought to an absolute ripenesse of perfection : but to imagine so many millions of trees of a facile removall , or that old planters knowing the benefit thence arising , should part with them to others , and seeke new uncleared grounds for themselves , were meerely to dreame of impossibilities . but the vine , almond , and olive , may be set where the tree is onely barked about to hinder it from leaving ; besides if there were a necessity to have absolutely cleared grounds , ( which reason it selfe cannot imagine , ) yet foure acres of ground so cleared for the vine , will returne ( by much ) more profit , and lesse trouble , then twenty acres of wheat , at such rates as they are prized in the common estimation . but since this profit reverts to the purse without the toyle of eradicating trees , as great emolument , as if the ground were altogether treelesse , to what purpose should we court sweat and affliction ? or increase our miseries without any addition to our happinesse ? gentlemen , the happinesse of this nation depends upon your constancy and prosperity , if you seriously erect these staples , wee shall be free from the imperious usurpations of forraigne princes upon your estates , and shipping , from the rapine of pirates upon your lives or liberties . the decayed number of our shipping may be resupplyed by encouragement of carpenters of all nations , to make use of those materialls which the inimitable liberality of this countrey gratefully presents you with : all s●aples ( diffusively spread in o●her regions ) will meet here united , and we shall arrive to that degree of happinesse , to make our intrade by much exceed our exportations : for the compleating of which , if such an inconsiderable , and lost thing as my selfe , could be any way instrumentall , i should as cheerfully hazard my life in the employment , as i now subscribe my selfe , your ready , faithfull , and most humble servant , ed. williams . the discovery of silke-wormes ; with their benefit , and implanting of mulberry trees . the mulberry tree , yielding the sole food of this exellent worme , must first bee provided for , whereof there are myriads disperst in the wide continent of virginia , which may bee collected by transplanting , grafting , or nursering . for transplantation there are infinite advantages both of well-growne and springing mulberry trees , which may with much facility be removed , and with great felicity thrive upon such a removall , of which experience can afford frequent examples . the grafts must bee chosen from excellent good plants which expresse a large fertility , and bee something large of themselves , by which election there will bee a greater certainety of the goodnesse , and a more speedy expectation of growth in those grafts , which thrive better when grafted one upon another , then upon the chesnut , apple-tree , elme , white popler , or any other , which if they are not mortally opposite , are however praeternaturall to the silke-worme . the nurseries have so much of tediousnesse and difficulty , that i shall hardly advise to put it in practice ; yet to those who have a stronger credulity then my reason can perswade mee to , i shall offer the sole expedient of effecting it , if that may bee called aptly an expedient , which hath so little of expedition in it . let the person desirous to make a nursery , observe , and gather such quantity as will suit with his necessity , of the ripest fruit growing upon those trees which beare the fairest and roundest leaves : these thus gathered , you must wash in ●wo or three waters● pressing them with your hands , by which 〈◊〉 s you shall finde the expressed seede in the bottome of the wa●●● : ● acced● more to the sowing of the mulberries whole without such expression , how ever , either the mulberry entire , or the seede may bee sowed after the manner following● a bed of fat earth being digged , husbanded , and the mould br●ught into a small powder , must have strait rowes or lines in fu●rowes , all halfe a foot equally distant every furrow two inches deepe , and fou●e broad , this distance may bee something larger that an intervall may bee made to the weeder in the weeding of such things as may hinder the mulberries growth by participating in its aliment . a great care must bee had to water it often for the first yeare , if the weather be dry , the succeeding yeare you may pul up and transplant your mulberry trees into another ground more at large , viz. at two or three foot distance , which must bee not retransplanted till the growth arise to some six inches in the circumference , at which bignesse you may remove them to the ground designed for their constant fixation , leaving betwixt ●ach tree a distance of sixteene or twenty foot , that the too much vicinity may not make the extending branches mutually inconvenience either by exclusion of a full sunne , or wound themselves by intertangence of one another : in such warme countries as that of virginia , the root must bee preserved coole and moyst , by a deeper implantation then is usuall in colder regions . for the election of your plants or sciens you may take notice of two families , or races , of mulberry trees , the black , and the white , discordant in wood , leafe , and fruit ; onely having this in common to spring later then other trees , as never emitting their leaves till all apprehension of cold is vanished , the black mulberry is not subdivided into any other species having the wood solid and strong , the leafe large , and rude in the handling , the fruit black , great , and acceptable to the palate : but there are three apparently different species in the white , distinguished onely by the colour of the fruit , namely , white , black , and red : yet is this fruit by much le●se gratefull to the palate then that of the black mulberry . no other distinction besides , the colour of the fruit discernes them one from the other , the leaves of all three being of the same meane greatnesse of the same smooth feeling , the wood of the same internall yellownesse , almost as ●irme as that of the black mulberry . but the silke taking his quality from the leafe make us lay aside the black mulberry tree , since the bottomes from thence are too grosse and heavy , whereas the white mulberry makes silke fine and light , to temper which many feed the wormes with two sorts of meats by dictinction of times , viz. at the beginning with white leaves , that the silke may bee fine , in the closing , with black to fortifie it , and make it weigh : yet this though it have an appearance of reason at the first inspection , rarely answers the expectation , the very alteration of the meate as from that which is more delicate , to that which is more grosse , being disagreable to the nature of the worme , who must shew that diminution in the quality of his silkes which hee feeles in the impairing of his nutriment . others make a contrary application of leaves by a more ( imaginative solid foundation ) which is to begin their dieting with black , and conclu●e with white ; which cannot succeed better , for the black having disposed the matte● of the silke , the white leaves after administred have no power to alter that seminall disposition . wee shall therefore fixe upon it as a principle of nature , not to vary the nourishment of this industrious creature . if wee begin with the black mulberry , the continuance of it will bee necessary . if the ground you possesse bee already planted with black mulberries , it is so much losse of time and expences to replant white : but if wee are to commence a thing de novo , every mans reason leading him to chuse the most profitable , and common exp●rience telling us that the white antecede the black ones so incredibly in the poynt of matu●ation , that six years of growth advance not so much the latter as two the first ; it were an act declaring bethlem for dictator , not to prefer the most speedy and profitable before the tedious and improper commodity . besides which em●lument the branches which by that speedy shoot they bring forth will bee usefull for propagation of that tree to infinite numbers . there is yet experimentall election amongst the white mulberries . some affirming that the leaves of those trees which emit the white fruit are fittest to bee assigned for this nourishment , which they fortifie by this reason ; that pullen and swine doe most delight in the white , and never eate the red and black but by constraint● , a conjecture not altogether irrefragable ; for why may it not bee controverted that pullen and swine being a greedy generation , may rather ballance that which is most grosse and fulsome , as best adapted for their palate , then that which is nice , and subtle , and best according to the delicate tendernesse of this creature ? others who have their owne experience to fortifie their assertion , commend the white mulberry bearing the black fruit , the colour demonstrating a better concoction in the fruit , and consequently in the leafe then the others . but ( which wee must bee extreamely curious in ) wee must expell from our yard all muberry trees bea●ing leaves too much indented , which , besides that it is an apparent signe of small subsistence and uncompleated nature , is more defective in quantity and quality of nourishment , then that which is lesse interruptedly circular : yet this may easily bee remedied , if you inoc●late such trees in the bud● or es●ucheon , having neede of such freedome ; the profit thence arising being very considerable for this kinde of nourishment : for by this course that inconsiderable quantity of worthless and famelick leaves receives a happy melioration into an abundant plenty of substantiall and nutritive nature . nor is this transmutation improper , for any other orchard plants which will succeede to your most advantagious expectation , and all indomestick and wild trees may by this bee made capable of a most happy cultivation . this infranchizing may bee practised to the answer of your desires in mulberries of all ages : in the older , on th●ir new shoot● of the antecedent yeare then lopped ; in the yonger upon the smallest trees of the nursery . but to graft these trees in the first season , that their growth will permit it , is most opportune and profitable ; for by this meanes your groves of mulberry will bee intirely delivered from all apprehe●sion of jejune sterility , or insub●tantiall deficiency : nor can ever you feare a want of supply , if you constantly maintaine a nursery of such grafts , not from the seede , but from the shoots and branches of your best trees thus propagated to an unperishable infinity by couching them in the ground , and the trees encreasing by their reimplanting are constantly furnished with leaves of an excellent sweetnesse and greatnesse , exquisitely abundant in nourishment , and consequently exempt from all the inconveniencies which walke hand in hand with an ingratefull wildnesse . having described what trees , grafts , and nurseries are best conducent to our mystery ; let us next dilate of their most proper soyle , and best order in planting . t●e best soyle and order ●or planting the mulberry . for the soyle it must bee chosen in particular much like that of the vines , inclining rather to dry then moyst , light then heavy , sandy then clayie ; for those which opiniona●e themselves that a fat ground is inconvenient t● mulberries● as supplying leaves of too grosse and unsubtile aliment ; the objection is pritty , but under pardon scarcely solid , neither am i capable of any reason to the contrary , why a rich soyle should not emit the growing trees with a greater maturation and bignesse , then a leane plantation , where the tender plants are even starved with the sparenesse of distributive moysture and aliment : yet to prevent the too grosse substance of the leafe after the tree by the advantage of a rich nourishment , hath arrived to a competent greatnesse ; the order which wee shall prescribe in their planting will admit the plough amongst them , where cultivation will easily take off the soyle from all exuberancy of fullsome ranknesse . the soyle which is full of springs , lakes , rivers , or ( which i● worst of all ) marshes , is particularly to be avoyded . the manner of implanting them would require a distance of ●oure fathomes or more , which in virginia where wee labour not under a penury of ground , may bee something more spaciously enlarged ; the reasons why this extent of distance are : first , the intermixture of spreading branches , where by their contingency they violate and ●utually wound themselves will bee avoyded . next , the sunne hath a more unimpeached immi●●ion and distri●ution of his beames , with which this tree is most particularly delighted . lastly , this largenesse of intervalls permits a free passage for the plough● to take off all luxur●ancy of ranknesse , which too much inspissates the leafes , which must feede this admirable creature . but of such graines as may with lea●t impairement bee sowen under the mulberry trees , oats and pease are the most proper , which during the ●ollection of the leaves may with very small detriment bee tr●dden upon ( the season commonly falling in april and may , when their blades are backward ) nay the very compressure of the earth makes them afterwards arise more strongly . i approve much more of interplanting the vine ; but ( which i conceive the most convenient for virginia is ) the setting of the indian potato hath the most inestimable benefit ; the potato having such a happy multiplica●ion of and in it selfe , that whilst there is but a string of the root left behinde in the earth , the species will bee renewed . besides the excellency of the food , whether for man , or ( where such a vast abundance may soone introduce a satiety ) cattle will bring alone with it an inestimable advantage ; whereas corne may too strongly impoverish a ground , and th● vine it selfe when it comes to its ripest excellency , will want th● compleat comfort of the sunne beames to give fruit a well concocted maturity , the mulber●y like an ambitious grandee , engrossing all that favour to himselfe by his prevalency of height and greatnesse . nor should wee bee too curious to plant the trees one over against the other exactly opposite ; but ● still observing for beauties ●ake to set them in a right line ) rather one against the intervall of the other , that so the sunne may have no interposition from any a●gle , to warme , comfort , and enrich this tree , which aides the production of so many incomprehensible miracles . the order for collection of the leaves . the order to bee observed for collecting the leaves should bee precisely insisted upon , that the trees may bee of longer and ●●ourishing duration , and the food of a more curious and unsoyled nourishment : it is a truth not to bee denyed , that the dis●eaving of trees is extreamely prejudiciall , and in some irrecoverably deadly ; the reason is their extraordinary scorching , by being left without any shade of protection : but the m●lberry being ( as it were ) destin●d to this worke which it naturally supporteth , more inprejudicially endures this ●emper of di●leaving then any other trees whatsoever . but for the obviation of this inconvenience , it will bee absolutely necessary for our master of the silkeworme● to have such a proportionable number of trees , that the halfe may alternately repose unpluckt every second yeare . this diligently put into practice will make your trees contin●e verdant and vigorous for many generations . to gath●r them with both hands leafe after leafe , i● confessedly the most proper , but yet withall the most expencefull ; for the multitude of hands which such a circumstantiall labour would exact . the other way of gathering them with stripping them from th● branches , is without doubt extreamely nocent to the tree , and worm : to the tree by unbarking , wounding and perishing its branches . nor is it lesse de●rimentall to the worme seeing this disorderly collection corrupts and sullies the leaves , which this delicate nice creature perceiving , either rejects them , or sickens upon their reception by bruising the leaves , and expressing that which is the life of i●s substance , the juice , and this commonly with unwasht hands , which leave the ill odour unremoveable upon them . the remov●ll of these inconveniences is easily effected by following the course they practice in some parts of spaine , which is by clipping the leaves from the branches with a sharpe in●trument , like a taylors sheares ; by this way you disleave many stalkes at once , which falling into a cleane sheete spread under that tree for the purpose , seperating afterwards the leaves also● such as are ●ound from unsound , such as peradventure have much of the stalke , from those which are nothing but leafe , ( the stalke being hurtfull to this tender creature ) and a●ministred to them the sunny side of the leafe upward is the most commendable practise of gathering and f●eding that hath hitherto been delivered . the leaves of the old mulberry are to bee much prefer'd before those which are not come to an absolute perfection ; the age of perfection in the mulberry , we reckon to be accomplished in seven or eight yeares , as to soundnesse of nourishment ; not that they grow not after , but by that time it is growne powerfull to concoct such succulency as might before over master it . the trees disleaved must by a diligent hand be pruned immediatly after the last collection ; what ever is broken , wounded , or made unprofitable must bee carefully cut off . the extreames of all the branches must be top'd a little with a sh●rpe pruning knife , which is an invitation to nature to send forth the next yeare more vigorously . but whether it be in gathering the leaves , or pruning the trees , it must bee our principall care that they be intirely beared , the omission of which , by not taking all the leaves off , turnes back the liberallity of the repeating spring . this observation hath been grounded upon practise , made so successefull by experience , that it hath been found , that trees after such culture and disleaving , have within a month attired themselves with such a n●w border of leaves , that the former imbalding them hath been imperceptible . which induces me to believe a former assertion , that it is possible to have a second silke harvest by this meanes , and why not equall with the first , i know not , since the seed is more youthfull and vigorous then that of the yeare preceding growne feeble by its continuance . the raines if they fall about the time this noble creature drawes unto her perfection and period , is by much more strangely prejudiciall , then when they are in the greatest of their feeding , the wet leaves occasioning them many desperate diseases : the usuall way of prevention is to have a provision of leaves before hand , when there is any jealousie of rainy weather ; but this provision must be laid in a cleane dry place which is fresh aired , and that we may remove all dangers of contracting too much heat , to be turned often , which course , although the raine should not oppresse us , yet is it of great conveniency , not so much out of apprehension to be necessitated as for the quality of the food , it being much better after fourteen or fifteen houres resting in a place cleane and drie , then when fresh from the tree . but if you are surprized by an unexpected season of wet , take those mulberries which you intend to lop the next yeare , ( and the mulberry would be lop'd every ten or twelve yeare , which revives and strengthens the tree with a new youth ) and cut their branches which hung up in a drie corner , either of your house or barne , or any other coverture in airy places , will soone have their leaves drie , better condition'd , a●d of more efficacy then any leaves set to a fire , which is too suddaine , or to winnowing by a winde artificiall and unnaturall . the mulberries chiefe profit consisting in the leafe , we must be carefull to lose nothing of this revenue ; which considered● wee should delay the disheading or lopping of them till the wormes have done feeding , which would be about the latter end of m●y , or the beginning of iune ● and although by the disbranching of them in such a season , we cannot expect such large returning shoots as those which were cut in february or march , the dist●nce of time being materiall in their growth , yet the profit of the leaves being double , very well answer such inequality . the mu●berry being of so franke and plyable a disposition , that notwithstanding its amputation in unseasonable moone and weather , no injuries shall ●inder him from regermination . yet are not these advantages ( no necessity obstructing them ) to be omitted by any which are not enemies to their owne profit . the mulberries in the increase of the moone● pouled , or lopt , bring forth their young shoo●s long without spreading branches ; in the wa●e short , with many little branches crossing the principall . to reconcile this ( the election of the time being in our power ) the mulberries seated in leane grounds , are most prop●rly disheaded in the new moone● those which are planted in rich ground , in the last qua●ter ; so will those in the leane soyle ●●it shoots as long as the ba●rennesse of the place will affo●d them : and those of the fatter , through the benefit of the● seat , conveniently regaine that which they would not easily have done , cut in the increase ; for those aspiring branches , were they not r●strained by the counte● shoots who participate with them in nou●ishment wou●d by reason of their unweldy length , be forced to bend downewa●ds to the deforming of the tree from the shape of a mulberry into that of a palme-tree , which is not to bee feared in the rest , by reason of the leanenesse of the ground , forbidding all abundance of shooting : wee have provided for the feeding of this little and great artificer , let us now expresse an equall care in his lodging . the lodging of the silke wormes . t is a vanity to expect emolument from this mysterious creature , if wee sort him not with a lodging proper and agreeable to his nature , who can with no lesse disprofit bee ill accommodated in his habitation , then in his nourishment ; who to show a particular affinity with the noblest of creatures , man , makes his affection of habitation equall to his . spaciousnesse , pleasure , healthfullnesse , distance from off●nsive vapours , damps and humidities , warmth in the extreames of colds , coolenesse in the extreames of warmth . wh●t ever wee naturally desire and abhorre , does this creature by the prosperity or infelicity of his labours show a most experimentall resentment of . his station therefore must bee in the meane twixt the top and bottome of a foundation , the first being too much obnoxious to heats or windes , the second to colds and damps . the platforme therefore of your building his station must be so contrived , as to have his basis three or foure foot above the g●ound , nor ascending within an equall distance of the tiles . a fab●ick ( saith d● serres ) of seven fathome in length , three in breadth , and two in height , will entertaine with ease the wormes enlivened from ten ounces of seed : this proportion may be raised according to your seed . in virginia these may be of very sudden erection ; nature hath furnished that excellent countrey with materials , to invite all who have the desire to attempt it . that the aire and winde ( if coole and dry ) may have free passage to r●fresh these laborious spinners , who near upon the perfection of their worke are upon the point of stifling● ( the season , and the abu●d●●ce of the silke wherewith th●y are filled , both cooperating thereunto ) w●e must h●ve window●s opening to all angles to receive u●susp●●ted inf●igidations in extreamities of heat , and warming ●ranspirations in immoderate colds ; yet with this proviso , that these windowes bee fit not onely to receive any favourable aire , but to expell all noxious vapours ; and because this creature loveth any thing that is white and luminous , it will sort excellently well with his disposition and safety , to parget or plaster the inside of the hous● very well and smooth , both to satisfie the eye and preserve him from the danger of rats , which cannot clime ●p such a wall , though a principall care ought to bee used that the severall stations on which they are lodged , bee remote from all fixures to walls , which might give rats and mice advantage . to build the scaffolds containing these wormes : many pillers of carpenters worke directly squared , shall bee perpendicularly erected , from the ground to the seeling , to support the tables which crossing the pillars upon little joynts sixteene inches distant one from the other ( except that from the g●ound which must bee inches . ) upon these tables doe wee lay our wormes , but their boards must not bee equall in breadth , every table as it exceeds in height , being to bee narrower then the next below by foure inches , and the highest approaching the seeling to bee narrowest of all . this pyramidicall forme is of most beauty and safety to the wormes ; when wandring upon the edges from one end of the scaffold to another , seeking a fit place to vomit their silke , they fall in such a precipice from the higher scaffold to the ground● that they break th●mselves in pieces : but by this means fal●ing but from one scaffold to another , the smallnesse of the distance contributes to their preservation . the breadth of the most lowest ●able shall bee limited even to this proportion , that easily of one side a ma● with his hand may reach the middle to attend the wormes ; as for the ascending scaffolds their continuall diminution makes the serving of them of greater easinesse . a roome of any capacity will admit severall of these scaffolds ( distinct from the wall for reason before recited of r●ts ) and also that the attender may come on either side of the scaffold , such space being alwayes to bee left betweene their po●ition● ●hese scaffolds must bee made of an unsuspect●d fi●menesse , to prev●nt the falling downe of any part of it , or the whole either by 〈◊〉 ladder which the keeper ascends , or the weight of the worms thems●lves , when once growne great and h●●vy . to s●●nd these se●ffolds some m●ke boa●ds ●bout them , ●s it were by ga●leries● othe●s have their getting up to them by little staires app●opriated to this ; others by formes● i approve of none more convenient then a light ladder which fi●●all , and poss●sses but one place . the timber fittest to employ in the tablure of this scaffolding is usually firre or such light wood : in virginia i apprehend none fitter then cedar or cypresse , because of their delicious odours . wee have already spoken of such meanes as may refr●sh the overheated worme ; rests now to del●ver an experiment to warme the aire , this crea●ure b●ing no l●●●e enemy to cold in the beginning of his apprentissage , then to heate when hee is ready to goe out ●f this world m●st●r workem●n . aft●r having built your house for worms ; let there be a hole pier●●d through your wall , where you must make an oven , the mouth whereof must be on the out side of the house : then before you make it off , take pots like flower pots , bu● such as will i●dure the fire , and lay them with the mouth side of these p●ts tending inwards towards the house , and the bottome within the oven , lay these t●us sidelong at an equall distance and worke up the oven with the pots incorporate thereunto● this done you may make a fire in the oven , which by the benefit of the p●ts conveyes a●l the heate to you without any inconveni●nce of smoake . to make this heate the more agreeable to the wo●m●s , and to keepe the house in a temperate and inoff●nsive warmth , you may put into these pot● branches of rosemary , time , ros●s , ●uniper , &c. this figure sheweth the order for ●●●king ●h● t●bl●●●n ●●e se●ffolds , to lay the leaves on , for feeding t●e wormes . this figure sheweth how ●o plac● the rods , betweene the table● , for the wormes to ●limbe up , and spin their silke . this figure representeth the engi●e , to wind off the silk from the cods , with furnaces and cawlderns necessary thereto . this figure pourtra●●● the cods , with the butter●lies come forth of them , to lay th●●● egges upon black serge , chamlet , tammy , or such like stuffe , as in this treatise is shewed . the elec●ion and use of the seed of the silke-worme . there is a great deale of reason , that we should be curio●s in the election of ou● seed ; and t is not more poetick then philosophick , that of horace : est in juv●n●i● est in equis patrum , virtui nec imb●llem feroces progenerant aquilam columbae . what can we expect of generosity in that which has a disposition to degenerate before produced : of all the seeds proper for the v●vifying this animall , there is none more excellent● as yet arrived to our knowledge , then that of spaine : this de ●erres ●ffirmeth , though he seeme to be in a kinde of haesitation , whether that of calabria march not in a higher degree of reputation , as yielding more abundance , and of equall hardnesse with the cod of spaine ; yet this is certaine in nature and reason , that seed transported into other colder regions , can no way lay claime to a parity of thriving with that continued in its owne climate ; and i doubt not but if the south of virginia , where the silke-worme is aboriginally native , were duely inquired after , the seed of that would hav● a particular excellency , to which all the europaean nations must give the glory , the right hand of preheminence . but leaving this to the scrutiny wh●ch shall be made by time , and experience , we must grant the prime opinion to the spanish , which however it thrive in france for foure yeares , yet afterwards it degenerates extreamely , so that it must ●very foure yeares be renew'd , for within that circle it s●●f●●s a manifest d●clension in goodnesse . comming from spaine it is of a dark taw●y colour , after ce●taine generations , gray . to prove whether the seed be dead or not , you must exp●●iment it upon your naile , that which br●aks in cracking , c●sting ●orth ●umor and moisture , you may assuredly esteem for good , the other is to be rejected . the smallnesse of the spanish se●d increases the number of wormes , for which it deserves a p●r●icular prae●●tion . no seed of above a yeare old is any further profitable , till you put them to hat●h , you may preserve them in boxes thrust amongst woollen clo●thes in a trunke or chest , and let the cha●ber where such trunkes or chests are , be now and then aired with a fire , to the intent they being rather warme then cold , may be praedisposed for a hasty production when the season of the yeare shall invite you to put it into practise . to imbibe or steep the seed of silke-wormes in the most generous wine you can procure , is an experiment that hath alwayes answered with a happy successe ; for this not onely discriminates betwixt the good and bad , ( the good alwaies subsiding , and the other floating ) but addes legitimation and strength to the approved ones , making them come forth free and fortified , and causeth them to hatch almost all at one time . after the good are taken out , they must be set to drie in the sunne , or before the fire , layd upon very clean paper , covered with white linnen , or smooth paper , lest the ●eat might bring it prejudice . the vivification of the seed . the spring being come , and the mulberries budding , it will be seasonable to put them to hatching , which ( all other wayes omitted , as the keeping them in a boxe , in ones pocket , between a womans breasts , &c. ) sorts best with reason and convenience , performed thus● viz. that the seed removed from its first vessell , shall be committed into a box lined with cotton , over which you must put a white paper , which must seperate the seed from the cotton , the● cover the seeds ( being not above halfe an inch thick ) with a little b●d of tow , over which tow you are to lay a paper pierced very thick with small holes , much about the bignesse of the tag of a point ; over this paper you shall lay some mulberry leaves . and this is the preparative to hatch them . to bring them forth , lay your boxe so prepared between two pillowes , which moderately warmed with a pa● every two houres● and after the first three and foure dayes visiting the box at every such warming , to the end to seperate such as you shall see hatched , who will not faile to creep through the tow , and pierced paper to the mulberry leaves , to which they will cleave : which to remove , you must draw them out of the boxe by taking hold of the mu●berry leave● with a needle , and removing them and the wormes adherent into a bigger boxe or sieve ; with paper at the bottomes , distinguish those of a hasty production from those of a more slow , that the worke may arise more equall . these thus brought forth must by gradations be accustomed to indure the coolenesse of the spring , diminishing dayly something from his accidentall warmnesse : the first foure daies let them in the sieve covered with cleane linnen continue upon the bed , the curtaines closely drawne , then removed into a warme chamber , close from all penetrations , layd upon ranks close together , that they may give and receive mutuall warmth , allowing them a larger proportion of roome , as they increase in body . but the most assured way to preserve the wormes untill their second change in warmth and security from vermine , dust , or other hostilities of nature , is by a great presse or cubbord made with many stages , parget●ed or pasted for the agreeablenesse of the odou● with oxe dung , made of firre , or mats , and to draw out at will seperately , equally distant foure inches , compassed round about with linnen tackt to the doores , with paper w●ndowes on the sides and formost doore , to admit or exclude aire after the exigency of the occasion ; and heere vacant places being left at first to enlarge them , as they increase in growth may they bee distinguished according to the dates of their first appearance upon the mulberry , rejecting all that seed , which is not enlivened before the fifth day , as unprofitable for working by confusion of times , and uselesse by their weaknesse . foure times doth this excellent artist change his skinne , which is the cause of his so many sicknesses . the first sicknesse arriving within ●ight dayes from the beginning of his life , is knowne by these symptomes ; the head growes bigge and white , and hee hides hims●lf● under the leaves : to administer any food were needless● ; but that they are not all sick at one instant , so that some must bee giv●n to nourish them which have not arrived to , or past over their sicknesse , which you shall know by their change of colour and creeping upon fresh leaves . the second sicknesse arising within eight dayes , or thereabouts , from thence is knowne by the sa●● accidentalls , and must have the same applications , onely now they would bee removed into new , cleane , and more spacious places : the third is in all like the two other , though something more dangerous ; heere you must carefully prevent the accession of all cold ayres whatsoever : it may happen that some of these wormes may grow yellow , which is almost incurable in themselves , and deadly contagious to all the rest ; these must bee carefully selected from the rest and ejected . remove , enlarge & cleanse as before . eight or ten dayes after appears the . change or sicknes , & now the recovered worms being increased to their full growth , must be removed , enlarged , & cleansed , as before . at appoynted houres morning and evening must this worme be● fed from their hatching to their fi●st change or sickness● ; from the second change to the third or fourth , they must bee fed three times the day at the least , taking this for an assured maxime , that after the recovery from their last siknesse , the very cloying of them with leaves● even to the satiety of their appetite , accelerates them to the perfection of their taske ; for these curious vessells will the sooner discharge themselves of their precious inclosed substance , by how much they are the sooner replenished . nor is there any prodigall improvidence in this ; for it hath beene observed that wormes have eaten neare as much in eight dayes when more sparingly distributed , as in foure when liberally handed to them ; so that by such wary dispensation they save no leaves , and lose foure dayes in point of time . but a particular eye of care must bee had to the quality of the leaves you feede with . no goodnesse of a selected tree being capable to secure it selfe against accidentall diseases arising from the unnaturallnesse of seasons , wherein by extreames of drought or moisture , mildewes , heat drops , and other distempers , all the leaves oftentimes becomming yellowish , spotted , or speckled , declare the nature of that food highly unwholesome and pernicious : such as grow out of the sunne in the interior umbragious parts of thick trees are almost as dangerous : no● are the leaves of the second spring which shoot afresh on trees already disleaved of lesse guilt , through the inequality of their ages● one banquet of those gives the last repast that your wormes shall have neede of , a fluxe thence arising killing them , and easing you of further trouble , if yo● account it so to be vigilant over your owne profit . the m●st agreeable to all wormes is to bee fed with leaves of their owne age , and by this the feeble creature shall meete with tender leaves , then growne strong with leaves , f●ll growne correspondent to both their complexions . the fault of the wet leaves may bee corrected by patience , attending the serener season ; but of dry leaves you ought at no time ( if you regard your owne profit with a sober providence ) to bee unprovided , and the way how to prepare hath beene already delivered in this treatise . th●se precious creatures exact no great expence or laborious care during the first three or foure weekes , b●ing satisfied with little , as most agreeeble to the tendernesse and smallnesse of bodies , and are very well entertained with the leaves of the succours or other branches , from whence for the profit of the tree on● should necessarily cut them . at the beginning we go to gather leaves with hankerchiefs , then with little baskets , lastly with sacks & maunds , as growing to a bignesse to re●uire it , and a perfection to discern it . that the gatherers of these leaves should handle them with pure and washt hands , wee have already decla●ed absolutely necessary : but the governour of these chast and magnific●nt creatures must bee master of an exact purity . the smell of tobacco is deadly to them : let his obs●rvance forbeare it : let him have a watchfull eye , that none of an offensive smell approach them ; all ill breathings upon them● whether contracted by fulsome foode or nature make this innocently noble creature express● her r●sentment by her owne death , or sicknesse . let him pu●ifie the rankn●sse of his owne breath ( when fasting ) with good wine ere he approach them● with the odour whereof the worme is highly ch●rished . let the lodging be swept every day , and preserved so by sprinkling the flou●e with vinegar , and afterwards strawing it wi●h lavender , sp●ke , rosemary , time , and such like of well comforting odours . to these we may sometim●s adde a p●rfume composed of frankincense , benio●n , storax , and o●her quickning aromaticks bu●ned in the lodging . let the tables be oft●n made cleane and shift●d , by often , i meane every ●●ird o● fou●th day a● the fur●hest , at which time the litter begins to bee offensive to this curious natured creature ; especially with the increase of the heate , let his diligence increase , that no uncleanesse ( at that time more then ordinary maligne ) cut him from the benefit of his labours . the litter must not bee taken away by degrees to the trouble of our curious creature , but all at once ; which may bee ●ffected , if you leave at the end of each scaffold an empty station to place the adjoyning wormes on , whose left station being made cleane is fitted for the next neighbourhood , and thus may all bee removed and shifted by degrees , and a vacan● table at the other end of the scaffold r●maines to begin againe ( as afore ) within two , three , or foure dayes at the longest . and thus without carrying far , the wormes shall bee removed with ease and security , not once laying the finger upon their tender bodies ; for giving them fresh leaves at the time of their replacing , the worme wil● fasten to the leafe , and the leafe may bee removed with his precious burthen , with no lesse safety then convenience . it will bee requisite to dispose the tables in such a fashion that they may bee seperately taken from the scaffold like tills out of drawers ; for this the easiest and lesse nocent way of cleansing , as preventing the falling of any stench upon the lower ●ables , and by which they are more suddenly discharged of their filth and ordure , meerely by striking them gently on the floore , which done , let them bee swept and brushed perfectly well ; let the tables on which you put your wormes after their first sicknesse bee sprinkled with vinegar or wine , then rubbed over with sweete hearbes to delight and encourage them to labour . some have made tryall● which hath succeeded happily of the smell of garlick and onions to refresh them ; i dare not absolutely assent to this experiment ; but it is cleare as su●●e-shine , that the worme not onely rejoyces in agreeable odours , but is succoured thereby in his greatest ●aladies : of which we now intend to discourse . the causes of extraordinary maladies in wormes , and their ●●re . the extreames of colds and heates , the too sparing , or too abundant administration of victualls in their severall ages , and a maligne disposition of the leaves are the principle causes of all extraordinary maladies which afflict this creature . if the in●lemency of cold hath benummed or diseased this innocent artist , the stove or oven formerly mentioned will recover it ( the stopping of all windowes , and other admissories of aire cooperating● ) to the greater complement of the c●re , let the lodging bee perfumed with redolent g●mmes , with wine , strong vinegar , or aqua vitae : if on the contrary , the torrid violence of heate have wasted the strength of this suddaine and excellent spinner : the fresh aire admitted at the doo●es and windowes some brave artificiall fannes or ventalls to raise this breath , if too little , or at the last the exposing them upon their tables out of their lodgings to enjoy an uncontrouled and liberall communion of the aire , some halfe an houre before sunne rising are the proper meanes of their recovery . those which by a wastfull liberality of their keeper in the t●ndernesse of their age have injured themselves with over fe●ding , must bee cured by a two dayes abstinence , and for some two succeeding dayes dieted with a moderation . those who famished by the negligenc● of their keeper are almost languishing to death , mus● bee restored by giving them meate in slender proportion , but frequently repeated , by such a dyet regaining their forfeited appetite . those which by having fed on yellow spotted , or too yong leaves have contracted a fl●xe , and from thence a jaundice and spotted colour , i● companied with black bruisings , must upon the first inspection bee immediately ●emoved into seperate chambers , that the change of ayre and dyet may labour for their almost desperate cure , and to prevent a contagion , which from thence would universally domineere . but such wormes which as an accession to this last disease you should behold bathed on the belly by a certain humour flowing in that part of their bodies , are as incurable , good for nothing but to repast your poultry . indeed excepting this last inexpugnable malady perfumes and change of chambers are generally conducing to overcome all diseases and to res●ore a new health and vigour . but this noble creature is by nature sufficiently priviledged from these diseases , if the unskilfullnesse or negligence of the keeper did not violate this priviledge , and by that violation increase his owne trouble . nor is this care of the keeper to bee onely limited to the day , the night too must require a part of his vigilance ; mice and rats then take advantage , and grieved that any creature should labour for man without their participation or obstruction devoure them by troopes , and the cat her selfe enters in●o a league with these her usuall prey● to prey upon these poore things , whose innocency and excellency makes them the more obnoxious to their cruell avarice . to remedy this , the house must not bee without continuall lampes , bells , and other vaine terrours to affright them : the keeper himselfe also , or his depu●y must fr●quently walke round about his little a●my . and left the oyle ( which occas●ons divers indispositions , if it fall but in a drop upon these nice a●●●sts ) might bee prejudiciall , the lamp●s should bee affixed on the wall , and the portable lights with which hee visits his curious charge of waxe , tallow , firre●tree , or any other of inn●xious , but illuminative substance . these things well observed , within seaven or eight da●es at the most , succeeding their fourth and l●st exuviall sickness● ; the w●rmes dispose themselves to pay the expence of their diet. to make preparation for them , there must bee accommodations of r●●● necessary for these wormes to 〈◊〉 up to vomit their silke , and fasten their webs by . to assemble these wormes ( the terme assigned to this worke ) the most proper matters are rosemary , cutting of vines ●●oots , of chestn●●s , okes , osiers , sallowes , elmes ashes , and in generall of all flexible shrubs , not having any disagreeing od●ur . the feet of these rods ●v●ned for the bet●●r fixure shall bee joyned at inches distant to the table below , ●nd th● t●p● of them arch●d together at that above● which epit●●●all a●phitheater is mast●r of as much beauty as those of the caesars in the greate●● volume of their lustre and magnifice●ce ; the upper part of the arch must bee plent●●ully interwoven with sprigs of lavender , spike , thyme , and shrubs delectable to the smell . by this intermixture the wormes shall have ample sat●sfaction to their restlesse curiosity , where firmly to fasten their rich matter , having an election of such delectation of perfumes , & variety of shoots : but these twigs must by no means be green , the moisture extreamly offending the cattell , and not suddenly withering , if the aire be moyst . the wormes being removed to these amphitheatrall trophies , you may easily discover their gratefull inclination to spinne , by their bignesse of body , brightnesse , and clearenesse of belly and neck , neglect of meat , and irregular wandring through the troope ; and a ●●ttle af●er to fulfill these promises they ascend their branches to vomit , or rather spinne out their silky substance . here you must diminish their ordinary , dayly , for they will in short time have united themselves to those shoots or twigs , quite forsaking the table . those wormes which clime not before the others union to the branches are of a latter hatching ; and to prevent all unseasonable intertextures in generall , to the retarding and perishing of the whole worke , must be assembled two other tables arched as these , that they may worke together at one time . the knowledge ( when these wormes have perfected their cod● or bottoms ) may be obtained by an eare that is but the leastwaies curious , these creatures making both a pleasant humming in feeding and continuing it in fashioning their bottoms , give that noise and their compleated worke over both together . that which falls next is the propagation of the seed to be preserved till the next harvest . the propagation of the silke worme seed . happy creature , which livest onely to doe mankinde service● and dyest when thou hast accomplished i● ! miracle of nature ! a worme shut up in his owne monument , breakes through his silky grave , transformed into a butterflye● employes ten dayes to erect himselfe a s●pulchre , and an equall proportion of time to leave it● disimpri●oning himselfe from his owne interment , by perforation of his bottome , he returnes to the view of mankinde in the figure of a butterflye , with wings , as if he had already try●●ph'd over his mortality ; which done , he and his co-triumphall females , coupling together perpetuate their species by dissolution of their bodies ; and that which compleats the miracle , may arise from the long abstinence of this living three and twenty dayes imprisoned without any sustenance or fruition of that which he takes a particular delight in , day light . removing your branches from the tables , and your silke-balls or bottomes from the branches dayes after the worke is perfected , the b●lls are then to be made election of , for such seed as you wil preserve for the year following . bonoeill , & de serres do both agree that there should be proportioned balls for one ounce of seed , the balls m●le and female ( the description of which hereafter . ) but whereas bonoeill is of opinion that a hundred double or trebble bottomes which two or three wormes have spunne and made up in common , will produce so many wormes as bottoms : i demand his pardon if i accede rather to the judgement of d● serres : for from every double or triple bottome there comes forth but one butterflye , though it hath more within : the reason is , it being not probable that they should be all ripe together , that which is most mature by perforation of the balls , ●xposes the other to the assault of the aire , which giving them cold , they dye imperfect . to distinguish the sexes . the male of the worme , when grown great , is knowne from the female , by a wrinkled head● and a great appea●ance of eyes ; the female hath the head round without any such appearance . in the bottomes o● balls the m●le is k●owne , as having work●d himselfe into a bottome , long slender , and by much sharper at one end then the other : the bottomes of the female are bigger , softer , ●ound at one end , halfe poynted at the other . the sex in those butterflyes is thus distinguished : the male is lesser of body then the fem●le , stirring the wings more often and more strongly . selecting then two hundred bottomes ( male & female included in the number ) you must passe a thread through the first and outward downe , called the sleave of the ball ( using a wary hand that you pierce not into the silke , lest the cold getting in you should quite abortive your wormes ) of which you must make severall connexions composed of an equall number of both sexes ; these ( to prevent rats and mice ) must be hang'd upon some hooke in a chamber of ●iddle temper , but something inclining to coolenesse , yet however not subject to moysture , that the butterflyes may come out with the more facility , having pierced through their confinement , though nature her selfe infu●es in them disposed applications to finde out their opposite sexes , it will be necessary to couple such as yet are disjoyned : all which , after you shall perceive them in conjuncture , must bee s●t either upon say , piropus , tammey , chamlet , the backside of old velvet , in generall vpon any stuffe which has no woolly downe , wherein the graine may be lost , or where it may get betweene the threads , as is linnen ) hang'd upon the wall close by their balls , or in defect of such stuffe , take walnut-tree leaves one handfull , or mo●e as you shall see occasion , tye them by dozens backsides together , ha●g them at severall nailes or pinnes , and set the coupled buterflies thereon . take the chamlet , or other stuffes , receiving the seed , and rub it gently between your hands , and the seed will come out with great facility . the principall time of the butterflyes issuing out from the cod , is in the morning about eight of the clock : the seed collected must be put into a boxe very cleane pasted with paper , to exclude all aire or dust , kept in a chest in a drye temperate place where it may be preserved till the spring following , avoyding to make any continuall fires in such chambe●s , lest the warmth untimely hatch the wormes , which being brought forth at such a season must perish for want of food . the spaniard takes commonly the double and triple balls for seed , not that he conceites every double ball should produce two butterflyes , or which is a conceit of more fondnesse , male and female : but because the multiplicity of creatures spinning their silk in common , make the worke so confused that they cannot well winde it off , which makes them be put in the ranke of the pierced ones for sleave● and i must ingeniously acknowledge my selfe to a●●ede to his opinion ; for these d●●●le and triple balls a●e not u●apt ●or this pu●pose since they com●on●y , as d● serres observes , come rather from a lustinesse and supplenesse of the worme● then any naturall debility : which su●e are so much fitter to bee culled out , that the best balls m●y bee made into silke , which will easily winde and the seede of these which is fully as proper for seed● but lesse apt for silke : neither doe i know why they should not bee preferred , since the spanish seed ●●oc●eding from these double and triple balls carries a particular ●●●●eminence above the rest● which if wee shall make ●se of , the us● is the same with others , except that they must bee clipped at the smaller end with the poynt of a p●ire of scissors , with ● regard that you cut not cleane through the bo●tome , which would by admission of wind destroy the worm , and this they doe that the butte●flies● if more then one , may finde an easie passage ; the best bottomes ( if you will preserve them ) for graine , are great , hard , weighty , and of carnation or flesh colour . the balls preserved for seed being made choice of , the next thing wee are to fall upon is , how to winde off the bottomes designed for silke : which would bee of much more advantage for pu●ity and plenty of silke , and facility of labour if they could immediately bee wound off . the silke so fresh●y taken unwinding without any losse or violence : but this delayed , the gumme , by which the worme fastens her threads becomming dry , doth so harden the bottome , that without difficulty and losse , the winding cannot bee ●ccomplished . this expeditious winding prevents the enclosed worme of her full metamorphose into a butterflye● and the bottome from perforation : but then where shall wee finde so many workemen if the designe were generall , as could in seven or eight dayes winde off so many millions of bottomes ? not excluding therefore such as can have that conveniency , the next best course to kill the butterflyes in those bottomes which wee cannot winde off , is by exposing and laying them in the sunne , the heate of which in its owne worke stifles this creature : but let this bee two or three daye● successively ( not all at one exposure , lest your silke be burned instead of stifling its spinner ) two houres before , and two houres afternoone each day respectively . let the bottomes , spread upon sheets be turned often , that the heate may destroy equally , no one excepted from this sharpe insolation ; but this must not bee done with a rude hand , which instead of turning them may bruise the worme , the slimy matter of whose body , being thus bruised , is very pr●judiciall both for staining the silke , and gluing it so together , that no artist can ever unwinde them . removing them therefore oftentimes during such sunning with a gentle hand , wrap them thus warmed in sheets , and let them lye in a fresh dry chamber . but if the sunne should faile , an oven of such moderate heate as is usuall after two houres drawing the bread , or heated to such a degree of warmth ( laying it over with boards , and the bottomes in sacks upon those boards , there remaining each time an houre and a halfe , repeating it till your experience by opening the most suspected bottome finde the inclosed worme consumed ) will bee of equall operation . but that which is the best and least practised course is this : take your bottomes , and fill such a furnace or copper as your brewers use , halfe full of water : within three fingers breadth of this boyling water , lay a lid or planke or board within the copper , bored through as thick with holes as a cullender , and so fit to the side of the furnace , that it by no meanes may sinke into the water : upon this cover lay a thin carpet of darnix , or the like , and upon the carpet the silke bottomes , which must bee often stirred , with care not to use too much violence . the mouth of the copper , except when you stir the bottomes , must bee constantly covered , that the h●are may smother the wormes : your wormes being dead , lay your bottomes in some roome , where there is aire to dry their moysture . this is an assured ( though not vulgar ) experiment , and by it your silke becomes as easie in the winding , and as pure in colour and substance , as if it had beene spunne the same moment the worme had given it perfection . to winde off the silke from the cod or bottome . the winding off the silke from the cod or bottome , is thus ●ffected : fill a caldron full of very faire water and set it upon a furnace , heate it to such a degree that 〈◊〉 water becomes bubbled , as though there were small pearles in the middle , being ready to seeth ; then cast in your cods or bottomes , still stirring them up and downe with broome or other small bushes , if you shall see that the heate is not capable to make your bottomes winde , augment your fire , otherwise abate it . the bottomes winding the threads will take hold of the broome or brushes ; draw those threads so affixed the length of halfe a yard and more out with your fingers , till all the grossenesse of the bottome b●e wound off , which cutting off and laying aside , take all the thr●ads of your bottomes united into one and according to the bignesse of thread you intend to make ( as whether sowing or stitching ) chose the number , not letting the other threads fall into the water againe , which must bee reserved to succeede ) which you must runne through an wyer ring , appoynted for to ranke the threads which ( as you may see in the draught or picture ) must be fastened upon the fore part of a piece of wood set directly upon a forme before the round or circle , which wee call a bobin , in the top of which piece in a little space that there is , are fastned two bobins , distant from one another two fingers ; from this wyer ring the thread must bee drawne and crossed upon the bobins , whose onely use there is to twist the silke through a ring which is fastned in the middest of a staffe ; above the bobins you must continue the draught of your thread ; this staffe which moves with the wheele is called a lincet set a crosse beneath the wheeles● from that ring you must fasten your thread upon the wheele it selfe , which must bee still turned till the skeyne of silke bee wound up , the representation see in the next figure . observe , when any thread discontinues , his bottome being wound off , to repaire your number from another bottome , this you shall perceive when your full number of bottomes stir not altogether . bee sure that you artificially cut the knots which will bee in your threads , that your silke may bee more pure and uniforme . those which cast gumme arabick in the water under pretence to make the silke winde more pure and glossey , are but impostours , it being a meere cheate to make the silke weigh the heavier . basins , or caldrons , wherein you put your bottoms to winde , if of lead re●●ore the silke more pure then those of copper , this mettall being subject to a rubiginous quality , from which lead is wholy exempt . let the wheeles be large for the better speeding of the worke that two skeines may be wound off together . that the fire of the furnace may be pure , and without smoake , let it be made of charcoale . the difficulty of their winding may be mollified by sope , put in the basin or caldron ; the old cods or bottoms hardened by time , will have the naturall gumme which glues their threads dissolved , and the silke come off much more easie . those bottomes of silke preserved for seed , and pierced by the butterflyes , may be made of good use , if washing them in water you throwe them into a caldron ready to boyle , with sope in it , which must be dissolved before the bottomes are cast in : thus let them boyle a quarter of an houre , or thereabouts , which done , take them out , wash them in cleane water and d●ye them ; being d●yed you must beat them with a round st●ffe of a good bignesse upon a stone or some block which is better , which will make them become white , and smooth as wooll . the way to spinne them after is this . they must with the fingers be pul'd one from one another , and opened as wooll uses to be in such preparations , let it then bee put on a distaffe and spunne as small as you can , or please . treatise of the vine . that the use of the vine is really intended by nature for virginia , those infinite store of ●rap●s which c●owne the forehead of that happy country are so m●ny sp●●king testimonies : but what fate hath hitheto diverted our english there inhabiting from the publick undertaking a commodity of so inestimable benefit , i doe not say for a publick staple ( though it would bee as rich as any other one species of traffick whatsoever ) but even from private vineyards , where they might sit under their owne vine , drinke of their owne grapes , satisfie even the most irregular de●ire of their voluptuous appetites , and all this de suo , without entring into the merchants bookes for wines , peradventure adulterate , without paying the sweat of their browes for the exudation of the grape . i dare not determinately judge , lest i might bee forced to ascribe it either to a strange nonchalency or sluggishnesse to their owne profit , or which is worse an inveterate contempt of all other wayes of improvement ( of what ever returne ) in comparison of fume of ●obacco● but that they may not bee ignorant of the profit of the vine , they will bee pleased to know that the vine requires ( once planted ) little more labour then the hoppe . to attend upon foure acrees of hops is the ordinary undertaking of one man in england , who besides this , neglects not many other labours . if one man in virginia bee not sufficient to doe as much as another in england , ● shall either imagine him to bee lame or idle ; nor let them object to me the heat of the countrey ; if the mid-dayes be hotter , the mornings are much colder , and the labourer in virginia hath this advantage of being full of bread to satiety , whereas oftentimes the hireling in england having a family to feed , and sometimes no imployment , comes to worke with a famish'd body● and courage , ●ives meerly de die in diem , with as little hopes of ever changing the copy of his fortune , as renewing the lease of his cottage with his landlord : those are but leane encouragements . in virginia the meanest servant ( if he have any spirit ) is still in expectation of improving his condition , and without any presumption may cherish his hopes , which promise him ( his time expired ) a present happinesse and future possibility of a fortune equall , if not outgoing his master , the encouragement being greater , the care lesse , and his provisionall subsistence by much better : why the laborer in virgini● should not be ( i do not say superiour ) but equall in strength of body and resolution of minde , to the miserable day-hireling in england , needs an oedipus to unriddle . by this i hope it granted , that the virginian may without any extraordinary efforts of sweat and spirit● , ●abour equally with those of england , and upon this accompt i shall assigne a vignard of four acres to his tillage , an easie taske ; let us compute the profit with the labour , and see what may be the proceed of this proportion well husbanded . that an acre of vines in virginia ( when once growne to perfection ) will yield an equall increase to a common acre of vines in france , there being as great a difference between the soyles as the acres , and much greater ) will i believe be denyed by none , who pretend to modes●y or reason : yet the acre of vines in france , one with another , very few excepted , will yield y●arely ten or twelve muyds of wine , a measure containing seventy two gallons ( a very famous frenchman liebault , is my author : ) what the common acre , or arpent , is in france , the same man informes us : an arpent ( the common arpent or acre of france ) is pole in the square , the pole being longer then ours by eighteen inches ; so that one french acre yields three tun of wine and upwards ; our acre being near upon pole more , we doubt not of profit equall . the excellent virginia will pardon me , if for dilucidation of an argument , i make her pure and unexhausted browes descend to weare a gyrlond of fertility equall to that laborious and over-teeming mother , the french kingdome , nay to her common vineyards : yet let us compute the profit arising from the foure acres , being but one mans labour , we shall finde the product even by that estimate , to be twelve tunne of wine , as the recompence of his particular toyle : let us imagine this but at ten pounds the tunne , and the profits of this single person amounts to pounds per annum . here they will object the dearenesse or difficulty of caske ; but this objection must be made by those who know not virginia , where there is such an excellent convenience , and abundance of peculiarly proper timber , that the winter will afford the other labourers together with our vigneron leasure , to cleave pipe-●taves sufficient for private use of caske , and to sell to the publique ; one man ( during that little season ) being easily able to make foure thousand . but our acre being a third part bigger , the soyle ½ better , why we may not promise to our selves this profit , is an incredulity in england , worth a brand of misunderstanding , in spaine would deserve the inquisition . what soyle is most proper for the vine . hee which will goe to plant the vine without the twinne consideration of the qualyty of the soyle , and the disposition of the aire , hath much affinity with him who goes to sea without lead or compa●se : the one seldome attaines his port , nor the other his harvest . the quality of the ground whereon the vine thrives best , is a fine small mould , of a subsistance rather inclining to a gentle lightnesse , then a churlish stubbornesse : they which would not have it to be very fat , are ignorant that while the vine is yong , the soyle wh●re you plant may be imployed to other tillage , and by such expence of its native richnesse , reduced to that which they commend so highly , mediocrity : but if the fatnesse of the ground transmit a rich and never-failing sap into the nascent vine● making it grow speedy and st●ongly , if the vine participate of this fatnesse , which it may be they call grossenesse , as desiring to have it more subtile , there is small question to be made , but that this wine so imbodied and fortified by nature , must have extraordinary spirits to preserve it , and that age will have refined all that grossenesse into more pure and noble spirits ; that if transported , the sea will contribute to its melioration : whereas this wine which they call subtile and delicate spirits , if either preserved long or transported far , will with so much applauded subtilty and delicacy lose all his spirits by age and evaporation . scruple therefore at the richnesse of your ground no more then at the ranknesse of your purse ; t is in your power to correct either , if there were necessity : let it have the qualities of gentle , easie , ●ine , and light , to be stirred , seated ( if possible ) on the decline of a hill , not neare to any marish ground , nor having any springs gliding through it ; these mari●h grounds you must avoyd as you would doe levell in a valley . and the reason is , that the vine growing in these parts has a crude and undige●ted bloud , quickly soures , and has neither strength to commend or preserve it , and the frosts in the winter time sinking to his roots , by the moyst passage of his scituation , kills it ; the grapes plumpe and breake , and when as an additionall judgement to your injudicious election , a rainy yeare comes to afflict , the kernells breake out , the true juice of the grape accompanying it , and though it fall out that the grape swell againe , yet let not your expectation swell upon it , for instead of good wine proceeding from thence , you will receive nothing but viny water . the gentle , easie , fine , and light ground being the best , does not so wholly arrogate all excellency , as to deny an accession , a neighbourhood of goodnes●e to other soyles . the gravelly ground yieldeth wine of a great delicacy , but a small quantity ; besides the infant plants are in danger of being wa●h'd away in any extraordinary surfeit of raines , such grounds being not able to give them a deep rooting . the like may be said of sandy ground which notwithstanding in some places especially where it is of a nitrous substance , will not yield the palme to any ground of whatever richnesse ; other grounds may have an enforced richnesse , but because usually all such enfatning compost consists of dung and urine , which spoyle the purity of the vine : if my advice were of any weight , they should never be used for vintage , till necessity commanded my obedience . for the disposition of th● aire , as particularly whether inclining to a meridian , or oblique to the south● south-east , or south-west ; if we contemplate the nature of the vine , th●t it by instinct , prefers places rather hot then cold , drye then moy●t ; that it hateth stormes and tempests , it affecteth a gentle breathing winde , or a serene calme ; we may presently collect that it is neither to be placed open to the north , north-east , nor ( in virginia especially ) to that nursery of storms , the north● w●st quarters , nor up●n the tops of hills , where it lyes equally assailable to all : the deare place then for the vines imbraces , is a descent , towards , not in ● valley ( except never subject to inundations ) that being sheltred f●om the more blustring domineerers in the aire● it lye open to th● south , south-west , south-east , or any part of the east and west , within the south quarter , for such a gratefull mansion , and acceptable soyle assigned him , doubt not , but he will returne you a rent which shall satisfie your most unbounded wishes . but le●t the eye in the option of your vineyard , may impose upon you , considering that every ground hath some arcane quality which the sight is not able to discover : to make a most certaine experiment , let me propose this way of examen . make a pit in the ground ( where your inten●ions are to plant ) two foot deep , take a clod of the earth so cast up● powder it , and infuse it in a glasse full of cleare raine-water , do your best to incorporate it with the water by frequent agitation and mixture : let it repose till the subsided earth have made his perfect residence and sett●ement in the bottome , and the water recovered her native clearenesse ; taste the water , and arrest your judgement upon this , that such a ●a●t as the water delivers to your pallate , will that earth transmit to your wine : if of an inoffensive or acceptable reli●h , you may confidently promise your selfe a wine pure , and consequently ( if the soyle be rich ) very noble , nor is a salt taste an ill argument : but if it be a bitter aluminous , or sulphury gust , this place is not fit for your planting , you lose your wine and your labour . but virginia has a more certaine assurance ; god and nature have pointed them a soyle out with their owne finger ; let them therefore fix their eyes upon those places where either the vine or mulberry grow conjoyn'd , or seperate , and let them assure themselves of the excellency of the soyle , a diffidence in this being an affront to nature : yet this caution is to be used that though valleyes are marshy places , may sometime have them by nature , yet their florescence would be much more excellent and healthfull if removed to such a ground as formerly we have made choise of . to make election of plants . curiosity about the choise of your vine plants will commend your husbandry ; let the vine therefore from whence you take your plant be of as little pith as may be , such unpithy vines being both fruitfull and fortified by nature , bearing a remarkable abundance of substantiall grapes , and strongly resists the violence of the weather , and of this fertility and firmenesse will your plant also participate . let not the vine you meane to plant from , be above the middle of his strength , or age , and observe about september those which are most laden with grapes , fullest of eyes in their branches , and have been least wounded by the unseasonablenesse of weather . take not a vine growing on a south side , to transplant him to a northerne : and set this downe for a principle in nature , that all plants removed to a better scituation and soyle , answer your largest hopes , by their fruitfulnesse : but transplanted to a worse , assure your se●fe that without an extraordinary cultivation , there cannot be the least probability of its thriving . let your plant ( if you may with conveniency ) immediatly be planted after its seperation from its originall ; for while it yet retaines any vitall vigour , it will the sooner apply it selfe to the desire of life and nourishment . if your necessity will not admit of this ●estination , wrap it tenderly in its owne earth ; and when your leisure will permit you to plant it , let it soake some foure or five dayes in water , and ( if possible ) running water : this immerging is a very strong preparative to its sudden taking root . if you apprehend a necessity of keeping him long or transporting him , ( imagine it the cyprian or calabrian grape thus to bee transportable into virginia , ) put him into a close barrell fil'd up with earth ; and that no aire may mortifie him , let both ends of the plant be put into onions or garlick , or ( which is better ) made up with wax , and now and then watred , but not more then to keep the earth from resolving into a dry dust ; for too much moysture might ( instead of preserving him ) make him fructifie , and your plant would become all root . wee have already spoken how we must chuse , but not what we must make choice of : let your plants therefore be of those which grow between the highest and lowest , ( the lowest having too much of earthy juice , and the highest too little ) let them bee round , smooth , and firme , having many eyes , and about one foot and a halfe of old wood cut off with the new . the manner , and way to plant vines . human curiosity plungeth us in so many unnecessary toils , that it would almost take a person off from necessary labour : look into columella , the countrey farme , the dutch husbandry and all those supe●cilious writers , and you shall see them stand upon such impertinent puntillos ; one while the dependance upon starres benights a man , another while the ground which should produce this or that , must be cast after this forme , or else it will be barren in spight of the bounty of the divine providence . not enumerating therefore all their wayes of planting , i dare lay my life that if the vine were but set on foot in virginia , the ground prepared for it as they doe their tobacco there , by a right line , holes made instead of their hillocks , but larger , deeper , and at greater distance , that there might something grow betwixt them which might be inoffensive to it by nature , and cleare it from being choak'd with weedes , or something drawing a contrary juice , ( peradventure onions and garlick ) or something requiring small nourishment , ( as lupins ) which turn'd into the earth againe ( distance of five foot being left for a plough , with caution not to come too neare the roots , which must be bared with a stowe , the plough running first the length , and then the traverse of those rowes , which therefore must bee lineally straight ) would both fatten the earth , and cultivate the vine all at one moment . yet submitting my selfe to judgements of greater experience then my modesty or na●u●e can ever hope for , i shall deliver the severall way of planting the vine , with as much brevity as the matter , and my first resolution rather to contract then inlarge , will permit mee . the first preparing of the earth to receive the vine must bee done in spring or summer , where the ground you digge or cast mu●t bee cleansed from all manner of superfluities whatsoever ; namely , roots , weedes , stones , &c. this digging must bee severall times repeated , that the earth by alternate changing its place of top and bottome may bee throughly tempred , the dry refreshed , and the moyst qualified : thus cleansed , cast it into many furrowes ( the sides whereof the french call chevaliers or guides , because it should guide you in the planting ) the depth of eighteene inches or more ; let the mo●ld cast up above , bee so disposed , that it may answer to the depth below . note that these furrowes in a sandy , flinty , or wet ground mu●t ●ot bee so hollow as in that which is rough and crabbed● in the bottome of the first you may put stones about the bignesse of an ordinary brick ( but round ) not bigger , which in the heate of summer refreshes , in violence of raine opens a passage to the water , that it dwell not at the root to rot it . the best season for planting of vines is in october , the moone increasing , the furrowes must bee made in august , that the exposed earth may have time of digestive preparation . if your plant have roots , you must when you plant it cut them off all , except it bee newly gathered , if it bee a slip or cut , which though it bee not so swift of growth the first yeare , yet is of much longer continuance , you must soake it in water , if it bee possible in running water five or six dayes . hee which plants the vine , the ground thus prepared , and haveing a line with him , that hee may observe a just evennesse and streightnesse , both in the row , and to the opposite plant , that so every foure may make a regular quadrangle , must bow his plant , the bigger end forward one foot into the earth of the ditch , letting first some of the mould from the ●ides fall into it ; let him tread upon the mould the better to fixe the plant , and with his hand ( the foot still pressing upon that part of the plant which is inearthed ) gently raise or bow the top of the plant that it may grow erect : this done , let him cast some more mould on it , to the thicknesse of six inches , and cut the top of the plant , so as not to leave above three knots or joynts above the earth : let him proceede in planting of the rest , observing the prescribed order : some set two plants together in this order , that if one should faile , the other might recompence the default . if you will have your vine to grow without stakes or props , cut it so , that you let it not increase above two or three joynts in the yeare , which will make it to stand firme against all stormes , if but naturally violent . it will bee extreame ill husbandry to plant vines of different kindes or qualities together , such diversity there is in their season of ripenesse ; some preventing your expectation by the suddainenesse of their maturity , others deceiving it by their late ripenesse . wee have spoken of the planting , let us now handle the culture and dresse of it , that his fertility may in some measure require the labour of his implanting . the manner of dressing the vine . mid may will bee a season which will best informe you , whether your plants have taken so good root , that it expresses a verdure and germination in his branches ; when therefore the shoot is able to indure dressing , let it bee cut within two or three knots of the old wood , and if any other slips spring from the root , cut them away ( with care however that it wound not the root , or the maine stock , which are wonderfully offended by the too neare approach of any toole that is edged ) that the whole st●ength of the vine may unite into one common stock or pillar , to support and convey the sap into the permitted branches , of which you may not let any flourish the first yeare of its growth . it is observed , that to cut the vine in the decrease of the moone , makes the fleshy part of the grape of a more substantiall grossen●sse and feeding , and is a peculiar remedy for those vines which are given to bee over-ranke with wood : let it bee the care of the v●gneron to remoove all obstructions of weed●s which uninvited participate of the vines nourishment : the surest way to kill which , is , to turne them in towards the earth , which is not onely a destruction to the thie●e of its moysture , but a restitution of the robbery ; for the weedes so inverted enrich the ground to the great encouragement of the vine , and the no lesse profit of the vine dressers . let your knife with which you cut your vine bee very sharpe , and let your vine bee cut sloping at one cut , if possible , and not far from the old wood , that the growth of the vine may the more speedily cover the wound . the vines must bee dressed or husbanded ●hree times the yeare , the first culture of it must bee in march , at which time you are to digge about the root three quarters of a foot deep , or thereabouts : the next season must be in april , wherein you must digge about the roote , within a third of the former depth , then you must also prune it by cutting all the branches , and leaving some three knobs or joynts of the new wood in your vine of the first yeares growth , and cutting off all dead or superfluous branch●s of the old , whose permitted branches must also bee pruned , lest they should spend that aliment decreed for the grape in elongation of the branches , all succors also must bee plucked away . ●n august the like course is to bee used in the wine of the precedent autumne leaving two or three joynts or knobs of new wood : againe the old ones may bee onely digged , if at that time , and at all other times you perceive any dead or wounded branches you must cut them off something further then the mortification or hurt extends ; and in all prunings let no vine bee cut in the knob or joynt , but in the space betwixt ; there following usually nothing but abso●ute and irremediable decaying , where th●y are cut in the articular knitting . if in apri●s dressing , the vine h●ve no branched but onely budded , which is most usuall ( but more ●specially in march ) you must nip the bud off with your fingers● to the end that the juice which would ascend to hasten the germi●ation , may bee stopped to strengthen and engross● the store . the third yeare the vine will b●a●e you ●rapes in these countries , but i am confident that in virg●nia it would beare at the s●cond ; and this my confidence is grounded upon the hasty perfection all things receive in virg●nia , by much preceding all our neighbour countries . the peachtree arrives not to that virility of growth in eight yeares , in these regions , which it obtaines at foure there . the like is verified in apples and cherries : and if it be questioned how such men which p●radventur● being in a necessity , are not able to attend two yeares for a ●●●urne , shall in the meane while subsist : it is easily answ●●ed● th●t the intervalls betwixt the dressings of the vines will ●ff●rd space enough for a reasonable crop of tobacco ; and there is much mo●e labour in looking to . plants of tobacco then the like number of vines , especially if the interspaces be plough●d , and sow●d with turnips or lupines , which both adde to the fatness● and unwilding of the ground , and choake up all weeds and gr●sse which might afflict it . co●trariwise , tobacco will admit nothing in the vacant sp●●●s , and must be perpetually weeded further , th●ugh oth●● vine-masters prescribe the digging about the roots o● their pla●t in august , which is the busie s●ason of inning the tobacco , yet i am driven by divers reasons to wish such c●●ture omitted at that time of the yeare , since it layes the root by so much the nearer to a violently torrid sun which is so far from cherishing of it , that it burnes it ; by whic● meanes his c●op of tob●cc● need not at all to be neglected : but these vines steale into such perfection by that tim● they are arrived at fou●e yeares g●owth● that twenty thousand plants of tobacco though s●ld at pence per pound , ( a great rate in virginia ) will not retur●e you a like p●ofit , which tho●ght it m●y be something sp●ringly believed , yet may be m●de apparent . for admitting ou● vines by that time of foot high , by their so often cutting of the shoo●s , nourished u●to a stock strong enough to support it self ; of b●anch●s , by the like tillage , equall in v●gour , yield but a gallon of wine per pi●ce , yet here is tun of wine yea●ely , for ● yeares tog●ther , ( so long will the vine thus husba●ded , l●st fruitfull , ●n● vigorous , if planted with the slip rather then the root ) without any interruption but that which sets bou●ds and limit to all things , the divine providence in his dispensation of seasons . of the diseases of vines , and their remedy . before we can justifie our expect●tions of a good h●rvest , we must providently foresee and prevent ( as much as in us lies ) such cas●alties as may m●ke our hope abortive ; let us therefore cast our eye upon such d●seases which m●y make the vine unfruitfull , or after the fruit produced , dest●oy its desired fertility . to prevent the frost from benumming , or absolutely destroying your vines , let there b● layd up in divers places heaps of drye du●g , with an i●termixture of chaffe and straw , and when you conjecture the approach of the fro●t , set this combustible stuffe on fire , and the smoake arising from thence will so temper and qualifie the aire that your vine for that season will be secured from d●m●●ge : yet if ( before you have applyed th●s preventive remedy ) the fruit of your vine be destroyed , cut it off very short , and the strength continuing in the remainder will so fortifie it , that the next yeare it will recompence you double in the qu●ntity of your fruit ; for what it hath been rob'd of by the present . to provide against the blasting of your vine : when you perceive it upon the point of budding , cut it as late as may be ; for this late cutting it will make your vine something later , and by consequence , blossome or flower at such time as the sunne is ascended to his greatest degree of heat and fervor . to breake off such mists and fogs as are already gathered in the aire , and give probable menaces to fall upon your vines , you must apply your selfe to this remedy● let a smoake round about your vineyard be made with go●ts du●g , kindled an● set on fire . such fogges as have outstripped your care and already fallen upon , and endammaged your vines , must have the malignity of their vapors taken off● or at least asswaged by i●rigation of vines , with the water in which the leaves or roots of wilde cucumbers , or coloquintida have been layd some time to infuse : this must be applied immediatly after the mists . some are of an opinion that bay-tre●s ( which by the way are dangerously sociable to the vine ) planted round but not too near the vineyard , wil priviledge the vine from this distaster , by attracting all the ill disposed mallice of those fogs unto it selfe . this till experimented will hardly be worthy beliefe . it is an opinion no way contradicted , that fertility is restored to a vine become barren , if humane urine kept a long while stale , to make it the more salt and ranke , be dropt by degrees upon the vine stock , which must immediately after be laid about with dung and earth mixt together : the season for the application of this cure mus● be in autumne . another way i should conceive to be altogether as eff●ctuall , namely , to leave it nothing but the stock , bare the roots , and lay there either acornes , chesnuts , or rotted straw ; and if the bign●sse of the root will permit it , to cleave it a little way , and to thrust into the fissure a piece of vine wood , cut small for the pu●pose ; it being certaine that trees themselves sometimes groane under the sicknesse of being hide-bound : vines are perceived to want moisture , when their leaves turne of a deep red colour : this disease is cured by watring them with sea-water , or stale urine . the bleeding of the vine . the vine sometimes is troubled with an extraordinary efflux , or emanation of its juice ; some call it the weeping , others the bleeding of the vine , and this disease is commonly so violent , that if not stopped it leaves the vine without blood and life . the remedy is to breake the barke of the vine upon the body thereof , and to anoynt the wound with oyle boyled to the half , or else with the lees of wine not salted ; this done , let it bee watered with vinegar , which by how much the stronger it may bee , is so much more effectuall . the scattering vine . the vine sometimes is oppressed with an unretentive scattering disease , as unable to maintaine the fruit shee hath produced , which sh●e therefore discharges , and le ts f●ll from her ; the symptomes by which you are to judge of this disease , are an unnaturall palenesse and drynesse of the leaves , the branch it selfe languid , broad , and of a more pithy softn●sse then usuall . the cure to this , is to rub ash●s beaten and mixed with strong vinegar about the foot of the vine , a●d to water all tha● is round about the stock : quaer● , whether ●is●u●es in the ●●●ke made with a sharpe knife some fixe inches long may not bee an additionall receit to the former prescription . the tree p●radven●u●e having contracted this malady by too close imprisonment in the barke , being in a manner hide bound ; how ever the foregoing m●dicine cannot in this case but sort to better eff●ct if the tree and barke joyntly be rubbed over then the barke one●y , unlesse this medicine could give a relaxation to the barke , which i have no faith in . the vine too full of branches , or luxuriant . the v●n● expending it selfe too wastfully in overmany branches , ●u●t bee 〈◊〉 v●●y short . if this overcome not that luxury , the usuall ●em●dy is , let it bee bared at the roots , and river gravell layd rou●d ●bout the stock , together with a few ashes or else som● stones . the reason i apprehend not , except it bee to check its f●●tility which i conceive may more prosperously bee effect●d , if on●ly the branches being cut , and the stock low , you suffer that exubrancy ●o waste it selfe in adding more corpulency to the stock , which will of it selfe bee a sufficient spender to restraine and confine the former liberality of juice . the withering vine . if the grapes languish and dry away as they hang upon the vine , before you apply a remedy you must cast away all that are already aff●cted with this contagion ; then water the rest with vinegar , in which ashes of vine bra●ches have beene infused . the most as●u●ed remedy is to water the root of the vine , from whence the dis●use cometh with the st●lest urine ; the former remedy being something irregular , as if it were easily feisible to remove a malady by application to the effects , without considering the efficient . the rotting of grapes upon the vine . there are of vines whose fruit pu●rifie upon the branches before they come to maturity : this disease is remedied by laying old ashes to their root , or g●avell , or b●rley meale mixed w●th the seed of purcellane about the body ; quaere , whether this disease p●oceed from a plethorick rankn●sse or em●ciate debility : if from rankenesse all application of ashes hurt it : the symp●omes of rankenesse are , when a tree lavishes his moysture into too many branc●es , which may make him neglect to feede the fruit , as unable to maintaine two spenders ; and i am confident the naturall remedy for this is to bare him ( as much as possible ) of wood , that it may divert the nourishment to the grape ; if from debility , which you shall perceive by a flaccid palenes in the leaves , the same remedy which wee prescribed to the withering vine , vi● . to water the root with urine of a long stalenesse , will bee the most proper . the biting of the cow or oxe . indeede the best way to prevent this disease , is to have your ground either well p●led or quicksetted , or both : but that the biting or breathing of kine may not endamage the vine ( which hardly recovers after such wound or infection ) water the foot stock of your vine with such water as the tanners have used in dressing and mollifying their raw hides , and you may prom●se your selfe to bee secured from them , they as mortally hating such sents , as the vine abhors their bite or breathing . against caterpillars . the opinion is , that caterpillars and other noysome , though little vermine , will not mol●st the bud or leafe of the vine , if the hooke or hedgebill wherewith you prune and cut off the superfluous branches of the vine be anoynted over with th● blood of a male goat , or the fat of an asse , or of a bea●e ; or with the oyle wherein catterpillars or brayed garl●ck have beene boyled , or if you anoynt and rub them with the purse or sheath of a badgers stones , after your hooke has beene ground : these are curious rather then apparently approved medicines , and for their reason i must demurre to give it , quaere , whether the oyle wherein catterpillars or brayed garlick have beene boyled well , rubbed about the ●tock of the t●ee , may not make those reptilia abhor the a●cending , or whether the juce of rew so applyed , have not the like vertue . the driving locusts from the vine is done by fumigation , as either fi●ing of old oxe dung , galbanum ● old shooe soles● harts-horne , womens haire ; but that which they propose las● , i conceive to bee the best , namely , to plant pionie neare them . to prevent pismires . pismires , who divers times fret in sunder the wood of the vine , even to the very marrow , will not at all approach it , if you anoynt and rub the stock with the dung of kine , or grease of asses . the bay-tree , hasell-tree , and coleworts beare a particular enmity to the vine , and expresse it by eff●cts when planted neare ; this i cannot believe to bee out of any magicall antipathy , but rather that these ( as the plum-tree ) are great and strong succors of juice , and happily drawing of the same , by which the vine is more particularly nourished , of which being cheated , it is no wonder if she expresse a decadency . the manner of the vintage . and now wee are come to that which is most acceptable to mankinde , the successefull fruit of his labours reaped in his vintage , which wee must not of a naturall g●eedinesse precipitate , till the g●apes bee of such a kindely ripenesse of age , that to let them continue on the vine longer were to lose them ; this ripenesse is visibly understood by a mutation in the branch and grape ; in the branch you shall perceive a manifest mutation by an incline to rednesse in the g●ape ; if it bee white it alters towards a yellow , if red towards a black colour ; nor are the taste and touch les●● discerners of such full m●turity ; for if they bee sweete in ta●te , and the liquor of a glutinous substance , cleaving to the finger ; wee may conclude that both they , and the time to gather them are of full ripenesse . there are also other signes , if the kernell expressed out of the grape betweene your fi●gers , come out cleane , an● altogether seperate from the flesh or pulpe of the vine , if after such expression ( gently performed ) the grape diminish nothing from his bignesse , &c. these all , or the most of them concurring , prepare for your harvest . yet in virginia , where the harvest is more abundant then the labourers , to prevent a glut of worke flowing upon few hands , and consequently not possible to bee throughly equ●lled : it will not bee amisse to use both anticipation by accelerating n●ture with artificiall meanes in some , and retardation by arresting the speede of growth in others , to accelerate ashes layd to the foot of vines , and those vines planted to something more advantage of an amorous sunne , will make them a●tecede the others , at the least by their advance of foureteene dayes ; the other in their naturall course following that sp●ce after , and the others more particularly retarded ( which may bee easily effected by the pruning of them later then the rest just upon their preparative to b●d ; which arresting the sap makes it afterwards ( though later ) returne with a greater abundance ) staying foureteene dayes later , there will bee compleately sixe weekes time for the gathering in of your vintage . and by this meanes you have your vineyard tilled or manured every third yea●e all over , which will bee no ingrat●full accession to its duration in fertility and strength : those of the most forward ripene●se this year , being retarded the next , and those of the naturall maturation husbanded in that manner , the next winter . the fittest season to gather them must bee in a serene unclouded sky ( the grapes having any raine or dew upon them when gathered , losing much of their perfect strength and goodnesse ; ) for the wine made of grapes throughly dryed in their collection , hath a greater priviledge of force and continuance : but before this collection bee attempted , all things fitting to receive y●ur vintage must bee prepared in cleanlinesse and order , viz. baskets , caske , and fat●s strongly hooped , tubs great and small , stands , presses , &c. and all scoured , washed , and furnished with their necessary instrum●nts and conveniencies . the grape gatherer must distinguish and seperate the leane , green , sower , withered , or rotten grapes , from those which are of absolute ripenesse and soundnesse . that the wine by such an uncomely confusion or mixture m●y not bee l●sse pure , sprightly , and healthfull , then it was intended by nature , such incon●iderate gatherers are sayd to bee of the divells sending , to spoyle gods provisions . nor should they confusedly mixe good with good , if of different quality , as to mingle that which is strong and ri●h , with which is small , but delicate . they prescribe that the grapes so gathered should bee left in the ground at least a day or two , and that uncovered , provided it raine not , by which meanes , say they , they will become much better , since the sunne dew , and earth , by this exposure taking from them what ever they have of bad unprofitable moysture , refine and purifie them● a cou●se as far as my span of reason can extend , so far from this promise of refining and purifying , that it absolutely tends to their corruption . have they wanted the sunne and dew when upon the stalk● ? could not the same sunne and dew which enripened them , refine and purifie them there ? as for the earths meliorating them , if melioration bee understood by putrifaction , 't is easily granted ; apples that lye on the ground are so meliorated , that is to say rotted , and shall the grape a more delicate and tender fruit avoyd it ? this is by way of digression , but it is necessary ; for without this caution a modest man which reades with an obedient judgement any bookes of these men , taking the authour for an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , subscribes to it , observes the prescription , and gaines a doctrine of future providence , by the losse of his present vintage . but after the grapes have remained a day or two in the house , it will bee time to put them into the fatt to bee trodden out equally . those which tread the grapes should before they go into the fatt have their feete and legges washed extreamely , and themselves covered with a shirt as well as drawers , that their sweat may not mixe with the wine , and that nothing in the act of eating fall from their mouths into it , they must bee punctuall in abstaining from eating of the grapes , while they are at this their labour . surely this way of treading the grape is derived from some abstenious man , who devised this stratagem under a pretence of expediting the worke ; but indeede to deter men from drinking that which is so uncomely prepared . i know they will alledge that by treading it flowes more naturally , and with all more pure forth , then that which is pressed ; but withall give mee leave , say that the very presse it selfe if it bee not too violently and greedily laboured , makes it glide forth altogether as naturally and purely , and which is more with greater equality ; for in the presse , all the grapes feele the impultion at once , and if the owner bee not too covetous to bring the drosse and gros●e parts of the grape to a second squeezing , and mixing with the first ; without dispute the wine so expressed is altogether as good and strong as that which is trodden , but i am certaine much more cleanly . the wine ( however ) being expressed must be poured , drosse , huskes , and all , into a fat to worke or boyle in , which it must doe for the space of foure and twenty houres at the least , if you will have it fine● delicate , and subtile ; but if you desire to have it strong and noble , let it worke in the fat foure or five day●s , with a covering over it , that so the vapour thereof may not exhale , or his force waste it selfe . the fat● or tub prepared , must have immediatly before his reception of the wine , a little bunch of vine branches laid before the tap-hole , which ( that it may not heave up with the wine ) must be kept downe with a cleane stone or brick , or which is better and lesse offensive , a ring of lead wound about it : this when you draw the wine will hinder the huskes or grapes from comming out with the liquor . your fat must not be full by halfe a foot or more , that the wine may have the more space to boyle or worke in . your wine invessel'd must not be filled up to the bung , nor the bung closed , that the wine may have the greater liberty of despumation , and rejecting whatever it findes reluctant to its owne nature . every day you must fill up what is expurged , and something more , till you finde the wine throughly appeased , and discharged of whatever might be obstructive to its generosity : nor must this caske be in the cellar , but either in the open aire , or in some barne where it has a liberall respiration ; besides the defects in caske cannot be so easily discovered when the wine is in the cellar , as in open places . when it is so throughly settled , that it hath given over all appetite or signe of boyling , you may have it committed to your cellar , which should stand upon the north here , ( in virginia upon the north-west as the coolest and driest angle ) paved with gravell or drye earth , which is lesse subject to moysture or exudations then brick , or especially stone , absolutely remote and unmolested by any ill odours of stables , sinkes , bathes , marshy places , &c. neither should it have any thing shut up or kept in it , which have any sent of acrimony or harshnesse , as cheese , garlick , onions , oyles , ( trane , neatsfoot , linseed , and others , not the salade-oyle ) it being observed , that nothing is more open or obnoxious to contagion then wine , especially when new . your vessells must be so rank'd in order that they touch not one another , by this meanes to leave a liberty of sight to foresee a misfortune , or prevent it when happened . they must be so close stopped in the bung with clay , that not the least irreption of aire may be capable to taint it , to which it is very subject . to cause new wine to bee quickly purged , put ( after this proportion in the re●● : ) to quarts of new wine , halfe a pint of strong vinegar , and within the space of three dayes it will bee fined . to preserve mustor new wine all the yeare , take that vine which voluntary di●tilleth from the grape , before it suffer the presse , and put it into a vessell pitch'd within and without the same day : let the vessell b● halfe full , and very well stop'd with plaster above ; and thus the new wine will continue a long while in his swe●tnesse . but to adde to this experiment and the continuance of the wine , you must hinder it from working , which you may well doe , if you put the vessell into some well or river , there to remaine thirty dayes ; for not having boyled it will continue alwayes sweet , and is preserved by the heat of the pitch . others prefer the burying of this vessell in moist gravell : and ( which in my opinion is the best ) others cover the vessell first with the dros●e of the wine presse , then heap upon it moyst gravell ; by which meanes● something interposing betwixt the extraordinary moysture and cold of the gravell , which might have some influxe upon the wine , your must preserved in an excellent meane of temper . to know if there be any water in the wine . the malice of servants sometimes swallowing downe their masters wine , and fearing to be discovered if the quantity be diminished , or the basenesse of the dealer to impose upon the merchant , makes both of them adulterate it with water , which not being discernable to the eye , may be made familiar to your knowledge by this experiment : take a withered rush , immerge it in the wine , after a small space draw it out againe : if the wine have been thus bastarded , you shall perceive the water cleaving to it . othe●wise , take raw and wilde peares● cutting , and cleansing them in the mi●st , or in ●ieu of them , mulberries , cast th●m into the wine● if they float●●he wine is neat and cleare from such sophistication ; if they subside there is water in it . some do● anoint a reed a pi●c● of wood , or paper , hay , or some other little bundle of herbs , or strawes with oyle , which if they drye , put into the wine , and after draw them out , if the wine have been embased with water , drop● thereof will gather unto the oyl● . another sure tryall is to cast uns●aked lime into the wine ; if there be any adulteration , the lime dissolves , if the wine be undevirginated , the lime collects thereby a harder cementation . others take of the wine , and inject it into a frying-pan wherein there is boyling oyle , and the wine ( if depured ) declares it with a loud noise , a●d frequent bubbles . to make another tryall , lay an egge into the wine , the egge descending , manifests the abuse , not descending , the wine is as the grape bled it . to seperate wine from water . but as the miserable man in the pit de●ired his friend not to question how he fell in , but to advise how he should get out : we will not be satisfied that there is water in the wine , but how it may be seperated from it ; which if we may believe the deliverers of it , who have published it to the world in their names , you must put into the vessell of wine melted allum , then stop the mo●th of the vessell with a spunge drenched in oyle , which done , turne the mouth of the vessell so stopped , downewards , and the water onely will come forth , leaving the wine pure : the reason of this i cannot give , and have onely read ( not seen ) the expeririment . the way to correct over much wa●erishnesse in wine . if glut● of raine have made the yeare so unseasonable , that the grape hath contracted a watry quality to the diminution of his winy goodnesse : or if it fall ou● that after the time of gathering them , there fall such store of raine , that the grapes instead of dewes are too much wetted , ( such is the profit of exposing the gathered clusters into the open aire for houres ) the remedy is to tread them quickly , and finding the wine weake , by tasting it after it hath been put into the vessell , and begun to boyle ther● , it must presently be changed , and drawne out into another vessell , for so the watr● part● that are in it will stay behinde in the bottome , yet the wine standing still charged , will be totally corrected , if you p●t to every fifteen quart● of wine , a pint and a halfe of salt. to make wine of an acceptable odour . if you will perfume your wine with a gratefull odour , by which the braine may be strengthened , as well as the heart exalted : take a few myrtle-ber●ies dry , bray them , and put them into ● little b●rrell of wine ; let it so rest , close stopped , ten dayes afterwards use it at pleasure . the like effect will follow , if you take the blossoms of the grapes ( those especially which growe upon the shrubby v●nes ) when the vine is in flower , and cast them into the wine , the brimmes of the wine-vessell being rub'd over w●th the leaves of the pine and cypresse tree , and this will give it a fragrancy delightfully odorate : or which is of equall facility , you may hang an orenge , or pomecitron , ( being of a convenient greatne●●e ) and prick it full of cloaves , and that in such sort as it may not touch the wine , shut up in all these applications , the vessell very close . if this like you not , take the simples of such mat●er as you would have your wine to smell of , infuse them in aqua vitae , the infusion may be repeated by percolation of the old herbs , and addition of new , till it have gotten a full and absolute perfection of those odours you desire , then poure the aqua vitae ( the herbs strained from it ) into the vessell of wine . to make cute . you may make the boyled wine called cute , if you boyle new wine that is good , lovely , and very sw●et unti●l the third part thereof bee consumed ; when it is growne cold put it into a vessell and use it . but to make this cute , that it may continue all the yeare , gather your grapes whole , and let them lye spread three dayes in the sunne , on the fourth about noone tread them . the liquour or sweet wine which shal runne out into the fatt before the dross●y substance come under the presse , must bee boyled one third as before ; then to every nineteene quarts of wine adde an ounce of ●rees or corne flag well brayed , straine this wine without the lees , which being done , it will continue sweet , firme , and wholesome . to cause troubled wines to settle . to cause troubled wines , and such as are full of lees to settle , poure into thirty quarts of wine , halfe a pint of the lees of oyle boyled , till the third part bee wasted , and the wines will immediately returne to their former settlement . otherwise , which is better and more easie , cast into the wine-vessell the whites of six or seven egges , and stirre them together very well with a stick . to know whether the wine will keepe long . the knowledge whether the wine will continue long or not in a good condition● is thus made apparent : when your wine is tunned up , you must within some time after change it into another vessell , leaving the lees behinde in the first ; which you must diligently stop from taking any vent whatsoever ; after some time you may looke into the lees with carefull animad version , whether they change or contract any ill sent or not , or whether they bre●d any gnats , or other such creatures ; if you espye none of these mutations or corrupt generation , repose your selfe with all confidence that your wine will continue pure to the lo●gest : but th●se symptomes discovered , will bee so many admonitions to dispose of that wine with the soonest , which is already by nature inclined to turne bad and corrupt ; others take a pipe of elder , or such other wood as may bee hollowed through , with which they receive the sent of the lees , and by them informe themselves how the wine is conditioned . a good pallate will divine of wines by the taste , namely th●● if the new wine bee sharpe and quick , they repose confidence in its goodnesse and continuance ; but if flat and heavy , then they expect nothing but the contrary to good qualities : againe , if the new wine ( when put into the vessells ) be fat and glewy , the sign is prosperous ; but if contrariwise , it be thinne and weake , it is an ●rgument that it will easily be turned , to keepe wine at all times . to effect this , you may cast roch-allum ( very finely powdred ) into the● vessell which you meane to put your new wine in , or bay salt very finely powdred : or pibble stones , and little flints taken out of some brooke , or which will retaine the spirits of the wine from evaporating ; more certainly salade oyle , so much as will cover the superficies of the wine . to make that wine sh●l not flowre . vvine will have no flower , if you put into it the flowers of the vine , gathered , and dryed , or the meale of fetches , cha●ging the wine into another vess●ll , when the meale or flowers are settled downe to the bottome . to prepare physicall wines . neither is this digression impertinent ; physitians are not so frequent in virginia , as in padua , or london , and were there more , yet t●e vast space of ground , those people take up in their scattred dwellings , makes the addresses to them very difficult : that therefore they may ( in absence of the physitian ) have some common remedies for common diseases ; i have thought fit to give them this accompt of medicinall wines out of lie●ault , all of them of excellent virtues , and easie preparations● the first shall be to make wines of wormewood . to which effect , take of sea-wormewood , or in default of that , common wormewood , especially that which hath the small stalke , and short leaves , eight drammes● stamp them● and binde them in a cloath which is not woven too thick , cast it into the vessell , pouring new wine upon it , making this accompt , that to every three pints of wine there must bee eight drams of wormewood ; continue this proportion in the filling of your vessell , which you must leave with the vent open , that the wine fall not a new to boyling . the use of this wine is good for the paine of the stomack and liver , and to kill wormes . to make wine of horehound . this wine being very soveraigne for the cough , must bee made in the time of vintage , to which purpose you must gather of the crops and tender stalkes of horehound , of that especially which growes in leane untilled places ; afterwards ca●se them to bee dryed in the sunne , make them up into bundles , tying them with a rush , sinke them in the vessell to quarts of new wine ; you must put eight pound of horehound to boyle therewith , after the wine is settled the horehound must bee taken out , and the wine stopt very diligently . the wine of anise and dill very good against the difficulty of the urine : the wine of peares against the flux of the b●lly ; the wine of bayes against the ach and wringings of the belly ; the wine of asarum bacchar against the jaundise , dropsies , and tertian agues ; the wine of sage against paines and weakenesse of the sinewes , are all made as the wine of wormewood . to make wine of betony . take betony● the leaves and seedes about one pound , put it into twenty quarts of wine , and at the expiration of the seven moneth , change the wine into new vessells . this most excellent wine aswageth the paine of the reines , breaketh the stone , and healeth the jaundise . to make the wine of hysop . take the leaves of hysop well stamped , tye them fast in a very fi●e cloth , and cast about one pound of them into twenty quarts of new wine ; this wine is peculiarly excellent against the diseases of the lungs , an old cough , and shortnesse of breath . wine of pomgranates , made of pomgranates that are scarce ripe , being throughly bruized , and put into a vessell of thick red wine , serveth of singular use against the fluxe of the belly : to which end also serve the wines made of services , mulberries , and quinces . the ancients had a very high opinion of treacle wine , from consideration of its extraordinary vertue in asswaging and healing the bitings of serpents , and other venemous beasts . nor had the vine solely this virtue in its grape , but in the leaves also stamped and applyed unto the grieved part . this vine is thus prepared : cleave three or foure fingers breadth of the plant you intend to set , take out the pith , and replenish the vacant part with treacle , afterwards set the cloven part covered and wrapt in paper . thus vines may bee made soporiferous , if you prepare them in the same manner with opium , as before with treacle , laxative by preparing it with some soluble purge . by this meanes you may have wine to taste like the greeke calabrian frontig●ac , or any other noble for its excellency ; if the lees purified and preserved bee inserted into the pith of the branch , aromatick , if to these le●s you adde compounds of cynamon● cas●ia , cloves , or what ever shall bee most agreeable to the nostrill and pallate . to remedy wines inclining to corrupt ; and first of wine beginning ●o soure . if you perceive wine beginning to waxe soure , put into the bottome of your ve●sell a pot of water well stopt , close the vessell , yet so as at a vent hole to receive and transmit a little aire : the third day draw out the pot , and you shall see a noble experiment of attraction , for the water will be stinking and the wine sound & neat . at what time , and by what accidents wine is most apt ●o corrupt , with its remedy . the season when wines are subject to turne or bee troubled , i● about the summer solstice , viz. the . of june , at the same time that the vine emits her blossome ; nor then alone , but sometimes about the dog-dayes● by reason of the variety of heates : generally the wine is in some sort of commotion , when a constant south winde disturbes the aire , whether it bee in winter or summer , in great and continued raines also , and windes in earthquake● or mighty thunder● . to keepe them f●om turning is by the injection of pan salt , when they boyle or worke , or else of the seed of smallage , barley-bran , the leaves of bay-trees , or of fennell seed brayed with the ashes of the vine brayed . the like effect have almonds cast into the wine , or the a●hes of the oake ; the meale of the white fetch both defends the wine from turning , and keepeth it in his soundnesse . allum broken in pieces the same , the worst application is of brimstone , lime , plaister , &c. to recover the wine when ●urned , must bee e●fe●ted either by changing the vessell , by beaten pepper ; or take whites of egges , beate them very well , and take the froth from thence arising of them , poure them into the ves●ell , which you must immediately roule after its infusion : or else take twelve kernells of old walnuts ( the virginian walnut i conceive exceeding proper ) rost them under the ashes , and while they are yet hot , draw a thread through them , hang them in the wine , where they must bee till the wine ( which will not fail ) recover its former colou● . if the wine become troubled , either the kernels of pine apples , or peaches , or the whites of egges , and a little salt will not faile to cleare and refine it : others take halfe a pound of allum , as much sugar , make a very small powder thereof , and cast it into the ●e●sell . to helpe wine that beginnes to wast and die . if you by manifest symptomes apprehend your wine suddenly inclining to degen●rate and corrupt , this course is prescribed : if it bee clarret , take the yelke of an egge , if white , the white ; adde to it three ounces of cleare bright stones taken out of ● running river , make them into a small powder , together with two ounces of salt , mingle all together , and ( the wine ●hifted into another vessell neat and cleane , not tainted with any smell beforehand ) cast in this compound ; mingle it with the wine five or sixe times the day , untill three or foure dayes bee past . this remedy is not prescribed when wine is absolutely spoyled , for then it would bee applyed to no purpose ; but that the carefull master should by his observation of it to such a disposition , prevent it by this experiment . to restore wine growne musty , unto his former purity . cast into the vessell cowes milke salted : some ( but to the infinite unhealthfullnesse of him that drinkes it ) attempt this restauration with allum , lime , and brimstone , a more undangero●s way is to infuse in it juniper-berries , and irees roots : yet if the wine should continue this ill senting quality , by having taken winde : let it bee rouled too and againe to awaken the spirits thereof , that they may the better disperse the strength of its infu●ion : afterwards set it againe upon his cantling , replenish the vessel and shut it close to prevent winde for the future . to preserve w●nes from sowring , may bee performed by your disposing of you● vessell in a place that is very coole and dry ( the v●ssels being very well filled and well stopped ) to prevent as well the emission of the spirits , by which the wine continues vigorous , as the admission of aire . but in regard all men are not the masters of such opportune conveniencies , being forced sometimes to make uses of places obnoxious to heate , and drawing one vessell a long time , cannot hinder the secret invasions of aire ; y●t if you perceive in time that your vine begines to harbour an acid or soure quality , you shall preserve it from falling into a full degree of sourene●se ; if you take a good piece of lard , wrap it well in a linnen cloath , tye it to a small cord● and let it downe by the bunghole into the middle of the wine , still letting it lower as the wine decreaseth . some advise● and not without a great apparence of reason , to put into the vessell , oyle olive , or salade , in such quantity , that it may onely cover the superficies of the wine : which oyle when the wine is drawne off from the lee● , may bee seperated from them , and preserved . to take ●way the waterishne●se and crude moisture of the wine , put into the vessell the leaves of the pomgranate-tree , though in my opinion such wine being easily knowne in the ●att , when first trodden , should be corrected by boyling , as afore . the remedy against venemous beasts falling into the wine , as adders rats , &c. is , so soone as the dead body is found , to burne it and cast the ashes into the same vessell , s●irring it about with a wooden stick : others give advice to put ●ot bread into the vessel which will attract all the venemous qualities to it selfe , and cleare the wine . of the olive . the vine and olive being such delightfull associates as to expresse a mutuall emulation for the glory of fertility when planted together . this treatise shall not divide them , they are both exhilaratives , the vine rejoyces the heart , the olive glads the countenance ; and that virginia may expresse the delight she affords to mankinde by being reinforced with this second sister of laughter , the olive ; this discourse particularly designed to her improvement , showes its planting and culture when planted . the olive tree , though it delight in a rich fat ground ; yet if he have a warme aire , and a south , or south-east wind to refresh him , will in all places testifie a bounteous gratitude for its scituation in an almost unlaboured for fertility : yet to prepare a place for this rich plant to prosper on , his prosperity being no small part of your owne , you must digge the pits where you intend to plant them , a yeare before such implanting ; in this pit burne some straw , or which is better castings of vine or brambles ( but no part of oake , there being such a particular enmity betwixt this tree , and the oake , that the olive not onely refuses its neighbourhood , but dies if planted in the place where the oake has beene rooted up ) or you may leave it to the sunne and raine , which will without such adustion exhale and purifie all infectious vapours : the place being provided to plant upon , we must next select our plant. select your plants from the shoots or branches of those olive trees which are yong , faire , and fertile : let them bee in thickne●se the circumference of an ordinary wrist , in length eighteene inches ; plant it the bigger end downewards into the earth , prepared as before , and ramme the mould , mingled with dung and ashes close about it : let it be digged every yeare in autumne . the time to plant it is in april or may , it must not be transplanted for the first five yeares , nor the bough● cut or pruned till it have attained eight . graft it not but upon it selfe , so will it beare fruit better in the species and number ; in its transplantation you must take up as much of the soyle with its roots , as you can possible , and when you reset it , give it the like scitu●tion for coast and quarter that it had before . olives are intended for two uses when gathered ; either to bee served up at the table in collation , or to make oyle of the largest sort of olive , is most proper for the table , the lesser more particularly convenient for oyle : they must bee gathered with the least offence to the tree that may bee , the bruising of the branches with poles as some use it in striking downe the fruit , makes the tree barren : the best way therefore is to ascend the tree by a ladder , in faire weather ( not so much for conveniency of the gatherer ; as for the profit comming from the olive , which is not to bee taken from the tree , but when it is exceeding dry ) and pulling them with your hand put them into a wicker basket , which you ●hall have carryed up with you to that purpose . those olives you intend to preserve or pickle , must not have that full ripenesse which is requisite for those you purpose to make oyle of . the olives which you keepe for banquets must be full of flesh , firme , fast , large , and ovall ; if you will pickle them , put them into an earthen pot , and cover them with salt brine or verjuice , or else with honey , vinegar , oyle and salt smally beaten . if you intend to keepe them long , by changing your salt brine constantly every two or three moneths , you may effect it . for the olives whereof you are to expresse your oyle , you must gather no more at one time then what may be made into oyle that day , and the day following : before you bring them to the presse let them be spred upon hurdles , well pick'd , and cul'd ; let the hurdles not be too thick set with twigs , that the lees and watry humor of the olive ( which if expressed with oyle would make it extreame full of faeculency , and corrupts it both in the nostr●ll and palate ) may expend , wa●te it selfe , and drop through ; some therefore that this malignant humor may have a full def●uxion before they bring the fruit to the presse , make a high and well-raised floore , with provision of partitions to keep every dayes gathering seperate ; ( which is , if your abundance be such that your presse is not able to discharge you of them dayly ) the bottome of these partitions m●st be paved with a declin● descent , that the moistnesse of the olives may flow away , and be received into gutters or little channels there provided for their transfluxe . the olives being thus prepared for the presse , and the presse readily provided of all things necessary , viz. of fat 's , vessels to receive your severall oyles , scoopes to draw , and empty out the oyle , covers great and small , spunges , pots to carry out the oyle , tyed about by bands or cords of hemp , or broome-barke ; the mill-stones , oyle-mills , pressers , and all other instruments serving thereunto being very well cleansed , and the aire having been before as well heated by a plentifull fire ; ( if it be not warme enough by its naturall scituation ) for the assistance of heat makes all oyly liquors resolve and runne more gently and freely , whereas cold astringes , and detaines it . this presse-house therefore ●hould be so seated , that it may enjoy a full admission and benefit of the south sunne , that we may stand in need of very little fire , if any at all , such heat being no more assistant to the expression , then ac●essary to the corruption of the oyle . carry your olives thus cleansed to the presse , under which put thē whole in new willow baskets ( the willow adding a beauteou● and innocent color to the oyl ; ) the willow also something staving off the rude strokes of the presse , that the olives may be bruised with as little violence , and as much leisure as possible : nor would it be inconvenient if their skin and fle●h were a little broken at the fir●t with a milstone , so set , that it should not breake the kernels , which would utterly spoyle the olive , taking them from the mill thus prepar'd : let them be stronglier bruised in the presse , and put foure pound of salt to every bushell of olives . the oyle which comes first is by much the best , and the●efore called virgin oyle : the second which comes with more violent expression is fitter for liniments then the table : but the last , which is extorted from the drosse , and stones , is of no use but for lampes ; or such sordid employment . the tuns and vessels wherein the oyle is to be put , must be well dress●d with pitch and gumme , made very clean with warme lees , and carefully dryed with a spunge , into which you may powre your oyle within thirty dayes after the expression of it , so much time being necessarily allowed for the settling the lees , which by that will have grounded upon the bottome . the cellars where the vess●ls of oyle are to be conserved , must be in a place of constant drynesse and coldnesse , heat and moysture being corrupters of the oyle ; provide therefore a cellar on the north coast of your house : and fo● the better and more neat preservation of your liquor , poure it rather into glasse vessels or ●arthen pots , which ( if they be made capacious ) are far more convenient then the pitcht retainers we forme●ly spoke of . accidents befalling oyle● with their remedies : and first to recover frozen oyle . if ( in the time of winter ) oyle doth freeze together with his lees , you must put into it twice boyled salt● which dissolves and clears your oyle from all further apprehension of danger ; nor need you entertaine a jealousie that it will be salt , since unctuous matters ( and especially oyle ) have seldome any relish of it . to keepe oyle from becomming ranke . vvhen the oyle begins to change from his first purity of taste to a disposed rankenesse ; the remedy is to melt an equall proportion of wax and oyle together , to which you are to mingle salt fried in oyle before ; this you must poure into the vessel , which composition above the prevention of it , when beginning to grow ranke , effects an entire restitution to its simple purenesse , when already affected . anniseeds cast into the vessell by a particular attraction performe the same operation . to purifie troubled oyle . some are of advice , that the applying it to the fire or sun recleares it . others , if the vessell be strong , cast into it boyling water : how these remedies agree with their former assertions , ( wherein they declare heat so unnaturall to oyle ) is beyond my reconciling : i for my part , should rather make an experiment of vineger , which being cast into the oyle by degrees , hath such a penetrating and inquirent faculty over all the parts , that it would without doubt recompose it . to recover oyle corrupted in the sent. to performe this , take green olives , pound them , free them from their stones , and cast them into the oyle : or else cast the crums of barley bread mixed with corne salt : otherwise , infuse in your oyle the flowers of melilot : or else hang in the vessell a handfull of the herb coriander , and if you finde the putrifying quality yet unexpelled , cast in divers times of the same herbe , and which is better , change his vessell ; this ill odour others drive away thus : they take grapes , pick out their kernells , stampe them , and with salt make them into a lumpe or lumpes , which you must cast into the vessell , and after ten dayes faile not to change it : which must necessarily be done after the application of any remedy to oyle growne ranke and putrified , the vessell still impairing what the remedy recovers . wee have done with the oyle olive , after the manner of whose expression may bee extorted any unctuous matter of fruits , plants , or seeds namely , walnuts , filberds , almonds ( both sweete and bitter ) nutmegs , the kernells of peaches , pine-apples , abricots , cherries , plums , pistaches , the seede of line , rape , cole , mustard , hempe , poppy , henbane , the seeds or pipins of apples , pears , cucumbers , gourds , melons , and other such like : but that wee may give the reader a more cleare dilucidation of the manner of preparation , wee shall briefely discover the method used in the expression of oyle from almond and nutmegs , which will easily make him apprehend all the rest● the particular reason which perswades mee to introduce the example of almonds , is becaus● i have purposed before i finish this concluding treatise , to discourse particularly o● the planting the almond . whose oyle if to bee taken inwards , is to bee thus expressed . pill the almonds after they have steeped some time in warme water , pound them in a mortar of stone or marble with a wooden pestle , make them up in little lumpes or loaves , which you may knead with you● hands against the vapour of warme water , or put them in a glasse vessell of a large content , for some foure or five houres : ( let the seate and glasse bee so contrived , that it may rather bee above the water to receive the vapour on its sides and bottome , then in it ) the almond being thus mollified by the disposition of the moisture , m●st bee put into a haire cloth or hempen bag , and laid in a presse , whose bottome must be wel heated , hollow , and bending downewards to give the better delabency for the oyl● thus expressed , you may bake the drossy part of the almonds under the ashes , wh●ch in time of necessity will serve for bread , of plenty for a dainty and fatning food to your poultry . this oyle is of soveraigne excellency to mitigate and remove the throwes and gripes of women newly delivered , and to aswage the paines of the collick or reines , taking it in two ounces of white wine , or one of aqua vita ; the line , cole , rape● wallnut , and other need not these curious preparations , and their cakes are of unm●tchable nourishment to fatten kine and other cattle . oyle of nutmegs . oyle of nutmeg ( which in the south part of virginia not subject to any inconveniences of cold would undoubtedly flourish ) is thus made : bray them with a wooden stamper , afterwards presse them out , the plankes being very well heated ; to extract it more rich , divide them into little heapes , and steep● them three dayes in very good wine , after dry them in the shaddow of the sunne two whole dayes , then heate them reasonably in a frying pan upon the fire , sprinkling them with rose water , and presently presse them . this i judge conveniently sufficient for oyles● let us descend to the planting of the almond-tree , which as it hath a peculiar excellency , so without dispute returnes a● ample profit . of the almond tree . though the almond tree delight particularly in gravelly places , of which virginia is too rich to afford a conveniency ; yet there is no dispute , but if the mould wherein you plant them bee mingled with oyster-shels , or such like , of which there is to bee found inexhaustible quantities , they will have a greater virtue then gravell to the quickning and ingerminating of this ●ree ; having the perplexed hardnesse of gravell and unctuousnesse of marle united . the soyle thus prescribed ; let the seat of your almond be in a hot place fully exposed to the south or south-west , and it will not onely flourish to your expectation , but its fruit will bee excellently qualified , and in vast abundance : it groweth very well of the stone , which because it cannot bee procured new should be kept close in a vessell of earth ; to be transported , set it as you would your peach ; it thrives very well too of the branch or scien , which must bee cut from the top of the tree , and planted as the olive , the earth rammed very hard about it , and prepared as before , both the stone and the scien should bee steeped for the space of twelve or foure and twenty houres in homed water ; the best season to set or plant it in virginia , is in october and november . this tree will bee of admirable use there , in regard that both that and the olive will hinder no undergrowing corne ; let neither this tree nor your olive grow above ten foot in the stock , and in this as in olives , if you see any branch aspiring higher then his neighbours , represse such ambition by cutting him o●f , otherwise hee will divert all the sap of the tree into his owne body , and leave his fellowes in a starving and perishing condition ; amongst which if you maintaine equality , they will altogether consent in gratitude to returne you a plentifull harvest . t●e barren almond tree will become fruitfull if you lay open his roots in winter , or else if you pierce some part of the stock close to the earth , and put through the hole a wedge of oake , watering it about with stale urine . the bitter almond will bee capable of bulcoration , if you lay round about his bared root swines dung tempered with urine , casting afterwards much mould upon it , this must bee practised yearly , till hee bee perfectly reclaimed , you will finde the same effect if you bore a hole in the stock of the tree , and put therein a wedge wrapped about with cloth dipped in hony. beasts by brousing and cropping of rhe first and tender branches , change the nature of sweet almonds into bitter almonds , are gathered when their huskes through the heate of the sunne begin to divide ; ( i should therefore advise that those made choice of to set , may bee taken before such exact ripenesse , that the heate of the sunne may not exhale their generating vigour ) if when you have beaten them downe you shell them altogether , and wash them in brine , they will become white , and bee preserved a long time ; cautionarily that you dry them in the sunne ; their repository or granaries must have good open admissories for an unmoist aire , and lye upon that coast that is most open to the north-west , being the driest winde in that country . the medicinall excellency of almonds , is , that they are good for those which are troubled with a clammy fleame in their throat , with w●ake lungs , and such as are subject to the gravell in the reines or difficulty of urine , they are great restorers to nature , and fortifie the parts tending to generation ; nor is it onely beneficiall in its fruit , for the gumme also of the almond tree arrests the spitting of blood . of the fig tree . the fig tree groweth with an unusuall celerity , as beginning to beare the second yeare from his planting , and is of that nature , that during a moneth or five weekes when grapes are ripe and good to eate , the figge also is at that season dayly mature , and fit for the pallate , it may bee planted as the vine , and affects the same soile ; such as have roots grow sooner , but without doubt the branches continue longer ; the order you observe in planting the vine adheare too in this , and it will p●osper . the fittest season to plant it is in october , and the succeeding moneth to the . or twentieth : you shall cause them in planting the be●ter to t●ke root , if you loosen the barque , or which is better bruise it gently at the nether end of the stemme about halfe a foot . to cause them to bee fertile , and bring forth fruits remarkable for fullnesse and verdure , put to his root rich mould beaten and tempered with the setlings of oyle olive , and mans dung , or which i like better then this stercoration if it have already a benine soyle , crop the tops and ends of the branches when they first spring . to reclaime a wild fig-tree , water him at the roots with win● and oyle mixed together . if you make á composition of an equall quantity of salt brine and water be●tow this irrigation in a small trench round about the body of the tree , your figges are prevented from unripe fallings . to have ea●ly figs , water the tree with oyle and pigions-dung , if your ambition be not only to have the earliest , but the latest , take away the fi●st buds , when they are about the bignesse of a beane . to keepe or preserve them , lay them in a pot of honey full and well stopped , but so that they neither touch the sides of the pot , nor one another . or take an earthen pot ( the figs being put in ) stop it close , and immerge this vessell to another f●ll of wine , no ●aint or corruption will possesse your figges so inclosed , while the wine retains his goodn●sse . the plant steeped in brine , or the end thrust into a sea onion , becomes much more fruitfull when planted . this fruit is of great vertue in making the belly soluble in abundance of nourishment and provocation of sweat , dryed and mingled with the flower of linseed or fenugreeke , it resolveth and killeth all impos●umes , and hard tumours , in decoctions it assists much in driving away of the cough , and difficulty of breath , which last vertue the fruit also expresseth very happily , if ste●ped in aqua vitae , the night precedent , and taken every morning during the dominion of this disea●e after you , the milke of the fig-tree dropt into the eare killeth the wormes in it , the leaves of the fig-tree rubbed doe provoke the hemorrhoides ; the juice of figs is of equall felicity in opening them , which to increase his excellency amends all roughnesse , ill conditioned scabs● small pocks , purpl●s , freckles , ringwormes , and other eye-sad blemishes of the face or body therewith anointed , being first tempered with the flower of parched barley , a little cotten wool dipped in this juice , and layd upon the aking tooth a●●wageth the paine . of the pomeganate tree . the pomegranate tree , which may be planted either from the branch or succour , is one of the most absolute encouragers of an idle person in the world ; provided , it be exempt from the intemperate operation of the cold , neither the torrid heat of the sun , nor the barrennesse of the soyle , shal make him forgoe his glorious rubies ; no culture or dressing is required by it : yet if it be set in a rich soyle , it will be sure to make an advantage of it to his owne flourishing , and your profit : the wine thereof ( for it affordeth wine as wel as excellency of fruit ) may be made after this manner . take the ripe kernels , freed and cleansed from their skins , put them into the presse , and exact the wine , keep it in vessels till it is fully fined from all working , which finished , distribute such a quantity if oyle as may float over all the top of the vessel , and this preserves it from sowring or corruption . the pomegranate apple put in a pot of new earth , well covered , and luted with clay , and set into an oven so long , till the fruit may be resolved into powder , is of very princely vertue ; for ( taking the weight of half a crown thereof in red wine ) it miraculously stops the bloudy flux . it is also good in divers diseases of women , which ( because they are more arcanely peculiar to that sex ) i shal forbear to speak of . of the quince tree . the quince tree groweth much sooner from the root then branches : it delighteth in a soyle of a moyst and cold nature , and would therefore be planted towards the more umbragious and coole corners of your garden . the garden , or reclaimed quince , beareth two sorts of fruits , to which curiosity hath assigned sexes , and they are called the quince and quincesse ; the male , which is the quince , is of a more wrinkled , drye , redolent fruit , and golden colour then the quincesse . if you graft the male upon the fe●ale , or ●convers● , the quinces thence proceeding will be tender , and may be eaten raw , which without such ●n hermaphroditisme must of necessity have beene prepared , to which nature , rather then to eate it crude hath de●igned it . the use of marmalade , and its preparation is so publickly known , that it is unnecessary to repeate it . it is not enough to enjoy the delight of these fruits for the summer onely : the winter too in reason should claime a part of our summer contentments , which cannot bee better expedited then by drying such fruits as are capable of are faction , and agreeable when dryed , the principall whereof are the vine or g●ape , the fig , the peach , and abricot . how to dry grapes , that they may bee kept . your grapes being at their just ripenesse , select the faire●t out of you● vineyard , for such quantity as you shall use , let them lye thin spread while you prepare a lye for them , made of faire water and ashes , proceeding onely from the cuttings of the vine without any other mixture of wood whatsoever : seeth this lye till you have made a strong and cleare liquor , then taking or straining away the ashes , put the liquor into a cleane caldron , set it againe over the fire till it bee ready to seeth ; then tying the stalkes of your grapes with thread , and fastening the thread to such sticks and in such order bunch by bunch , as chandlers use to dip their candles , which dip them into this lye foure or five severall times : which done , let them dry in the sunne● either so hanging on their sticks , of which is better upon lattices or hurdles of rods , or the like , untill they bee conveniently dry ; then barrell them , pressing them very hard and flat in the vessell , others dry them upon such lattices or hurdles without steeping them even as they c●me from the vine , and peradventure more successefully . how to drie figges . let them ( as the grape ) bee gathered very ripe ; then lay and spread them upon hurdles or lattices of reeds or osier joyned together● with rifts or vacancies betwixt the covering of those osiers , that the aire transpiring through those voyd spaces may assist the sunne in the drying them ; but you must bee cautious that during their exposure to the open aire no raine or dew incommodate them : when they are dry ba●rell with the same poise of pressure used to the grapes . others take a bigge reed or cane of two or three foot in length , boring little holes all the length of it , through which they put little sticks of two foot extent , being the small and sharpe upon which they thread the figs , till they are very full of them , and so hang the cane in the sunne , which dryed they barrell up using the same course as before . how to dry peaches and abricots of all sorts . when they are very ripe , pare off the upper skin , cleav● them into foure quarters , dry them as you did your fig●● barrell them and keepe them for the winter . the manner how you shall prepare them to eate is this ; pr●vide an earthen pot , and after you have washe● your peaches in faire water , put them into the pot with as much wine as will cover the peaches , then seeth them halfe a quarter of an houre . they may bee made ready without boyling thus ; let them inf●se three or foure dayes in wine , ( which way they are much better ) put to them beaten cynamon , and thus they will last a moneth in the wine , eaten every morning they are very wholesome , and provoke a good appetite . the fittest seasons for sowing of seeds . to prescribe rules according to our climate , to tha● of virginia , may have much of affection , but without all peradventures , little of wisdome . wee must therefore seeke for a nearer correspondence in parallells . having therefore seene some letters of an ancient date written by frenchmen , then employed in virginia , to their intrusters , wherein they confesse that of all the provinces of france : none came so neare to that noble countrey , as languedock and provence , two of the eyes of that kingdome , abounding withall the delights and delicacy that italy can pretend to , or spain● boast of ; i could not but apprehend that their times of sation and insition , of planting and replanting , might in some measure correspond with that place where the english are now s●ated , and having seene a regular distribution of the moneths and seasons in the yeare for sowing , grafting● and other offices belonging to the industrious lovers of agriculture ; i should both unsatisfie my owne conscience , and disoblige that countrey , and its christian inhabitants , if i did not publish it with the same resentment of affection i received it ; not that any should bee so pinioned to these precepts , that neither weather , inconveniency , or want of opportunity should make him recede from the punctuall observation of them : but i speake it out of a very strong confidence that the observations of the seasons according to these prescriptions will sort well with v●rginia in generall , and the planters in particular , to whom it is intended , and indeed it is as exact ● directory as any yet published . i am not ignorant that criticks will laugh at this ; much good doe it them● and why so many moneths for the same seed ? w●y so many repetitions ? my exceptionist forgets that wee not onely covet to have things early , but their continuance : will it offend him that wee have ar●ichokes in may ? and july both ? because wee may have cabbage , lettuse in april , shall wee bee forbidden to have any in may : the principall scope of this directer was to show how long such and such seedes might bee continued to bee sowen , and in what moneth and moone , if hee apprehend it not ; i can send him to no moneth , but that of june , nor moone , but that of midsommer . he that will sow seed , must know that , som● may 〈◊〉 ●owen at a●● times of the moneth and moone , as , asparagus , colewort of all sorts , spinage , lettuse , pa●s●ips , reddish . others would be sowed in a certaine moneth and moone● as there must bee sowen in february , the moone being — new full spike ga●like b●●age bug●●sse ch●●use cori●nder g●urds w●ter ●●esses m●●●●●ne pa●ma christi flower gen●le w●ite poppy pu●s●ane radish r●●ket rosemary sorrell double marigold thyme . anise viole●● b●ites ski●worts wh●te succory f●n● 〈◊〉 p●●●l●y . h●●y ●histle cole cabbage white cole green cole cucumbe●● h●rts-horn● samp●●● d●●rs graine spinage cabbage-lettuce m●l●●● onions la●ke●-he●le burnet leekes . old sow in march the moone being , new full garlick borage cher●ile cori●nder gourds m●joran● white poppy pu●s●in● radish sorr●ll double marigold thyme violets . anise blee●s skirwor●s succory ●en●●ll apples of love marvellous apples . artichoke● basil thi●●le● blessed thi●●le col● cabbage white cole greene cole citron● cucumbers harts-horne sampire di●rs grain● spinage g●lly● flowers hyf●op cabbage lettuse melons onyons flower gentle burnet leeke● sav●●y . old sow in april the moon being new majorane flower gentle thyme violet●● full apples of love marvellous apples . old artichokes cabbage cole citrons harts-horne sampire gilly flower● . in may in the old of the moon blessed thi●le . in june th● moone new go●rds radishes . old melo●s cucumbers . in jul● the moone full white succory cabbage lettu●e . old white succory cabbage lettu●e . in august the moone being full white succory . herbes growing of seedes that are sowne may bee transplanted at all times , except chervils , arrage , spinage , and persely , which are nothing worth when they are transplanted ; ever observed that such transplantation bee in a moist , rainy weather , otherwise they must bee very diligently watered . you may take notice that the choise and age of seedes is d●uble , in chusing them you are to regard that they bee ripe , full , heavy , firme , grosse , and of a good colour , not falling to powder through rottennesse or bruises . some grow bettter of new seedes , as leeks , cucumbers . others grow better of old seeds , as coriander , persley , savory , beets , origanum , cresses , spinage , poppey . further observe , that you must preserve from cold , lettuses , artichokes , basill , cabbage cole , diers graine , melons , fifteene dayes after they put forth from the earth . make ●ccount that seedes thrive and prosper much better , when they are sowen upon such dayes as are betweene the extreames of cold and heate , then in hot , cold or dry dayes . bee pleased to remember , that seedes must bee gathered in faire weather , in the wane of the moone . they must be kept some in boxes of wood , dry , and not layd upon the ground , but kept very cleane . bagges of leather , dry , and not layd upon the ground , but kept very cleane . vessels of earth , dry , and not layd upon the ground , but kept very cleane . others , as onions , in their huske . chibols , in their huske . leeks , in their huske . ●o do regularly , we sho●ld plant in the la●● of the moone . gather grafts in the la●t but one of the moone . graft two dayes after the change of the moone . an explication of the saw-mill , an engine , wherewith by force of a wheele in the water , to cut timber with great speed . this engine is very common in norway and mountaines of sweden , wherewith they cut gr●at quantity of deal-bords ; which engine is very necessary to be in a great towne or forrest , to cut timber , whether into planks or otherwise . this heer is not altogether like those of norway : for they make the piece of timber approch the sawes on certaine wheels with teeth ; but because of reparations which those toothd wheeles are often subject unto , i will omit that use : and in stead thereof , put two weights , about . or . pound weight a piece , whereof one is marked a. the other b. the cords wherewith the sayd weights doe hang , to be fastned at the end of the . peeces of moving wood , which slide on two other peeces of fixed wood , by the meanes of certaine small pulleys , which should be within the house , and so the sayd weights should alwayes draw the sayd peeces of moving wood , which advancing alway towards the sawes rising and falling , shall quickly be cut into . . or . peeces , as you shall please to put on saws , and placed at what distance you will have for the thicknesse of the planks or bords ye will cut : and when a peece is cut , then let one with a lever turne a rowler , wherto shall be fastned a strong cord which shall bring backe the sayd peece of wood , an● lift again the weights : and after put aside the peece already cut , to take againe the sawes against another peece of wood . which once done , the ingenious artist may easily convert the same to an instrument of threshing wheat , breaking of hempe or flax , and other as profitable uses . finis . prizes of wines set and appointed by the vice-chancellor of the university of oxford, according to which they are to be sold rateably in all measures, from and after the twenty seventh day of this instant february . university of oxford. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing o b estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) prizes of wines set and appointed by the vice-chancellor of the university of oxford, according to which they are to be sold rateably in all measures, from and after the twenty seventh day of this instant february . university of oxford. sheet ([ ] p.) s.n., [oxford : ] title from opening words of text. at foot: ra. bathurst vice-chancel. feb. . . reproduction of the original in the bodleian library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine -- prices -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the university aces blazon or coat of arms prizes of wines set and appointed by the vice-chancellor of the university of oxford , according to which they are to be sold rateably in all measures , from and after the twenty seventh day of this instant february . . canary wines , alecant , and muscadels , two shillings the quart , and no more . . sack and malagas , one shilling ten pence the quart , and no more . . french wines one shilling the quart , and no more . . rhenish wines , one shilling six pence the quart , and no more . r. a. bathvrst vice-chancel . feb. . . by the king. a proclamation for prising of wines. proclamations. - - . england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king. a proclamation for prising of wines. proclamations. - - . england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . aut sheet ([ ] p.) printed by john bill, christopher barker, thomas newcomb, and henry hills, printers to the kings most excellent majesty, london : . at foot of title: given at our court at witehall the twelfth day of january / . in the nine and twentieth year of our reign. god save the king. imprint date reads / . reproduction of the original in the harvard university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine -- prices -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john pas sampled and proofread - john pas text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion by the king. a proclamation for prising of wines . charles r. whereas by the statute made in the eight and twentieth year of the reign of king henry the eighth , for prising of wines , it is provided , that the lord chancellour , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings most honourable council , lord privy seal , and the lords chief iustices of either bench , or five , or four , or three of them , shall have power and authority by their discretion to set the prices of all kinds of wines , as in the said statute is expressed ; by virtue whereof , the lord chancellor , the lord treasurer , the lord privy seal , the lord chief iustice rainesford , and the lord chief iustice north , the nineteenth day of december last , did order , that canary wines be sold in gross , at thirty six pounds the pipe , and twelve pence the pint by retail ; tents and malagaes be sold in gross at thirty pounds the butt , and ten pence the pint by retail ; that allecants , sherries and muscadels , be sold in gross , at twenty seven pounds the butt , and nine pence the pint by retail ; that french wines be sold in gross , at thirty six pounds the tun , and twelve pence the quart by retail ; and that rhenish wines be sold in gross , at nine pounds the aulm , and eighteen pence the quart by retail : and according to these rates ( and no higher ) in proportion for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail ; and that none presume to sell at higher prices during the year next ensuing , to be accounted from the first day of february next , now that all cause of excuse may be taken away , that such from such as shall be found delinquents therein , may acknowledge their own wilfulness to be the cause of the danger and penalty they fall into after the advertisement , the kings most excellent majesty , according to one other statute in that behalf made , in the fourth year of the reign of king edward the third , by this his royal proclamation doth publish and declare , that for one year next following , to be accounted as aforesaid , canary wines be not sold in gross , at above thirty six pounds the pipe , and twelve pence the pint by retail ; that tents and malagaes be not sold in gross , at above thirty pounds the butt , and ten pence the pint by retail ; and that alicants , sherries , and muscadels , be not sold in gross , at above twenty seven pounds the butt , and nine pence the pint by retail ; that french wines be sold in gross , at above thirty six pounds the tun , and twelve pence the quart by retail ; and that rhenish wines be not sold in gross , at above nine pounds the aulm , and eighteén pence the quart by retail ; and according to these rates ( and no higher ) in proportion for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or retail . which rates and prices his majesties pleasure is , shall be duely observed in all his ports , and other places . and it is his majesties pleasure , that in those places where wines by land-carriage shall and may be sold according to the rates aforesaid , with an allowance not exceéding four pounds the tun , and one peny the quart for the carriage thereof every thirty miles , and according to that proportion , and not at greater rates ; strictly charging and commanding such of his subjects , and others whom it may concern , that none of them , during the time aforesaid , presume to sell any of the said wines in gross , or by retail , at higher rates than by this his majesties proclamation are appointed , under the forfeitures and penalties mentioned in the said statute , and other the laws and statutes of this realm orbained in that behalf ; and such other pains and penalties as by the laws and statutes of this realm can or may be inflicted upon wilful contemners of his majesties royal command and proclamation ; requiring and commanding all mayors , sheriffs iustices of the peace , customers , comptrollers , and other officers of his majesties ports , and all others whom it shall concern , diligently to observe and attend the execution of this his royal pleasure , and to give information to the lords and others of the privy council , of the delinquents , that they may be proceed against , and receive punishment according to their demerits . given at our court at whitehall the twelfth day of january , / . in the nine and twentieth year of our reign . god save the king. london , printed by john bill , christopher barker , thomas newcomb , and henry hills , printers to the kings most excellent majesty . / . the closet of the eminently learned sir kenelme digbie kt. opened whereby is discovered several ways for making of metheglin, sider, cherry-wine, &c. : together with excellent directions for cookery, as also for preserving, conserving, candying, &c. / published by his son's consent. digby, kenelm, sir, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing d estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the closet of the eminently learned sir kenelme digbie kt. opened whereby is discovered several ways for making of metheglin, sider, cherry-wine, &c. : together with excellent directions for cookery, as also for preserving, conserving, candying, &c. / published by his son's consent. digby, kenelm, sir, - . [ ], , [ ] p., leaf of plates : port. printed by e.c. for h. brome ..., london : . includes index. imperfect: stained and tightly bound, with slight loss of print. reproduction of original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng cookery, english -- early works to . beverages -- early works to . wine and wine making -- early works to . liquors. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - jennifer kietzman sampled and proofread - aptara rekeyed and resubmitted - ben griffin sampled and proofread - ben griffin text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the closet of the eminently learned sir kenelme digbie kt. opened : whereby is discovered several ways for making of metheglin , sider , cherry-wine , &c. together with excellent directions for cookery : as also for preserving , conserving , candying , &c. published by his son's consent . london , printed by e. c. for h. brome , at the star in little britain . . the truly learned and hono ble . sr. kenelme digby kt. chancellor to the q : mother aged . gross sculpsit to the reader . this collection full of pleasing variety , and of such usefulness in the generality of it , to the publique , coming to my hands , i should , had i forborn the publication thereof , have trespassed in a very considerable concern upon my countrey-men , the like having not in every particular appeared in print in the english tongue . there needs no rhetoricating floscules to set it off . the authour , as is well known , having been a person of eminency for his learning , and of exquisite curiosity in his researches , even that incomparable sir kenelme digbie knight , fellow of the royal society and chancellour to the queen mother , ( et omen in nomine ) his name does sufficiently auspicate the work. i shall only therefore add , that there is herein ( as by the table hereunto affix'd will evidently to thee appear ) a sufficiency of solids as well as liquids for the sating the curiosities of each or the nicest palate ; and according to that old saw in the regiment of health , incipe cum liquido , &c. the liquids premitted to the solids . these being so excellent in their kinde , so beneficial and so well ordered , i think it unhandsome , if not injurious , by the trouble of any further discourse , to detain thee any longer from falling to ; fall to therefore , and much good may it do thee , fare-well . a receipt to make metheglin as it is made at liege , communicated by mr. masillon . take one measure of honey , and three measures of water , and let it boil till one measure be boiled away , so that there be left three measures in all ; as for example , take to one pot of honey , three pots of water , and let it boil so long , till it come to three pots . during which time you must skim it very well as soon as any scum riseth ; which you are to continue till there rise no scum more . you may , if you please , put to it some spice , to wit , cloves and ginger ; the quantity of which is to be proportioned according as you will have your meath , strong , or weak . but this you do before it begin to boil . there are some that put either yeast of beer , or leaven of bread into it , to make it work . but this is not necessary at all ; and much less to set it into the sun ▪ mr. masillon doth neither the one nor the other . afterwards for to tun it , you must let it grow luke-warm , for to advance it . and if you do intend to keep your meathe a long time , you may put into it some ●opps on this fashion . take to every barrel of meathe a pound of hops without leaves , that is , of ordinary hops used for beer , but well cleansed , taking only the flowers , without the green-leaves and stalks . boil this pound of hops in a pot and half of fair water , till 〈◊〉 come to one pot , and this quantity is sufficient for a barrel of meathe . a barrel at liege holdeth ninety pots , and a pot is as much as a wine quart in england . ( i have since been informed from liege , that a pot of that countrey holdeth o●nces of apothecary's measure : which i judge to be a pottle according to london measure , or two wine-quarts . ) when you tun your meath , you must not fill your barrel by half a foot , that so it may have room to work . then let it stand six weeks slightly stopped ; which being expired , if the meath do not work , stop it up very close . yet must you not fill up the barrel to the very brim . after six months you draw off the clear into another barrel , or strong bottles , leaving the dregs , and filling up your new barrel , or bottels , and stopping it or them very close . the meath that is made this way , ( viz. in the spring , in the month of april or may , which is the proper time for making of it , ) will keep many a year . white metheglin of my lady hungerford : which is exceedingly praised . take your honey , and mix it with fair water , until the honey be quite dissolved . if it will bear an egge to be above the liquor , the breadth of a groat , it is strong enough ▪ if not , put more honey to it , till it be so strong ; then boil it , till it be clearly and well skimed ; then put in one good hand●ul of strawberry-leaves , and half a handful of violet leaves ; and half as much sorrel : a douzen tops of rosemary ; four or five tops of baulme-leaves : a handful of harts-tongue , and a handful of liver-worth ; a little thyme , and a little red-sage ; let it boil about an hour ; then put it into a woodden vessel , where let it stand , till it be quite cold ; then put it into the barrel ; then take half an ounce of cloves , as much nutmeg ; four or five races of ginger ; bruise it , and put it into a fine bag , with a stone to make it sink , that it may hang below the middle : then stop it very close . the herbs and spices are in proportion for six gallons . since my lady hungerford sent me this receipt , she sent me word , that she now useth ( and liketh better ) to make the decoction of herbs before you put the honey to it . this proportion of herbs is to make six gallons of decoction , so that you may take eight or nine gallons of water . when you have drawn out in●o your water , all the vertue of the he●bs , throw them away , and take the clear decoction ( leaving the sett●ings ) and when it is lukewarm , dissolve your proportion of honey in it . after it is well dissolved and laved with strong arms or woodden instruments , like battle-doors or scoops , boil it gently , till you have taken away all the scum ; then make an end of well boyling it , about an hour in all . then pour it into a wooden vessel , and let it stand till it be cold . then pour the clear through a sieve of hair , ceasing pouring when you come to the ●oul thick settling . tun the clear into your vessel , ( without barm ) and stop it up close , with the spices in it , till you perceive by the hissing that it begins to work . then give it some little vent , else the barrel would break . when it is at the end of the working , stop it up close . she useth to make it at the end of summer , when she takes up her honey , and begins to drink it in lent. but it will be better if you defer piercing it till next winter . when part of the barrel is drunk , she botteleth the rest , which maketh it quicker and better . you clear the decoction from the herbs by a hair-sieve . some notes about honey . the honey of dry open countries , where there is much wild-thyme , rosemary , and flowers , is best . it is of three sorts , virgin-honey , life-honey , and stock-honey . the first is the best . the life-honey next . the virgin●honey is of bees , that swarmed the spring before , and are taken up in autumn ; and is made best by chusing the whi●est combs of the hive , and then letting the honey run out of them lying upon a sieve without pressing it , or breaking of the combs . the life-honey is of the same combs broken after the virgin-honey is run from it ; the merchants of honey do use to mingle all the ●orts together . the first of a swarm is called virgin-honey . that of the next year , after the swarm was hatched , is life-honey . and ever after , it is honey of old-stocks . honey that is forced out of the combs , will always taste of wax . hampshire honey is most esteemed at london . about bisleter there is excellent good . some account norfolk honey the best . mr. corsellises antwerp meath . to make good meath , good white and thick marsilian or provence-honey is best ; and of that , to four holland pints ( the holland pint is very little bigger then the english wine-pint : ) of water , you must put two pound of honey ; the honey must be stirred in water , till it be all melted ; if it be stirred about in warm water , it will melt so much the sooner . when all is dissolved , it must be so strong that an egge may swim in it with the end upwards . and if it be too sweet or too strong , because there is too much honey ; then you must put more water to it ; yet so , that , as above , an hens egge may swim with the point upwards : and then that newly added water must be likewise well stirred about , so that it may be mingled all alike . if the eggs sink ( which is a token that there is not honey enough ) then you must put more honey to it , and stir about , till it be all dissolved , and the eggs swim , as abovesaid . this being done , it must be hanged over the fire , and as it beginneth to seeth , the scum , that doth arise upon it , both before and after , must be clean skimed off . when it is first set upon the fire , you must measure it first with a stick , how deep the kettel is , or how much liquor there be in it ; and then it must boil so long , till one third part of it be boiled away . when it is thus boiled , it must be poured out into a cooler , or open vessel , before it be tunned in the barrel ; but the bung-hole must be left open , that it may have vent . a vessel , which hath served for sack is best . to make excellent meathe . to every quart of honey , take four quarts of water . put your water in a clean kettle o●er the fire , and with a stick take the just measure , how high the water cometh , making a notch , where the superficies toucheth the stick . as soon as the water is warm , put in your honey , and let it boil , skiming it always , till it be very clean ; then put to every gallon of water , one pound of the best blew-raisins of the sun , first clean picked from the stalks , and clean washed . let them remain in the boiling liquor , till they be throughly swollen and soft ; then take them out , and put them into a hair-bag , and strain all the juice and pulp and substance from them in an apothecaries press ; which put back into your liquor , and let it boil , till it be consumed just to the notch you took at first , for the measure of your water alone . then let your liquor run through a hair-strainer into an empty woodden-fat , which must stand endwise , with the head of the upper-end out ; and there let it remain till the next day , that the liquor be quite cold . then tun it up into a good barrel , not filled quite full , but within three or four fingers breadth ; ( where sack hath been , is the best ) and let the bung remain open for six weeks with a double bolter-cloth lying upon it , to keep out any foulness from falling in . then stop it up close , and drink not of it till after nine months . this meathe is singularly good for a consumption , stone , gravel , weak-sight , and many more things . a chief burgomaster of antwerpe , used for many years to drink no other drink but this ; at meals and all times , even for pledging of healths . and though he were an old man , he was of an extraordinary vigor every way , and had every year a child , had always a great appetite , and good digestion ; and yet was not fa● . a weaker , but very pleasant , meathe . to every quart of honey take six of water ; boil it till ⅓ be consumed , skiming it well all the while . then pour it into an open fat , and let it cool . when the heat is well slakened , break into a bowl-full of this warm liquor , a new-laid-egge , beating the yolk and white well with it ; then put it into the fat to all the rest of the liquor , and stir it well together , and it will become very clear . then pour it into a fit very clean barrel , and put to it some mother of wine , that is in it's best fermentation or working , and this will make the liquor work also . this will be ready to drink in three or four months , or sooner . an excellent white meathe . take one gallon of honey , and four of water ; boil and scum them till there rise no more scum ; then put in your spice a little bruised , which is most of cinnamon , a little ginger , a little mace , and a very little cloves . boil it with the spice in it , till it bear an egge . then take it from the fire , and let it cool in a woodden vessel , till it be but lukewarm ; which this quantity will be in four or five or six hours . then put into it a hot ●ost of whitebread , spread over on both sides , pretty thick with fresh barm ; that will make it presently work . let it work twelve hours , close covered with cloves . then tun it into a runlet wherein sack hath been , that is somewhat too big for that quantity of liquor ; for example , that it fill it not by a gallon ; you may then put a little limon-pill in with it . after it hath remained in the vessel a week or ten days , draw it into bottles . you may begin to drink it after two or three months : but it will be better after a year . it will be very spritely and quick and pleasant and pure white . a receipt to make a tun of metheglin . take two handfuls of dock ( aliàs wild car●ot ) a reasonable burthen of saxifrage , wild-sage , blew-button , scabious , bettony , agrimony , wild-marjoram , of each a reasonable burthen ; wild●thyme a peck , roots and all . all these are to be gathered in the fields , between the two lady days in harvest . the garden-herbs are these ; bay-leaves , and rosemary , of each two handfuls ; a sieveful of avens , and as much violet-leaves : a handful of sage ; three handfuls of sweet-marjoram . three roots of young borrage , leaves and all , that hath not born seed ; two handfuls of parsley-roots , and all that hath not born seed . two roots of elecampane that have not seeded : two handfuls of fennel that hath not seeded : a peck of thyme ; wash and pick all your herbs from filth and grass : then put your field herbs first into the bottom of a clean furnace , and lay all your garden-herbs thereon ; then fill your furnace with clean water , letting your herbs seeth , till they be so tender , that you may easily slip off the skin of your field-herbs , and that you may break the roots of your garden-herbs between your fingers . then lade forth your liquor , and set it a cooling . then fill your furnace again with clean water to these herbs , and let them boil a quarter of an hour . then put it to your first liquor , filling the furnace , until you have sufficient to fill your tun. then as your liquor begins to cool , and is almost cold , set your servants to temper honey and wax in it , combs and all , and let them temper it well together , breaking the combes very small ; let their hands and nails be very clean ; and when you have tempered it very well together , cleanse it through a cleansing sieve into another clean vessel ; the more honey you have in your liquor , the stronger it will be . therefore to know , when it is strong enough , take two new-laid-eggs , when you begin to cleanse , and put them in whole into the bottome of your cleansed liquor ; and if it be strong enough , it will cause the egge to ascend upward , and to be on the top as broad as six-pence ; if they do not swim on the top ; put more . the countess of bulling brook's white metheglin . take eight gallons of conduit-water , and boil it very well ; then put as much honey in it , as will bear an egge , and stir it well together . then set it upon the fire , and put in the whites of four eggs to clarifie it ; and as the scum riseth , take it off clean : then put in a pretty quantity of rosemary , and let it boil , till it tasteth a little of it : then with a scummer take out the rosemary , as fast as you can , and let it boil half a quarter of an hour ; put it into earthen pans to cool ; next morning put it into a barrel , and put into it a little barm , and an ounce of ginger scraped and sl●ced ; and let it stand a month or six weeks . then bottle it up close ; you must be sure not to let it stand at all in brass . mr. webbes meath . master webbe , who maketh the kings meathe , ordereth it thus . take as much of hyde-park water as will make a hogshead of meathe-boil in it about two ounces of the best hopp's for about half an hour . by that time , the water will have drawn out the strength of the hopp's . then skim them clean off , and all the froth , or whatever riseth of the water . then dissolve in it warm , about one part of honey to six of water : lave and beat it , till all the honey be perfectly dissolved ; then boil it , beginn●ng gently , till all the scum be risen , and scummed away . it must boil in all about two hours . half an hour , before you end your boiling , put into it some rosemary-tops , thyme , sweet-mar-jorame , one sprig of minth , in all about half a handful , and as much sweet-bryar-leaves as all these ; in all , about a handful of herbs , and two ounces of sliced ginger , and one ounce of bruised cinamon . he did use to put in a few cloves and mace ; but the king did not care for them . let all these boil about half an hour , then scum them cl●an away ; and presently let the liquor run through a strainer-cloth into a kiver of wood , to cool and settle . when you see it is very clear and settled , lade out the liquor into another kiver , carefully , not to raise the settlings from the bottom . as soon as you see any dregs begin to rise , stay your hand , and let it remain unstirred , till all be settled down . then lade out the liquor again , as before ; and if need be , change it again into another kiver : all wh●ch is done to the end no dregs may go along with the liquor in tunning it into the vessel . when it is cold and perfect clear , tun it into a cask , that hath been used for sack , and stop it up close , having an eye to give it a little vent , if it should work . if it cast out any foul liquor in working , fill it up always presently with some of the same liquor , that you have kept in bottles for that end . when it hath wrought , and is well settled ( which may be in about two months or ten weeks ) draw it into glass-bottles , as long as it comes clear ; and it will be ready to drink in a month or two : but will keep much longer , if you have occasion : and no dregs will be in the bottom of the bottle . he since told me , that to this proportion of honey and water , to make a hogshead of meathe , you should boil half a pound of hopps in the water , and two good handfuls of herbs ; and six ounces of spice of all sorts : all which will be mellowed and rotted away quite , ( as well as the lushiousness of the honey ) in the space of a year or two . for this is to be kept so long before it be drunk . if you would have it sooner ready to drink , you may work it with a little yeast , when it is almost cold in the kiver : and tun it up as soon as it begins to work , doing afterwards as is said before ; but leaving a little vent to purge by , till it have done working . or in stead of yeast , you may take the yolks of four new-laid-eggs , and almost half a pint of fine wheat-flower , and some of the liquor you have made : beat them well together , then put them to the liquor in the cask , and stop it up close , till you see it needful , to give it a little vent . note , that yeast of good beer , is better then that of ale. the first of septemb. . mr. webb came to my house to make some for me. he took fourty three gallons of water , and fourty two pounds of norfolk honey . as soon as the water boiled , he put into it a slight handful of hops ; which after it had boiled a little above a quarter of an hour , he skimed off ; then put in the honey to the boyling water , and presently a whi●e scum rose , which he skimed off still as it rose ; which skiming was ended in little above a quarter of an hour more . then he put in his herbs and spices , which were these : rose-mary , thyme , winter-savory , sweet-marjoram , sweet-bryar-leaves , seven or eight little parsley●roots : there was most of the savoury , and least of the eglantine , three ounces of ginger , one ounce and a half of cinnamon , five nutmegs ( half an ounce of cloves he would have added , but did not , ) and these boiled an hour and a quarter longer ; in all from the first beginning to boil , somewhat less then two hours : then he presently laded it out of the copper into coolers , letting it run through a hair-sieve : and set the coolers shelving ( tilted up ) that the liquor might afterwards run the more quietly out of them . after the liquor had stood so about two hours , he poured or laded out of some of the coolers very gently , that the dregs might not rise , into other coolers . and about a pint of very thick dregs remained last in the bottom of every cooler . that which ran out , was very clear : after two hours more settling , ( in a shelving situation , ) he poured it out again into other coolers ; and then very little dregs ( or scarce any in some of the coolers ) did remain . when the liquor was even almost cold , he took the yolks of three new-laid-eggs , a spoonful of fine white flower , and about half a pint of new fresh barm of good strong beer ( you must have care that your barm be very white and clean , not sullied and foul , as is usual among slovenly brewers in london ) beat this very well together , with a little of the liquor in a skiming dish , till you see it well incorporated , and that it beginneth to work . then put it to a pailful ( of about two gallons and a half ) of the liquor , and mingle it well therewith . then leave the skiming dish reversed floating in the middle of the liquor , and so the yest will work up into and under the hollow of the dish , and grow out round about the sides without . he left this well and thick covered all night , from about eleven a clock at night ; and the next morning , finding it had wrought very well , he mingled what was in the pail with the whole proportion of the liquor , and so tunned it up into a sack-cask . i am not satisfied , whether he did not put a spoonful of fine white good mustard into his barm , before he brought it hither , ( for he took a pretext to look out some pure clean white barm ) but he protested , there was nothing mingled with the barm , yet i am in doubt . he confessed to me that in making of sider , he put 's in half as much mustard as barm ; but never in meathe . the fourth of september in the morning , he bottled up into q●art-bottles the two lesser rundlets of this meathe ( for he did tun the whole quantity into one large rundlet , and two little ones ) whereof the one contained thirty bottles ; and the other , twenty two . there remained but little settling or dregs in the bottom's of the barrels , but some there was . the bottles were set into a cool cellar , and he said they would be ready to drink in three weeks ▪ the proportion of herbs and spices is this ; that there be so much as to drown the luscious sweetness of the honey ; but not so much as to taste of herbs or spice , when you drink the meathe . but that the sweetness of the honey may kill their taste : and so the meathe have a pleasant taste , but not of herbs , nor spice , nor honey . and therefore you put more or less according to the time you will drink it in . for a great deal will be mellowed away in a year , that would be ungratefully strong in three months . and the honey that will make it keep a year or two , will require triple proportion of spice and herbs . he commends parsley-roots to be in greatest quantity , boiled whole , if young ; but quartered and pithed , if great and old . my own considerations for making of meathe . boil what quantity of spring-water you please , three or four walms , and then let it settle twenty four hours , and pour the clear from the settling . take sixteen gallons of the clear , and boil in it ten handfuls of eglantine-leaves , five of liverwort , five of sca●io●s , four of baulm , four of rosemary ; two of bayleaves ; one of thyme , and one of sweet-marjoram , and five eringo-roots splirted . when the water hath drawn out the vertue of the herbs ( which it will do in half an hours boiling , ) let it run through a strainer or sieve , and let it settle so , that you may pour the clear from the dregs . to every three gallons of the clear , take one of honey , and with clean arms stripped up , lade it for two or three hours , to dissolve the honey in the water ; lade it twice or thrice that day . the next day boil it very gently to make the scum rise , and scum it all the while , and now and then pour to it a ladle full of cold water , which will make the scum rise more : when it is very clear from scum , you may boil it the more strongly , till it bear an egge very high , that the breadth of a groat be out of the water , and that it boil high with great walms in the middle of the kettle : which boiling with great bubbles in the middle is a sign it is boiled to it's height . then let it cool till it be lukewarm , at which time put some ale-yest into it , to make it work , as you would do ale. and then put it up into a fit barrel first seasoned with some good sweet white-wine ( as canary-sack ) and keep the bung open , till it have done working , filling it up with some such honey-drink warmed , as you find it sink down by working over . when it hath almost done working , put into it a bag of thin stuff ( such as bakers use to bolt in ) fa●tned by a cord at the bung , containing two parts of ginger-sliced , and one apiece of cinamon , cloves and nutmegs , with a pebble-stone in it to make it sink ; and stop it up close for six months or a year , and then you may draw it into bottles . if you like cardamom-seeds , you may adde some of them to the spices . some do like mint exceedingly to be added to the other herbs . where no yeast is to be had , the liquor will work if you set it some days in the hot sun ( with a cover , like the roof of a house over it , to keep wet out , if it chance to rain ) but then you must have great care , to fill it up , as it consumeth , and to stop it close a little before it hath done working , and to set it then presently in a cool cellar . i am told that the leaven of bread will make it work as well as yest , but i have not tryed it . if you will not have it so strong , it will be much sooner ready to drink ; as if you take six parts of water to one of honey . some do like the drink better without either herbs or spices , and it will be much the whiter . if you will have it stronger , put but gallons and a half of water to one of honey . you may use what herbs or roots you please , either for their tast or vertue , after the manner here set down . if you make it work with yeast , you must have great care , to draw it into bottles soon after it hath done working , as after a fort●ight or three weeks . for that will make it soon grow stale , and it will thence grow sower and dead before you are aware . but if 〈◊〉 work ●ingly of it self , and by help of the sun without admixtion of either leaven or yeast , it may be kept long in the barrel , so it be filled up to the top , and kept very close stopp'd . i conceive it will be exceeding good thus : when you have a strong honey-liquor of three parts of water to one of honey , well-boiled and scummed , put into it lukewarm , or better ( as soon as you take it from the fire ) some clove-gilly-flowers , first wiped , and all the whites clipped off , one good handful or two to every gallon of liquor . let these infuse or hours . then strain it from the flowers , and either work it with yeast , or set it in the sun to work ; when it hath almost done working , put into it a bag of like g●lly-flowers ( and if they are ●●ly dried , i think they are the better ) hanging it in at the bung . and if you will put into it some spirit of wine , that hath drawn a high t●ncture from clove-gilly flowers ( dried , i conceive is best ) and some other that h●th done the like from flowers and tops o● rosemary , and some that hath done the like from cinnamon and ginger , i believe it will be much the nobler , and last the longer . i conceive , that bitter and strong herbs , as rosemary , bayes , sweet-majoram , thyme , and the like , do conserve meathe the better and longer , being as it were in stead of hops . but neither must they , no more then clove-gilly-flowers be too much boiled : for the volatil pure spirit flies away very quickly . therefore rather in●use them . beware of in●using gilly-flower in ●ny vessel of metal , ( excepting silver : ) for all metals will spoil and dead their colour . glased earth is best . sack with clove-gilly flowers . if you will make a cordial liquor of sack with clove-gillyflowers , you must do thus . prepare your gillyflowers , as is said before , and put them into great double glass-bottles , that hold two gallons a piece , or more ; and put to every gallon of sack , a good half pound of the wiped and cut flowers , pu●ting in the flowers first , and then the sack upon them . stop the glasses exceeding close , and set them in a temperate cellar . let them stand so , till you see that the sack hath drawn out all the principal tincture from them , and that the flowers begin to look palish ; ( with an eye of pale , or faint in colour ) then pour the sack from them , and throw away the exhausted flowers , or distil a spirit from them ; for if you let them remain longer in the sack , they will give an earthy tast to them . you may then put the tincted sack into fit bottles for your use , stopping them very close . but if the season of the flowers be not yet past , your sack will be better , if you put it upon new flowers , which i conceive will not be the worse , but peradventure the better , if they be a little dried in the shade . if you drink a glass or two of this sack at a meal , you will find it a great cordial . upon better consideration ; i conceive the best way of making hydrom●l with clove-gilly-flowers , is thus : boil your simple liquor to it's full height ( with three parts of water to one of honey , ) take a small parcel out , to make a strong infusion of flowers , pouring it boyl●ng hot upon the flowers in earthen vessels . if you have great quantity , as six to one , of liquor , you will easily draw out the tincture in fourteen or sixteen hours infusion ; otherwise you may quicken your liquor with a parcel of sack. in the mean time make the great quantity of liquor work with yest . when it hath almost done fermenting , but not quite , put the infusion to it warm , and let it ferment more if it will. when that is almost done , put to it a bag with flowers to hang in the bung . i conceive that hydromel made with juniper-berries ( first broken and bruised ) boiled in it , is very good . adde also to it rosemary and bayleaves . upon tryal of several ways , i conclude ( as things yet appear to me ) that to keep meath long , it must not be fermented with yest ( unless you put hops to it ) but put it in the barrel , and let it ferment of it self , keeping a thick plate of lead upon the bung , to lie close upon it , yet so that the working of the liquor may raise it , to purge out the foulness , and have always some new made plain liquor , to fill it up as it sinks , warm whiles it works : but cold during three or four month's after . then stop the bung exceeding close . and when you will make your mead with cherries or morello-cherries , or raspes , or bilberries , or black-cherries , put their juyce to the liquor when you tun it , without ever boiling it therein ; about one quart of juyce to every three or four gallons of liquor . you may squeese out the clear juyce , and mingle it with the liquor , and hang the magma in a bag in the bung . i think it is best to break the stones of the cherries , before you put their magma into the bag . since i conceive , that clove-gilly-flowers must never be boiled in the liquor : that evaporateth their spirits , which are very volatile : but make a strong infusion of them , and besides hang a bag of them in the bung . i conceive that it is good to make the liquor pretty strong ( not too much , but so as the taste may be gratefull ) of some strong herbs , as rosemary , bay-leaves , sweet-marjoram , thyme , broad-thyme , and the like . for they preserve the drink , and make it better for the stomack and head . sanding in the sun is the best way of fermentation , when the drink is strong . the root of angelica or elecampane , or eringo , or orris , may be good and pleasant , to be boiled in the liquor . raspes and cherries and bilberies are never to be boiled , but their juyce put into the liquor , when it is tunning . u●e onely morello-cherries ( i think ) for pleasure , and black ones for health . i conceive it best to use very little spice of any kind in meathes . metheglin composed by my self out of sundry receipts . in sixty gallons of water , boil ten handfuls of sweet-bryar-leaves ; eyebright , liverwort , agrimony , scabious , balme , wood-bettony , straw-berry-leaves , burnet , of each four handfuls ; of rosemary three handfuls ; of minth , angelica , bayes and wild-thyme , sweet-marjoram , of each two handfuls : six eringo-roots . when the water hath taken out the vertue of the herbs and roots , let it settle , and the next day pour off the clear , and in every three gallons of it boil one of honey , scumming it well , and putting in a little cold water now and then to make the scum rise , as also some whites of eggs. when it is clear scummed , take it off , and let it cool ; then work it with ale-yest ; tun it up , and hang in it a bag , with ginger , cinamom , cloves and cardamom . and as it worketh over , put in some strong honey-drink warmed . when it works no more , stop it up close . in twenty gallons of water boil sweet-bryar-leaves , eye-bright , rosemary , bayes , clove-gilly-flowers of each five handfuls , and four eringo-roots . to every two gallons and a half of this decoction , put one gallon of honey ; boil it , &c. when it is tunned up , hang in it a bag containing five handfuls of clove-gilly-flowers , and sufficient quantity of the spices above . in both these receipts , the quantity of the herbs is too great . the strong herbs preserve the drink , and make it nobler . use marjoram and thyme in little quantity in all . my lady gowers white meathe used at salisbury . take to four gallons of water , one gallon of virgin-honey ; let the water be warn before you put in the honey ; and then put in the whites of or eggs well beaten , to make the scum rise . when the honey is throughly melted and ready to boil , put in an egge with the shell softly ; and when the egge riseth above the water , to the bigness of a groat in sight , it is strong enough of the honey . the egge will quickly be hard , and so will not rise ; therefore you must put in another , if the first do not rise to your sight ; you must put in more water and honey proportionable to the first , because of wasting away in the boiling . it must boil near an hour . you may , if you please , boil in it , a little bundle of rosemary , sweet-marjoram , and thyme ; and when it ta●teth to your liking , take it forth again . many do put sweet-bryar berries in it , which is held very good . when your meath is boiled enough take it off the fire , and put it into a kive ; when it is blood-warm , put in some ale-barm , to make it work , and cover it close with a blancket in the working . the next morning tun it up , and if you please put in a bag with a little ginger and a little nutmeg bruised ; and when it hath done working , stop it up close for a moneth , and then bottle it . sir thomas gower's metheglin for health . first boil the water and scum it ; then to gallons put handfuls of sweet-bryar-leaves , of sweet-marjoram , rosemary , thyme , of each one a handful : flowers of marigold , borrage , bugloss , sage , each two handfuls . boil all together very gently , till a third waste . to eight gallons of this put two gallons of pure honey , and boil them till the liquor bear an egge , the breadth of threepence or a groat , together with such spices as you like ( bruised , but not beaten ) an ounce of all is sufficient . you must observe carefully . . before you set the liquor to boil , to cause a lusty servant ( his arms well washed ) to mix the honey and water together , labouring it with his hands at least an hour without intermission . . that when it begins to boil fast , you take away part of the fire , so as it may boil slowly , and the scum and dross go all to one side , the other remaining clear . when you take it off , let none of the liquor go away with the dross . . when you take it from the fire , let it settle well , before it be tunned into the vessel , wherein you mean to keep it : and when it comes near the bottom , let it be taken carefully from the sediment , with a thin dish , so as nothing be put into the vessel , but what is clear . . stop it very close ( when it is set in the place , where it must remain ) cover it with a cloth , upon which some handfuls of bay-salt and salpeter is laid , and over that lay clay , and a turf . . put into it , when you stop it , some new-laid-eggs in number proportionable to the bigness of the vessel , shell's unbroken . six eggs to about sixteen gallons . the whole egg-shell and all will be entirely consumed . metheglin for taste and colour , must be boiled as the other , if you intend to keep it above half a year ; but less according to the time , wherein you mean to use it . you must put in no herbs , to avoid bitterness and discolouring ; and the proportion of water and honey more or less , as you would drink it sooner or later ; ( as a gallon of honey to , , or of water . ) if to be weak , and to be soon drunk , you must when it is tunned , put in a tost of bread ( hard tosted ) upon which half a score drops of sp●rit of yest or barm is dropped ; for want of it , spread it with purest barm beaten with a few drops of oyl of cinnamon . if you intend to give it the taste of raspes , then adde more barm , to make it work well , and during that time of working , put in your raspes ( or their syrup ) but the fruit gives a delicate colour , and syrup a duller tincture . drink not that made after the first manner , till six moneths , and it will endure drawing better then wine ; but bottleled , it is more spirited then any drink . the spirit of barm is made by putting store of water to the barm ; then distill the spirit , as you do other spirits ; at last an oyl will come , which is not for this use . sir thomas gower maketh his ordinary drink thus : make ●ery small well brewed ale. to eight gallons of this put one gallon of honey ; when it is well dissolved and clarified , tun up the liquor , making it work in due manner with barm . when it hath done working , stop it up close , and in three months it will be fit to drink . he makes metheglin thus . make a good decoct of eglantine-leaves , cowslip flowers , a little sweet-marjoram , and some rosemary and bayleaves , betony , and scabious , and a little thyme . after the sediment hath settled , put ⅓ or ¼ or / or / part of honey , ( according as you would have it strong , and soon ready ) to the clear severed from the settlement , and stir it exceeding well with stripped arms or hours , till it be perfectly incorporated . then boil and scum it ; let it then cool and tun it up , &c. after it hath cooled , lade t●e clean from the settlement , so that it may not trouble it , and tun up the clear thus severed from the settlings . much of the perfection consisteth in stirring it long with stripped arms before you boil it . then to boil it very leisurely till all the scum be off . and order your fire so , that the scum may rise and drive all to one side . this will be exceeding pale clear and pleasant metheglin . he useth to every g●llon of water , a good handful of eglantine-leaves , and as much cowslip flowers ; but onely a pugil of thyme or marjoram . an excellent way of making white metheglin . take of sweet-bryar berries , of rosemary , broad thyme , of each a handful . boil them in a quantity of fair water for half an hour ; then cleanse the water from the herbs , and let it stand hours , until it be thorough cold . then put your hony into it ( hony which floweth from the combs of it self in a warm place is best ) make it so strong of the honey that it bear an egge ( if you will have it strong ) the breadth of a groat above the liquor . this being done , lave and bounce it very well and often , that the honey and water may incorporate and work well together . after this boil it softly over a gentle fire , and scum it . then beat the whites of eggs with their shells , and put into it to clarifie it . after this , put some of it into a vessel , and take the whites of two eggs , and a little barm , and a small quantity of fine flower ; beat them well together , and put it into the vessel close covered , that it may work . then pour the rest unto it by degrees , as you do beer . at last take a quantity of cinamon , or races of ginger , and two nutmegs ( for more will alter the colour of it . ) hang these in a little bag in the vessel . thus made , it will be as white as any white-wine . another way of making white metheglin . to three gallons of spring-water take three quarts of honey , and set it over the fire , till the scum rise pretty thick . then take off the scum , and put in thyme , rosemary , hyssop and maiden-hair , of each one handful ; and two handfuls of eglantine leaves , and half a handfull of organ . the spices , ginger , nutmegs , cinamon and a little mace , and boil all these together near half an hour . then take it from the fire , and let it stand till it be cold , and then strain it , and so tun it up , and stop it close . the longer you keep it , the better it will be . another way . take two gallons of water ; one gallon of honey : parietary one handful ; sage , thyme , one pugil ; of hyssop half a pugil . six parsley-roots ; one fennel-root , the pith taken out : red-nettles one pugil . six leaves of hearts-tongue . boil this together one ●our ▪ then put in the honey , and n●tmegs , cloves , mace , cinamon of each one ounce ; of ginger three ounces . boil all these together , till the scum be boi●ed in , not scumming it . then take it off , and set it to cool . when it is cold , put in it six spoonfuls of barm , and when it is ripe , it will hiss in the pail . you must take out the herbs , when you put in the honey . if you put in these herbs following , it will be far better ; sanicle , bugloss , avens , and ladies-mantle , of each one handful . to make white metheglin . take of sweet-bryar a great handful : of violet-flowers , sweet-marjoram , strawberry-leaves , violet-leaves , ana , one handful , agrimony , bugloss , borrage , ana , half a handful . rosemary four branches , gilly●flowers , n ● . . ( the yellow-wall-flowers , with great tops ) anniseeds , fennel , and caraway , of each a spoonful , two large mace. boil all these in twelve gallons of water for the space of an hour ; then strain it , and let it stand until it be milkwarm : then put in as much honey , as will carry an egge to the breadth of six pence , at least . then boil it again , and scum it clean ; then let it stand , until it be cold ; then put a pint of ale-barm into it , and ripen it as you do beer , and tun it . then hang in the m●dst of the vessel a little bag with a nutmeg quartered , a race of ginger sliced , a little cinamon , and mace whole , and three grains of musk in a cloth put into the bag amongst the rest of the spices . put a stone in the bag , to keep it in the midst of the liquor . this quantity took up three gallons of honey ; therefore be sure to have four in readiness . strong mead. take one measure of honey , and dissolve it in four of water , beating it long up and down with clean woodden ladels . the next day boil it gently , scumming it all the while till no more scum riseth ; and if you will clarifie the liquor with a few beaten whites of eggs , it will be the clearer . the rule of it's being boiled enough is , when it yieldeth no more scum , and beareth an egge , so that the b●eadth of a groat is out of the water . then pour it out of the kettle into woodden vessels , and let it remain there till it be almost cold . then tun it into a vessel , where sack hath been . a receipt for making of meath . take a quart of honey , and mix it with a gallon of fountain-water , and work it well four days together , four times a day ; the fifth day put it over the fire , and let it boil an hour , and scum it well . then take the whites of two eggs , and beat them to a froth , and put it into the liquor ; stirring it well , till the whites of eggs have raised a froth or scum ; then take it of● , scumming the liquor clean . then take a handful of strawberry-leaves and violet-leaves together , with a little sprig of rosemary , and two or three little sprigs of spike ; and so boil it again ( with these herbs in it ) a quarter of an hour . then take it of● the fire , and when it is cold , put it into a little barrel , and put into it half a spoonful of ale-yest , and let it work ; which done , take one nutmeg sliced , and twice as much ginger sliced , six cloves bruised , and a little stick of cinamon , and sow these spices in a little bag , and stop it well ; and it will be fit for use within a fortnight , and will last half a year . if you will have your metheglin stronger , put into it , a greater quantity of honey . my lord hollis hydromel . in four parts of springwater dissolve one part of honey , or so much as the liquor will bear an egge to the breadth of a groat . then boil it very well , and that all the scum be taken away . he addeth nothing to it but a small proportion of ginger sliced : of which he putteth half to boil in the liquor , after all the scum is gone ; and the other half he putteth into a bag , and hangeth in the bung , when it is tunned . the ginger must be very little , not so much as to make the liquor taste strongly of it , but to quicken it . i should like to adde a little proportion of rosemary , and a greater of sweet-bryar leaves , in the boiling . as also , to put into the barrel a tost of white bread with mustard , to make it work . he puts nothing to it ; but his own strength in time makes it work of it self . it is good to drink after a year . a receipt for white metheglin . take to every quart of honey , , , or , quarts of water ; boil it on a good quick fire as long as any scum riseth ; as it boils , put about half a pint of water at a time very often , and scum it very well as it riseth ; and be sure to keep it up to the same height and quantity as at the first : put into it a little rosemary , according to the quantity that you make , and boil it half a quarter of an hour ; scum it very well . you may put a little ginger into it , onely to give it a taste thereof , and let it have a little walm of heat after it . then take and put it into a woodden vessel , ( which must be well scalded , least it taste of any thing ) let it stand all night , and the next morning strain it through a sieve of hair . then if you please , you may boil up your grounds that are in the bottome of the vessel with three or four quarts of water ; and when it is cold , strain it , to the rest , and put to it a little good light barm . that which you make in the winter , you must let it stand three days and three nights covered up , before you bottle it up ; and two nights in summer , and then bottle it up . but be sure , you scum off the barm before the bottling up . your vessel , which you intend to boil your meath in , must stand in scalding water , whilst you boil your meath ; it will drink up the less of your meath . four spoonfuls of good new ale-barm will serve for five quarts of honey . as you desire your metheglin in strength , so take at the first either of the quantities of water . five quarts is reasonable . hydromel as i made it weak for the queen mother . take quarts of spring-water , and one quart of honey ; when the water is warm , put the honey into it . when it boileth up , skim it very well , and continue skimming it , as long as any scum will rise . then put in one race of ginger ( sliced in thin slices , ) four cloves , and a little sprig of green rosemary . let these boil in the liquor so long , till in all it have boiled one hour . then set it to cool , till it be blood-warm ; and then put to it a spoonful of ale-yest . when it is worked up , put it into 〈◊〉 vessel of a fit size ; and after two or three days , bottle it up . you may drink it after six weeks , or two moneths . thus was the hydromel made that i gave the queen , which was exceedingly liked by every body . several ways of making metheglin . take such quantity as you judge convenient of spring , or pure rain water , and make it boil well half an hour . then pour it out into a woodden fat , and let it settle hours . then power off the clear , leaving the sediment ▪ in the bottome . let such water be the liquor for all the several honey-drinks , you will make . . warm sixteen gallons of this water ( luke-warm ) and put two gallons of honey to it , in a half tub or other fit woodden vessel . lave it very well with a clean arm , or woodden battledoor for two or three hours , dissolving the honey very well in the water . let it stand thus two or three days in wood , laving it thrice a day , a pretty while each time . then put it back into your copper and boil it gently , till you have scummed away all the foulness that will rise ; and clarifie it with whites of eggs : then put into it a little handful of cleansed and sliced white ginger , and a little mace ; when they have boiled enough , put in a few cloves bruised , and a stick of cinamon , and a little limmon-peel , and a●ter a walm or two , pour the liquor into a woodden half tub , with the spices in it . cover it close with a cloth and blanquet , and let it stand so two days . then let the liquor run through a bolter , to sever the spice , stopping before any settlings come . then pour this clear liquor into pottle-bottles of glass , not filling them by a fingers breadth or more . stop them close with cork tied in , and set them in a cool place for , or weeks . . in fourty gallons of the first boiled and settled water , boil five handfuls of sweet-bryar tops , as much of cowslip-flowers , as much of prim●ose-flowers , as much of rosemary flowers , as much of sage-flowers , as many of borage-●lowers , as many of bugloss ● flo●ers ; two handfuls of the tops of betony , four handfuls of agrimony , and as many of scabious , one handful of thyme , as much of sweet-marjoram , and two ounces of mustard-seed bruised . when this hath boiled so long , that you judge the water hath drawn out all the vertue of the herbs ( which may be in half an hour ) pour out all into a varte to cool and settle . scum away the herbs , and pour the clear from the sediment , and to every four gallons of liquor ( luke-warm ) put one gallon of honey , and lave it to dissolve the honey , letting it stand two or three days , laving it well thrice every day . then boil it till it will bear an egge high , then clarifie it with whites and shells of eggs , and pour it into a vatte to cool , which it will do in a days space or better . whilst it is yet luke-warm , put ale-yest to it , ( no more then is necessary ) to make it work , and then run it into a rundlet of a fit size , that hath been seasoned with sack ; and hang in it a boulter bag containing half a pound of white ginger cleansed and sliced , three ounces of cloves and as much of cinamon bruised , as much coriander seed prepared , and as much elder-flowers . as it purgeth and consumeth by running over the bung , put in fresh honey-liquor warmed , that you keep or make on purpose for that end . when the working is even almost at an end , stop it up close with clay and sand , and have great care to keep it always close stopped . after a year draw it into pottle glass-bottles stopped with ground stoppels of glass , and keep them in a cool place , till they are ready to drink , if they as yet be not so . have a care , that never any liquor stay in copper longer then whilst it is to boil . . in gallons of the first boiled and settled water , boil six handfuls of sweet-bryar ● leaves , as many of cowslip flowers , as many of primrose-flowers , and as many of rosemary-flowers ; and half a handful of wild thyme , during the space of a quarter or half an hour . then take the clear , and dissolve in it a sixth part of honey , doing as above for the boiling and clarifying it . but boil it not to bear an egge , but onely till it be well scummed and clarified . then pour it into a woodden tub , and tun it with ale-yest , when it is in due temper of coolness , as you would do ale-wort ; and let it work ( close covered ) sufficiently . then tun it up into a seasoned firkin , and put into it a tost of white-bread spread with quick mustard , and hang it in a boulter bag containing loosly some ginger , cloves and cinamon bruised , and a little limon-peel and elder-flowers , with a pebble-stone at the bottome , to make it ●ink towards the bottom , and fastned by a string coming out of the bung to hinder it from falling quite to the bottome . stop the bung very close , and after six weeks or two moneths draw it into bottles . . in gallons of boiled and settled water , boil a quarter of an hour ten handfuls of sweet bryar-leaves , and as many of cow●lips . then let it cool and settle in wood , and take the clear ; and to every four gallons of liquor , put one of honey , dissolving it as the others formerly set down . boil it , till no more scum rise , and that a fourth part be consumed . then clarifie it with whites of eggs and their shells , and make it work with yest . after sufficient working tun it up , hanging in it a bag with ginger , cloves , cinamon and limon peel . stop it very close , and after two or three moneths , draw it into bottles . my lady morices meath . boil first your water with your herbs . those she likes best , are , angelica , balm , borage , and a little rosemary ( not half so much as of any of the rest ) a handful of all together , to two or gallons of water . after about half an hours boiling , let the water run through a strainer ( to sever the herbs from it ) into woodden or earthen vessels , and let it cool and settle . to three parts of the clear , put one or more of honey , and boil it till it bear an egge , leaving as broad as a shilling out of the water , skiming it very well . then power it out into vessels , as before ; and next day , when it is almost quite cold , power it into a sack-cask , wherein you have first put a little fresh ale-yest , about two spoonfuls to ten gallons . hang in it a bag with a little sliced ginger , but almost a porenger full of cloves . cover the bung lightly , till it have done working ; then stop it up close . you may tap and draw it a year or two after . it is excellent good . my lady morice her sister makes her's thus : dissolve your honey in the water till it bear an egge higher or lower , according to the strength you will have it of . then put into it some sea-warm wood and a little rosemary , and a little sage ; about two good handfuls of all together , to ten gallons . when it hath boi●ed enough to take the vertue of the herbs , sk●m them out , and strew a hand●ul or two of fine wheat-flower upon the boyl●ng liquor . this will draw all the dregs to it , and swim at the top , so that you may skim all off together . and this she holdeth the best way of clari●ying the liquor , and making it look pale . then pour it into vessels as above to cool . let it stand three days ; then tun it up into a sack ca●k without yest or spice , and keep it stopped till it work . then let it be open , till it have done working , filling it up still with other honey-drink . then stop it up close for a year or two . you may at first stop it so , that the strong working may throw out the stopple , and yet keep it close , till it work strongly . she saith , that such a small proportion of wormwood giveth it a fine quick tast , and a pale colour with an eye of green . the wormwood must not be so much , as to discern any the least bitterness in the taste ; but that the composition of it with the honey may give a quickness . the rosemary and sage must be a great deal less then the wormwood . sometimes she stoppeth it up close as soon as she hath tunned it , and lets it remain so for three moneths . then pierce it and draw it into bottles , which stop well , and tie down the stoppels . this will keep so a long time . she useth this way most . it makes the mead drink exceeding quick and pleasant . when you pierce the cask , it will flie out with exceeding force , and be ready to throw out the stopper and spigot . to make white meath . take rosemary , thyme , sweet-bryar , penyroyal , bayes , of each one handful ; steep them hours in a bowl of fair cold water covered close ; next day boil them very well in another water , till the colour be very high ; then take another water , and boil the same herbs in it , till it look green ; and so boil them in several waters , till they do but just change the colour of the water . the first waters are thrown away . the last water must stand hours with the herbs in it . the liquor being strained from them , you must put in as much fine honey till it will bear an egge ; you must work and labour the honey with the liquor a whole day , till the honey be consumed ; then let it stand a night a clear●ng . in the morning put your l●quor a boiling for a quarter of an hour , with the whites and shells of six eggs. so strain it through a bag , and let it stand a day a cooling ; so tun it up , and put into the vessel in a linnen bag , cloves , mace , cinamon and nutmegs bruised altogether . if you will have it to drink presently , take the whites of two or three eggs , of barm a spoonful , and as much of wheaten-flower . then let it work before you stop it , afterwards stop it well with clay and salt . a quart of honey to a gallon of liquor , and so proportionably for these herbs . sir william paston's meathe . take ten gallons of spring-water , and put therein ten pints of the best honey . let this boil half an hour , and scum it very well ; then put in one handful of rosemary , and as much of bayleaves ; with a little l●mon-peel . boil this half an hour longer , then take it off the fire , and put it into a clean tub ; and when it is cool , work it up with yest , as you do beer . when it is wrought , put it into your vessel , and stop it very close . within three days you may bottle it , and in ten days after it will be fit to drink . another pleasant meathe of sir william paston's . to a gallon of water put a quart of honey , about ten sprigs of sweet-marjoram ; half so many tops of bays . boil these very well together , and when it is cold , bottle it up . it will be ten days before it be ready to drink . another way of making meath . boil sweet bryar , sweet marjoram , cloves and mace in spring-water , till the water taste of them . to four gallons of water put one gallon of honey , and boil it a little to skim and clarifie it . when you are ready to take it from the fire , put in a little limon-peel , and pour it into a woodden vessel , and let it stand till it is almost cold . then put in some ale-yest , and stir it altogether . so let it stand till next day . then put a few ●toned raisins of the sun into every bottle , and pour the meath upon them . stop the bottles close , and in a week the meath will be ready to drink . sir baynam throckmorton's meathe . take four quarts of honey , good measure ; put to it four gallons of water , let it stand all night , but stir it well , when you put it together . the next day boil it , and put to it nutmegs , cloves , mace and ginger , of each half an ounce . let these boil with the honey and water till it will bear an egge at the top without sinking ; and then it is enough , if you see the egge the breadth of a six pence . the next day put it in your vessel , and put thereto two or three spoonfuls of barm ; and when it hath done working , you may ( if you like it ) put in a little amber-greece in a clout with a stone to it to make it sink . this should be kept a whole year before it be drunk ; it will drink much the better , free from any tast of the honey , and then it will look as clear as sack. make it not till michaelmas , and set it in a cool place . you may drink it a quarter old , but it will not taste so pleasant then , as when it is old . to make white m●theglin . take a gallon of honey ; put to it four gallons of water ; stir them well together , and boil them in a kettle , till a gallon be wasted with boiling and scumming . then put it into a vessel to cool . when it is almost as cold as ale-wort , then clear it out into another vessel : then put barm upon it , as you do to your ale , and so let it work . and then tun it up into a vessel , and put into it a bag with ginger , cloves , and cinamon bruised a little , and to hang the bag in the vessel , and stop it up very close ; and when it hath stood a month or six weeks , bottle it up and so drink it . you may put in a little limmon-peel into some of your metheglin , for those that like that taste ; which most persons do very much . a receipt for making of meath . mistress h●bden telleth me , that the way of making honey-drink in russia , is thus ; take for example , gallons of spring water , boil it a little ; then let it stand hours to cool , and much sediment will fall to the bottom ; from which pour the clear , and warm it , and put or gallons of pure honey to it , and lade it a long time with a great woodden battle-dore , till it be well d●ssolved . t●e next day boil it gently , till you have skimed off all the scum that will rise , and that it beareth an egge boyant . and in this liquor you must put , in the due time , a little quantity of hops , about two handfuls , which must boil sufficiently in the l●quor . put this into the cooling fat to cool two or three days . when it is about milk-warm ▪ take white-bread and cut it into tosts , upon which , ( when they are hot ) spread moderately thick some fresh sweet ale-yest ; and cover the superficies of the liquor with such tosts ; then cover the tub or far with a double course sheet , and a blancket or two , wh●ch tye fast about it . this will make your liquor work up highly . when you find it is near it's height of working , and that the liquor is risen to the top of the tub ( of which it wanted or inches at first , ) skim off the tosts and yest , and tun it up in a hogshead : which stop close ; but after hours draw it into another barrel : for it will leave a great deal of sediment . it will work again in this second barrel . after other hours draw it into another barrel ▪ and then it will be clear and pale l●ke white-wine . stop it up close , hanging a bag of bruised spice in the bung ; and after five or six months , it will be fit to drink . if you would have your meath taste of raspes , or cherries ( morello , sharp cherries , are the best ) prepare the water first with them ; by putting five or six gallons of either of these fruits , or more , into this proportion of water ; in which bruise them to have all their juyce : but strain the liquor from the grains or seeds , or stones . and then proceed with this ti●cted water , as is said above . yea may make your liquor as strong , as you like , of the fruit . cardamom-seeds mingled with the suspended spices , adde much to the pleasantness of the drink . limon-peel , as also elderflowers . my lady bellassises meath . the way of making is thus . she boileth the honey with spring-water , as i do , till it be cleer scumed ; then to every gallon of honey , put in a pound or two of good raisins of the sun ; boil them well , and till the liquor bear an egge . then pour it into a cowl or tub to cool . in about hours it will be cool enough to put the yest to it , being onely luke-warm : which do thus : spread yest upon a large hot tost , and lay it upon the top of the liquor , and cover the tub well , first with a sheet , then with coverlets , that it may work well . when it is wrought up to it's height , before it begin to sink , put it ●nto your barrel , letting it run through a loose open stra●ner , to sever the raisins and dregs ●rom it . stop it up close , and after it bath been ●hus eight or ten days , draw it into bottles , and ●nto every bottle put a cod of cardamoms , ha●ing first a little bruised them as they lie in the ●●od ; and opening the cod a little , that the liquor may search into it . stop your bottles ●lose , and after three or four moneths you may ●●ink , and it will be very pleasant and quick , ●nd look like white wine . another metheglin . in every three gallons of water , boil rose●ary , liverwort , balm , ana , half a handful , and cowslips two handfuls . when the water hath ●ufficiently d●awn out the vertue of the herbs , ●our all into a tub , and let it stand all night . then strain it . and to every three gallons of ●he clear liquor ( or ½ , if you will have ● our drink stronger ) put one gallon of honey , ●nd boil it , till it bear an egge , scum●ng it till no ●ore scum w●ll rise : which to make rise the ●etter , put in now and then a porrenger full of ●old water . then pour it into a tub , and let it ●tand to cool , till it be blood● warm , and then ●ut by degrees a pint of ale-yest to it , to make ●t work . so let it stand three days very close co●ered . then skim off the yest , and put it into a seasoned barrel ; but stop it not up close , till it have done his●ing . then either stop it very close , if you will keep it in the barrel , or draw it into bottles . put into this proportion , ginger sliced , nutmegs broken , ana , one ounce , cinamon bruised half an ounce in a bag , which hang in the bung with a stone in it to make it sink . you may add , if you please , to this proportion of water , or one gallon more , two handfuls of sweet-bryar-leaves , and one of betony . mr. pierce's excellent white metheglin . in a copper , that holdeth conveniently three hogsheads , or near so much , boil the best water , ( as full as is fitting ) as soon as it boileth well and high , put to it four handfuls of sweet-bryar-leaves , as much of eye-bright : two handfuls of rosemary , as much of sweet-marjoram , and one of broad-thyme . let them boil a quarter of an hour ( he letteth them boil no longer , to preserve the colour of the metheglin pale ) then scum away the herbs , scuming also the water clear . then lade out the water , ( letting it run through a ranch-sieve ) into a wide open vessel , or large vate to coo●● leaving the settlement and dregs . ( he often leaves out the eye-bright and thyme , when he provideth chiefly for the pure tast ; though the eye-bright hurts it but little . ) when it is blood-warm , put the honey to it , about one part , to four of water ; but because this doth not determine the proportions exactly ( for some honey will make it stronger then other ) you must do that by bearing up an egge . but first , lave and scoop your mixture exceedingly , ( at least an hour ) that the honey be not onely perfectly dissolved , but uniformly mixed throughout the water . then take out some of it in a great woodden bowl or pail , and put a good number , ( ten or twelve ) new-laid-egges into it , and as round ones as may be ; for long ones will deceive you in the swiming ; and stale ones , being lighter then new , will emerge out of the liquor , the breadth of a six pence , when new ones will not a groats-breadth . therefore you take many , that you make a medium of their several emergings ; unless you be certain , that they which you use , are immediately then laid and very round . the rule is , that a groats ● breadth ( or rather but a three-pence ) of the egg-shel must swim above the liquor ; which then put again into your copper to boil . it will be some while , before it boil , ( peradventure a good quarter of an hour ) but all that while scum will rise , which skim away still as it riseth ; and it should be clear scummed by then it boileth : which as soon as it doth , turn up an hour glass , and let it boil well a good hour . a good quarter before the hour is out , put to it a pound of white-ginger beaten exceedingly small and searsed ( which w●ll sever all the skins and course parts from the fine ) which having boiled a quarter of an hour , so to make up the whole hour of boiling , pour out the liquor into wide open vats to cool . when it is quite cold , put a pottle of new-ale-barm into a pipe or butt , standing endwise with his head out , and pour upon it a pail-full of your cool liquor out of one of the vats ; which falling from high upon it with sorce , will b●eak and dissipate the barm into atom● , and mix it with the liquor . pour immediately another pail-ful to that , continuing to do so , till all the liquor be in . which by this time and this course will be uniformly mixed with the barm , and begin to work . yet scoop and lade it well a while , to make the mixtion more per●ect , and set the working well on foot . then cover your but-head with a sh●et onely in summer , but blankets in winter ; and let your liquor work about hours or more . the measure of that is , till the barm ( which is raised to a great head ) beginn●th a little to fall . then presently scum of the thick head of the barm , but take not all away so sc●upulously , but that there may remain a little white froth upon the face of the liquor . whi●h scoop ●nd lade strongly , mingling all to the bot●om , that this little remaining barm may by this agitation be mixed a new with the whole . then immediately tun this liquor into two hogsheads that have served for sp●nish-wine ( be ●ure to fill them q●ite full ) and there let it work two or three days ; that is to say , till you see that all the seculent substance is wrought out , and that what runneth out , beginneth to be clear , though a little whitish or frothy on the upperside of the stream that runs down along the outside of the hogshead . ( if there should be a little more then to fill t●o hogshead , put it in a rundlet by it self . ) then take some very strong firm paper , and wet it on one side with some of the barm ●h●t works out , and lay that side over the bung to cover it close . the barm will make it stick fast to the hogshead . this covering will serve for a moneth or two . then stop it close with strong cork fi●ed to the hole , with a linnen about it , to pres● it ●ast in : but let a little vent with a peg in it be made in hogshead , in some fit place above . this may be fit to broach in five or six moneths ; but three weeks or a moneth before you do so , put into each h●gshead half an ounce of cinnamon ; and two ounces of cloves beaten into most subt●ile powder , ( sometimes he leaves out the cloves ) which will give it a most pleasant flavor ; and they ( as the ginger did ) sink down to the bottoms and never tro●ble the liquor . if they b● put in long before ( much more if they be boiled ) they loose all their taste and spirits entirely . this will last very well half a year drawing . but if you stay broaching it a year , and then draw it into bottles , it will keep admirable good three or four years , growing to be much better , then when broached at six months end . it will be purer , if you first boil the water by it self , then let it settle , hours ; and pour the clear from the earthy sediment , which will be great , and dissolve your honey in that . you may atomatise it with ambergreece or musk , or both ( if you like them ) by dissolving a very few pastils in a runlet of this liquor , when you draw it into little vessels , ( as he useth to do after five or six moneths ) or with a few drops of the extract of them . this metheglin is a great balsom and strengthener of the viscera ; is excellent in colds and coughs and consumptions . for which last they use to burn it ( like wine ) or rather onely heat it . then dissolve the yolk of an egge or two in a pint of it , and some fresh butter , and drink it warm in the morning fasting . as it comes from the barrel or bottle , it is used to be drunk a large draught ( without any alteration or admixtion , with a toste early in the morning ( eating the toste ) when they intend to dine late . consider of making metheglin thus with purified rain water ( of the aequinoxe ) or dew . the handfuls of herbs , are natural large handfuls ( as much as you can take up in your hand ) not apothecaries handfuls , which are much less . if a pottle of barm do not make it work enough to your mind , you may put in a little more . discretion and experience must regulate that . you may make small meathe the same way , putting but half the proportion of honey or less . but then after three weeks or a months bar-relling , you must bottle it . an excellent way to make metheg●in , called the liquor of life , with these following ingredients . take bugloss , borage , hyssop , organ , sweet-majoram , rosemary , french-cowslip , colts-foot , thyme , burner , self-heal , sanicle a little , betony , blew-buttons , harts-tongue , meads-sweet , liverwort , coriander two ounces , bistort , saint john's wort , liquorish , two ounces of carraways , two ounces of yellow-saunders , balm , bugle , half a pound of ginger , and one ounce of cloves , agrimony , tormentil-roots , cumsrey , fennel-root's , clowns-all-heal , maiden-hair , wall-rew , spleen-wort , sweet-oak , pauls-betony , mouse●ear . for two hogsheads of metheglin , you take two handfuls a piece of each herb , excepting sanicle ; of which you take but half a handful . you make it in all things as the white meathe of mr. pierce's is made , excepting as followeth . for in that you boil the herbs but a quarter of an hour , that the colour may be pale : but in this , where the deepness of the colour is not regarded , you boil them a good hour , that you may get all the vertue out of them . next for the strength of it ; whereas in that , an egge is to emerge out of the liquor but the breadth of a three pence ; in this it is to emerge a l●rge groats-breadth . then in this you take but h●lf a pound of ginger , and one ounce of cloves . whereas the white hath one pound of ginger , and two ounce● of cloves . to this you use three quarts , or rather more of ale-yest ( fresh and new ) and when all your liquor is in a high slender tall pipe with the narrowest circumf●rence that may be ( which makes it work better then a broad one , where the spirits loose themselves ) you have the yest in a large noggin with a handle or pail , and put some of the liquor to it , and make that work ; then pour it from pretty high unto the whole quantity in the pipe , and lade it strongly with that noggin five or six , or eight times , pouring it every time from high , and working it well tog●ther , that so every atome of the yest may be mingled with every atome of the liquor . and this course ( in this particular ) you may also use in the white . it is best not to broach this , till a year be over after the making it . to make good m●theglin . take to every gallon of honey , three gallons of water , and put them both ●ogether , and set them over so soft a fire , that you may endure to melt and break the honey with your hands . when the honey is all melted , put in an egge , and let it fall gently to the bottome , and if the egge rise up to the top again of the liquor , then is it strong enough of the honey ; but if it lie at the bottome , you must put in more honey , stirring of it till it do rise . if your honey be very good , it will bear half a gallon of water more to a gallon of honey . then take sweet-bryar , rose-mary , bayes , thyme , marjoram , savory , of each a good handful , which must be tyed up all together in a bundle this proportion of herbs will be sufficient for gallons of metheglin ; and according to the quantity you make of methegl●n , you must add of your herbs or take away . when you have put these things together set it upon a quick fire , and let it boil as fast as you can for half an hour , or better , skiming of it very clean , which you must clarifie with two or three whites of eggs. then take it off from the fire , and put it presently into some clean covers , and let it stand till the next morning ; then pour the clear from the bottom and tun it up ; putting in a little bag of such spice as you like , whereof ginger must be the most . after it hath stood some three or four days , you may put in some two or three spoonfuls of good-ale-yest ; it will make it ready the sooner to drink , if you let it work together , before you stop it up . the older the honey is , the whiter coloured the metheglin will be . to make white metheglin of sir iohn fortescue . take twelve gallons of water , one handful of each of these herbs , eglantine , rosemary , parsley , strawberry-leaves , wild-thyme , balm , liver-wort , betony , scabious ; when your water begins to boil , cast in your herbs , and let them boil a quarter of an hour . then strain it from the herbs . when it is almost cold , then put in as much of the best honey , as will make it bear an egge , to the breadth of two pence ; and stir it till all the honey be melted . then boil it well half an hour at the least , and put into it the whites of six eggs beaten to a froth to clarifie it ; and when it hath drawn all the scum to the top , strain it into woodden vessels . when it is almost cold , put barm to it , and when it worketh well , tun it into a well-seasoned vessel , where neither ale nor beer hath been , for marring the colour ; and when it hath done working , take a good quantity of nutmegs , mace , cinnamon , cloves and ginger-bruised , and put it into a boulter bag , and hang it in the barrel . if you will have it taste much of the spice , let it boil or walms in it , after you have put in the honey . but that will make it have a deep colour . a receipt for meathe . to seven quarts of water , take two quarts of honey , and mix it well together ; then set it on the fire to boil , and take three or four parsley-roots , and as many fennel-roots , and shave them clean , and slice them , and put them into the liquor , and boil altogether , and skim it very well all the while it is a boyling ; and when there will no more scum rise , then is it boiled enough : but be careful that none of the scum do boil into it . then take it off , and let it cool till the next day . then put it up in a close vessel , and put thereto half a pint of new good barm , and a very few cloves pounded and put in a linnen-cloth , and tie it in the vessel , and stop it up close ; and within a fortnight , it will be ready to drink : but if it stay longer , it will be the better . my lord gorge his meathe . take a sufficient quantity of rain-water , and boil in it the tops of rose-mary , eglantine , betony , strawberry-leaves , wall-flowers , borage and bugloss , of each one handful ; one sprig of bays ; and two or three of sage . then take it off the fire , and put a whole raw egge into it , and pour so much honey to it , till the egge rise up to the top ; then boil it again , skiming it very well , and so let it cool . then tun it up , and put barm to it , that it may ferment well . then stop it up , and hang in it such spices , as you like best . it will not be right to drink under three or four moneths . the lady vernon's white metheglin . take three gallons of water ( rain water is best ) boil in it broad thyme , rose-mary , peny-royal , of each three handfuls . then put it into a stone pan to cool , and strain away the herbs ; and when it is cold , put in one quart of honey , and mix it very well ; then put to it one nutmeg , a little cinnamon ; cloves and ginger ; some orange and limon-peels . then boil and scum it very well , while any scum will rise . then put in your spices , and try with a new-laid-egg ; and the stronger it is , the longer you may keep it ; and if you will drink it presently , put it up in bottles , and rub the corks with yest , that it may touch it , and it will be ready in three or four days to drink . and if you make it in the spring put no spices , but cloves and cinnamon , and add violets , cowslips , marigolds , and gillyflowers ; and be sure to stop your vessel close with cork ; and to this put no yest , for the clove-gillyflowers will set it to work . several sorts of meath , small and strong . . small . take ten gallons of water , and five quarts of honey , with a little rosemary , more sweet-bryar , some balme , burnet , cloves , less ginger , limon peel . tun it with a little barm ; let it remain a week in the barrel with a bag of elder-flowers ; then bottle it . . small . take ten quarts of water , and one of honey , balm a little ; minth , cloves , limon-peel , elder-flowers , a little ginger ; wrought with a little yest , bottle it after a night working . . strong . take ten gallons of water ▪ thirteen quarts of honey , with angelica , borrage and bugloss , rosemary , balm and sweet-bryar ; pour it into a barrel , upon three spoonfuls of yest ; hang in a bag cloves , elder-flowers , and a little ginger . . very strong . take ten gallons of water , and four of honey , with sea-worm-wood , a little sage , rosemary ; put it in a barrel , after three days cooling . put no yest to it . stop it close , and bottle it after three or four months . . very strong . to ten gallons of water take four of honey . clarifie it with flower ; and put into it angelica , rosemary , bayleaves , balm . barrel it without yest . hang in a bag cloves , elder-flowers , a lttle ginger . . very strong . take ten gallons of water , and four of honey . boil nothing in it . barrel it when cold , without yest . hang in it a bag with cloves , elder-flowers , a llittle ginger and limon peel ; which throw away , when it hath done working , and stop it close . you may make also strong and small by putting into it orris-roots ; or with rose-mary , betony , eyebright and wood-sorrel : or adding to it the tops of hypericon with the flowers of it ; sweet-bryar ; lilly of the valley . to make meath . take three gallons of water , a quart of honey ; if it be not strong enough , you may adde more . boil it apace an hour , and scum it very clean . then take it off , and set it a working at such heat as you set beer , with good yest . then put it in a runlet , and at three days end , draw it out in stone bottles ; into every one put a piece of limon-peel and two cloves . it is only put into the runlet , whilest it worketh , to avoid the breaking of the bottles . sir john arundel's white meath . take three gallons of honey , and twelve gallons of water : mix the honey and water very well together , till the honey is dissolved ; so let it stand twelve hours . then put in a new-laid-egg ; if the liquor beareth the egg , that you see the breadth of a groat upon the egg dry , you may set it over the fire : if it doth not bear the egg , then you must adde a quart or three pints more to the rest ; and then set it over the fire , and let it boil gently , till you have skimed it very clean , and clarified it , as you would do suggar , with the whites of three new-laid-eggs . when it is thus made clear from all scum , let it boil a full hour or more , till the fourth part of it is wasted ; then take it off the fire ; and let it stand till the next day . then put in into a vessel . when it hath been in the barrel five or six days , make a white tost , and dip it into new yeast , ans put the tost into the barrel , and let it work . when it hath done working , stop it up very close . this keep three quarters of a year . you may drind in within half a year , if you please . you may adde in the boiling , of what herbs you like the taste , or what is physical . to make metheglin . take eight gallons of water , and set it over a clear fire in a kettle ; and when it is warm , put into it sixteen pound of very good honey ; stir it well together , till it be all mixed ; and when it boileth , take off the scum , and put in two large nutmegs cut into quarters , and so let it boil at least an hour . then take it off , and put into it own good handfuls of grinded malt , and with a white staff keep beating it together , till it be almost cold ; then strain it through a hair sieve into a tub , and put to it a wine pint of ale-yest , and stir it very well together ; and when it is cold , you may , if you please , tun it up picsently in a vessel fit for it , or else let it stand , and work a day : and when it hath done working in your vessel , stop it up very close . it will be three weeks or a month , before it will be ready to drink . to make white meath . take six gallons of water , and put in six quarts of honey , stirring it till the honey be throughly melted ; then set it over the fire , and when it is ready to boil , skim it very clean . then put in a quarter of ounce of mace , so much ginger , half an ounce of nutmegs , sweet-marjoram , broad-thyme , and sweet-bryar , of altogether a handful ; and boil them well therein ; then set it by , till it be through cold , and then barrel it up , and keep it till it be ripe . to make a meath good for the liver and lungs . take of the roots of colts-foot , fennel and fearn each four ounces . of succory-roots , sorrel-roots , strawbery-roots , bittersweet-roots , each two ounces , of scabious-roots and elecampane-roots , each an ounce and a half . ground-ivy , hore-hound , oak of jerusalem , lung-wort , liver-wort , maiden hair , harts-tongue of each two good-fulls . licorish four ounces . jujubes , raisins of the sun and currents of each two ounces ; let the roots be sliced , and the herbs be broken a little with your hands ; and boil all these in twenty quarts of fair running water , or , if you have it , in rain water , with five pints of good white honey , until one third part be boiled away ; then pour the liquor though a jelly bag often upon a little coriander-seeds , and cinnamon ; and when it runneth very clear , put it into bottles well stopped , and set it cool for your use , and drink every morning a good draught of it , and at five in the afternoone . to make white metheglin . put to three gallons of spring-water , one of honey . first let it gently melt ; then boil for an hour , continually , skiming it ; then put it into an earthen or a woodden vessel , and when it is a little more then blood-warm , set it with ale-yest , and so let it stand twelve hours . then take off the yest , and bottle it up . put into it limon-peel and cloves , or what best pleaseth your raste of spice or herbs . eringo-roots put into it , when it is boiling , maketh it much better . note , that if you make hydromel by fermentation in the hot sun ( which will last about fourty days , and requireth the greater heat ) you must take it thence , before it be quite ended working ; and stop it up very close , and set it in a cold cellar , and not pierce it in two months , at the soonest . it will be very good this way , if you make it so strong , as to bear an egge very boyant . it is best made by taking all the canicular days into your fermentation . a very good meath . put three parts of water to one of honey . when the honey is dissolved , it is to bear an egge boyant . boil it and skim it perfectly clear . you may boil in it pellitory of the wall , agrimony , or what herds you please . to every ten gallons of water , take ginger , cinnamon , ana , one ounce , nutmegs half an ounce . divide this quantity ( sliced and bruised ) into two parts . boil the one in the meath , severing it from the liquor , when it is boiled , by running through a strainer ; and hang the other parcel in the barrel by the bung in a bag with a bullet in it . when it is cold , tun it . and then you may work it with barm if you please ; but it is most commended , without . to make white metheglin . take the hony-comb , that the honey is run out from them , and lay them , in water over night ; next day strain them , and put the liquor a boiling ; then take the whites of two or three eggs , and clarifie the liquor . when you have so done , skim it clean . then take a handful of peny-royal ; four handfuls of angelica ; a handful of rosemary ; a handful of borrage ; a handful of maidenhair , a handful of harts-tongue ; of liverwort , of water-cresses , of scurvy-grass , ana , a handful ; of the roots of marshmallows , parsley , fennel , ana , one ounce . let all these boil together in the liquor , the space of a quarter of an hour . then strain the liquor from them , and let it cool , till it be blood-warm . put in so much honey , until an egge swim on it ; and when your honey is melted , then put in into the barrel . when it is almost cold , put a little ale●barm to it ; and when it hath done working , put into your barrel a bag of spice of nutmegs , ginger , cloves and mace , and grains good store ; and if you will put into a lawn-bag two grains of amber-greece , and two grains of musk , and fasten it in the mouth of your barrel , and so let it hang in the liquor . a most excellent metheglin . take one part of honey , to eight parts of rain or river-water ; let it boil gently together , in a fit vessel , till a third part be wasted , skiming it very well . the sign of being boiled enough is , when a new-laid-egg swims upon it . cleanse it afterwards by letting it run through a clean linnen-cloth , and put it into a woodden runlet , where there hath been wine in , and hang in it a bag with mustard-seeds by the bung , that so you may take it out , when you please . this being done , put your runlet into the hot sun , especially during the dog-days , ( which is the onely time to prepare it ) and your metheglin will boil like must ; after which boiling take out your mustard-seeds , and put your vessel well stopped into a cellar . if you will have it the taste of wine , put to thirty measures of hydromel● one measure of the juyce of hops , and it will begin to boil without any heat . then fill up your vessel , and presently after this ebullition you will have a very strong metheglin . to make white metheglin of the countoss of dorset . take rosemary , thyme , sweet-bryar , penyroyal , bays , water-cresses , agrimony , marsh-mallow-leaves , liver-wort , maiden-hair , betony , eye-bright , scabious , the bark of the ash-tree , eringo-roots , green-wild-angelica , ribwort , sanicle , roman-worm-wood , tamarisk , mother-thyme , sassafras , philipendula , of each of these herbs a like proportion ; or of as many of them as you please to put in . but you must put in all but four handfuls of herbs , which you must steep one night , and one day , in a little bowl of water , being close covered ; the next day take another quantity of fresh water , and boil the same herbs in it , till the colour be very high ; then take another quantity of water , and boil the same herbs in it , until they look green ; and so let it boil three or four times in several waters , as long as the liquor looketh any thing green . then let it stand with these herbs in it a day and night . remember the last water you boil it in to this proportion of herbs , must be ● twelve gallons of water ● and when it hath stood a day and a night , with these herbs in it , after the last boiling , then strain the liquor from the herbs , and put as much of the finest and best honey into the liquor , as will make it bear an egg. you must work and labour the honey and liquor together one whole day , until the honey be consumed . then let it stand a whole night and then let it be well laboured again , and let it stand again a clearing , and so boil it again a quarter of an hour , with the whites of six new laid-eggs with the shells , the yolks being taken out ; so scum it very clean , and let it stand a day a cooling . then put it into a barrel , and take cloves , mace , cinamon , and nutmegs , as much as will please your taste , and beat them altogether ; put them into a linnen bag , and hang it with a thread in the barrel . take heed you put not too much spice in ; a little will serve . take the whites of two or three new-laid-eggs , a spoonful of barm , and a spoonful of wheat-flower , and beat them altogether , and put it into your liquer into the barrel , and let it work , before you stop it . then afterwards stop it well , and close it well with clay and salt tempered together , and let it be set in a close place ; and when it hath been settled some six weeks , draw it into bottles , and stop it very close , and drink it not a month after : but it will keep well half a year , and more . another to make white metheglin . take ten gallons of water ; than take six handfuls of sweet-bryar ; as much of sweet-marjoram ; and as much of muscovy . three handfuls of the best broad-thyme . boil these together half an hour ; then strain them . then take two gallons of english-honey , and dissolve it in this hot liquor , and brew it well together ; then set it over the fire to boil again , and skim it very clean ; then take the whites of thirty eggs wel beaten , and put them into the liquor , & let it boil an hour ; then strain it through a jelly bag , and let it stand hours cooling : then put it up in a vessel . then take six nutmegs , six fair races of ginger , a quarter of an ounce of cloves , half an ounce of cinamon ; bruise all these together , and put them into a linnen-bag , with a little pebble-stone to make it sink . then hang it in the vessel . yoy may adde to it , if you please , two grains of amber-greece , and one grain of musk. stop the vessel with a cork , but not too close , for six days ; then taste it : and if it taste enough of the spice , then take out the bag ; if not , let the bag hang in it , and stop it very close , and meddle with it no more . it will be ready to drink in nine or ten weeks . a receipt to make good meath . take as many gallons of water , as you intend to make of meath ; and to every gallon put a quart of honey , and let it boil till it bear an egg. to every gallon you allow the white of an egg , which white you must remove and break with your hands , and put into the kettle , before you put it over the fire . before it boileth , there will arise a skum , which must be taken off very clean , as it riseth . put to every gallon two nutmegs sliced , and when it hath boiled enough , take it off , and set it a cooling in clean wort-vessels : and when it is as cold as wort , put in a little barm , and work it like beer , and when it hath done working , stop it up , and let it stand two months . another to make meath . to every quart of honey allow six wine-quarts of water ; half an ounce of nutmegs , and the peel of a limon , and the meat of two or three , as you make the quantity . boil these together , till the scum rise no more ; it must stand till it be quite cold , and when you tun it , you squeese into it the juyce of some limons , and this will make it ripen quickly . it will be ready in less then a month . another receipt . take twelve gallons of water , a handful of muscovy ( which is an herb , that smelleth like musk ) a handful of sweet-marjoram , and as much of sweet-bryar . boil all these in the water , till all the streng●h be out . then take it off , and strain it out , and being almost cold , sweeten it with honey very strong , more then to bear an egg , ( the meaning of this is , that when there is honey enough to bear an egg , which will be done by one part of honey to three or four quarts of water : then you add to it a pretty deal of honey more , at least ¼ or ⅓ of what you did put in at first to make it bear an egg : then it is to be boiled and scummed : when it is thus strong , you may keep it four years before you drink it . but at the end of two years you may draw it out into bottles ) just above it , else it will not keep very long : for the more honey the better . then set it over the fire till it bo●ls , and scum it very clean . then take it from the fire , and let it stand , till it be cold : then put it into your vessel . take mace , cloves , nutmegs , ginger , of each a quarter of an ounce : beat them small , and hang them in your vessel ( being stopped close ) in a little bag . note , when any meath or metheglin grows hard or sower with keeping too long , dissolve in it a good quantity of fresh honey , to make it pleasantly sweet ; ( but boil it no more , after it hath once fermented , as it did at the first tunning ) and which that it will ferment again , and become very good and pleasant and quick . to made metheglin . take of rosemary three handfuls , of winter-savory a peck by measure , organ and thyme , as much , white-wort two handfuls , blood-wort half a peck , hyssop two handfuls , mary-golds , borage , fennil , of each two handfuls ; straw-berries and violet-leaves , of each one handful ; of harts-tongue , liverwort a peck ; ribwort half a peck , of eglantine with the roots , a good quantity ; wormwood as much as you can gripe in two hands ; and of sorrel , mead-sutt , bettony with the roots , blew-bottles with the roots , the like quantity ; of eye-bright two handfuls , wood-bind one handful . take all these herbs , and order them so , as that the hot herbs may be mastered with the cool . then take the small herbs , and put them into the furnace , and lay the long herbs upon them . then take a weight or stone of lead , having a ring , whereunto fasten a stick to keep down the herbs into the furnace ; then boil your water and herbs three or four hours , and as the water doth boil away , adde more . then take the water out of the furnace seething hot , and strain it through a range-sieve ; then put in the honey , and mash it well together : then take your sweet-wort , and strain it through a range . then try it with a new-laid-egg . it must be so strong as to bear an egg the breadth of a groat above the liquor : and if it doth not , then put in more honey , till it will bear the egg. then take the liquor , and boil it again ; and assoon as it doth boil , skim the froth very clean from it : then set it a cooling , and when it is cold , then put it into a kive , and pur barm thereto , and let it work the space of a week ; then tun it up : but be careful when it is tunned , that the vessels be not stopp'd up , till it hath done hissing . another sort of metheglin . take to one part of honey , three parts of water : and put them into clean vessels , mixing them very well together , and breaking the honey with stripped arms , till it be well dissolved . then pour our your liquor into a large kettle , and let it boil for two hours and a half , over a good fire , skiming it all the while very carefully as long as any scum riseth . when it is boiled enough , pour out your liquor into clean vessels , and set it to cool for hours . afterwards put it into some runle●s , and cover the bung with a piece of lead : have a care to fill it up always with the same boiled liquor for three or four months and during the time of working . this meath the older it is , the better it is . but if your will have your meath red , then take twenty pound of black currants , and put them into a vessel , and pour your liquor on them . of this honey-liquor you cannot drink till after nine months , or a year . my lord herbert's meath . take ten gallons of water ; and to every gallon of water a quart of honey , a handful and a half of rose-mary , one ounce of mace , one ounce and a half of nutmegs , as much cinamon , half an ounce of cloves , a quarter of a pound of ginger scraped and cut in pieces . put all these into the water , and let it boil half an hour , then take if off the fire , and let it stand , till you may see your shadow in it . then put in the honey , and set it upon the fire again . then take the shells and whites of a dozen of eggs , and beat them both very well together : and when it is ready to boil up , put in your eggs , and stir it ; then skim it clean , and take it off the fi●e , and put it into vessels to cool , as you do wort . when it is cold , set it together with some barm , as you do beer . when it is put together leave the settlings behind in the bottom ; as soon as it is white over , tun it up in a vessel , and when it hath done working , stop it up as you do beer . when it is three weeks old , it will be fit to bottle or drink . another white meath . take three pound of white-honey , or the best hampshire-honey , and dissolve it in a gallon of water , and then boil it ; and when it beginneth first to boil , put into it half a quarter of an ounce of ginger a little bruised ; and a very little cloves and mace bruised , and a small quantity of agrimony . let all this boil together a full hour , and keep it constantly skimmed , as long as any scum will rise upon it . then strain it forth into some clean kiver or other vessel , and let stand a cooling ; and when it is cold , let it stand , till it be all creamed over with a blackish cream , and that it make a kind of hissing noise ; then put it up into your vessel , and in two or three months time it will be fit to drink . look how much you intend to make , the same quantities must be allowed to every gallon of water . to make metheglin . tike fair water , and the best honey ; beat them well together , but not in a woodden vessel , for wood drinketh up the honey , put it together in a kettle , and try it with a new-laid-egg , which will swim at top , if it be very strong ; but if it bob up , and sink again , it will be too weak . boil it an hour , and put into it a bundle of herbs , what sort you like best ; and a little bag of spice , nutmegs , ginger , cloves , mace and cinamon ; and skim it well all the while it boileth : when it hath boiled an hour , take it off , and put it into earthen pans , and so let it stand till next day . then pour off all the clear into a good vessel , that hath had sack in it , or white-wine . hang the bag of spice in it , and so let it stand very close stopp'd and well filled for a month , or longer . then if you desire to drink it quickly , you may bottle it up . if it be strong of the honey , you may keep it a year or two . if weak , drink it in two or three months . one quart of honey , will make one gallon of water very strong . a sprig or two of rose-mary , thyme and sweet-marjoram , are the herbs that should go into it . to make small metheglin . take to every quart of white-honey , six quarts of fair-water . let it boil , until a third part be boiled away ; skiming it , as it riseth : then put into it a small quantity of ginger largely sliced ; then put it out into earthen pans , till it be luke-warm , and so put it up into an earthen stand , with a tap in it . then put to it about half a porenger-ful of the best ale-yest , so beat it well together ; then cover it with a cloth , and it will be twelve hours before it work ; and afterwards let it stand two days , and then draw it out into stone bottles , and it will be ready to drink in five or six days after . this proportion of yest ( which is about six good spoonfuls ) is enough for three or four gallons of liquor . the yest must be of good ale , and very now . you may mingle the yest first with a little of the luke●warm-liquor ; then beat it , till it be well incorporated , and begins to work ; then adde a little more liquor to it , and beat that . continue so adding the liquor by little and little , till a good deal of it be incorporated with the yest ; then put that to all the rest of the quantity , and beat it altogether very well ; then cover it close , and keep it warm for two or three days . before you bottle it , scum away all the barm and ginger ( whereof a spoonful ) or two is enough for three or four gallons ) then bottle up the clear , leaving the dregs . if you will , you may tun it into a barrel , ( if you make a greater quantity ) when the barm is well incorporated with the liquor , in the same manner as you do beer or ale , and so let it work in the barrel as long as it will ; then stop it up close for a few days more , that so it may clear it self well , and separate and precipitate the dregs . then draw the clear into bottles . this will make it less windy , but also a little less quick , though more wholesome . you may also boil a little handful of tops of rosemary in the liquor , which giveth it a fine taste : but all other●herbs , and particularly sweet-marjoram and thyme , give it a physical taste . a little limon-peel giveth it a very fine taste . if you tun it in a barrel , to work there , you may hang the ginger and limon●peel in it in a bag , till you bottle it , or till it have done working . then you may put two or three stoned and sliced raisins , and a lump of fine sugar into every bottle to make it quick . to make metheglin . take five gallons of water , and one gallon of good white-honey ; set it on the fire together , and boil it very well , and skim it very clean ; then take it off the fire , and set it by . take six ounces of good ginger , and two ounces of cinamon , one ounce of nutmegs ; bruise all these grosly , and put them into your hot liquor , and cover it close , and so let it stand , till it be cold . then put as much ale-barm to it , as will make it work ; then keep it in a warm place , as you do ale ; and when it hath wrought well , tun it up , as yo● do ale or b●er : and when it is a week old , drink of it at your pleasure . an excellent metheglin . take spring-water , and boil it with rose-mary , sage , sweet-marjoram , balm and saffafras , until it hath boiled three or four hours : the quantity of the herbs is a handful of them all , of each a like proportion , to a gallon of water . and when it is boiled , set it to cool and to settle until the next day : then strain your water , and mix it with honey , until it will bear an egg the breadth of a groat . then set it over the fire to boil . take the whites of twenty or thirty eggs , and beat them mightily , and when it boileth , pour them in at twice ; stir it well together , and then let it stand , until it boileth a pace before you scum it , and then scum it well . then take it off the fire , and pour it in earthen things to cool : and when it is cold , put to it five or six spoonfuls of the best yest of ale you can get : stir it together , and then every day scum it with a bundle of feathers till it hath done working : then tun it up in a sack-cask and to every six gallons of metheglin put one pint of aqua-vitae , or a quart of sack ; and a quarter of a pound of ginger sliced , with the pills of two or three limons and orenges in a bag to hang in it . the whites of eggs above named , is a fit proportion for or gallons of the liquor . to make white m●athe . take six gallons of water , and put in six quarts of honey , stirring it till the honey be throughly melted ; then set it over the fire , and when it is ready to boil , skim it clean ; then put in a quarter of an ounce of mace ; so much ginger ; half an ounce of nutmegs ; sweet-marjoram , broad-thyme ▪ and sweet-bryar , of all together a handful , and boil them well therein . then set it by , till it be throughly cold , and barrel it up , and keep it till it be ripe . another to make meathe . to every gallon of water , take a quart of honey , to every five gallons , a handful of of sweet-marjoram , half a handful of sliced-ginger ; boil all these moderately three quarters of an hour ; then let it stand and cool : and being lukewarm , put to every five gallons , about three quarts of yest , and let it work a night and a day . then take off the yest , and strain it into a runlet ; and when it hath done working : then stop it up , and so let it remain a month : then drawing out into bottles , put into every bottle two or three stoned raisins , and a lump of loaf-sugar . it may be drunk in two months . another very good white meath . take to every gallon of water a quart of honey : boil in it a little rose-mary ▪ and sweet-marjoram : but a large quantity of sweet-bryar-leaves , and a reasonable proportion of ginger : boil these in the liquor , when it is skimmed : and work it in due time with a little barm . then tun it in a vessel ; and draw it into bottles , after it is sufficiently settled . whites of eggs with the shells beaten together , do clarifie meath best . if you will have your meath cooling , use violet and straw-berry-leaves , agrimony , eglantine and the like : adding borage and bugloss , and a little rose-mary and sweet-marjoram to give it vigor . tartar makes it work well . to make white metheglin . take to three gallons of spring-water , one of honey ; first let it gently melt , then boil for an hour , continually skiming it ; then put it into an earthen or woodden vessel , and when it is little more then blood-warm , set it with ale-yest , and so let it stand twelve hours ; then take off the yest , and bot●le it . put in it limon-peel and cloves , or what best pleaseth your taste of herbs or spices . eringo-roots put into it , when it is a boiling , maketh it much better . so do clove-gilly , flowers ▪ a quantity of which make the meath look like claret-wine . i observe that meath requireth some strong herbs to make it quick and smart upon the palate ; as rose-mary , bay-leaves , sage , thyme , marjoram , winter-savory , and such like , which would be too strong and bitter in ale or beer . to make white meath . take rose-mary , thyme , sweet-bryar , peny-royal , and bays , water-cresses , agrimony , marsh-mallows , leaves and flowers : liver-wort , wood-betony , eye-bright , scabious , of each a like quantity ; of the bark of ash-tree , of eringo-roots●green , of each a proportion to the herbs ; of wild angelica , ribwort , sanicle , roman-worm-wood , of each a proportion , which is , to every handful of the herbs above-named , a sixteenth part of a handful of these latter ; steep them a night and a day , in a woodden boul of water covered ; the next day boil them very well in another water , till the colour be very high ; then take another quantity of water , and boil the herbs in it , till it look green , and so let it boil three or four times , or as long as the liquor looketh any thing green ; then let it stand with these herbs in it a day and a night . to every gallon of this water , put a quart of pure clear honey , the liquor being first strained from the herbs . your liquor if it be strong enough will bear an egg , the breadth of a three pence above water . when you have put the honey into the liquor , you must work and labour it together a whole day , until the honey be consumed . then let it stand a whole night again a clearing . then put it into a kettle , and let it boil a quarter of an hour , with the whites and shells of six eggs ; then strain it clean , and so let it stand a cooling . then put it into a barrel , and take cloves , mace , cinamon , nutmegs , and beat them together : put them into a linnen bag , hand it with a thread into the barrel . if you would have it work , that you may drink of it presently , take the whites of two or three eggs , a spoonful of barm , a spoonful of wheat-flower ; beat all these together : let it work , before you stop it up . then afterwards stop it well with clay and salt tempered together , to keep it moist . to make metheglin . if your honey be tryed , take six gallons of milk-warm-water , to one of honey , and stir it well together ever and anon , and so let it stand for a day and night , or half a day may serve ; then boil it with a gentle fire , for the space of half an hour or thereabouts , and skim it , still as the skum ariseth . after it is scummed once or twice , you may put in your herbs , and spice grosly beaten , one half loose ; the other in a bag , which afterwards may be fastned with a string to the tap-hole , as pepper , cloves , mace , ginger and the like ; when it is thus boiled , let it stand in the vessel until it be cooled ; then tun it up into your barrel , and let it work two or three days , or more before you stop the bung-hole ; but in putting up the boiled liquor into the barrel , reserve the thick grounds back , which will be settled in the pan or kettle . if you would have it to drink within two or three months , let it be no stronger then to bear an egg to the top of the water . if you would have it keep six months , or longer , before you drink it , let it bear up the egg the breadth of two pence above the water . this is a surer way to proportion your honey then by measure . and the time of the tryal of the strength is , when you incorporate the honey and water together , before the boiling of it . another sort of meath . take thirty six gallons of fountain water ( first boiled , &c. ) and dissolve twelve gallons of honey in it . keep them boiling an hour and a half after they begin to boil , skimming well all the while . it will be an hour upon the fire before it boil : when it is clear and enough boiled , pour it out into woodden vessels to cool . when you are ready to tun it , have four gallons of black-currants , bruise them in a stone mortar , that they may the more easily part with their juyce to the liquor . put them and their juyce into the barrel , and pour the cool liquor upon them , so as the vessel be quite full . cover the bung with a plate of lead lying loose on , that the working of the liquor may lift it up , as it needeth to cast out the filth . and still as it worketh over , fill it up with fresh liquor , made in the same proportion of honey and water . a moneth after it works no longer , stop up the bung very close . to make very good metheglin . take of all sorts of herbs , that you think are good and wholsome , as balm , minth , fennel , rose-mary , angelica , wild-thyme , hyssop , agrimony , burnet , and such other as you may like ; as also some field herbs ; but you must not put in too many , especially rose-mary or any strong herb . less then half a handfull will serve of every sort . boil your herbs , and strain them out , and let the liquor stand till the morrow , and settle ; then take of the clearest of the liquor two gallons and a half to one gallon of honey ; and in that proportion take as much of them as you will make , and let it boil an hour , and in the boiling scum it very clean . then set it a cooling as you do beer ; and when it is cold , take some very good ale-barm , and put it into the bottom of the tub , you mean the metheglin shall work in , which pour into the tub by little and little , as they do beer , keeping back the thick settling , which lieth in the bottome of the vessels , wherein it is cooled . and when all is put together , cover it with a cloth , and let it work very near three days . and when you mean to put it up , scum off all the barm clean , and put it up into your barrel or firkin , which you must not stop very close in four or five days , but let it have a little vent , for it will work ; and when it is close stopped , you must look to it very often , and have a peg in the top , to give it vent , when you hear it make a noise ( as it will do ) or else it will break the barrel . you may also , if you please , make a bag , and put in good store of sliced ginger , and some cloves and cinnamon , and boil it in , or put it into the barrel and never boil it . both ways are good . if you will make small metheglin , you may put fivse or six gallons of water to one of honey . put in a little cinnamon and cloves and boil it well . and when it is cold , put it up in bottles very close stopped , and the stopples well tyed on . this will not keep above five or six weeks , but it is very fine drink . make your metheglin as soon as ever you take your bees ; for if you wash your combs in the water you boil your herbs in , when it is cold , it will sweeten much . but you must afterwards strain it through a cloth , or else there will be much wax . to make meath . if you will have it to keep a year or two , take six parts of water , and one of honey ; but if you will have it to keep longer , take but four parts of water to one of honey . dissolve the honey very well in the water , then boil it gently , skimming it all the while as the scum riseth , till no more scum riseth . then pour it out of the copper into a fit vessel or vessels to cool . then tun it up in a strong and sweet cask , and let it stand in some place , where there is some little warmth ; ( it will do as well without warmth , but be longer growing ripe ) this will make it work . at first a course foul matter will work over ; to which purpose it must be kept always full with fresh liquor of the same , as it worketh over . when it begins to work more gently , and that which riseth at the top , is no more foul , but is a white froth ; then fill and stop it up close , and set it in a cool cellar , where it is to stand continually . after half a year or a year , you may draw it off from the lees into a clean vessel , or let it remain untouched . it is not fit to be drunk for it's perfection till the sweetness be quite worn off , yet not to be sower , but vinous . you may drink it at meals instead of wine , and is wholsomer and better then wine . to small meath , that is to be drunk presently , you may put a little ginger to give it life , and work it with a little barm . if the me●th work not at all , it will nevertheless be good , and peradventure better then that which worketh ; but it will be longer first , and the dregs will fall down to the bottom , though it work not . small meath of eighth or nine parts of water to one of ho●ey , will be very good , though it never work , but be barrell'd up as soon as it is cold , and stopped close : and after two or three months drunk from the barrel without botteling . this is good for meals . to make white meath . take to every three gallons of water , one gallon of honey and set the water over the fire , and let the honey melt , before the water be too hot ; then put in a new-laid-eggs , and feel with your hand ; if it comes half way the water , it is strong enough ; then put into it these herbs ; thyme , sweet-marjoram , winter-favoury , sweet-bryar , and bay-leaves , in all a good great handful ; which a proportion for ten gallons ; then with a quick-fire boil it very fast half an hour , and no longer ; and then take it from the fire , and let it cool in two or three woodden vessels ; and let it stand without stirring twenty four hours . then softly drain it out , leaving all the dregs behind . put the clear into your vessel ; and if you l●ke any spice , take ginger , nutmeg , cinnamon , mace and cloves , and bruise them a little , and put them in a bag , and let them hang in your vessel . before you put your meath into the vessel , try if it will bear an egg as broad as a peny ; if it do , then it is very well ; and if it be made with the best white-honey , it usually is just so . but if it should prove too strong , that it bears the egge broader ; then boil a little more honey and water very small , and put to it , when it is cold : and then put it into the vessel . it is best to be made at michaelmas , and not drunk of till lent. to make small white meath . take of the best white-honey six quarts ; of spring-water sixteen gallons ; set it on a gentle fire at first , tell it is melted , and clean skimmed ; then make it boil a pace , until the third part be consumed . then take it from the fire , and put it in a cooler , and when it is cold , tun it up , and let it stand eight months , before you drink it . when you take it from the fire , slice in three orris-roots , and let it remain in the liquor , when you tun it up . a receipt to make metheglin . take four gallons of water , two quarts of honey , two ounces of ginger , one ounce of nutmegs , a good handful of rose-mary tops , and as much of bay-leaves , two ounces of dried orange-peel . boil all these till it be so strong as will bear an egg , and not sink ; when it is milk-warm , work it up with barm , during twenty four hours , and then barrel it up . and after three months you may bottle it up at your pleasure . as you desire a greater quantity of the drink , you must augment the ingredients , according to the proportions above recited . to make metheglin . take four gallons of water and one of honey ; boil and skim it : then put into it , liver-wort , harts-tongue , wild-carro● , and yarrow , a little rose-mary and bays , one parsly-root , and a fennel-root ; let them boil an hour altogether . you may , if you please , hang a little bag of spice in it . when it is cold , put a little barm to it , and let it work like beer . the roots must be scraped , and the pith taken out . meath from the muscovian ambassadour's steward . take three times as much water as honey ; then let the tubs , that the honey must be wrought in , be cleansed very clean with scalding water , so that it may not prove sowre ; also when you mix them together , take half-warm-water , and half cold , and squeese them well together ; afterwards when you think the honey is well melted , then let it run through a sieve ; and see your kettle of copper or iron ( but copper is better then iron ) be very clean ; then put in your spice , as , nutmegs , ginger , cloves , cardamome , aniseeds , orange peel ; put these in according to the quantity you make , and let them all be bruised , except the orange ●peel , which leave whole . the meath must boil an hour by the clock ; after put it into tubs to cool , and when it is cold , take three or four slices of white-bread , tost them very hard , and spread very good yest on both sides of the tosts ; then put them into the tubs . if it be warm weather , let the tubs be uncovered ; but if it be cold , cover them . this being done , you will find it worked enough by the black that cometh up by the sides of the tubs ; then take a sieve and take off the yest and bread . afterwards draw it off at a tap in the tub into the cask you intend to keep it in ; then take a quantity of spice as before , well-bruised , and put it into a bag , and make it fast at the bung , with a string , and if it begins to work , after it is in the cask , be sure to give it vent , or else you w●ll loose all . to make meath . to every quart of honey put four quarts of spring-water ; temper the honey in the water , being a little warmed ; then put it on the fire again , with fennel , rose-mary , thyme , agrimony , parsley or the like . let them boil half an hour , and upwards ; and as it boileth , scum the froth ; then take it off , and strain it , and let it cool as you do your wort . then put a little barm into it , then take off the froath again , and stir it well together . then take two quarts of ale , boiled with cloves , mace , cinnamon , ginger and liquorice ; and put it to the meath and tun it up . a receipt to make white meath . take rose-mary , thyme , sweet-bryar , peny-royal , bays , water-cresses , agrimony , marsh-mallow-leaves and flowers , liver-wort , maiden-●air , betony , eye●bright , scabious , the bark of an ash-tree , young eringo-roots , wild-angelica , ribwort , sinacle , roman-worm-wood , tamarisk , mother-thyme , saxafrage , philipe●dula , of each of these herbs a like proportion ; or of as many as you please , to put in . you must put in all but four handfuls of herbs , which you must steep a night and a day , in a little bowl of water , being close covered . the next day take another fresh quantity of water , and boil the same herbs in it till the colour be very high ; then take another quantity of water , and boil the same herbs in it , until it look green ; and so let them boil three or four times in several waters , as long as the liquor looketh any thing green . then let it stand with these herbs in it a day and a night . remember the last water , you boil it in , to this proportion of herbs , must be eighteen gallons . and when it hath stood a day and a night with these herbs in it after the last boiling , then strain the liquor from the herbs ; and put as much of the finest and best honey into the liquor , as will bear an egg ; you must work the honey and liquor together a whole day , until the honey be consumed ; then let it stand one whole night ; then let it be well laboured again , and set it a clearing ; and so boil it again with the whites of six new-laid-eggs with the shells ; skim it very clean ; and let it stand a day a cooling ; then put it into a barrel , and take cloves , mace , cinnamon and nutmegs as much as will please your taste , and beat them all together , and put them in a linnen bag , and hang it with a thread into the barrel . then take the whites of two or three new-laid-eggs , a spoonful of barm , a spoonful of wheat-flower , and beat them all together , and put it into your liquor in the barrel , and let it work before you stop it ; then afterwards stop it well , and set it in a cold place , and when it hath been settled some six weeks : draw it into bottles , and stop it very close , and drink not of it in a month after . to make metheglin . take eight gallons of water , set it over a clear fire in a kettle ; and when it is warm , put to it sixteen pounds of very good honey , and stir it well together ; take off the scum , and put two large nu●megs cut in quarters , and so let it boil at least an hour ; then take it off the fire , and put to it two good handfulls of grinded malt , and with a white staff keep bea●ing it together till it be almost cold ; then strain it through a hair-sieve into a tub , and put to it a wine-pint of ale-yest , and stir it very well together ; and when it is cold , you may if you please , tun it up presently into a vessel fit for it , or else let it stand , and work a day , and when it hath done working in your vessel , stop it up very close . it will be three weeks or a month before it be ready to drink . to make honey drink . to two quarts of water take one pound of honey . when it boileth , skim it clean as long as any scum ariseth ; boil it a pretty while ; then take it off the fire , and put it in an earthen pot , and let it stand till the next day ; then put it into clean bottles , that are th●oughly dry , rinsing first every bottle with a little of the liquor ; fill them not too full , and put into every bottle four or five cloves , and four or five slices of ginger : and stop it very close , and set it in sand ; and within ten or twelve days it will be ready to drink . some , when they take their bees , put the honey-combs into fair-water , and make it so strong of the honey that it will bear an egg ▪ and then boil it with some spice , and put it into a barrel : but i think it not so good , as that which is made of pure honey . the earl of denbigh's metheglin . take twenty gallons of spring-water ; boil it a quarter of an hour , and let it stand , until it b● 〈◊〉 most cold ; then beat in so much honey , as will make it so strong as to bear an egg , so th●t on the top , you may see the breadth of a hasel-nut swimming above ; the next day boil it up with six small handfuls of rosemary ; a pound and half of ginger , being scraped and bruised ; then take the whites of twenty eggs shells and all ; bear them very well , and put them in to clarifie it ; skim it very clean , then take it off the fire and strain it : but put the rose-mary and ginger in again : then let it remain till it be all most cold : then tun it up , and take some new-ale-yest ; the whites of two eggs , a spoonful of flower , and beat them well together , and put them into the barrel ; when it hath wrought very well , stop it very close for three weeks or a months : then bottle it , and a week after you may drink it . to make meath . take to every gallon of water , a quart of honey , and set it over a clear fire , and when it is ready to boil , skim it very clear . then take two handfulls of sweet-marjoram , as much rose-mary , and as much baulm : and two handful of fennel-roots , as much of parsley-roots , and as many esparages-roots : slice them in the middle , and take out the pith , wash and scrape them very ●lean , and put them with your herbs into your liquor . then take two ounces of ginger , one ounce of nutmegs , half an ounce of mace : bruise them and put them in : and let it boil till it be so strong that it will bear an egg : then let it cool : and being cold , put in or spoon fulls of new-ale-yest : and so skim it well , and put it into a runlet , and it will work like ale : and having done working , stop it up close , as you do new-●eer : and lay salt upon it . to make metheglin . take four gallons of running water , and boil it a quarter of an hour , and put it in an earthen vessel , and let it stand all night . the next day take only the water , and leave the settling at the bottom : so put the honey in a thin bag , and work it in the water , till all the honey is dissolved . take to four gallons of water , one gallon of honey : then put in an egg , if it be strong enough of the honey , the egg will part of it appear on the top of the liquor : if it do not , put more honey to it , till it do . then take out the egg , and let the liquor stand till next morning . then take two ounces of ginger , and slice it and pare it : some rose-mary washed and stripped from the stalk : dry it very well . the next day put the rose-mary and ginger into the drink , and so set it on the fire : when it is all most ready to boil , take the whites of three eggs well beaten with the shells , and put all into the liquor : and stir it about , and skim it well till it be clear . be sure you skim not off the rose-mary and ginger : then take it off the fire , and let it run through a hair sieve : and when you have strained it , pick out the rose-mary and ginger out of the strainer , and put it into the drink , and throw away the eggshells , and so let it stand all night . the next day tun it up in a barrel : be sure the barrel be not too big : then take a little flower and a little bran , and the white of an egg , and bear them well together , and put them into the barrel on the top of the metheglin , after it is runned up , and so let it stand till it hath done working ; then stop it up as close as is possible : and so let it stand six or seven weeks : then draw it out and bottle it . you must tye down the corks , and set the bottles in sand five or six weeks , and then drink it . another meath . take twenty gallons of fair spring-water . boil it a quarter of an hour , then let it stand till the next day . then beat into it so much honey , as will make it so strong as to bear an egg the breadth of a two pence above the water . the next day boil it up with six small handfulls of rosemary , a pound and a half of ginger , ( being scraped and bruised ) and the whites of twenty eggs together with their shells beaten together , and well mingled with the liquor . clarifie it and skim it very clean , still as the scum riseth , leaving the ginger and rosemary in it . let it stand till the next day , then tun it up , and take some new-ale-yest , the whites of two eggs , a spoonful of flower , beat all these together , and put it on the top of the barrel , when the barrel is full . let it work , and when it hath done working , stop it up close for three w●eks or a month . then you may bottle it , and a few days after , you may drink it . another . take three gallons of water , and boil in it a handful of rose-mary ( or rather the flowers ) cowslips , sage-flowers , agrimony , betony and thyme , ana , one handful . when it hath taken the strength of the herbs , strain it through a hair-sieve , and let it cool twenty hours . then to three gallons of the clear part of this decoction , put one gallon of honey , and mingle it very well with your hand , till it bear an egg the breadth of a groat . then boil it and skim ●t as long as any scum will rise . afterwards let it cool twenty four hours . then put to it a small quantity of ale-barm , and skim the thin-barm that doth rise on it , morning and evening , with a feather , during four days . and so put it up into your vessel , and hang in it a thin linnen bag with two ounces of good white-ginger bruised therein : and stop it up close for a quarter of a year . then you may drink it . another . take a quart of honey to a gallon of water : set the kettle over the fire , and stir it now and then , that the honey may melt ; let it boil an hour ; you must boil in it , a sprig or two of winter-savory , as much of sweet-marjoram ; put it into rubs ready scalded , till the next day towards evening . then tun it up into your vessel , let it work for three days ; after which hang a bag in the barrel with what quantity of mace and sliced nutmeg you please . to make it stronger then this , 't is but adding more hony , to make it bear an egg the breadth of a six pence , or something more . you may bottle it out after a month , when you please . this is the way , which is used in sussex by those who are accounted to make it best . another receipt . take to every gallon of fountain-water a good quart of honey . set the water on the fire , till it be pretty warm ; then take it off , and put in your honey , and stir it till it be dissolved . then put into every three gallons , two handfuls of thyme : two good handfuls of strawberry-leaves , one handful of organ ; one handful of fennel-roots , the heart being taken out , and one handful of parsley-roots the heart taken out : but as for the herbs , it must be according to the constitution of them , for whom the mead is intended . then set the herbs in it on the fire , to boil for half an hour , still skimming it , as the scum riseth ; it must boil but half an hour ; then take it off the fire , and presently strain it from the herbs , and let it stand till it be fully cold ; then pour it softly off the bottom , and put it in a vessel fit for it , and put a small quantity of barm in it , and mingle it with it , and when it hath wrought up , which will be in three or four days , skim off that barm , and set on fresh : but the second b●rm must not be mingled with the meath , but onely poured on the top of it . take an ounce of nutmeg sliced : one ounce of ginger sliced : one ounce of cinnamon cut in pieces , and boil them a pretty while in a quart of white-wine or sack : when this is very cold , strain it , and put the spices in a canvass-bag to hang in your meath , and pour in the wine it was boiled in . this meath will be drinkable , when it is a fortnight or three weeks old . to make metheglin that looks like white-wine . take to twelve gallons of water , a handful of each of these herbs : parsley , eglantine , rosemary , strawberry-leaves , wild-●hyme , baulme , liver-wort , betony , scabious : when the water begins to boil , cast in the herbs : let them boil a quarter of an hour : then strain out the herbs ; and when it is almost cold , then put in as much of the best honey , you can get , as w●ll bear an egg to the breadth of two pence ; that is , till you can see no more of the egg● above the water , then a two pence will cover : lave it and stir it till you see all the honey be melted ; then boil it well half an hour , at the least : skim it well , and put in the whites of six eggs beaten , to clarifie it : then strain it into some woodden vessels ; and when it is almost co●d , put some ale-barm into it . and when it worketh well , tun it into some well seasoned vessel , where neither ale nor beer hath been , for marring the colour of it . when it hath done working , if you like it , take a quantity of cloves , nutmegs , mace , cinnamon , ginger , or any of these that you like best , and bruise them , and put them in a boulter bag , and hang it in the vessel . put not too much of the spice , because many do not like the taste of much spice . if you make it at michaelmas , you may tap it at christmas : but if you keep it longer , it will be the better . it will look pure , and drink with as much spirit as can be , and very pleasant . to make white metheglin . take sweet-marjoram , sweet-bryar-buds , violet-leaves , strawberry-leaves , of each one handful , and a good handful of violet flowers ( the dubble ones are the best ) broad thyme , borrage , agrimony , of each half a handful , and two or three branches of rosemary , the feeds of carvi , coriander and fennel , of each two spoonfuls , and three or four blades of largemace . boil all these in eight gallons of running-water , three quarters of an hour . then strain it , and when it is but blood-warm , put in as much of the best ●oney , as will make the liquor bear an egg the breadth of six pence above the water . then bo●l it again as long as any scum will rise . then set it abroad a cooling ; and when it is almost cold , put in half a pint of good ale-barm ; and when it hath wrought , till you perceive the barm to fall , then tun it , and let it work in the barrel , till the barm leaveth rising , filling it up every day with some of the same liquor . when you stop it up , put in a bag with one nutmeg sliced , a little whole cloves and mace , a stick of cinnamon broken in pieces , and a grain of good musk. you may make this a little before m●chaelmas , and it will be fit to drink at lent. this is sir edward bainton's receipt , which my lord of portland ( who gave it me ) saith , was the best he ever drunk . to make a small metheglin . take four gallons of water , and set it over the fire . put into it , when it is warm , eight pounds of honey ; as the scum riseth , take it clean off . when it is clear , put into it three nutmegs quartered ; three or four races of ginger sliced ; then let all boil a whole hour , then take it off the fire , and put to it two handfuls of ground malt ; stir it about with a round stick , till it be as cold as wort , when you put yest to it . then strain it out into a pot or tub , that hath a spiggot and ●aucet , and put to it a pint of very good ale-yest ; so let it work for two days ; then cover it close for about four or five days , and so draw it our into bottles . it will be ready to drink within three weeks . to make meath . take to six quarts of water , a quart of the best honey , and put it on the fire , and stir it , till the honey is melted : and boil it well as long as any scum riseth : and now and then put in a little cold water , for this will make the scum rise : keep your kettle up as full as you did put it on ; when it is boiled enough , about half an hour before you take it off , then take a quantity of ginger sliced and well scraped first , and a good quantity of rosemary , and boil both together . of the rosemary and ginger you may put in more or less , for to please your taste : and when you take it off the fire , strain it into your vessel , either a well seasoned-tub , or a great cream pot , and the next morning when it is cold , pour off softly the top from the settlings into another vessel ; and then put some little quantity of the best ale-barm to it , and cover it with a thin cloth over it , if it be in summer ; but in the winter it will be longer a ripening , and therefore must be the warmer covered in a close place , and when you go to bottle it , take with a feather all the barm off , and put it into your bottles , and stop it up close . in ten days you may drink it . if you think six quarts of water be too much , and would have it stronger , then put in a greater quantity of honey . metheglin or sweet●drink of my lady stuart . take as much water as will fill your firkin : of rosemary , bays , sweet-bryar , broad-thyme , sweet-majoram , of each a handful ; set it over the fire , until the herbs have a little coloured the water ; then take it off , and when it is cold , put in as much honey , till it will bear an egg ; then lave it three days morning and evening . after that boil it again , and skim it very clean , and in the boiling clarifie it with the whites of six eggs , shells and all , well beaten together . then take it off , and put it to cool ; and when it is cold , put it into your vessel , and put to it three spoonfuls of yest ; stop it close , and keep it , till it be old at least three months . a metheglin for the colick and stone of the same lady . take one gallon of honey to seven gallons of water ; boil it together , and skim it well ; then take pelitory of the wall , saxi●rage , betony , parsley , groundsel , of each a handful , of the seeds of parsley , of nettles , fennel and carraway-seeds , anisseeds and grumelseeds , of each two ounces . the roots of parsley , of alexander , of fennel and mallows of each two ounces , being small cut ; let all boil , till near three gallons of the liquor is wasted : then take it off the fire , and let it stand till it be cold ; then cleanse it from the drugs , and let it be put into a clean vessel well stopped , taking four nutmegs , one ounce and half of ginger , half an ounce of cinnamon , twelve cloves ; cut all these small , and hang them in a bag into the vessel , when you stop it up . when it is a fortnight old , you may begin to drink of it ; every morning a good draught . a receipt for metheglin of my lady windebanke . take four gallons of water ; add to it , these herbs and spices following . pellitory of the wall , sage , thyme , of each a quarter of a handful , as much clove gilly-flowers , with half as much borage and bugloss flowers , a little hyssop , five or six eringo-roots , three or four parsley-roots : one fennel-root , the pith taken out , a ●ew red-nettle-roots , and a little harts-tongue . boil these roots and herbs half an hour ; then take out the roots and herbs , and put in the spices grosly beaten in a canvass-bag , viz. cloves , mace , of each half an ounce , and as much cinnamon , of nutmeg an ounce , with two ounces of ginger , and a gallon of honey : boil all these together half an hour longer , but do not skim it at all : let it boil in , and set ●t a cooling after you have taken it off the fire . when it is cold , put six spoonfuls of barm to it , and let it work twelve hours at least ; then tun it , and put a little limon-peel into it : and then you may bottle it , if you please . another of the same lady . to four gallons of water put one gallon of honey ; warm the water luke-warm before you put in your honey ; when it is dissolved , set it over the fire , and let it boil half an hour with these spices grosly beaten and put in a canvass-bag : namely , half an ounce of ginger , two nutmegs , a few cloves and a little mace ; and in the boiling put in a quart of cold water to raise the scum , which you must take clean off in the boiling . if you love herbs , put in a little bundle of rosemary , bays , sweet-marjoram and eglantine . let it stand till it is cold , then put into it half a pint of ale-barm , and let it work twelve hours ; then tun it , but take out the bundle of herbs first . to make metheglin . take to every gallon of honey , three gallons of water , and put them together , and set them over so gen●le a fire , as you might endure to break it in the water with your hand . when the honey is all melted , put in an egg , and let it fall gently to the bottom ; and if your egg rise up again to the top of the liquor , then it is strong enough of the honey . but if it lie at the bottom , you must put in more honey , and stir it , till it doth rise . if your honey be very good , it will bear half a gallon of water more to a gallon of honey . then take sweet-bryar , bays , rosemary , thyme , marjoram , savoury , of each a good handfull , which you must ●ye up all together in a bundle . this proportion of herbs will be sufficient for twelve gallons of metheglin ; and according to the quantity of metheglin , you make , you must add or diminish your herbs . when you have put these things together , set it over a quick fire , and let it boil as fast as you can for half an hour or better , skimming of it very clean , and clarifying it with the whites of two or three eggs. then take it from the fire , and put it into some clean vessel or other , and let it stand till the next morning ; then pour the clear from the dregs , and tun it up , putting in a little bag of such spice as you like , whereof ginger must be the most . after it hath stood three or four days , you may put in two or three spoon-fulls of good ale-yest , it will make it the sooner ready to drink . it must work before you stop it up . the older your honey is , the whiter your metheglin will be . meath with raisins . put forty gallons of water into your caldron , and with a stick take the height of the water , making a notch , wh●n the superficies of the water cometh . then put to the water ten gallons of honey , which dissolve with much laving it ; then presently boil it gently , skimming it all the while , till it be free from scum . then put into it a thin bag of boulter-cloth containing forty pound weight of the best blew raisins of the sun , well picked and washed and wiped dry ; and let the bag be so large , that the raisins may lie at ease and loosly in it . when you perceive that the raisins are boiled enough to be very soft , that you may strain out all their substance , take out the bag , and strain out all the liquor by a strong press . put it back to the honey-liquor , and boil all together ( having thrown away the husks of the raisins with the bag ) till your l●q●or be sunk down to the notch of your stick , which is the sign of due strength : then let it cool in a woodden vessel , and let it run through a strainer to sever it from the settlings , and put it into a strong vessel , that hath had sack or muscadine in it , not filling it to within three fingers breadth of the top ( for otherwise it will break the vessel with working ) and leave the bung open whiles it worketh , which will be six weeks very strongly , though it be put into a cold cellar . and after nine moneths , you may begin to drink it . morello wine . to half an aume of white wine , take twenty pounds of morello cherries , the stalks being first plucked off . bruise the cherries and break the stones . pour into the wine the juyce that comes out from the cherries ; but put all the solid substance of them into a long bag of boulter-cloth , and hang it in the wine at the bung , so that it lie not in the bottom , but only reach to touch it , and therefore nail it down at the mouth of the bung . then stop it close . for variety , you may put some clear juyce of cherries alone ( but drawn from a larger proportion of cherries ) into another parcel of wine . to either of them , if you will aromatise the drink , t●ke to this quantity two ounces of cinnamon grosly broken and bru●sed , and put it in a little bag at the spiggot , that all the wine you draw may run through the cinnamon . you must be careful in bruising the cherries , and breaking the stones . for if you do all at once , the liquor will sparkle about . but you must first bruise the cherries gently in a mortar , and rub through a sieve all that will pass , and strain the residue hard through your hands . then beat the remaining hard so strongly , as may break all the stones . then put all together , and strain the clean through a subtil strainer , and put the solider substance into the bag to hang in the wine . currants-wine . take a pound of the best currants clean picked , and pour upon them in a deep straight mouthed earthen vessel six pounds or pints of hot water , in which you have dissolved three spoonfuls of the purest and newest ale-yest . stop it very close till it ferment , then give such vent as is necessary , and keep it warm for about three days , it will work and ferment . taste it after two days , to see if it be grown to your liking . as soon as you find it so , let it run through a strainer , to leave behind all the exhausted currants and the yest , and so bottle it up . it will be exceeding quick and pleasant , and is admirable good to cool the liver , and cleanse the blood . it will be ready to drink in five or six days after it is bottled ; and you may drink safely large draughts of it . scotch ale from my lady holmbey . the excellent scotch ale is made thus . heat spring-water ; it must not boil , but be ready to boil , which you will know by leaping up in bubbles . then pour it to the malt ; but by little and little , stirring them strongly together all the while they are mingling . when all the water is in , it must be so proportioned that it be very thick . then cover the vessel well with a thick mat made o● purpose with a hole for the stick , and that with coverlets and blankets to keep in all the heat . after three or four hours , let it run out by the stick ( putting new heated water upon the malt , if you please , for small ale or beer ) into a hogshead with the head out . there let it stand till it begin to blink , and grow long like thin syrup . if you let it stay too long , and grow too thick , it will be sowre . then put it again into the caldron , and boil it an hour or an hour and a half then put it into a woodden-vessel to cool which will require near forty hours for a hog●●head . then pour it off gently from the settling● this quantity ( of a hogshead ) will requir● bet●●r then a quart of the best ale-barm , which you must put to it thus . put it to about three quarts of wort , and stir it , to make it work well . when the barm is risen quick scum it off to put to the rest of the wort by degrees . the remaining liquor ( that is the three quarts ) will have drawn into it all the heavy dregs of the barm , and you may put it to the ale of the second running , but not to this . put the barm , you have scummed off ( which will be at least a quart ) to about two gallons of the wort , and stir it to make that rise and work . then put two gallons more to it . doing thus at several times , till all be mingled , which will require a whole day to do . cover it close , and let it work , till it be at it's height , and begin to fall , which may require ten or twelve hours , or more . watch this well , least it sink too much , for then it will be dead . then scum off the thickest part of the barm , and ●un your ale into the hogshaed , leaving all the bung open a day or two . then lay a strong paper upon it , to keep the clay from falling in , that you must then lay upon it , in which you must make a little hole to let it work out . you must have some of the same liquor to fill it up , as it works over . when it hath done working , stop it up very close , and keep it in a very cold cellar . it will be fit to broach after a year ; and be very clear and sweet and pleasant , and will continue a year longer drawing ; and the last glass full be as pure and as quick as the first . you begin to broach it high . let your cask have served for sweet-wine . to make ale drink quick . when small ale hath wrought sufficiently , draw into bottles ; but first put into every bottle twelve good raisins of the sun split and stoned ; then stop up the bottle close , and set it in sand gravel ) or a cold dry cellar . after a while this will drink exceeding quick and pleasant . likewise take six wheat-corns , and bruise them , and put into a bottle of ale ; it will make it exceeding quick and stronger . to make cider . take a peck of apples , and slice them , and boil them in a barrel of water , till the third part be wasted ▪ then cool your water as you do for wort , and when it is cold , you must pour the water upon three measures of grown apples . then draw forth the water at a tap three or four times a day , for three days together . then press out the liquor , and tun it up ; when it hath done working , then stop it up close . a very pleasant drink of apples . take about fifty pipp●ns ; quarter and core them , without paring them : for the paring is the cordialest part of them . therefore onely wipe or wash them well , and pick away the black excrescence at the top ; and be sure to leave out all the seeds , which are hot . you may cut them ( after all the superfluities are tak●n away ) in●o thinner slices , if you please . put three gallons of fountain water to them in a great pipkin , and let them boil , till the apples become clear and transparent ; which is a sign , they are perfectly tender , and w●ll be in a good half hour , or a little more . then with your ladle break them into mash and pulpe , incorporated with the water ; letting all boil half an hour longer , that the water may draw into it self all the vertue of the apples . then put to them a pound and a half of pure dubble refined sugar in powder , which will soon dissolve in that hot liquor . then pour it into an hippocras bag , and let it run through it two or three times , to be very clear . then put it up into bottles ; and after a little time , it will be a most pleasant , quick , cooling , smoothing drink . excellent in sharp gonorrhaeas . sir paul neale's way of making cider . the best apples make the best cider , as pearmains , pippins , golden-pippins , and the like . codlings make the finest cider of ●ll . they must be ripe , when you make cider of them ; and is in prime in the summer season , when no other cider is good . but lasteth not long , not beyond autumn . the foundation of making perfect cyder consisteth in not having it work much , scarce ever at all ; but , at least , no second time ; which ordinary cider doth often , upon change of weather , and upon motion : and upon every working it grows harder . do then thus : choose good apples . red streaks are the best for cider to keep ; ginet-moils the next , then pippins . let them lie about thre● weeks , after they are gathered ; then stamp and strain them in the ordinary way , into a woodden fat that hath a●●igot three or four fingers breadth above the●●ottom . cover the fat w●th some hair or sack ●oth , to secure it from any thing to fall in , and to keep in some of the spirits , so to preserve it from dying ; but not so much as to make it ●erment . when the juyce hath been there twelve hours , draw it by the spigot ( the fat inclining that way , as if it were a little tilted ) into a barrel ; which must not be full by about two fingers . leave the bung open for the air to come in , upon a superficies , all along the barrel , to hinder it from fermenting ; but not so large a superficies as to endanger dying , by the airs depredating too many spirits from it . the drift in both these settlings is , that the grosser parts consisting of the substance of the apple , may settle to the bottom , and be severed from the liquor ; for it is that , which maketh it work again ( upon motion or change of weather ) and spoils it . after twenty four hours draw of it , to see if it be clear , by the settling of all dregs , above which your spigot must be . if it be not clear enough , draw it from the thick dregs into another vessel , and let it settle there twenty four hours . this vessel must be less then the first , because you draw not all out of the first . if then it should not be clear enough , draw it into a third , yet lesser then the second ; but usually it is at the first . when it is clear enough draw it into bottles , filling them within two fingers , which stop close . after two or three days visit them ; that if there be a danger of their working ( which would break the bottles ) you may take out the stopples , and let them stand open for half a quarter of an hour . then stop them close , and they are secure for ever after . in cold freesing weather , set them upon hay , and cover them over with hay or straw . in open weather in winter transpose them to another part of the cellar to stand upon the bare ground or pavement . in hot weather se● them in sand . the cider of the apples of the last season , as pippins , not peermains , nor codlings , will last till the summer grow hot . though this never work , 't is not of the nature of stummed wine ; because the naughty dregs are not le●t in it . doctor harvey's pleasant water-cider , whereof he used to drink much , making it his ordinary drink . take one bushel of pippins , cut them into slices with the parings and cores ; boil them in tw●lve gallons of water , till the goodness of them be in the water ; and that consumed about three gallons . then put it into an hypocras-bag , made of cotton ; and when it is clear run out , and almost cold , sweeten it with five pound of brown-sugar , and put a pint of ale-yest to it , and set it a working two nights and days : then skim off the yest clean , and put it into bottles , and let it stand two or three days , till the yest fall dead at the top : then take it off clean with a knife , and fill it up a little within the neck ( that is to say , that a little abo●t a fingers breadth of the neck be empty , between the superficies of the liquor , and the bottom of the stopple ) and then stop them up and ●ye them , or else it will drive out the corks . within a fortnight you may drink of it . it will keep five or six weeks . ale with honey . sir thomas gower makes his pleasant and wholesom drink of ale and honey thus . take fourty gallons of small ale , and five gallons of honey . when the ale is ready to tun , and is still warm , take out ten gallons of it ; which , whiles it is hot , mingle with it the five gallons of honey , stirring it exceeding well with a clean arm till they be perfectly incorporated . then cover it , and let it cool and stand still . at the same time you begin to dissolve the honey in th●s parcel , you take the other of thirty gallons also warm , and tun it up with barm , and put it into a vessel capable to hold all the whole quantity of ale and honey , and let it work there ; and because the vessel will be so far from being full , that the gross foulness of the ale cannot work over , make holes in the sides of the barrel even with the superficies of the liquor in it , out of which the gross feculence may pu●ge ▪ and these holes must be fast shut , when you put in the rest of the ale with the honey : which you must do , when you see the strong work●ng of the other is over ; and that it works but gently , which may be after two or three or four days ▪ according to the warmth of the season . you must warm your solution of honey , when you put it in , to be as warm as ale , when you tun it ; and then it will set the whole a working a fresh , and casting out more foulness ; which it would do too violently , if you put it in at the first of the tunn●ng it . it is not amiss that some feculence lie thick upon the ale , and work not all out ; for that will keep in the spirits . after you have dissolved the honey in the ale , you must boil it a little to skim it ; but skim it not , till it have stood a while from the fire to cool ; else you w●ll skim away much of the honey , which will still rise as long as it boileth . if you will not make so great a quantity at a time , do it in less in the same proportions . he makes it about michaelmas for lent. when strong beer groweth too hard , and flat for want of spirits ▪ take four or five gallons of it out of a hogshead , and boil five pound of honey in it , and skim it , and put it warm into the beer ; and after it hath done working , stop it up close . this will make it quick , p●easant and stronger . small ale for the stone . the ale , that i used to drink constantly of , was made in these proportions . take fourteen gallons of water , and half an ounce of hops : boil them near an hour together . then pour it upon a peck of malt. have a care the malt be not too small ground ; for then it will never make clear ale. let it soak so near two hours . then let it run from the malt , and boil it only one walm or two . let it stand cooling till it be cool enough to work with barm , which let be of beer rather than ale , about half a pint . after it hath wrought some hours , when you see it come to it's height , and is near beginning to fall in working , tun it into a barrel of eight gallons ; and in four or five days it will be fit to broach to drink . since i have caused the wort to be boiled a good half hour ; since again i boil it a good hour ; and it is much the better ; beca●se the former ale tasted a little raw. now because it consumes in boiling , and would be too strong , if this malt made a less proportion of ale ; i have added a gallon of water at the first , taking fifteen gallons in stead of fourteen . since i have added half a peck of malt to the former proportions , to make it a little stronger in winter . apple drink with sugar , honey , &c. a very pleasant drink is made of apples , thus ; boil sliced apples in water , to make the water strong of apples , as when you make to drink it for coolness and p●easure . sweeten i● with sugar to your tast , such a quantity of sliced apples , as would make so much water strong enough of apples ; and then bottle it up close for three or four months . there will come a thick mother at the top , which being taken off , all the rest will be very clear , and quick and pleasant to the taste , beyond any cider . it will be the better to most tasts , if you put a very little rosemary into the liquor , when you boil it , and a little limon-peel into each bottle , when you bottle it up . to make stepponi . take a gallon of conduit-water , one pound of blew raisins of the sun stoned , and half a pound of sugar . squeese the juyce of two limons upon the raisins and sugar , and slice the rindes upon them . boil the water , and pour it so hot upon the ingredients in an earthen pot , and stir them well together . so let it stand twenty four hours . then put it into bottles ( having first let it run through a strainer ) and set them in a cellar or other cool place . weak honey-drink . take nine pints of warm fountain water , and dissolve in it one pint of pure white-honey , by laving it therein , till it be dissolved . then boil it gently , skimming it all the while , till all the scum be perfectly scummed off ; and after that boil it a little longer , peradventure a quarter of an hour . in all it will require two or three hours boiling , so that at last one third part may be consumed . about a quarter of an hour before you cease bo●ling , and take it from the fire , put to it a little spoonful of cleansed and sliced ginger ; and almost half as much of the thin yellow rinde of orange , when you are even ready to take it from the fire , so as the orange boil only one walm in it . then pour it into a well-glased strong deep great gally-pot , and let it stand so , till it be almost cold , that it be scarce luke-warm . then put to it a little silver-spoonful of pure ale-yest , and work it together with a ladle to make it ferment : as soon as it beginneth to do so , cover it close with a fit cover , and put a thick dubbled woollen cloth about it . cast all things so that th●s may be done when you are going to bed . next morning when you rise , you will find the barm gathered all together in the middle ; scum it clean off with a silver-spoon and a feather , and bottle up the liquor , stopping it very close . it will be ready to drink in two or three days ; but it will keep well a mon●h or two . it will be from the first very quick and pleasant . mr. webb's ale and bragot . five bushels of malt will make two hogsheads . the first running makes one very good hogshead , but not very strong ; the second is very weak . to this proportion boil a quarter of a pound of hops in all the water that is to make the two hogsheads ; that is , two ounces to each hogshead , you put your water to the malt in the ordinary way . boil it well , when you come to work it with yest , take very good beer-yest , not ale-yest . to make bragot , he takes the first running of such ale , and boils a less proportion of honey in it , then when he makes his ordinary meath ; but dubble or triple as much spice and herbs . as for example to twenty gallons of the strong-wort , he puts eight or ten pound , ( according as your taste liketh more or less honey ) of honey ; but at least triple as much herbs , and triple as much spice as would serve such a quantity of small mead as he made me. ( for to a stronger m●ad you put a greater proportion of herbs and spice , then to a small ; by reason that you must keep it a longer time before you drink it : and the length of time mellows and tames the taste of the herbs and spice ) and when it is tunned in the vessel ( after working with the barm ) you hang in it a bag with bruised spices ( rather more then you boiled in it ) which is to hang in the barrel all the while you draw it . he makes also mead with the second weak running of the ale ; and to this he useth the same proportions of honey , herbs and spice , as for his small mead of pure water ; and useth the same manner of boiling , working with yest , and other circumstances , as in making of that . the countess of newport's cherry wine . pick the best cherries free from rotten , and pick the stalk from them ; put them into an earthen pa● . bruise them , by griping and straining them in your hands , and let them stand all night ; on the next day strain them out ( through a napkin ; which if it be a course and thin one , let the juyce run through a hippocras or gelly-bag , upon a pound of fine pure sugar in powder , to every gallon of juyce ) and to every gallon put a pound of sugar , and put it into a vessel . be sure your vessel be full , or your wine will be spoiled ; you must let it stand a month before you bottle it : and in every bottle you must put a lump ( a piece as big as a nutmeg ) of sugar . the vessel must not be stopt until it hath done working . strawberry wine . bruise the strawberries , and put them into a linnen-bag which h●th been a little used , that ●o the l●quor may run through more easily . you hang in the bag at the bung into the vessel , before you do put in your strawberries . the quantity of the fruit is left to your discretion ; for you will judge to be there enough of them , when the colour of the wine is high enough . during the working , you leave the bung open . the working being over , you stop your vessel . cherry-wine is made after the same fashion . but it is a little more troublesome to break the cherry-stones . but it is necessary , that if your cherries be of the black sowre cherries . you put to it a little cinnamon , and a few cloves . to make wine of ch●rries alone . take one hundred pounds weight , or what quantity you please , of ripe , but ●ound , pure , dry and well gathered cherries . bruise and mash them with your hands to press out all their juyce , which strain through a boulter cloth , into a deep narrow woodden tub , and cover it close with clothes . it will begin to work and ferment within three or four hours , and a thick foul scum will rise to the top . skim it off as it riseth to any good head , and presently cover it again . do thus till no more great quantity of scum arise , which will be four or five time , or more . and by this means the liquor will become clear , all the gross muddy parts rising up in scum to the top . when you find that the he●ght of the working is past , and that it begins to go less , tun it into a barrel , let●ing it run again through a boulter , to keep out all the gross ●eculent substance . if you should let it stay before you tun it up , till the wo●king were to● much deaded , the wine would prove dead . let it remain in the barre● close stopped , a month or five weeks . then draw it into bottles , into each of which put a lump of fine sugar , before you draw the wine into it , and stop them very close , and set them in a cold celler . you may drink them after three or four months . this wine is exceeding pleasant , strong , spiritful and comfortable . of cookery . to make a sack posset . boil two wine-quarts of sweet-cream in a possnet ; when it hath boiled a little , take it from the fire , and beat the yolks of nine or ten fresh eggs , and the whites of four with it , beginning with two or three spoonfuls , and adding more till all be incorporated ▪ then set it over the fire , to recover a good degree of hear , but not so much as to boil ; and always stir it one way , least you break the consistence . in the me●n time , let half a pint of sack or whi●e muscadin boil a very little in a bason , upon a cha●ing-dish of coals , with three quarters of a pound of sugar , and three or four quartered nutmeg● , and as many pretty big pieces of sticks of cinnamon . when this is well scummed , and still very hot , take it from the fire , and immediately pour into it the cream , beginning to pour neer it , but raising by degrees your hand so that it may fall down from a good height ; and without any more to be done , it will be then fit to ear . it is very good kept cold well as eaten hot . it doth very well with it , to put into the sack ( immediately before you put in the cream ) some ambergreece , or ambered-sugar , or pastils . when it is made , you may put powder of cinnamon and sugar upon it , if you like it . another . to two quarts of cream , if it be in the summer , when the c●eam is thick and best , take but two or three yolks of eggs. but in the winter when it is thin and hungry , take six or seven ; but never no whites . and of sack or muscadin , take a good third ( scarce half ) of a pint ; and three quarters of a pound of fine sugar . let the sugar and sack boil well together , that it be almost like a syrup ; and just as you take it from the fire , put in your ground amber or pastils , and constantly pour in the cream , with which the eggs are incorporated : and do all the rest as is said in the foregoing process . ambered-sugar is made by grinding very well , four grains of ambergreece , and one of musk , with a little fine sugar ; or grinding two or three spanish pastils very small . a plain ordinary posset . put a pint of good milk to boil ; as soon as it doth so , take it from the fire , to let the great heat of it cool a little ; for doing so , the curd will be the renderer , and the whole of a more uniform consistence . when it is prettily cooled , pour it into your pot , wherein is about two spoonfuls of sack , and about four of ale , with sufficient sugar dissolved in them . so let it st●nd a while near the fire , till you eat it . a sack posset . take three pints of cream ; boil in it a little cinnamon , a nutmeg quartered , and two spoonfuls of grated bread ; then beat the yolks of twelve eggs very well with a little cold cream , and a spoonful of sack. when your cream hath boiled about a quarter of an hour , thicken it up with the eggs , and sweeten it with sugar ; and take half a pint of sack and six spoonfuls of ale , and put into the basin or dish , you intend to make it in , with a little ambergreece , if you please . then pour your cream and eggs into it , holding your hand ●s high as conveniently you can , gently stirring in the basin with the spoon as you pour it ; so serve it up . if you please you may strew sugar upon it . you may strew ambredsugar upon it , as you eat it ; or sugar-beaten with cinnamon , if you l●ke it . a barley sack posset . take half a pound or more of french-barley , ( not perle-barley ) and pour scalding water upon it , and wash it well therein , and strain it from the water , & put it into the corner of a linnen-cloth and tie it up fast there , and strike it a dozen or twenty blows against a firm table or block , to make it tender by such bruising it , as in the countrey is used with wheat to make frumenty . then put it into a la●ge skillet with three pints of good milk . boil this till at least half be consumed , and that it become as thick as hasty pudding , which will require at least two hours ; and it must be carefully stirred all the wh●le , least it burn too : which if by some little inadverrence it should do , and that some black burned substance sti●keth to the bottom of the skillet , pour all the good matter from it into a fresh skillet ( or into a b●sin whiles you scoure this ) and renew boiling till it be very thick ; all which is to make the barley very tender and pulpy , and will at least require two or near three hours . then pour to it three pints of good cream , and boil them together a little while , stirring them always . it will be sometime before the cold cream boil , which when it doth , a little will suffice . then take it from the fire , and season it well with sugar . then take a quarter of a pint of sack , and as much rhenish-wine ( or more of each ) and a little verjuyce , or sharp cider , or juyce of orange , and se●son it well with sugar ( at least half a pound to both ) and set it over coals to boil . which when it doth , and the sugar is well melted , pour the cream into it ; in which cream the barley will be settled to the bottom by standing still unmoved , after the sugar is well stirred and melted in it , or pour it through a ha●r-sieve ; and you may boil it again , that it be very hot , when you mingle them togethe● ; else it may chance not curdle . some of the barley ( but little ) will go over with it , and will do no hurt . after you have thus made your posset , let it stand warm a while that the curd may thicken : but take heed it boil not , for that would dissolve it again into the consistence of cream . when you serve it up , strew it over with powder of cinnamon and sugar . it will be much the bett●r , if you strew upon it some ambergreece ground w●th sugar . you may boil bruised sticks of cinnamon in the cream , and in the sack , before you mingle them . you must use clear char-coal-fire under your vesse●s . the remaining barley will make good barley cream , being boiled with fresh cream and a little cinnamon and mace ; to which you may add a little rosemary and sugar , when it is taken from the fire : or butter it as you do wheat . or make a pudding of it , putting to it a pint of cream , which boil ; then add four or five yolks , and two whites of eggs , and the marrow of two bones cut small , and of one in lumps : sufficient sugar , and one nutmeg grated . put this either to bake raw , or with puff-past beneath and above it in the dish . a pretty smart heat , as for white manchet , and three quarters of an hour in the oven . you may make the like with great oat-meal scalded ( not boiled ) in cream , and soaked a night ; then made up as the other . my lord of carlile's sack-posset . take a pottle of cream , and boil in it a little whole cinnamon , and three or four flakes of mace. to this proportion of cream put in eighteen yolks of eggs , and eight of the whites ; a pint of sack ; beat your eggs very well , and then mingle them with your sack. put in three quarters of a pound of sugar into the wine and eggs with a nutmeg grated , and a little beaten cinnamon ; set the basin on the fire with the wine and eggs , and let it be hot . then put in the cream boyling from the fire , pour it on high , but stir it not ; cover it with a dish , and when it is settled , strew on the top a little fine sugar mingled with three grains of ambergreece , and one grain of musk , and serve it up . a syllabub . my lady middlesex makes syllabubs for little glasles with spouts , this . take pints of sweet cream , one of quick white wine ( or rhehish ) and a good wine glassful ( better the ¼ of a p●nt ) of sack : mingle with them about three quarters of a pound of fine sugar in powder . beat all these together with a whisk , till all appeareth converted into froth . then pour it into your little syllabub-glasses , and let them stand all night . the next day the curd will be thick and firm above , and the drink clear under it . i conceive it may do well , to put into each glass ( when you pour the liquor into it ) a ●prig of rosemary a little bruised , or a little l●mo●-peel , or some such th●ng to quicken the taste ; or use amber-sugar , or spirit of cinnamon , or of lignum-cassiae ; or nutmegs , or mace or cloves , a very little . a good dish of cream . boil a quart of good cream with sticks of cinnamon and quartered nutmeg and sugar to your taste . when it is boiled enough to have acquired the taste of the spice , take the whites of six new laid eggs , and beat them very well with a little fresh-cream , then pour them to your boyling cream , and let them boil a walm or two . then let it run through a boulter , and put a little orange flower-water to it , and slicedbread ; and so serve it up cold . an excellent spanish cream . take two quarts ( you must not exceed this proportion in one vessel ) of perfectly sweet-cream , that hath not been jogged with carriage : and in a possnet set it upon a clear lighted char-coal-fire , not too hot . when it beginneth to boil , cast into it a piece of double refined hard sugar about as much as two walnuts , and with a spoon stir the cream all one way . after two or three rounds , you will perceive a thick cream rise at the top . scum it off with your spoon , and lay it in another dish . and always stir it the same way , and more cream will rise ; which as it doth rise , you put it into your dish , one lare upon an other . and thus almost all the cream will turn into this thick cream , to within two or three spoonfuls . if you would have it sweeter , ●ou may strew some sugar upon the top of it . you must be careful not to have the heat too much ; for then it will turn to oyl ; as also if the cream have been carried . if you would have it warm , set the dish you lay it in , upon a chafing-dish of coals . another clouted cream . milk your cows in the evening about the ordinary hour , and fill with it a little ket●le about three quarters full , so that there may be happily two or three gallons of milk. let this stand thus five or six hours . about twelve a clock at night kindle a good fire of charcoal , and set a large trivet over it . when the fire is very clear and quick , and free from all smoak , set your ket●le of milk over it upon the trivet , and have in a pot by a quart of good cream ready to put in at the due time ; which must be , when you see the milk begin to boil simpringly . then pour in the cream in a littl● stream and low , upon a place , where you see the milk simper : this will presently deaden the boiling , and then you must pour in no more cream there , but in a fresh place , where it simpreth and bubbeleth a little . continue this pouring in , in new places where the milk boileth , ●●ll all your cream i● in , watching it carefully to that end . then let it continue upon the fire to boil , till you see all the mi●k r●se up toge●her to the top , and not in little parcels here and there , so that it would run over , if it should stay longer upon the fire . then let two persons take it steadily off , and set it by in a cool-room to stand unmoved , uncovered ; but so as no motes may fall in , for the rest of that night , and all the next day and night , and more , if you would have it thicker . then an hour or two before dinner cut the thick cream at the top with a knife into squares as broad as you● hand , which will be the thicker , the longer in hath stood . then ●have a thin slice or skimmer of latton , and with that raise up the thick cream , putting your slice under it so nicely , that you take up no milk with it ; and have a ladle or spoon in the other hand to help the cream upon the slice , which thereby will become mingled : and lay these parcels of cream in a dish , into which you have first put a little raw cream , or of that ( between cream and milk ) that is immediately under the clouts . to take the clouts the more conveniently , you hold a back of a ladle or skimming-dish against the further side of the clout , that it may not slide away when the latton slice shuffeth it on the other side to get under it , and so the clout will mingle together or dubble up , which makes it the thicker , and the more graceful . when you have laid a good laire of clouts in the dish , put upon it a little more fresh , raw or boiled-cream , and then fill it up with the rest of the clouts . and when it is ready to serve in , you may strew a little sugar upon it , if you will you may sprinkle in a little sugar between every flake or clout of cream . if you keep the dish thus laid a day longer before you eat it , the cream will grow the thicker and firmer . but if you keep it , i think it is best to be without sugar or raw cream in it , and put them in , when you are to serve it up . there w●ll be a thin cream swimming upon the milk of the kettle after the clouts are taken away , which is very sweet and pleasant to drink . if you should let your clouts lie longer upon th● milk , then i have said , before you skim it off , the milk underneath would grow sowre , and spoil the cream above . if you put these clouts into a churm with other cream , it w●ll make very good butter , so as no sugar have been put with it . my lord of s. alban's cresme fouettee . put as much as you please to make , of sweet thick cream in●o a dish , and whip it with a bundle of white hard rushes , ( of such as they make whisks to brush cloaks ) tyed together , till it come to be very th●ck , and near a buttery substance . if you whip it too long , it will become butter . about a good hour will serve in winter . in summer it will require an hour and a half . do not put in th● dish , you will serve it up in , till it be almost time to set it upon the table . then strew some poudered fine s●gar in the bottom of the dish it is to go in , and with a broad sp●●ule lay your cream upon it : when half is laid in , strew some more fine sugar upon it , and then lay in the rest of the cream ( leaving behinde some whey that will be in the bottom ) and strew more sugar upon that . you should have the sugar-box by you , to strew on sugar from time to tim● , as you eat off the superficies , that is strewed over with sugar . if you would have your whipped cream light and frothy , that hath but l●ttle substance in the eating , make it of onely plain milk ; and if you would have it of a consistence between both , mingle cream and milk . to make the cream-curds . strain your whey , and set it on the ●ire ; make a clear and gentle fire under your kettle ; as they rise , put in whey , so contin●ing ti●l they are ready to skim . then take your skimmer , and put them on the bottom of a hair sieve ; so let them drain till they are cold ; then take them off , and put them into a basin , and beat them with two or three spoonfuls of cream and sugar . to make clouted cream . take two gallons more or less of new milk , set it upon a clear fire ; when it is ready to boil , put in a quart of sweet cream , and take it off the fire , and strain it through a hair sieve into earthen pans ; let it stand two days and two nights ; then take it off with a skimmer ; strew sugar on the cream , and serve it to the table . to make a whip syllabub . t●ke the whites of two eggs , and a pint of cream , six spoonfuls of sack , as much sugar as will sweeten it ; then take a bir●hen rod and whip it ; as it riseth with froth , skim it , and put it into the syllabub-pot ; so continue it with whipping and skimming , till your syllabub pot be ●ull . to make a plain syllabub . take a pint of verjuyce in a bowl ; milk the cow ●o the verjuyce ; take off the curd ; and take sweetcream and beat them together with a little sack and sugar ; put it into your syllabub pot ; then strew sugar on it , and so send it to the table . concerning potages . the ground or body of potages must always be very good broth of mu●ton , veal a volaille . now to give good taste , you vary every month of the year , according to the herbs and roots that are in season . in spring and summer you use cerfevil , oseille , borage , bugloss , pourpier , lettice , chicoree and cowcombers quartered , &c. the manner of using them is to boil store of them about half an hour or a quarter , in a pot by it self , with some bouillon taken out off the great pot ; half an hour before dinner , take light bread well dryed from all moisture before the fire ; then cut in slices , laid in a dish over coals , pour upon it a ladleful of broath , no more then the bread can presently drink up ; which when it hath done , put on another ladleful , and stew that , till it be drunk up ; repeat this three or four times , a good quarter of an hour in all , till the bread is swelled like a gelly ( if it be too long , it will grow glewy and stick to the dish ) and strong of broth ; then fill it up near full with the same strong broth , which having stewed a while , put on the broth and herbs , and your capon or other meat upon that , and so let it stew a quarter of an hour longer , then turn it up . in winter , boil half an hour a pretty bundle of parsley , and half as much of sives , and a very little thyme , and sweet-marjoram ; when they have given their ●aste to the herbs , throw the bundle away ▪ and do as abovesaid with the bread . deeper in the winter , parsley-roots , and white-chicoree , or navets , or cabbage , which last must be put in at first , as soon as the pot is skimmed ; and to colour the bouillon it is good to put into it ( sooner or later , according to the coursness or finess of what you put in ) partridges or wild-duck , or a fleshy piece of beef half rosted . green-pease may some of them be boiled a pretty while in the great not ; but others in a pot by themselves , with some bouillon no longer then as if they were to eat buttered , and put upon the dish , containing the whole stock a quarter of an hour after the other hath stewed a quarter of an hour upon the bread . sometimes old-pease boiled in the broth from the first , to thicken it , but no pease to be served in with it . sometimes a piece of the bottom of a venison pasty , put in from the first . also venison bones . plain savoury english potage . make it of beef , mutton and veal ; at last adding a capon , or pigeons . put in at first a quartered onion or two , some oat-meal , or french barley , some bottome of a ven●son-pasty-crust , twenty whole grains of pepper : four or five cloves at last , and a little bundle of sweet-herbs , store of marigold-flowers . you may put in parsley or other herbs . or make it with beef , mutton and veal , putting in some oat-meal , and good pot-herbs , as parsley , sorrel , violet-leaves , &c. and a very little thyme and sweet-marjoram , scarce to be tasted : and some marigold leaves , at last . you may begin to boil it overnight , and let it stand warm all night ; then make an end of boiling it next morning . it is well to put into the pot , at first , twenty or thirty corns of whole pepper . potage de blanc de chapon . make first a very good bouillon , seasoned as you like . put some of it upon the white flesh of a capon or hen a little more then half-rosted . beat them well in a mortar , and strain out all the juyce that will come . you may put more b●oth upon what remains in the strainer , and beat again , and strain it to the former . whiles this is doing , put some of your first plain broth upon some dryed bre●d to mittonner-well . let there be no more broth , then just to do that . none to swim thin over . when you will serve the potage in , pour the white liquor upon the swelled and gellied-bread and let them stew together a li●tle upon the coals . when it is through hot , take it off , and squeese some limon or orange into it , and so send it in presently . it mendeth a bouillon much , to boil in it some half rosted vol●ille , or other good meat . to make spinage-broth . take strong broth , and boil a neck of mutton , and a marrow-bone in it , and skim it very well ; then put in half a pound of french barley , and a bundle of sweet herbs , and two or three blades of large-mace . let these boil very well . then mince half a peck of spinage , and two great onions very small , and let it boil one hour or more ; season it with salt as you please , and send the mutton and the marrow-bone in a dish with french bread or manchet to the table . ordinary potage . take the fleshy and sinewy part of a leg of b●ef , crag-ends of necks of ve●l and mutton . put them in a ten qua●t pot , and fill it ●p with water . begin to boil about six a clock in the morning , to have your potage ready by noon . when it is well skimmed , put in two or three large onions in quarters , and half a loaf ( in one lump ) of light french bread , or so much of the bottom crust of a venison pasty ; all which will be at length clean dissolved in the broth . in due time season it with salt , a little pepper , and a very few cloves . likewise at a fit distance , before it be ended boiling , put in store of good herbs , as in summer , borrage , bugloss , pursl●in , sorel , lettice , endive , and what else you like ; in winter , beetes , endive , parsley-roots , cabbage , carots , whole onions , leeks , and what you can get or like , with a little ●weet-marjoram and exceeding little thyme . order it so that the broth be very strong and good . to which end you may after hours ( or three ) boil a hen or capon in it ; light french - bread sliced , must be taken about noon , and tosted a little before the fire , or crusts of crisp new french-bread ; lay it in a dish , and pour some of the broth upon it , ●nd let it stew a while upon a chafing-dish . then pour in more broth , and if you have a fowl , lay it upon the bread in the broth , and fill it up with broth , and lay the herbs and roots all over and about it , and let it stew a little longer , and so serve it up covered , after you have squeesed some juyce of orange or limon , or put some verjuyce into it . or you may beat two or three eggs , with part of the broth , and some verjuyce , or juyce of orange , and then mingle it with the rest of the broth . barely potage . take half a pound of french-barley , and wash it in three or four hot-waters ; then tye it up in a course linnen-cloth and strike it five or six blows against the table ; for this will make it very tender . put it into such a pot full of meat and water , as is said in the ordinary potage , after it is skimmed ; and season this with salt , spice , marjoram and thyme , as you did the other . an hour before you take it from the fire , put into it a pound of the best raisins of the sun well washed ; at such a distance of time , that they may be well plumped and tender , but not boiled to mash . when the broth is enough boiled and consumed , and very strong , pour some of it upon sliced dry bread in a deep potage-dish , or upon crusts , and let it stew a while . then pour on all the rest of the broth , with the barely and raisins , upon a capon or hen , or piece of mutton or veal ; and let it mittonner a while upon the chafing-dish , then serve it in . stewed broth. take a like quantity of water and flesh , as in the others , adding two marrow-bones : which tie at the ends with piec●s of linnen , that the marrow may not melt out , and make the broth too fat . a while after it is skimmed , put into it a loaf of french bread very thin sliced , ( which is better then grated ) and this will be all dissolved in the broth . season it in due time with salt , four or five flakes of mace , and five or six cloves ; as also with sweet herbs : and an hour , or better , before you take it of , put in raisins of the sun , prunes , and currants , of each one pound , well picked and washed . when it is boiled enough , pour the broth into a bason , that if it be too fat , you may take it off . there season it with a little sugar , and four or five spoonfuls of white-wine or sack. then pour it upon sliced-bread , and stew it a while . then squeese an orange or limon ( or both ) upon it , and serve it up with the marrow-bones in it . an english potage . make a good strong broth of veal and mutton ; then take out the meat , and put in a good capon or pullet : but first , if it be very fa● , pa●boil it a little to take away the oyleness of it , and then put it into the broth ; and when it hath boiled a little therein , put in some grated bread , a bundle of sweet●herbs , two or three blades of mace , and a peeled onion . when it is ready to be dished up , take the yolks of six eggs , beat them very well with two or three spoonfuls of white-wine . then take the capon out of the broth , and thicken it up with the eggs , and so dish it up with the capon , and tostes of white-bread or slices , which you please ; and have ready boiled the marrow of two or three bones with some ●ender boiled white endive , and strew it over the capon . another potage . a good potage for dinner is thus made : boil beef , mutton , veal , volaille , and a little piece of the lean of a gammon of the best bacon , with some quartered onions , ( and a little garlick , if you like it ) you need no salt , if you have bacon ; but put in a little pepper and cloves . if it be in the winter , put in a bouquet of sweet-herbs , or whole onions , or roots , on cabbage . if season of herbs , boil in a little of the broth apart , some lettice , sorrel , borage and bugloss , &c. till they be only well mortified . if you put in any gravy , let it boil or stew a while with the broth ; put it in due time upon the tosted-bread to mittoner , &c. if you boil some half rosted meat with your broth , it will be the better . portugal broth , as it was made for the queen . make very good broth with some lean of veal , beef and mutton , and with a brawny hen or young cock. after it is scummed , put in an onion quartered , ( and , if you like it , a clove of ga●lick , ) a little parsley , a sprig of thyme , as much minth , a little balm ; some coriander-seeds bruised , and a very little saffron : a little salt , pepper and a clove . when all the substance is bo●led out of the meat , and the broth very good , you may drink it so , or , pour a little of it upon tosted sliced-bread , and stew it , till the bread have drunk up all that broth , then add a little more , and stew ; so adding by little and little , that the bread may imbibe it and swell : whereas if you drown it at once , the bread will not swell , and grow like gelly ; and thus you will have a good potage . you may add parsley-roots or leeks , cabbage or endive in the due time before the broth is ended boiling , and time enough for them to become tender . in the summer you may put in lettice , sorrel , purslane , borage and bugloss , or what other pot-herbs you like . but green herbs do rob the strength and vigor and cream of the potage . the queens ordinary bouillon de santé in a morning , was thus . a hen , a handful of parsley , a sprig of thyme , three of spear-minth , a little balm , half a great onion , a little pepper and salt , and a clove , as much water as would cover the hen ; and this boiled to less then a pint , for one good porrenger full . nourissant potage de santé . fill a large earthen pot with water , and make it boil ; then take out half the water , and put in beef and mutton ( fit pieces ) and boil and skim : and as soon as it boils , season it with salt and pepper . after an hour and half , or two hours , put in a capon , and four or five cloves ; when it is within a good half hour of being boiled enough , put in such herbs , as you intend , as sorrel , lettice , purslane , borage and bugloss , or green-pease ; and in the winter , parsley-roots and white-endive , or navets , &c. so pour the broth upon tosted light bread , and let it stew a while in the dish covered ▪ you should never put in fresh water . and if you should through the consuming of the water by long boiling , it must be boiling hot . the less broth remains , the better is the potage , were it but a porrenger full , so that it would be stiff gelly when it is cold . it is good to put into the water , at the first , a whole onion or two ; and if you will , a spoonful of well-beaten org● mondé , or bottom crust of bread , or some of the bottom of a venison pasty . potage de santé . make strong broth with a piece of beef , mutton and veal , adding a piece of the sinews of the leg of beef , seasoning it with two great onions quartered , some cloves , and white-pepper . in due time put in a capon , or take some broth out to boil it in . but before you put in the capon , take out some of the broth , in which boil and stew turneps first prepared thus . fry them in scalding butter , till they be tender ; then take them out with a holed skimmer , and lay them in a holed dish warmed , set in another whole dish ▪ when all the butter is quite drained out , stew them in a pipkin in the broth , as is said above . when you will make up your potage , pu● some ladlefuls of the broth of the great pot ( driving away the fat with the ladle ) upon slices of scorched-bread in a deep dish . let this mittonner a while . then lay the capon upon it , and pour the turneps and broth of them over all . a duck in lieu of a capon will make very good potage . but then it is best , to fry that first , as the turneps , then boil it . potage de santé . make a good and well seasoned bouillon with 〈◊〉 beef , mutton and veal , in which boil a capon . boil with it either cabbage , or turneps , or whole onions . the first two you put into the broth all over the dish ; but the onions you lay all round about the brim , when you serve it in . whiles the meat is boiling to make the bouillon , you rost a fleshy piece of beef ( without fat ) of two or three pound ; and when it is half rosted , squeese out all the juyce , and put the flesh into the pot with the rest of the meat to boil , which will both colour and strengthen it . when you find your bouillon good , pour it into the dish , where your bread lieth sliced ( which must be very light and spungy , and dryed first , after it is sliced ) and let it mittonner a little . then pour your gravy of beef upon it , ( or of mutton ) and lay your capon upon it , and lay in your roots round about it . it is best to boil by themselves in some of the bouillon in a pot a part , the roots or onions . potage de santé . mounsieur de s. eurem●nt makes thus his potage de santé and boiled meat for dinner , being very valetudinary . put a knuckle of veal and a hen into an earthen p●pkin with a gallon of water ( about nine of the clock forenoon ) and boil it gently till you have skimmed it well . when no more scum riseth ( which will be in about a quarter of an hour , ) take out the hen ( which else would be too much boiled , ) and continue boiling gently till about half an hour past ten . then put in the hen again , and a handful of white endive uncut at length , which requireth more boiling then tenderer herbs ▪ near half hour after eleven , put in two good handfuls of tender sorrel , borage , bugloss , lettice , purslane ( these two come later then the others , therefore are not to be had all the winter ) a handful a piece , a little cerfevil , and a little beet-leaves . when he is in pretty good health , that he may venture upon more savoury hotter things , he puts in a large onion stuck round with cloves , and sometimes a little bundle of thyme and other hot savoury herbs ; which let boil a good half hour or better , and take them out , and throw them away , when you put in the tender herbs . about three quarters after eleven , have your sliced dried bread ready in a dish , and pour a ladleful of t●e broth upon it . let it stew covered upon a cha●ing-dish . when that is soaked in , put on more . so continue till it be well mittonée , and the bread grown spungy , and like a gelly . then fill up the dish with broth , and put the hen and veal upon it , and cover them over with herbs , and so serve it in . he keeps of this broth to drink at night , or make a pan-cotto , as also for next morning . i like to adde to this , a rand of tender brisket beef , and the cragg-end of a neck of mutton . but the beef mu●t have six hours boiling . so put it on with all the rest at six a clock . vvhen it is well scummed , take out all the rest . at nine , put in the veal and mutton , and thenceforwards , as is said above . but to so much meat , and for so long boiling , you must have at least three gallons of water ▪ either way you must boil always but leisurely , and the pot covered as much as is convenient , and season it in due time with a little salt , as also with pepper , if you like it ; and if you be in vigorous health , you may put a greater store of onions quartered . the beets have no very good taste , peradventure it were best leave them out . in health you may season the potage with a little juyce of orange . in season green pease ●re good , also cucumbers . in winter , roots , cabbage , poix-chiches , vermicelli at any time . you may use yolks of eggs beaten with some of the broth and juyce of oranges or verjuyce , then poured upon the whole quantity . tea with eggs. the jesuite that came from china , ann. , told mr. waller , that there they use sometimes in this manner . to near a pint of the infusion , take two yolks of new laid-eggs , and beat them very well with as much fine sugar as is sufficient for this quantity of liquor ; when they are very well incorporated , pour your tea upon the eggs and sugar , and stir them well together . so drink it hot . this is when you come home from attending business abroad , and are very hungry , and yet have not conveniency to eat presently a competent meal . this presently discusseth and satisfieth all rawness and indigence of the stomack , flyeth suddainly over the whole body and into the ve●ns , and strengthneth exceedingly , and preserves one a good while from necessity of eating . mr. waller findeth all those effects of it thus with eggs. in these parts , he saith , we let the hot water remain too long soaking upon the tea , which makes it extract into it self the earthy parts of the herb . the water is to remain upon it , no longer then whiles you can say the miserere psalm very leisurely . then pour it upon the sugar , or sugar and eggs. thus you have only the spiritual parts of the tea , which is much more active , penetrative and friendly to nature . you may for this regard take a little more of the herb ; about one dragm of tea , will serve for a pint of water ; which makes three ordinary draughts . nourishing broth. make a very good gelly-broth of mutton , veal , joynt-bones of each , a hen , and some bones ( with a little meat upon them ) of rosted veal or mutton , breaking the bones that the marrow may boil out . put to boil with these some barley ( first boiled in water , that you throw away ) some harts-horn rasped , and some stoned raisins of the sun. when the broth is throughly well boiled , pour it from the ingredients , and let it cool and harden into a gelly : then take from it the fat on the top , and the dregs in the bottom . to a porrenger full of this melted , put the yolk of a new-laid egg beaten with the juyce of an orange ( or less , if you like it not to sharp ) and a little sugar ; and let this stew gently a little while altogether , and so drink it . some flesh of rosted veal or mutton , or capon , besides the rosted-bones , that have marrow in them , doth much amend the broth . the joynts i have mentioned above , are those , which the butchers cut off , and throw to their dogs , from the ends of shoulders , legs , and other bare long parts , and have the sinews sticking to them . good no●rishing potage . take any bones of rosted or boiled beef , from which the meat is never so clean eaten and picked ; as the ribs , the chine-bones , the buckler plate-bone , marrow-bones , or any other , that you would think never so dry and insipid . break them into such convenient pieces , as may lie in your pipkin or pot ; also you may bruise them . put with them a good piece of the bloody piece of the throat of the beef , where he is sticked , and store of water to these . boil and scum them , till the first foul scum is risen and taken away ; afterwards scum no more , but let the blood boil into the broth . you may put a quartered onion or ▪ two to them , if you like them . after four or five hours boyling , put in a good knuckle with some of the leg of veal ; and , if you please , a crag-end or two of necks of mutton . let these boil very well with the rest . you may put in what herbs you please , in due time , as lettice , sorrel , borage and bugloss , spinage and endive , purslane , &c. and a bundle of sweet herbs : in winter , cabbage , or turneps , or parsley-roots , or endive , &c. it will be done in two or three hours after the veal and mutton are in . pour out the broth , and boil it a little by it self over a cha●ing-dish , in some deep vessel , to scum off the superfluous fat . then pour it upon tosted bread ( by degrees , if you will , stewing it , to gelly it ) to serve it in ( after it hath stewed a little , ) you must remember to season it with salt , pepper and cloves , in the due time . you will do well to quicken it with some verjuyce , or juyce of orange ; or with some yolks of eggs and the juyces , if the broth be not over-strong . green-pease in the season do well with the potage . you may put in , near the beginning , some bottom of a peppered pasty , or of a loaf of bread . wheaten flommery . in the west-country , they make a kind of flomery of wheat flower , which they judge to be more harty and pleasant then that of oatmeal , thus ; take half , or a quarter of a bushel of good bran of the best wheat ( which containeth the purest flower of it , though little , and is used to make starch , ) and in a great woodden bowl or pail , let it soak with cold water upon it three or four days . then strain out the milky water from it , and boil it up to a gelly or like starch . which you may season with sugar and rose or orange-flower-water , and let it stand till it be cold , and gellied . then eat it with white or rhenish-wine , or cream , or milk , or ale. pap of oat-meal . beat oat-meal small ; put a little of it to milk , and let it boil stewingly , till you see that the milk begins to thicken with it . then strain the milk from the oat-meal ( this is as when you soak or boil out the substance of oatmeal with water , to make flomery , ) then boil up that milk to the height of pap , which sweeten with a little sugar , and put to it some yolks of eggs dissolved in rose or orange-flower-water , and let it mittonner a while upon the cha●ing-dish , and a little butter , if you like it . you may boil a little mace in the milk. panado . beat a couple of new-laid-eggs in good clear broth ; heat this a little , stirring it all the while . then pour this upon a panado made thick of same broth ; and keep them a little upon a chasing-dish to incorporate , stirring them all the while . barley pap. boil barley in water usque ad putri●aginem , with a ●lake or two of mace or a quartered nutmeg ; and when it is in a manner dissolved in water with long boiling , strain out all the cream or pap , leaving the ●usks behind . at the same time beat ( for one mess ) two ounces of blanched almonds with rose-water ; and when they are throughly beaten , strain out their milk , ( or you may put this to the barley before it is strained , and strain them together ) and put it to the barley pap , and let them stew a while together ; then sweeten it with sugar to your taste . or when you have boiled the barley in water very tender as above , you may put milk to it , and boil again to fittin● thickness ; then strain it , adding almon●s as above . or if you will , and your stomack will bear it , you may eat it without straining the barley ( but the almonds must be strained ) and you may put butter to it if you please . you may do the like with oat-meal or rice ; or put pine-ke●nels ( first well watered ) with the almonds . oat-meal pap. sir john colladon . put beaten oat-meal to soak an hour or two in milk , as you do in water , when you make flomery . then strain it out into a possnet through a sitting strainer ; and if you judge it too thick of the oat-meal for sufficient boiling , add more milk to it . set this to boil , putting then into it a lump of sugar , ( about as big as a little wall nut ) and stir it well all the while , that it burn not too . about an hours boiling is sufficient , by which time it should be grown pretty thick . put then a good lump of fresh-butter to it , which being well melted and stirred into the pap and incorporated with it , take it from the fire , and put it into a dish , and strew some fine sugar upon it , or mingle some sugar with it to sweeten the whole quantity . you may season it also with rose-water or orange flower-water , or ambergreece , or some yolks of new-laid-eggs . you may put in a very little salt at the fi●st . rice & orge mondé . boil a quart of milk in a large pipkin ; as soon as it boileth , take it from the fire , and instantly put into it five or six good spoonfuls of picked rice , and cover it close , and so let it stand soaking in the chimney-corner two hours . then set in on the fire again , to make it stew or boil simpringly for an hour , or an hour and half more , till it be enough . then put sugar to it , and so serve it in . orge mondé is done in the same manner ; only ▪ you let that stand covered and warm all the while , during three , four or five hours , and then you boil it simpringly three or four hours more . the quantity must be more or less , as you desire it thicker or thinner , which after once tryal , you will easily know how to proportion out . the chief care must be , that the rice or barley be well homogeneated with the milk. smallage gruel . in a marble mortar beat great oat-meal to meal ( which requireth long beating ) then boil it three or four hours in spring-water . to a possnet full of two or three quarts of water put about half a porrenger full of oat-meal , before it is beaten ; for after beating it appeareth more . to this quantity put as much smallage as you buy for a peny , which maketh it strong of the herb , and very green . chop the smallage exceeding small , and put it in a good half hour before you are to take your possnet from the fire . you are to season your gruel with a little salt , at the due time ; and you may put in a little nutmeg and mace to it . when you have taken it from the fire , put into it a good proportion of butter , which stir well , to incorporate with the gruel , when it is melted . about water gruel . when you set to the fire a big pot of oatmeal , ( which must be but once cut , that is , every corn cut once a two ) and water , to make water-gruel ; let it boil long , till it be almost boiled enough , then make it rise in a great ebullition , in great galloping waves , and skim off all the top , that riseth ; which may be a third part of the whole , and is the cream , and hath no gross-visible oat-meal in it . boil that a while longer by it self , with a little mace and nutmeg , and season it with salt. when it is enough , take it off , and put sugar , butter , and a little red-rose-water to it , and an egg with a little white-wine , if you like it , and would have it more nourishing . this is by much better , then the part which remaineth below with the body of the oat-meal . yet that will make good water-gruel for the servants . if you boil it more leisurely , you must skim off the cream , as it riseth in boiling ; else it will quickly sink down again to the rest of the gross oat-meal . and thus you may have a finer cream then with hasty boiling . an excellent and wholesome water-gruel with wood-sorrel and currants . into a possnet of two quarts of water , besides the due proportion of beaten oat-meal , put two handfuls of wood sorrel a little-chopped and bruised , and a good quantity of picked and washed currants , tyed loosly in a thin stuff bag ( as a bolter cloth ) boil these very well together , seasoning the composition in due time , with salt , nutmeg , mace , or what else you please , as rosemary , &c. when it is sufficiently boiled , strain the oat-meal , and press out all the juyce and humidity of the currants and herbs , throwing away the insipid husks ; and season it with sugar and butter ; and to each porrenger-ful two spoonfuls of rhenish-wine and the yolk of an egg. the queens barley-cream . you must make a good barley-water , throwing away the three first waters as soon as they boil ; which will take up about three quarters of an hour . then you boil a large quantity of water with the barley ( which thus prepared makes the water no more red or russet ) during an hours space or more ; ( that it may be strong of the barley ; perle-barley is best , ) towards the latter end put in the pullet slead , and the legs cut off ; if it should boil too long , the emulsion would taste too fleshy . when it is enough , let the broth run clear from the barley and pullet , and beat the almonds with the broth , and strain them from it . then sweeten it with sugar . this is to make at least two english quarts of emulsion . i should like to put some pulp of barley , boiled by it self , to strain with the almond-milk ▪ and , if you will , some melon seeds . you may put some juyce of limon or orange to it . also season it with cinnamon , and make the broth stronger of the flesh . the queens white potage is made only of the white flesh of capon beaten with good broth and strained , and a little juyce of limon or orange ; but no almonds . pressis nourissant . the queen mothers pressis was thus made . take un gigot of mutton , a piece of veal , and a capon ( or half the quantity of each of these ) and put them to rost with convenient fire , till they are above half rosted , or rather , till they be two thirds rosted . then take them off , and squeese out all their juyce in a press with screws , and scum all the fat from it , and put it between two dishes upon a chafing dish of coals to boil a very little , or rather but to heat well ; for by then it is through hot , the juyce will be ripened enough to drink , whereas before it was raw and bloody ; then if you perceive any fat to remain and swim upon it , cleanse it away with a feather . squeese the juyce of an orange ( through a holed spoon ) into half a porrenger full of this , and add a little salt , and drink it . the queen used this at nights in stead of a supper ; for when she took this , she did eat nothing else . it is of great , yet temperate nourishment . if you take a couple of partridges in stead of a capon , it will be of more nourishment , but hotter . great weaknesses and consumptions have been recovered with long use of this , and strength and long life continued notably . it is good to take two or three spoonfuls of it in a good ordinary bouillon . i should like better the boiling the same things in a close flagon in bulliente balneo , as my lady kent , and my mother used . broth and potage . mounsieur de bourdeaux used to take a mornings a broth , thus made . make a very good broth ( so as to gelly , when it is cold ) a lean piece of a leg of veal , the cr●g-end of a neck of mutton , and a pullet , seasoning it with a little salt , cloves and pepper to your mind . beat some of it with a handful of blanched amonds , and twenty husked-seeds of citron , and strain it to the whole ; put sugar to it , and so drink it as an emulsion . otherwhiles he would make a potage of the broth , ( made without fruit ) boiling and stewing it with some light-bread . pan cotto . to make a pan cotto , as the cardinals use in rome , take much thinner broth , made of the fleshes as above ( or of mutton alone ) and boil it three hours , gently and close covered in una pignata , with lumps of fine light-bread tosted or dried . un pan grattato is made the same way with fine light-bread grated . season the broth of either lightly with salt , and put in the spice at the last , when the bread is almost boiled or stewed enough . you may use juyce of orange to any of these . a wholesom course of diet is , to eat one of these , or panada , or cream of oat-meal , or barley , or two new-laid-egg ▪ for break-fast ; and dine at four or five a clock , with capon or pullet or partridg , &c. beginning your meal with a little good nourishing potage . two poched eggs with a few fine dry-fryed collops of pure bacon , are not bad for break-fast , or to begin a meal . my lord lumley's pease-porage . take two quarts of pease , and put them into an ordinary quantity of water , and when they are almost boiled , take out a pint of the pease whole , and strain all the rest . a little before you take out the pint of pease , when they are all boiling together , put in almost an ounce of coriander-seed beaten very small , one onion , some mint , parsley , winter-savoury , sweet-marjoram , all minced very small ; when you have strained the pease , put in the whole pease and the strained again into the pot , and let them boil again , and a little before you take them up , put in half a pound of sweet-butter . you must season them in due time , and in the ordinary proportion with pepper and salt. this is a proportion to make about a gallon of pease porage . the quantities are set down by guess . the coriander-seeds are as much as you can conveniently take in the hollow of your hand . you may put in a great good onion or two . a pretty deal of parsley , and if you will , and the season afford them , you may add what you like of other porage herbs , such as they use for their porages in france . but if you take the savoury herbs dry , you must crumble or beat them to small powder ( as you do the coriander-seed ) and if any part of them be too big to pass through the strainer , after they have given heir taste to the quantity , in boiling a sufficient while therein , you put them away with the husks of the pease . the pint of pease that you reserve whole , is only to shew that it is pease-porage . they must be of the thickness of ordinary pease-porage . for which these proportions will make about a gallon . broth for sick and convalescent persons . put a crag-end of a neck of mutton , a knuckle of veal , and a pullet into a pipk●n of water , with a spoonful or two of french-barley first scalded in a water or two . the pullet is put in after the other meat is well skimmed , and hath bo●led an hour . a good hour after that , put in a large quantity of sorrel , lettice , purslane , borage and bugloss , and boil an hour more at least three hours in all . before you put in the herbs , season the broth with salt , a little pepper and cloves , strain out the broth and drink it . but for potage , put at first a good piece of fleshy young beef with the rest of the meat . and put not in your herbs till half an hour before you take off the pot. when you use not herbs , but carrots and turneps , put in a little peny-royal and a sprig of thyme . vary in the season with green-pease , or cucumber quartered longwise , or green sower verjuyce grapes ; always well seasoned with pepper and salt and cloves . you pour some of the broth upon the sliced-bread by little and little , stewing it , before you put the herbs upon the potage . the best way of ordering your bread in potages , is thus . take light spungy fine white french-bread , cut only the crusts into tosts . tost them exceeding dry before the fire , so that they be yellow . then put them hot into a hot dish , and pour upon them some very good strong broth , boiling hot . cover this , and let them stew together gently , not boil ; and seed it with fresh-broth , still as it needeth ; this will make the bread swell much , and become like gelly . an excellent posset . take half a pint of sack , and as much rhenish wine , sweeten them to your taste with sugar . beat ten yolks of eggs , and eight of whites exceeding well , first taking out the cocks-tread , and if you will the skins of the yolks ; sweeten these also , and pour them to the wine , add a stick or two of cinnamon bruised , set this upon a chafing-dish to heat strongly , but not to boil ; but it must begin to thicken . in the mean time boil for a quarter of an hour three pints of cream seasoned duly with sugar and some cinnamon in it . then take it off from boiling , but let it stand near the fire , that it may continue scalding-hot whiles the wine is heating . when both are as scalding-hot as they can be without boiling , pour the cream into the wine from as high as you can . when all is in , set it upon the fire to stew for / of an hour . then sprinkle all about the top of it the juyce of a ¼ part of a limon ; and if you will , you may strew powder of cinnamon and sugar , or ambergreece upon it . pease of the seedy buds of tulips . in the spring ( about the beginning of may ) the flowry-leaves of tulips do fall away , and there remains within them the end of the stalk , which in time will turn to seed . take that seedy end ( then very tender ) and pick from it the little excrescencies about it , and cut it into short pieces , and boil them and dress them as you would do pease ; and they will taste like pease , and be very savoury . boiled rice dry . the manner of boiling rice to eat with butter , is this . in a pipkin pour upon it as much water , as will swim a good singers breadth over it . boil it gently , till it be tender , and all the water drunk into the rice ; which may be in a quarter of an hour or less . stir it often with a woodden spatule or spoon , that it burn not to the bottom : but break it not . when it is enough , pour it into a dish , and stew it with some butter , and season it with sugar and cinnamon . this rice is to appear dry , excepting for the butter , that is melted in it . marrow sops with wine . make thin tosts or slices of light french bread , which dry well , or toste a little by the fire , then soak them in canary or old malaga-wine , or fine muscat , and lay a row of them in a deep dish or bason ; then a row of lumps of marrow upon that ; then strew a little fine sugar mingled with some powder of cinnamon and ambergreece ( and nutmeg , if you like it ) upon that . then another row of sops , &c. repeating this , till the dish be full : and more sugar , cinnamon and amber at the top , then on the other rows . if you will , you may put a row of stoned raisins of the sun upon every row of marrow . then cover the dish , and put it in an oven to bake for half an hour , or till the marrow be sufficiently baked . capon in white-broth . my lady of monmouth boileth a capon with white broth thus . make reasonable good broth , with the crag-ends of necks of mutton and veal ( of which you must have so much as to be at least three quarts of white-broth in the dish with the capon , when all is done ; else it will not come high enough upon the capon ) beat a quarter of a pound of blanched almonds with three or four spoonfuls of cream , and , if you will , a little rose water ; then add some of your broth to it , so to draw out all their substance , mingling it with the rest of the broth . boil your capon in fair-water by it self ; and a marrow-bone or two by themselves in other water . likewise some chess-nuts ( in stead of which you may use pistaccios , or macerated pine kernels ) and in other water some skirrits or endive , or parsley-roots , according to the season . also plumpsome raisins of the sun , and stew some sliced dates with sugar and water . when all is ready to joyn , beat two or three new-laid-eggs ( whites and all ) with some of the white-broth , that must then be boiling , and mingle it with the rest , and let it boil on : and mingle the other prepared things with it , as also a little sliced oringiado ( from which the harp candy-sugar hath been soaked off with warm-water ) or a little peel of orange ( or some limon pickled with sugar and vinegar , such as serves for salets ) which you throw away , after it hath been a while boiled in it : and put a little sack to your broth , and some ambergreece , if your will , and a small portion of sugar ; and last of all , put in the marrow in lumps that you have knocked out of the boiled bones . then lay your capon taken hot from the liquor , he boiled in , upon sippets and slices of tosted light bread , and pour your broth and mixture upon it , and cover it with another dish , and let all stew together a while ; then serve it up . you must remember to season your broth in due time with salt and such spices as you like . to butter eggs with cream . take to a dozen of eggs a pint of cream ; beat them well together , and put three quarters of a pound of butter to them , and so set them on the fire to harden , and stir them , till they are as hard , as you would have them . to make cock-ale . take eight gallons of ale ; take a cock and boil him well ; then take four pounds of raisins of the sun well stoned , two or three nutmegs , three or four flakes of mace , half a pound of dates ; beat these all in a mortar , and put to them two quarts of the best sack : and when the ale hath done working , put these in , and stop it close six or seven days , and then bottle it , and a month after you may drink it . to make plague-water . take a pound of rue , of rosemary , sage , sorrel , celandine , mugwort , of the tops of red brambles , of pimpernel , wild-drago●s , agrimony , balm , angelica of each a pound . put these compounds in a pot , fill it with white-wine above the herbs , so let it stand four days . then still it for your use in a limbeck . another plague-water . take rue , agrimony , wormwood , celandine , sage , balm , mugwort , dragons , pimpernel , mary-gold , fetherfew , burnet , sorrel , and elicampane-roots scraped and sliced small . scabious , wood-betony , brown-may weed , mints , avence , tormentil , card●us benedictus , and rosemary as much as of any thing else , and angelica if you will. you must have like weight of all them , except rosemary aforesaid , which you must have twice as much of as of any of the rest ; then mingle them altogether and shred them very small ; then steep them in the best vvhite-wine you can get , three days and three nights , stirring them once or twice a day , putting no more wine then will cover the herbs well ; then still it in a common-still ; and take not too much of the first-water , and but a little of the second , according as you feel the strength , else it will be sower . there must be but half so much elicampane as of the rest . to make rasbery-wine . take four gallons of deal wine , put it into an earthen jugg ; put to it four gallons of rasberries ; let them stand so infusing seven days ; then press it out gently ; then infuse as many more rasberries seven days longer , and so three times if you please ; put to it as much fine sugar as will make it pleasant ; put it into a runlet close stopped , let it stand till it is fine ; and then draw it into bottles , and keep it till it be fine . to keep quinces all the year good . take all your least and worst quinces , that are sound , and cut them in pieces , with all the corings and parings you make ; boil them more then an hour ; then put the quinces into this boiling liquor , and take them forth presently , not letting them boil , and lay them to cool one by one a part ; then take the liquor and strain it ; and put for every gallon of liquor half a pint of honey ; then boil it and scum it clean ; let it be cold ; and then put your quinces into a pot or tub , that they be covered with the liquor , and stop it very close with your paste . to make a white-pot . take three quarts of cream , and put into it the yolks of twelve eggs ; the whites of four , being first very well beaten between three quarters of a pound of sugar , two nutmegs grated , a little salt ; half a pound of raisins first plump'd . these being sliced together , cut some thin slices of a stale manchet ; dry them in a dish against the fire , and lay them on the top of the cream , and some marrow again upon the bread , and so bake it . to make an hotchpot . take a piece of brisket-beef ; a piece of mutton ; a knuckle of veal ; a good colander of pot-herbs ; half minced carrots , onions and cabbage a little broken . boil all these together until they be very thick . another hotchpot . take a pot of two gallons or more ; and take a brisket rand of beef ; any piece of mutton , and a piece of veal ; put th●s with sufficient water into the pot , and after it hath boiled , and been skimmed , put in a great colander full of ordinary pot-herbs ; a piece of cabbage , all half cut ; a good quantity of onions whole , six carrots cut and sliced , and two or three pippins quartered . let this boil three hours until it be almost a gelly , and stir it often , least it burn . to stew beef . take good fat beef , slice it very thin into small pieces , and beat it well with the back of a chopping knife . then put it into a pipkin , and cover it with wine and water , and put unto it a handful of good herbs , and an onion , with an anchoves . let it boil two hours ; a little before you take it up , put in a few marygold-flowers ; and so season it with what spice you please , and serve them up both with sippets . another to stew beef . take very good beef , and slice it very thin ; and beat it with the back of a knife ; put to it the gravy of some meat , and some wine or strong broth , sweet-herbs a quantity ; let it stew till it be very tender ; season it to your liking ; and varnish your dish with marygold-●lowe●s of barberries . to stew a breast of veal . take a breast of veal half rosted , and put it a stewing with some wine and gravy ; three or four yolks of eggs minced small ; a pretty quantity of sweet-herbs with an onion , anchoves or limon ; stick it either with thyme or limon-peels , and season it to your liking . sauce of horse-radish . take roots of horse-radish scraped clean , and lay them to soak in f●ir-water for an hour , then rasp them upon a grater , and you shall have them all in a tender sp●●gy pap. put vinegar to it , and a very little sugar , not so much as to be tasted , but to quicken ( by contariety ) the taste of the other . the queens hochpot . from her escuyer de cuisine , mr. la montagne . the queen mothers hochpot of mutton , is thus made . it is exceeding good of fresh beef also , for those whose stomacks can digest it . cut a neck of mutton , crag end and all into steaks ( which you may beat , if you will ; but they will be very tender without beating ) and in the mean time prepare your water to boil in a possnet , ( which must be of a convenient bigness to have water enough , to cover the meat , and serve all the stewing it , without needing to add any more to it ; and yet n● sup●●fl●ous water at last . ) pu● your meat into the boil●●g water , and when you have scummed it cle●n , put into it a good handful of pa●sley , and as much of sibboulets ( yo●ng onions , or sives ) chopped small , if you like to eat them in substance : otherwise tied up in a bouquet , to throw them away , when they have communicated to the wa●er all their taste ; some pepper ; three or four cloves , and a little sal● , and half a limon first pared . these must stew or boil simpringly , ( covered ) at least three or hours ( a good de●l more , if beef ) stirring it often , that it burn not too . a good hour before you in●end to take it off , put some quartered turneps to it , or , if you like them , some carrots . a while after , take a good lump of houshold-bread , bigger th●n your fist , crust and crum , broil it upon a gridiron , that it be throughly tosted ; sc●ape off the black burning on the ou●side ; then soak it throughly in vinegar , and put this lump of tost into your possnet to stew with it ; which you take out and throw away af●er a while . about a quarter of an hour before you serve it up melt a good lump of butter ( as much as a great egg ) till it grow red ; then take it from the fire , and put to it a little fine flower to thicken it ( about a couple of spoonfuls ) like thick pap. stir them very well together ; then set them on the fire again , till it grow-red , stirring it all the while ; then put to it a ladleful of the liquor of the pot , and let them stew a while together to incorporate , stirring it always . then pour this to the whole substance in the possnet , to incorporate with all the liquor , and so let them stew a while together . then pour it out of the possnet into your dish , meat and all : for it will be so tender , it will not endure taking up piece by piece with your hand . if you find the taste not quick enough , put into it the juyce of the half limon , you reserved . for i should have said , that when you put in the herbs , you squeese in also the juyce of half a limon ( pared from the yellow rinde , which else would make it bitter ) and throw the pared and squeesed half ( the substance ) into it afterwards . the last things ( of butter , bread , flower ) cause the liaison and thickening of the liquor . if this should not be enough , you may also put a little gravy of mutton into it ; stirring it well when it is in , least it curdle in stewing , or you may put the yolk of an egg or two to your liaison of butter , flower , and ladleful of broth . for gravy of mutton . rost a juycy leg of mutton three quarters . then gash it in several places , and press out the juyce by a screw-press . a savoury and nourishing boiled capon del conte di trino , à milano . take a fat and fleshy capon , or a like hen ; dress it in the ordinary manner , and cleanse it within from the guts , &c. then put in the fat again into the belly , and split the bones of the legs and wings ( as far as you may , not to deface the fowl ) so as the marrow may distil out of them . add a little fresh butter and marrow to it ; season it with salt , pepper , and , what other spice you like , as also savoury herbs . put the capon with all these condiments into a large strong sound bladder of an ox ( first well washed and scoured with red-wine ) and tie it very close and fast to the top , that nothing may ouse out , nor any water get in ( and there must be void space in the bladder , that the flesh may have room to swell and ferment in ; therefore it must be a large one ) put this to bo●l for a couple of hours in a kettle of wa●er , or till you find by touching the bladder , th●t the capon is tender and boiled enough . t●en serve it up in a dish , in the bl●dder ( dry w●ped ) which when you cut , you will find a pre●ious and nou●ishing liquor to eat with bread ▪ and the capon will be short , tender , most savoury and full of juyce , and very nourishing . i conceive , that if you put enough ox-marrow , you need no butter ; and that it may do well to add ambergreece , dates-sliced and pithed , raisins , currants , and a little sugar . peradventure this might be done well in a silver-flagon close luted , set in balneo bulliente , as i make the nourishing broth or gelly of mutton or chickens , &c. an excellent baked pudding . slice thin two peny-roles , or one , of french-bread , the tender part . lay it in a dish or pan . pour upon it a quart of cream , that hath been well boiled . let it stand almost half an hour , till it be almost cold . then stir the bread and cream very well together , till the bread be well broken and incorporated . ( if you have no french bread , take stale kingston bread , grated ) add to this two spoonfuls of fine wheat-flower , the yolks of four eggs , and the whites of two ; a nutmeg●grated small ; sugar to your tast ; a little salt , and the marrow of two bon●s a little shreded . stir all these together ; then pour it into a dish greased over with butter , and set it uncovered in the oven to bake . about half an hour will serve , and give the top a yellow crispiness . before you put in the marrow , put in a quarter of a pound and a half of raisins of the sun , and as much of currants ; ordering them so , th●● they may not fall to the bottom , but be all about the pudding . my lady of portland's minced pyes . take four pounds of beef , veal or neats-tongues , and eight pounds of suet ; and mince both the meat and suet very small , befor you put them together . then mingle them well together , and mince it very small , and put to it six poun●s of currants washed and picked very clean . then take the peel of two limons , and half a score of pippins , and mince them very small . then take above an ounce of nutmegs , and a quarter of an ounce of mace , some cloves and cinnamon , and put them together , and sweeten them with rose-water and sugar . and when you are ready to put them into your paste , take citron and orangiadoe , and slice them very thin , and lay them upon the meat . if you please , put dates upon the top of them . and put amongst the meat an ounce of caraway-seeds . be sure you have very fine paste . my lady of portland told me since , that she finds neats-tongues to be the best flesh for p●es . parboil them first . for the proportion of the ingredients she likes best to take equal parts of flesh , of suet , of currants and of raisins of the sun. the other things in proportion as is said above . you may either put the raisins in whole , or stone the greatest part , and mince them with the meat . keep some whole ones , to lay a bed of them at the top of the pye , when all is in . you will do well to stick the candid orange-peel , and green citron-peel into the meat . you may put a little sack or greek muscadine into each pye. a little amber-sugar doth well here . a pound of flesh , and proportionably of all things else , is enough for once in a large family . another way of making excellent minced pyes of my lady portlands . parboil neats-tongues . then peel and hash them with as much as they weigh of beef-suet , and stoned raisins , and picked currants . chop all exceeding small , that it be like pap. employ therein at least an hour more , then ordinarily is used . then mingle a very little sugar with them , and a little wine , and thrust in up and down some thin slices of green candyed citron-peel . and put this into coffins of fine light well reared crust . half an hour baking will be enough . if you strew a few carvi comfits on the top , it will not be amiss . minced pyes . my lady l●sson makes her finest minced pyes of neats-tongues ; but she holdeth the most savoury ones to be of veal and mutton equal parts very small minced . her finest crust is made by sprinkling the flower ( as much as it needeth ) with cold water , and then working the past with little pieces of raw butter in good quantity . so that she useth neither hot water , nor melted butter in them ; and this makes the crust short and light . after all the meat and seasoning , and plums and citron peel , &c. is in the coffin , she puts a little ambered-sugar upon it , thus ; grind much two grains of ambergreece and half a one of musk , with a little piece of hard loaf-sugar . this will serve six or eight pyes , strewed all over the top . then cover it with the liddle , and set it in the oven . to rost fine meat . when the capon , chickens , or fowl , have been long enough before the fire , to be through hot , and that it is time to begin to baste them : baste them once all over very well with fresh butter ; then presently powder it all over very thin with flower . this by continuing turning before the fire , will make a thin crust , which will keep in all the juyce of the meat . therefore baste no more , nor do any thing to it , till the meat be enough rosted . then baste it well with butter as before , which will make the crust relent and fall away ; which being done , and that the meat is growing brown on the out-side , besprinkle it over with a little ordinary white salt in gross-grains ; and continue turning , till the outside be brown enough . the queen useth to baste such meat with yolks of fresh-eggs beaten thin , which continue to do all the while it is rosting . savoury collops of veal . cut a leg of veal into thin collops , and beat them well with the back of a knife . then lay them in soak a good half hour in the yolks of four eggs , and the whites of two very well beaten , and a little small shreded thyme mingled with it ; then lay them in the frying-pan , wherein is boiling butter , and pour upon them the rest of the eggs , that the collops have not imbibed ▪ and carry with them , and fry them very well , turning them in due time . then pour away all the butter , and make them a sauce of gravy seasoned with salt and spice , and juyce of orange at last squeesed upon them . a fricacee of lamb-stones , or sweet-breads , or chicken , or veal , or mutton . boil the meat in little pieces ( if chicken , flead and beaten ) in the pan with a pint of fair-water , with due seasoning . when it is very tender , put some butter to it , and pour upon it a liquor made of four yolks of eggs beaten with a little white wine and some verjuyce ; and keep this in motion over the fire , till it be sufficiently thickened . then pour it into a warm dish , and squeese some juyce of orange upon it , and so serve it up . if you would have the meat first made brown and rissolé , fry it first with butter , till it be brown on the outside ; then pour out all the butter , and put water to it , in which boil it , and do all as before . if you like onions or garlike , you may put some to the water . flesh broth may be used ( both ways ) in stead of water , and maketh it more savoury . a nourishing hachy . take good gravy of mutton or veal , or of both , with the fat clean skimmed off . break into it a couple of new-laid eggs , and stir them in it over a chafing-dish of coals ; in the mean time , mingle some small cut juycy hashy of rabet , capon or mutton with another parcel of like gravy as above , till it be pretty thin . then put this to the other upon the fire , and stir them well with a spoon , whiles they heat . when all is heated through , it will quicken of a sudden . you may put in at first a little chipping of crusty bread , if you will. season this with white pepper , salt , juyce of orange or verjuyce , of berberies , or onion , or what you like best . a pint of gravy ( or less ) four or five spoonfulls of hashy , and two eggs , is a convenient proportion for a light supper . such gravy , with an onion split in two , lying in it , whiles it is heating , and a little pepper and salt , and juyce of limon or orange , and a few chippings of light-bread , is very good sauce for partridges or cocks . excellent marrow-spinage-pasties . take spinage , and chop it a little ; then boil it , till it be tender . in the mean time make the best rich light crust you can , and roul it out , and put a little of your spinage into it , and currants and sugar , and store of lumps of marrow ; clap the past over this to make little pasties deep within , and fry them with clarified butter . to pickle capons my lady portland's way . take two large fleshy capons , not two fat ; when you have draw'd and trussed them , lay them upon a chafing-dish of charcoal to singe them , turning them on all sides , till the hair and down be clean singed off . then take three pounds of good lard , and cut it into larding pieces , about the thickness of a two-peny cord , and lard it well , but first season your bits of lard , with half an ounce of pepper , and a handful of salt , then bind each of them well over with pack-thread , and have ready over the fire about two gallons of beef-broth , and put them in a little before it boileth ; when they boil , and are clean skimmed , then put in some six bay-leaves ; a little bunch of thyme ; two ordinary onions stuck full of cloves , and salt , if it be not salt enough already for pickle ; when it hath boiled about half an hour , put in another half ounce of beaten white-pepper , and a little after , put in a quart of white-wine ; so let it boil , until it hath boiled in all an hour ; and so let it lie in the pickle till you use it ; which you may do the next day , or any time within a fortnight ; in stead of broth you may use water , which is better ; in case you do four or six , which of themselves will make the pickle strong enough . if you will keep them above four days , you must make the pickle sharp with vinegar . very good sauce for partridges or chicken . to ordinary sauce of sliced or grated-bread soaked in good bouillon , with butter melted in it , put gravy of mutton , and a cloven-onion or two , to stew with it whiles you put it upon the fire to heat anew . then take out the onion , and put in some limon-sliced , or juyce of limon , and some white pepper . you put in his proportion of salt before . to make minced pyes . take two neats-tongues , and boil them ▪ shred them with beef-suet , and put in cloves and mace , beaten very small , with raisins , currants and sugar ; you must mingle them before you put in your suet. fat double tripes boiled tender , then minced , make very good pyes . to make a french-barley posset . take two quarts of milk to half a pound of french-barley ; boil it , until it is enough ; when the milk is almost boiled away , put to it three pintes of good cream . let it boil together a quarter of an hour ; then sweeten it ; and put in mace , cinnamon in the beginning , when you first put in your cream . when you have done so , take white-wine a pint , or sack and white-wine together , of each half a pint ; sweeten it , as you love it , with sugar ; pour in all the cream , but leave your barley behind in the skillet . this will make an excellent posset ; nothing else but a tender curd to the bottom : let it stand on the coals half a quarter of an hour . to make puff-past . take a gi●l of cold-water ; two whites of eggs , and one yolk ; to a quart of flower one pound of butter ; so rowl it up , but keep out of the flower so much as will rowl it up . to make a pudding with puff-past . take a new french peny-loaf , and slice it very thin , and lay it in a dish ; and take three pints of cream , and boil it with a little mace and nutmeg grated ; sweeten it with a little sugar , and add to it a little salt. then let it stand till it be cold . then take ten yolks of eggs ; and beat them very well with two or three spoonfuls of the cream ; then put it into the cream , and stir them well together : take the marrow of three bones ; lay half the marrow upon the bread in good big lumps , and some citron , and candid limon , and what other sweet meats you like . then pour it all upon the bread ; then put the rest of your marrow on the top with citron and candid limon . i forgot to tell you , that you must lay a puff-paste at the bottom of the dish , before you put in the bread , and cover it with the same . to make pear-puddings . take a cold turky , capon or co●d veal . shred it very small ; and put almost as much beef-suet as your meat , and mince it very small . then put salt and nutmeg grated , half a pound of currants ; a little grated-bread , and a little flower . then put in three yolks of eggs , and one of the whites , beaten very well . then take so much cream , as will wet them , and make them up as big as a bon-christian pear ; and as you make them up , take a little flower in your hand , that they may not cling . then put in little sticks at the bottom like the stems of pears ; or make them up in ba●ls . butter the dish very well , and send them up in the same dish you bake them in . they will be baked in about half an hour : i think the dish needeth not to be covered , whiles it baketh . you may make minced pyes thus : and bake them with puff-past in a dish like a florenden , and use marrow in stead of suet. marrow-puddings . take the pith of beeves ; a good spoonful of almonds very small beaten with rose-water : beat the pith , when the skin is taken off very well with a spoon ; then mingle it with the almonds , and put in it fix yolks of eggs well beaten , and four spoonfuls of cream boiled and cold , it must be very thick ; put in a little amber-greece , and as much sugar , as will sweeten them ; a little salt , and the marrow of two good bones , cut in little pieces . when your beefs-guts are seasoned , fit them up and boil them . to make red dear . take a piece of the buttock of beef , the leanest of it , and beat it with a rowling-pin the space of an hour , till you think you have broken the grain of it , and have made it very open both to receive the sowsing-drink , and also to make it tender . then take a pint of vinegar , and a pint of claret-wine and let it lie therein two nights , and two days . then beat a couple of nutmegs , and put them into the sowsing-drink ; then lard it . your lard must be as big as your greatest finger for consuming . then take pepper , cloves , mace and nutmegs , and season it very well in every place , and so bake it in eye-paste , and let it stand in the oven six or seven hours . and when it hath stood three hours in your oven , then put it in your sowsing-drink as is aforesaid ; and you may keep it a quarter of a year , if it be kept close . to make a shoulder of mutton like venison . save the blood of your sheep , and strain it . take grat●d bread almost the quantity of a peny loaf , pepper , thyme , chopp'd small ; mingle these ingredients with a little of the blood , and ●tuf● the mutton . then wrap up your shoulder of mutton , and lay it in the blood twenty four hours ; prick the shoulder with your knife , to let the blood into the flesh , and to serve it with venison sawce . to stew a rump of beef . take a rump of beef , and season it with nutmegs grated , and some pepper and salt mingled together , and season the beef on the bony-side ; lay it in a pipkin with the fat-side downward . take three pints of elder-wine●vinegar , and as much water , and three great onions , and a bunch of rosemary tyed up together . put them all into a pipkin , and ste● them three or four hours together with a so●● fire being covered close . then dish it up upo● sippets , blowing off the fat from the gravy ; an● some of the gravy put into the beef , and serv● it up . to boil smoaked flesh. mounsieur overbec doth tell me , that whe● he boileth a gambon of bacon , or any salted flesh and hanged in the smoak ( as neats-tongues , hung-beef , and hogs-cheeks , &c. ) he putteth into the kettle of water to boil with them three or four handfuls of fle●r de foin , ( more or less according to the quantity of flesh and water , ) tyed loosly in a bag of course-cloth . this maketh it much tenderer , shorter , mellower , and of a finer colour . a plain but good spanish oglia . take a rump of beef , or some of brisket or buttock cut into pieces , a lo●n of mutton , wi●h the superfluous fat taken off , and a fleshy piece of the leg of veal or a knuckle , a piece of enterlarded bacon , three or onions ( or some garlike ) and if you will , a capon or two , or three great ●ame pigeons . first , put into the water the beef and the bacon ; after a while , the mutton and veal and onions . but not the capon or pigeons till only so much time remain , as will serve barely to boil them enough . if you have garavanzas , put them in at the fir●t , after they have been soaked with ashes all night in heat , and well washed with warm water , after they are taken out ; or if you will have cabbage , or roots , or leeks , or whole onions , put them in time enough to be sufficiently boiled . you may at first put in some crusts of bread , or venison pye crust . it must boil in all five or six hours gently , like stewing after it is well boiled . a quarter or half an hour before you intend to take it off , take out a porrenger ●ull of broth , and put to it some pepper and five or six cloves and a nutmeg , and some saffran , and mingle them well in it . then put that into the pot , and let it boil or stew with the rest a while . you may put in a bundle of sweet-herbs . salt must be put in as soon as the water is skimmed . vuova lattate . take a quart of good , but fine broth ; beat with it very well eight new-laid-eggs ( whites and all ) and put in a little sugar , and if you will a little amber , or some mace , or nutmeg . put all this into a fit pipkin , and set this in a great one , or a kettle of boiling water , till it be stiffened like a custard . vuova spersa . when some broth is boiling in a pipkin , pour into it some eggs well beaten , and they will curdle in a lump , when they are enough ; ●ake them out with a holed ladle , and lay them upon the bread in the minestra . to make excellent black-puddings . take a quart of sheeps-blood , and a quart of cream ; ten eggs , the yolks and the whites beaten well together ; stir all this liquor very well , then thicken it with grated bread , and oat-meal finely beaten , of each a like quantity ; beef-suet finely shred and marrow in little lumps : season it with a little nutmeg and cloves and mace mingled with salt , a little sweet-marjoram , thyme and peny-royal shr●d very well together , and mingle them with the o●her things : some put in a few currants ; then fill them in cleansed guts , and boil them carefully . a receipt to make white puddings . take a fillet of veal , and a good fleshy capon ; then half rost them both , and take off their skins : which being done , take only the wings and brawns with an equal proportion of veal , which must be shred very small as is done for sassages . to this shred half a pound of the belly part of interlarded bacon , and half a pound of the finest leaf ( la p●nne ) of hog cleared from the skin ; then take the yolks of eighteen or twenty eggs , and the whites of six well beaten with as much milk and cream , as will make it of convenient thickness ; and then season it with salt , cloves , nutmeg , mace , pepper and ginger , if you please . the puddings must be boiled in half milk and half water . you are to use small-guts , such as for white-m●rrow-puddings , and they are to be cleansed in the o●dinary manner ; and filled very lankley ; for they will swell much in the boiling , and break if they be too full . to make an excellent pudding . take of the tripes of veal the whitest and finest you can find ; wash them well , and let them l●e in fair fountain or river-water , till they do not smell like tripes . this done , cut them so small as is necessary to pass through a tunnel . take also one or two pounds of pork , that hath not been salted , and cut it as small as the tripes , and mingle them altogether ; which season with salt , white-pepper , anis-seeds beaten , and coriander-seeds ; then make a liaison with a little milk and yolks of eggs ; and after all is well mingled and thickned , as it ought to be , you must fill with it the greatest guts of a hog , that may be had , with a funnel of wh●●e iron , having first tyed the end of the gut below . do not fill it too full , for fear they should break in the boiling , but leave room enough for the flesh to swell . when you are going to boil them , put them into a kettle with as much milk as will cover and boil them , being boiled , let them lie in the liquor till they are almost cold , then take them out and lay them in a basket upon a clean linnen cloth to cool . if they are well seasoned , they will keep twelve or fifteen days ; provided you keep them in a good place , not moist , nor of any bad smell . you must still turn them and remove them from one place to another . scotch collops . my lord of bristol's scotch collops are thus made : take a leg of fine sweet-mut●on , that , to make it tender , is kept as long as possible may be without stinking . in winter seven or eig●t days . cut it into slices with a sharp knife as thin as possibly you can . then beat it with the back of a heavy knife , as long as you can , not breaking it in pieces . then sprinkle them with salt , and lay them upon the gridiron over a small charcoal-fire , to broil , till you perceive that side is enough , and before any moisture run out of them upon the fire . then lay the collops into a warm dish close covered , till the gravy be run out of them . then lay their other side upon the gridiron , and make an end of broiling them , and put them again into the dish , where the former gravy run out . add to this more gravy of mutton , heightened with garlike or onions , or eschalots ; and let them stew a while together , then serve them in very hot . they are also very good of a rump of tender beef . to rost wild-boar . at franckfort , when they rost wild-boar ( or ro-buck or other venison ) they lay it to soak , six or eight or ten days ( according to the thickness and firmness of the piece and pene●rability of it ) in good vinegar , wherein is salt and juniper-berries bruised ( if you will , you may add bruised garlick or what other haut-goust you like ) the vinegar coming up half way the flesh , and turn it twice a day . then if you will , you may lard it . when it is rosted , it will be very mellow and tender . they do the like with a leg or other part of fresh-pork . pyes . i made good pyes there with two hares , a good goose and ( as much as the goose is ) the lean of fresh good pork , all well hashed and seasoned ; then larded with great lardons well seasoned , ( first sprinkled with vinegar and wine ) and covered with bay-leaves , and sheets of lard ; then laid in past , and baked . i made also good pyes of red-deer , larding well the lean , then laying under it a thick plastron ( or cake of a finger thick ) of beef-suet , first chapped small , and seasoned well with pepper and salt , then beaten into a cake fit for the meat . and another such cake upon the deers-flesh , and so well baked in strong crust , and soaked two or three hours in the oven after it was baked enough , which required six good hours . if you use no suet , put in butter enough ; as also , put in enough to fill the pa●●e , after it is baked and half cold , by a hole made in the top , when it is near half baked . baked venison . my lady of newport bakes her venison in a dish thus ; a side or a h●nch serves for two dishes . season it as for a pasty . line the dish with a thin crust , of good pure past , but make it pretty thick upwards towards the brim , that it may be there pudding-crust . lay then the venison in a round piece upon the paste in the dish , that must not fill it up to touch the pudding , but lie at ease ; put over it a cover , and let it over-reach upon the brim with some carved pasty work to grace it , which must go up with a border like a lace growing a little way upwards upon the cover , which is a little arched up , and hath a little hole in the top to pour in unto the meat the strong well seasoned broth , that is made of the broken bones , and remaining lean flesh of the venison . put a lit●le pure butter or beef-suet to the venison , before you put the cover on , unless it be exceeding fat . this must bake five or six hours or more as an ordinary pasty . an hour , or an hour and half before you bake it out to serve it up , open the oven , and draw out the dish far enough to pour in at the little hole of the cover the strong decoction ( in stead of decoction in water , you may boil it by self in balneo in duplici vase ; or bake it in a pot with broth and gravy of mutton ) of the broken bones and flesh . then set it in again , to make an end of his baking and soaking . the meat within ( even the lean ) will be exceeding tender and like a gelly ; so that you may cut all of it with a spoon . if you bake a side at once in two dishes , the one will be very good to keep cold ; and when it is so , you may , if you please , bake it again to have it hot ; not so long as at first , but enough to have it all perfectly he●ted through . she bakes thus in pewter-dishes of a large ●ise . mutton or veal may be thus baked with their due seasoning ; as with onions , or onions and apples , or larding , or a cawdle , &c. sweet-breads , beatilles , champ g●ons , treu●fles , &c. an excellent way of making mutton steaks . cut a rack of mutton into tender steaks , rib by rib , and beat the flesh well with the back of a knife . then have a composition ready , made of crumbs of stale manchet grated small , and a little salt ( a fit proportion to salt the meat ) and a less quantity of white-pepper . cover over on both sides all the flesh with this , pretty thick , pressing it on with your fingers and flat knife , to make it lie on . then lay the steaks upon a gridiron over a very quick fire ( for herein consisteth the well doing ) and when the fire hath pierced in a little on the one side , turn the other , before any juyce drop down through the powder . this turning the steaks will make the juyce run back the other way ; and before it run through , and drop through this side , you must turn again the other side : doing so , till the steaks be broiled enough . thus you keep all the juyce in them , so that when you go to eat them ( w●ich must be presently , as they are taken from the fire ) abundance of juyce runneth out as soon as your knife entereth in to the flesh . the same person , that doth this , rosteth a capon so as to keep all its juyce in it . the mystery of it is in tu●ning it so quick , that nothing can drop down . this maketh it the longer in rosting . but when you cut it up , the juyce runneth out , as out of a juycie leg of mutton ; and it is excellent meat . excellent good collops . take two legs of fleshy juycie tender young mutton , cut them into as thin slices as may be . beat them with the back of a thick knife , with smart , but gentle blows , for a long time , on both sides : and the stroaks crossing one another every way , so that the collops be so sho●t , that they scarce hang together . this quantity is near two hours beating . then lay them in a clean frying-pan , and hold them over a smart fire : and it is best to have a sit cover for the pan , with a handle at the top of it , to take it off when you will. let them fry so covered , till the side next the pan be enough ; then turn the other side , and let that fry , till it be enough . then pour them with all the gravy ( which will be much ) into a hot dish , which cover with another hot one , and so serve it into eat presently . you must season the collops with salt sprinkled upon them , either at the latter end of beating them , or whiles they fry . and if you love the taste of onions , you may rub the pan well over with one , before you lay in the steak● or collops ; or when they are in the dish , you may beat some onion-water amongst the gravy . you may also put a little fresh-butter into the pan to melt , and line it all over before you put in the collops , that you may be sure , they bu●n not to the pan . you must put no more collops into one pan , at once , then meerly to cover it with one l●re ; that the collops may not lye one upon another . bluck puddings . take three pints of cream , and boil it with a nutmeg quartered , three or four leaves of large mace , and a stick of cinnamon . then take half a pound of almonds , beat them and strain them with the cream . then take a few fine herbs , beat them and strain them to the cream , which came from the almonds . then take two or three spoonfuls ( or more ) of chickens blood ; and two or three spoonfuls of grated-bread , and the marrow of six or seven bones , with sugar and salt , and a little rose-water . mix all together , and fill your p●ddings . you may put in eight or ten eggs , with the whites of two well-beaten . put in some musk or ambe●greece . to make pith puddings . take a good quantity of the pith of oxen , and let it lie all night in water to soak out the blood . the next morning , strip it out of the skin , and so bea● it with the back of a spoon , till it be as fine as p●p : you must beat a little rose-water with it . then take three pints of good thick cream , and boil it with a nutmeg quartered , three or four leaves of large mace ; and a stick of cinnamon . then take half a pound of the best jordan almond● . blanch them in cold water all night ; then beat them in a mortar with some of your cream ; and as they grow dry , still put in more cream ; and when they be well beaten , strain the cream from the almonds into the pith. then beat them still , until the cream be done , and strain it still to the pith . then take the yolks of ten eggs , with the whites of two ; beat them well , and put them to your former ingredients . then take a spoonful of grated-bread . mingle all these together , with half a pound of fine-sugar , the marrow of six or seven bones , and some salt , and so fill your puddings . they will be much the better , if you put in some ambergreece . red-herrings broyled . my lord d' aubigny eats red-herrings thus broiled . after they are opened and prepared for the gridiron , soak them ( both sides ) in oyl and vinegar beaten together in pretty quantity in a little dish . then broil them , till they are hot through , but not dry . then soak them again in the same liquor as before , and broil them a second time . you may soak and broil them again a third time ; but twice may serve . they will be then very short and crisp and savoury . lay them upon your sallet , and you may also put upon it , the oyl and vinegar , you soaked the herrings in . an oat-meal-pudding . take a pint of m●lk ; and put to it a pint of large or midling oat-meal ; let it stand upon the fire , until it be scalding hot : then let it stand by and soak about half an hour : then pick a few sweet herbs and shred them , and put in half a pound of currants , and half a pound of suet , and about two spoonfuls of sugar , and three or four eggs. these put into a bag , and boiled , do make a very good pudding . to make pear-puddings . take a cold capon , or half-rosted , which is much better ; then take suet , shred very small the meat and suet together ; then half as much grated bread , two spoonfuls of flower , nutmegs , clove and mace ; sugar as much as you please ; half a pound of currants ; the yolks of two eggs , and the white of one ; and as much cream , as will make it up in a stiff paste . then make it up in fashion of a pear , a stick of cinnamon for the stalk , and the head a clove . to make call-puddings . take three marrow-bones , slice them ; water the marrow over night , to take away the blood . then take the smallest of the marrow , and put it into the puddings , with a peny-loaf grated , a spoonful of flower , and spice as before ; a quarter of a pound of currants ; sugar as much as you please , four eggs , two of the whites taken away . cream as much as will make it as stiff as other puddings . stuff the call of veal cut into the bigness of little hogs-puddings ; you must sow them all to one end ; and so fill them ; then sow up the other end , and when they are boiled , take hold of the thred , and they will all come out . you must boil them in half white●wine and half water ; with one large mace , a few currants , a spoonful of the pudding stuff , the marrow in whole lumps ; all this first boiled up , then put in your p●ddings , and when half boiled , put in your marrow . one hour will boil them . serve them up w●th sippets , and no more liquor , then will serve them up ; you must put salt in all the puddings . a barley pudding . take two ounces of barley pick'd and washed ; boil it in milk , till it is tender ; then let your milk run from it ; then take half a pint of cream , and six spoonfuls of the boiled barley ; eight-spoonfuls of grated bread , four eggs , two whi●es taken away . spice as you please , and sugar and salt as you think fit , one marrow-bone , put in the lumps as whole as you can ; then make puff-paste , and rowl a thin sheet of it , and lay it in a dish . then take a piece of green-citron sliced thin , lay it all over the dish . then take cream , grated bread , your spice , sugar , eggs and salt ; beat all these very well together half a quarter of an hour , pour it on your dish where citron is , then cover it over with puff-paste , and let it bake in a quick oven three quarters of an hour . scrape sugar on it , and serve it up . a pippin-pudding . take pippins and pare , and cut off the tops of them pretty deep . then take out as much of your apple as you can take without breaking your apple , then fill your apple with puddingstuff , made with cream , a little sack , marrow , grated bread , eggs , sugar , spice and salt. make it pretty stiff . put it into the pippins ; lay the tops of the pippins upon the pippins again , stick it through with a stick of cinnamon . set as many upright in your dish as you can : and so fill it up with cream , and sweeten it with sugar and mace ; and stew them between two dishes . to make a baked oatmeal-pudding . take middle oat-meal , pick it very clean , steep it all night in cream , half a pint of oat-meal , to a quart of cream , make your cream scalding hot , before you put in your oat-meal , so cover it close . take a good handful of penny-royal , shred it very small , with a pound of beef-suet . put it to your cream with half a pound of raisins of the sun , sugar , spice , four or five eggs , two whites away . so bake it three quarters of an hour ; and then serve it up . a plain quaking-pudding . take about three pints of new morning milk , and six or seven new laid eggs , putting away half the whites , and two spoonfuls of fine-flower , about a quarter of a nutmeg grated , and about a quarter of a pound of sugar ( more or less , according to your taste , ) after all these are perfectly mingled and incorporated together , put the matter into a fit bag , and so put it into boiling water , and boil it up with a quick fire . if you boil it too long , the milk will turn to whay in the body or substa●ce of the pudding , and there will be a slimy gelly all about the outside . but in about half an hour , it will be tenderly firm , and of an uniform consistence all over . you need not put in any butter or marrow or suet , or other spice , but the small proportion of nutmeg set down , nor grated bre●d . for the sauce , you poor upon it thickened melted butter , beaten with a little sack , or orange-flower water , and sugar ; or compounded in what manner you please , as in other such like puddings . a good quaking bag-pudding . set a quart of good morning milk upon the fire , having seasoned it with salt , and sliced or grated nutmeg . when it beginneth to boil , take it from the fire , and put into it four peny manchets of light french-bread sliced very thin ( if it were kingstone-bread , which is firmer , it must be grated ) and a lump of sweet-butter as big as a wall-nut , and enough sugar to seas●● it ; and cover the possnet with a plate to keep the heat in , that the bread may soak perfectly . whiles this standeth thus , take ten yolks of new-laid-eggs , with one white , and beat them very well with a spoonful or two of milk ; and when the milk is cooled enough , pour it ( with the bread in it , ) into the bason , where the beaten eggs are , ( which likewise should first be sweetned with sugar to their proportion , ) and put about three spoonfuls of fine flower into the composition , and knead them well together . if you will , you may put in a spoonful of sack or muscadine , and ambared sugar , working all well together ; as also , some lumps of marrow or suet shred very small : but it will be very good without either of these . then put this mixtion into a deep woodden dish ( like a great butter-box ) which must first be on the inside a little greased with butter , and a little flower sprinkled thereon , to save the pudding from sticking to the sides of the dish . then put a linnen cloth or handkercher over the mouth of the dish , and reverse the mouth downwards , so that you may tye the napkin close with two knots by the corners cross , or with a strong thred , upon the bottom of the dish , then turned upwards ; all which is , that the matter may not get out , and yet the boiling water get through the linnen upon it on one side enough to bake the pudding s●fficiently . put the woodden-dish thus filled and tyed up into a great possnet or little kettle of boiling water . the faster it boils , the better it will be . the dish will turn and rowl up and down in the water , as it gallopeth in boiling . an hours boiling is sufficient . then u●●y your linnen , and take it off , and reverse the mo●th of the dish downwards into the silver-dish you will serve it up in ; wherein is sufficient melted b●●●er thickened with beating , and sweetened to your taste with sug●● , to serve for sauce . you may beat a little sack or muscadine , or rose , or orange-flower-water with the sauce ; a little of any of which may also go in●o the composition of the pudding . if you put in more flower , or more then one white of egg to this proportion , it will binde the pudding too close and stiff . in plain bag-puddings it makes them much more savoury , to put into them a little penny-royal shreded very small , as also other sweet-herbs . you must put in so little , as not to taste strong of them , but onely to quicken the other flat ingredients . another baked pudding . take a pint and half of good sweet-cream ; set it on the fire , and let it just boil up , take a peny-man●het , not too new , cut off the crust , and sli●e it very thin , put it into a clean earthen pan , and pour the cream upon it , and cover it very clo●e an hour or thereabouts , to steep ●he bread ; when it is steeped enough , take four new laid-eggs , yolks and whites , beat them with a spoonful of rose-water , and two of sack ; grate into it half a nutmeg , and put into it a quarter of a pound of good white-sugar finely beaten , stir all this together with the cream and bread ; then shred very small half a pound of good beef-kidney-suet , and put this to the rest , and mingle them very well together with a slice or spoon ; then size your dish , that you intend to bake it in , and rub the bottom of it with a little sweet-bu●●er ; then put your pudding into it , and take the marrow of two good bones , and stick it in lumps here and there all over your pudding ; so put it into the oven three quarters of an hour , in which time it will be well baked . strew on it some fine sugar , and serve it . to make black-puddings . take a pottle of half-cut groats ; pick them clean , that there may be no husks nor foulness in them ; then put them into a mortar , bruise them a little with a pestle ; then have ready either milk , or fresh meat-broth boiled up , and the oat-meal immediately put into it ; it must be just so much as will cover it ; then cover the thing close that it is in , and let it steep twenty four hours ; to this two quarts of oat-meal , put a pint and half of blood , season it well with salt , and a little pepper , and a little beaten cloves and mace , eight eggs , yolks and whites , five pound of kidney-beef-suet shred , but not too small ; then put in of these herbs ; peny-royal , fennel , leek-blades , parsley , sage , straw-berr●-leaves and violet-leaves , equal parts , in all to the quantity of a good handful ; let them be pick'd and washed very clean , and chop'● very small , and mingled well with the former things ; then fill your puddings . make ready your guts in this manner . cleanse them very well , when they are fresh taken out of the hog ; and after they are well washed and scowred , lay them to soak in fair water three days and three nights , shifting the water twice every day : and every time you shift the water , scour them first with sater and salt. an hour and a quarter is enough to boil them . to preserve pippins in ielly , either in quarters , or in slices . take good sound clear pippins , pare , quarter and coar them ; then put them into a skillet of conduit-water , such a proportion as you intend to make ; boil it very well : then let the liquor run from the pulp through a sieve , without forcing , and let it stand till the next morning . take orange or limon peel , and boil in a skillet of water , till they are tender ; then rowl them up in a linnen cloth to dry the water well out of them ; let them lie so all night . then take of double refined and finely beaten and searced sugar a pound to every pint of pippin liquor that ran through the sieve , and to every pound of sugar , and pint of liquor , put ten ounces of pippins in quarters or in slices , but cut them not too thin ; boil them a little while very fast in the pippin-liquor , before you put in the sugar , then strew in the sugar all over them as it boileth , till it is all in , keeping it still fast boiling , until they look very clear ; by that you may know they are enough . while they boil , you must still be scumming them ; then put in your juyce of limon to your last , and amber , if you please ; and after let it boil half a dozen walms , but no more . then take it from the fire , and have ready some very thin brown-paper , and clap a single sheet close upon it , and if any scum remain , it will stick to the paper . then put your quarters or slices into your glasses , and strew upon them very small slices of limon or orange ( which you please ) which you had before boiled ; then fill up your galsses with your jelly . for making your pippin-liquor , you may take about some fourty pippins to two quarts of water , or so much as to make your pippin-liquor strong of the pippins , and the juyce of about four limons . my lady diana porte●'s scotch collops . cut a leg or two of mutton into thin slices , which beat very well . put them to fry over a very quick fire in a pan first glased over , with no more butter melted in it , then just to besmear a little all the bottom of the pan. turn them in due time . there must never be but one row in the pan , not any slice lying upon another ; but every one immediate to the pan . when they are fryed enough , lay them in a hot dish covered , over a chafing dish , and pour upon them the gravy that run out of them into the pan. then lay another row of slices in the pan to fry as before ; and when they are enough , put them into the dish to the other . when you have enough , by such repetitions , or by doing them in two or three pans , all at a time ; take a porrenger full of gravy of mutton , and put into it a piece of butter as much a wall-nu● , and a quartered onion if you will ( or rub the dish afterwards with garlike ) and pepper and salt , and let this boil to be very hot ; then throw away the onion , and pour this into the dish upon the slices , and let them stew a little together ; then squeese an orange upon it , and serve it up . a fricacee of veal . cut a leg of veal into thin slices , and beat them ; or the like with ch●cken , which must be flead off their skin . put about half a pint of water or flesh-broth to them in a frying-pan , and some thyme , and sweet-marjoram , and an onion or ●wo quartered , and boil them till they be tender , having seasoned them with sal● , and about twenty corns of whole white pepper , and four or five cloves . when they are enough , take half a pi●t of white wine , four yolks of eggs , a quarrter of a pound of butter ( or more ) a good spoonful of thyme , sweet-marjoram and parsley ( more parsley then of the others ) all minced small ; a porrenger full of gravy . when all these are well incorporated together over the fire , and well beaten , pour it into the pan to the rest , and turn it continually up and down over the fire , till all be well incorporated . then throw away the onion and first sprigs of herbs , squeese orange to it , and so serve it up hot . if instead of a fricaceé , you will make un estuveé de veau , stew or boil simpringly your slices of veal in white-wine and water , an● , with a good lump of butter , seasoning it with pepper and salt and onions . when it is enough , put to it store of yolks of eggs beaten with verjuyce , or white-wine and vinegar , and some nutmeg ( and gravy if you will ) and some herbs as in the fricaceé ; and stir all very well over the fire till the sauce be well lié together . a tansy . take three pints of cream , fourteen new-laid-eggs ( seven whites put away ) one pint of juyce of spinage , six or seven spoonfuls of juyce of tansy , a nutmeg ( or two ) sliced small , half a pound of sugar , and a little salt. beat all these well together , then fry it in a pan with no more butter then is necessary . when it is enough , serve it up with juyce of orange or slices of limon upon it . to stew oysters . take what quantity you will of the best oysters to eat raw . open them , putting all their water with the fish into a bason . take out the oysters one by one ( that you may have them washed clean in their own water ) and lay them in the dish you intend to stew them in . then let their water run upon them through a fine linnen , that all their foulness may remain behind . then put a good great lump of butter to them , which may be ( when melted ) half as much , as their water . season them with salt , nutmeg , and a very few cloves . let this boil smartly , covered . when it is half boiled , put in some crusts of light french-bread , and boil on , till all be enough , and then se●ve them up . you may put in three or four grains of ambergreece , when you put in the nutmeg , that in the boiling it may melt . you may also put in a little white-wine or verjuyce at the last , or some juy●e of orange . to dress lamprey's at gl●cester they use lamprey's thus . heat water in a pot or kettle with a narrow mouth , till it be near ready to boil ; so that you may endure to dip your hand into it , but not to let it stay in . put your lamprey's , as they come out of the river , into this scalding-water , and cover the pot , that little while they remain in , which must be but a moment , about an ave maria while . then with a woodden ladle take them out , and la● them upon a table , and hold their head in a napkin ( else it will sl●p away , if held in the bare hand ) and with the back of a knife scrape off the mud , which will have risen out all along the fish . a great deal and very thick will come off : and then the skin will look clean and shining and blew , which must never be flead off . then open their bellies all along , and with a pen-knife loosen the string which begins u●der the gall ( having first cast away the gall and entrails ) then pull it out , and in the pulling away , it will stretch much in length ; then pick out a black substance , that is all along under the string , cutting towards the back as much as is needful for this end . then rowl them up and down in a soft and dry napkin , changing this as soon as it is wet for another , using so many napkins ; as may make the fishes perfectly dry ; for in that consisteth a chief part of their preparation . then powder them well with pepper and salt , rubbing them in well , and lay them round in a pot or strong crust upon a good lare of butter , and store of onions every where about them , and chiefly a good company in the middle . then put mo●e butter upon them , covering the pot with a fit cover , and so set them into a quick oven , that is strongly heated ; where they will require three or four hours ( at least ) baking . when they are taken out of the oven and begin to cool , pour store of melted butter upon them , to fill up the pot at least three fingers bread●h above the fish , and then let it cool and harden ; and thus it will keep a year , if need be , so the butter be not opened , nor craked , that the air get in to the fish . to eat them presently , they dress them thus : when they are prepared , as abovesaid , ( ready for baking ) bo●l them with store of salt and gross pepper , and many onions , in no more water , then is necessary to cover them , as when you boil a carp or pike an court bovillon . in half or three quarters of an hour , they will be boiled tender . then take them and drain them from the water , and serve them with thickened butter , and some of the onions m●nced into it , and a little pepper , laying the fish upon some sippe●s of spungy bread , that may soak up the water , if any come from the fish ; and pour butter upon the fish ; so serve it up hot . to dress stock fish , ●omewhat differingly from the way of holland . beat the fish very well with a large woodden-m●llet , so as not to break it , but to loosen all the flakes within . it is the best way to have them beaten with hard heavy ropes . and though thus beaten , they will keep a long time , if you put them into pease-straw , so thrust in as to keep them from all air , and that they touch not one another , but have straw enough between every fish . when you will make the best dish of them , take only the tails , and tye up half a dozen or eight of them with white-thred . first , they must be laid to soak over night in cold water . about an hour and half , ( or a little more ) before they are to be eaten , put them to boil in a pot or pipkin , that you may cover with a cover of tin or letton so close , that no steam can get out ; and lay a stone or other weight upon it , to keep the cover from being driven off by the steam of the water . put in no more water , then well to cover them . they must never boil strongly , but very leasurely and but simpringly . it will be near half an hour before the water begin to boil so : and from their beginning to do so , they must boil a good hour . you must never put in any new water , though hot , for that will make the fish hard . after the hour , take out the fishes , and untie them , and lay them loose in a colander with holes to drain out the water , and toss them in it up and down very well , as you use to do butter and pease ; and that will loosen and break asunder all the flakes , which will make them the more susceptible of the butter , when you stew them in it , and make it pierce the better into the flakes , and make them tender . then lay them by thin rows in the dish , they are to be served up in : casting upon every row a little salt , and some green parsley minced very small . they who love young-green onions or sives , or other savory herbs , or pepper , may use them also in the same manner , when they are in season . when all is i● , fill up with sweet butter well melted and thickened ; and so let it stew there a while , to soak well into the fish ; which will lie in fine loose tender flakes , well buttered and seasoned . you may eat it with mustard besides . buttered whitings with eggs. boil whitings as if you would eat them in the ordinary way with thick butter-sauce . pick them clean from skin and bones , and mingle them well with butter , and break them very small , and season them pretty high with salt. in the mean time butter some eggs in the best manner , and mingle them with the buttered whitings , and mash them well together . the eggs must not be so many by a good deal as the fish. it is a most savoury dish . to dress poor-john and buckorn . the way of dressing poor-john , to make it very tender and good meat , is this . put it into the kettle in cold water , and so hang it over the fire ; and so let it soak and stew without boiling for hours : but the water must be very hot . then make it boil two or three walms . by this time it will be very tender and swelled up . then take out the back-bone , and put it to fry with onions . if you put it first into hot water ( as ling and such salt fish , ) or being boiled , if you let it cool , and heat it again it will be tough and hard . buckorne is to be watered a good hour before you put it to the fire . then boil it till it be tender , which it will be quickly . then butter it as you do ling ; and if you will , put eggs to it . the way of dressing stock-fish in holland . first beat it exceedingly well , a long time , but with moderate blows , that you do not break it in pieces , but that you shake and loosen all the inward fibers . then put it into water ( which may be a little warmed ) to soak , and infuse so during twelve or fourteen hours ( or more , if it be not yet pierced into the heart by the water , and grown tender . ) then put it to boil very gently , ( and with no more water , then well to cover it , which you must supply with new hot water as it consumeth ) for six or seven hours at least , that it may be very tender and loose and swelled up . then press and drain out all the water from it ; and heat it again in a dish , with store of melted butter thickened ; and if you like it , you may season it also with pepper and mustard . but it will be yet better , if after it is well and tender boiled in water , and that you have pressed all the water you can out of it , you boil it again an hour longer in milk ; out of which when you take it , to put it into the dish with butter , you do not industriously press out all the m●lk , as you did the water , but only drain it out gently , pressing it moderately . in the stewing it with butter , season it to your taste , with what you think fitting . another way to dress stock-fish . beat it exceeding well with a large woodden mallet , till you may easily pluck it all in pieces , severing every flake from other , and every one of them in it so being loose , spungy and limber , as the whole fish must be , and plyant like a glove , which will be in less then an hour . pull then the bones out , and throw them away , and pluck off the skin ( as whole as you can ; but it will have many breaches and holes in it , by the beating ) then gather all the fish together , and lap it in the skin as well as you can , into a round lump , like a bag-pudding , and tye it about with cords or strings ( like a little collar of brawn , or souced fish ) and so put it into luke warm water ( overnight ) to soak , covering the vessel close ; but you need not keep it near any heat whiles it lyeth soaking . next morning take it out that water and vessel , and put it into another , with a moderate quantity of other water , to boil ; which it must do very leisurely , and but simpringly . the main care must be , that the vessel it boileth in , be covered so exceeding close , that not the least breath of steam get out , else it will not be tender , but tough and hard . it will be boiled enough , and become very tender in about a good half hour . then take it out , unty it , and throw away the skin , and lay the flaky fish in a cullender , to drain away the water from it . you must presently throw a little salt upon it , and all about in it , to season it . for then it will imbibe it into it self presently ; whereas if you salt it not , till it grow cold in the air , it will not take it in . mean while prepare your sauce of melted well thickened butter ( which you may heighten with shreded onions or syves , or what well tasted herbs you please ) and if you will you may first strew upon the fish some very small shreded young onions , or sibbouls , or syves , or parsley . then upon that pour the melted butter to cover the fish all over , and soak into it . serve it in warm and covered . to dress parsneps . scrape well three or four good large roots , cleansing well their outside , and cutting off as much of the little end as is fibrous , and of the great end as is hard . put them into a possnet or pot , with about a quart of milk upon them , or as much as will cover them in boiling , which do moderately , till you find they are very tender . this may be in an hour and half , sooner or later , as the roots are of a good kind . then take them out , and scrape all the outside into a pulpe , like the pulpe of roasted apples , which put in a dish upon a chafing dish of coals , with a little of the milk , you boiled them in , put to them ; not so much as to drown them , but only to imbibe them : and then with stewing , the pulpe will imbibe all that milk. when you see it is drunk in , put to the pulpe a little more of the same milk , and stew that , till it be drunk in . continue doing thus till it hath drunk in a good quantity of the milk , and is well swelled with it , and will take in no more , which may be in a good half hour . eat them so , without sugar or butter ; for they will have a natural sweetness , that is beyond sugar , and will be unctuous , so as not to need butter . parsneps ( raw ) cut into little pieces , is the best food for tame rabets , and makes them swee● . as rice ( raw ) is for tame pigeons , and they like it best , varying it sometimes with right tares , and other seeds . cream with rice . a very good cream to eat hot , is thus made . into a quart of sweet cream , put a spoonful of very fine powder of rice , and boil them together suffi●iently , adding cin●amon , or m●ce and nutmeg to your liking . when it is boiled enough take it from the fire , and beat a couple of yolks of new-laid eggs , to colour it yellow . sweeten it to your taste . put bread to it , in it's due time . gr●wel of oat-meal and rice . doctor pridion ordered my lord cornwallis for his chief diet in his looseness , the following grewel , which he found very tastefull . take about two parts of oat-meal well beaten in a mortar , and one part of rice in subtile powder . boil these well in water , as you make water-grewel , adding a good proportion of cinnamon to boil also in d●e time , then strain it through a cloth , and sweeten it to your taste . the yolk of an egg beaten with a little sherry-sack , and put to it , is not bad in a looseness . at other times you may add butter . it is very tasteful and nourishing . sauce for a carp or pike . to butter pease . take two or three spoonfuls of the liquor the carp was boiled in , and put it into a pipkin ; there must be no more , then even to cover the b●ttom of the pipkin . make this boil by it self ; as soon as it doth so , put to this half a pound of sweet butter , let it melt gently , or suddenly , it imports not , so as the liquor boiled , when you did put the butter in ; when the butter is melted , then take it from the fire , and holding the handle in your hand , shake it round a good while and strongly , and it will come to be thick , that you may almost cut it w●th a knife . then squeese juyce of limon into it , or of sharp orange , or verjuyce or vi●egar ; and heat it aga●n as much as you please upon the fire . it will ever after continue thick , and never again , upon any heating , grow oily , though it be cold and heated again twenty times . butter done with fair water , as is said above , with the other liquor , will be thick in the same manner , ( for the liquors make no difference in that : ) put of this butter to boiled pease in their dish , which cover with another ; so shake them very strongly , and a good while together . this is by much the best way to butter pease , and not to let the butter melt in the middle of them , and then stir them long with a spoon . this will grow oily ( though it be good at the first doing ) if you heat them again : the other , never ; and therefore , is the best way upon all occasions to make such thickned melted butter . you may make sauce for a pike in the same manner you did for a carpe ; putting horse-radish to it if you please . a herring-pye . put great store of sliced onions , with currants and raisins of the sun both above and under the herrings , and store of butter , and so bake them . a syllab●b . take a reasonable quantity ( as about half a porrenger full ) of the syrup , that hath served in the making of dryed plums ; and into a large syllabub-pot-milk or squirt , or let fall from high a sufficient quantity of milk or cream . this syrup is very quick of the fruit , and very weak of sugar ; and therefore makes the syllabub exceeding well tasted . you may also use the syrup used in the like manner in the drying of cherries . butter and oil to fry fish. the best liquor to fry fish in , is to take butter and salet oyl , first well clarified together . this hath not the unsavoury taste of oyl alon● , nor the blackness of butter alone . it fryeth fish crisp , yellow , and well tasted . to prepare shrimps for dressing . when you will butter shrimps , first wash them well in warm milk and water equally mingled together , and let them soak a little in it ; then wash them again in fresh milk and water warmed , letting them also soak therein a while . do this twice or thrice with fresh milk and water . this will take away all the rankness and slimyness of them . then butter them , or prepare them for the table , as you think fit . tosts of veal . my lady lusson makes thus her plain tosts of kidney of veal : cut the kidney with all the fat about it , and a good piece of the lean flesh besides . hash all this as small as you can . put to it a quarter of a pound of picked and washed currants , and as much sugar , one nutmeg grated , four yolks and two whites of new-laid eggs raw ; work all these very well together , seasoning it with salt. spread it thick upon slices of light white-bread cut like tosts . then fry them in butter , such quantity as may bo●l over the tops of the tosts . to make mustard . the best way of making mustard is this : take of the best mustard-seed ( which is black ) for example a quar● . dry it gently in an oven , and beat it to subtle powder , and ●earse it . then mingle well strong wine-vinegar with it , so much that it be pretty liquid , for it will dry with keeping . put to this a little pepper beaten small ( white is the best ) at discretion , as about a good pugil , and put a good spoonful of sugar to it ( which is not to make it taste sweet , but rather quick , and to help the fermentation ) lay a good onion in the bottom , quartered if you will , and a race of ginger scraped and bruised ; and stir it often with a horse-radish root cleansed , which let always lie in the pot , till it have lost it's vertue , then take a new one . this will keep long , and grow better for a while . it is not good till after a month , that it have fermented a while . some think it will be the quicker , if the seed be ground with fair water , in stead of vinegar , putting store of onions in it . my lady holmeby makes her quick fine mustard thus : choose true mustard-seed ; dry it in an oven , after the bread is our . beat and searse it to a most subtle powder . mingle sherry-sack with it ( stirring it a long time very well , so much as to have it of a fit consistence for mustard . then put a good quantity of fine sugar to it , as five or six spoonfuls , or more , to a pint of mustard . stir and incorporate all well together . this will keep good a long time . some do like to put to it a little ( but a little ) of very sharp wine-vinegar . to make a white-pot . boil three pints of sweet cream , with a very little salt and some sliced nutmeg . as soon as it begins to boil , take it from the fire . in the mean time beat the yolks of twelve or fifteen new-laid egg● very well with some rose or orange●flower-water , and sweeten the cream to your taste with sugar . then beat three or four spoonfuls of cream with them , and quickly as many more ; so proceeding , till you have incorporated all the cream and all the eggs. then pour the eggs and cream into a deep dish laid over with sippets of fine light bread , which will rise up to the top for the most part . when it is cooled and thickened enough to bear raisins of the sun , strew all over the top with them ( well-washed . ) then press a little way into it with great lumps of raw marrow . two bones will suffice . cover your dish with another , and set it upon a great pot of boiling water , with a good space between the water and the dish , that there be room for the hot steam to rise and strike upon the dish . keep good fire always under your pot . in less then an hour ( usually ) it is ba●ed enough . you will perceive that , if the marrow look brown , and be enough baked . if it should continue longer on the heat , it would melt . you may bake it in an oven if you will ; but it is hard to regulate it so , that it be not too much or too little : whereas the boiling water is certain . you may strew ambred sugar upon it , either before you set it to bake , or after it is done . for rosting of meat . to rost fine meat ( as partridge , pheasant , chicken , pigeon ) that it be full of juyce ; baste it as soon as it is through hot , and time to baste , with butter . when it is very moist all over , sprinkle flower upon it every where , that by turning about the fire , it may become a thin crust . then baste it no more till the latter end . this crust will keep in all the juyce . a little before you take it up , baste it again with butter , and this will melt away all the crust . then give it three or four turns of the spit , that it may make the outside yellow and crisp . you may also baste such meat with yolks of new ▪ laid eggs , beaten into a thin oyl . but with this you continue basting all the while the meat rosteth . to stew a rump of beef . take a rump of beef , break all the bones ; season it with pepper and salt to your liking ; take three or four nutmegs , and a quantity of mace , beat them grossly ; then take a bunch of very good sweet herbs , and one good onion cut in quarters , or garlike , as you like it . put in half a pint of white-wine vinegar , and one pint of good claret , one handful of sugar ; and a piece or two of beef suet or butter : shred some cabbage under and over , and scrape in a pound of good old cheese . put all these into an earthen pot , and let it stand in an oven with brown-bread four or five hours ; but let the pot be covered close with paste . to stew a rump of beef . take a fat rump of young beef , as it comes from the butcher , and take out all the bones , excepting the tip of it towards the tail that is all fat , which you cannot take out , without spoiling or defacing or breaking it . but take out all the thick bones towards the chine , and the thick sinews , that are on the outer sides of the flesh ; ( which will never become tender with boiling ) so that you have nothing but the pure flesh and fat , without any bony or tough substance . then beat well the lean part with a woodden roling pin , and when you have beaten well one side , turn the other . then rub it well with pepper grosly beaten , and salt ; just as you would do , to season a venison pasty , making the seasoning higher or gentler according to your taste . then lay it in a fit vessel , with a flat bottom ( pipkin or kettle as you have conveniency ) that will but just contain it , but so that it may lye at ease . or you may tye it up in a loose thin linnen cloth , or boulter , as they do capons à la mode , or brawn , or the like . then put water upon it , but just to cover it , and boil it close covered a matter of two hours pretty smartly , so that it be well half boiled . then take it out of that , and put it into another fit vessel , or the same cleansed , and put upon it about two quarts of good strong deep well bodied claret-wine , and a good bundle of sweet-herb● , ( penny-royal , sweet - marjoram , winter-savory , limon thyme , &c. ) and a good large onion peeled , and stuck as close with cloves , as you can stick it , if you like the taste of on●ons . they must be the strong b●ting onions , that are round and red : a little nutmeg , and some mace. put to the wine abo●t a pint of the liquor that you have al●eady boiled the beef in ; and if you would have it strong of the seasoning of pepper , and salt ; take the bottom of this liquor . thus let it boil very gently , simpringly , or rather stew with char-coal over a little furnace , or a fit chafing-dish , a matter of three hours , close covered . if the l●quor waste too much , you may recruit it with what you have kept of that , which your beef was boiled in . when it is near time to take it up , stew some oysters in their own l●quor ( to which you may add at the latter end , some of the winy liquor , that the beef is now stewing in , or some of the first beef-broth , or use some good pickled oysters ) and at the same time make some thin tostes of kingstone manchet , which toste very leisurely , or rather dry them throughly , and very hard , and crisp , but not burned , by lying long before the fire . and if you have fresh champignons , dress a good dish full of them , to be ready at the same time , when all the rest is ready ; if not , use pickled ones , without further dressing . when you find your beef is as tender as can be , and will scacely hold together , to be taken up together , and that all the other things are ready , lay the tostes in the dish , where the beef is to lye ; pour some of the liquor upon it . then lay the beef upon the tosts ; throw away the bundle of herbs and onions ; and pour the rest of the liquor upon the beef , as also the oysters , and the mushrooms , to which add a pretty deal , about half a pint of broom-buds : and so let it stand a while well covered over coals to mittoner ; and to have all the several substances communicate their tastes to one another , and to have the tostes swell up like a gelly . then serve it up . if you want liquor , you may still recruit your self out of the first beef-broth , which you keep all to supply any want afterwards . have a care , whiles it is stewing , in the winy-liquor , to lift the flesh sometimes up from the bottom of the vessel , least if it should lye always still , it may stick to the bottom , and burn ; but you cannot take it out , for it would fall in pieces . it will be yet better meat , if you add to it , at the last ( when you add all the other heightnings ) some marrow , and some chessnuts , and some pistachios , if you will. put to your broom-buds ( before you put them in to the rest ) some elder vinegar , enough to soak them , and even to cover them . if you find this make your composition of the whole too sharp , you may next time take less . when you put the beef to stew with the wine ( or a while after ) you may put to it a pretty quantity ( as much as you can take in both hands at once ) of shreded cabbage , if it be the season ; or of turneps , if you like either of these . carrots make it somewhat flat . if the wine be not quick enough , you may put a little elder vinegar to it . if you like garlike , you may put in a little , or rub the dish with it . pickled champignons . champignons are best , that grow upon gravelly dry rising grounds . gather them of the last nights growth ; and to pre●erve them white , it is well to cast them into a pitcher of fair-water , as you gather them : but that is not absolutely necessary , if you will go about dressing them as soon as you come home . cut the great ones into halves or quarters , seeing carefully there be no worms in them ; and peel off their upper skin on the tops : the little ones , peel whole . as you peel them , throw them into a bason of fair-water , which preserves them white . then put them into a pipkin or possnet of copper ( no iron ) and put a very little water to them , and a large proportion of salt. if you have a pottle of mushrooms , you may put to them ten or twelve spoonfuls of water , and two or three of salt. boil them with pretty quick-fire , and scum them well all the while , taking away a great deal of foulness , that will rise . they will shrink into a very little room . when they are sufficiently parboiled to be tender , and well cleansed of their scum , ( which will be in about a quarter of an hour , ) take them out , and put them into a colander , that all the moisture may drain from them . in the mean time make your pickle thus : take a quart of pure sharp white wine vinegar ( elder-vinegar is best ) put two or three spoonfuls of whole pepper to it , twenty or thirty cloves , one nutmeg quartered , two or three flakes of mace , three bay-leaves ; ( some like limon-thyme and rose-mary ; but then it must be a very little of each ) boil all these together , till the vinegar be well impraegnated with the ingredients , which will be in about half an hour . then take it from the fire , and let it cool . when the pickle is quite cold , and the mushrooms also quite cold , and drained from all moisture : put them into the liquor ( with all the ingredients in it ) which you must be sure , be enough to cover them . in ten or twelve days , they will have taken into them the full taste of the pickle , and will keep very good half a year . if you have much supernatant liquor , you may parboil more mushroms next day , and put them to the first . if you have not gathered at once enough for a dressing , you may keep them all night in water to preserve them white , and gather more the next day , to joyn to them . to stew wardens or pears . pare them , put them into a pipkin , with so much red or claret-wine and water , ana , as will●near reach to the top of the pears . stew or boil gently , till they grow tender , which may be in two hours . after a while , put in some sticks of cinnamon bruised and a few cloves . when they are almost done , put in sugar enough to season them well and their syrup , which you pour out upon them in a dee● plate . to stew apples . pare them and cut them into slices . stew them with wine and water as the pears , and season them in like manner with spice . towards the end sweeten them with sugar , breaking the apples into pap by stirring them . when you are ready to take them off , put in good store of fresh-butter , and incorporate it well with them , by stirring them together . you stew these between two dishes . the quickest apples are the best . portuguez eggs. the way that the countess de penalva makes the portuguez eggs for the queen , is this . take the yolks ( clean picked from the whites and germ ) of twelve new-laid eggs. beat them exceedingly with a little ( scarce a spoonful ) of orange-flower-water . when they are exceeding liquid , clear , and uniformly a thin liquor , put to them one pound of pure double refined sugar ( if it be not so pure , it must be clarified before ) and stew them in your dish or bason over a very gentle fire , stirring them continually , whiles they are over it so that the whole may become one uniform substance , of the consistence of an electuary ( beware they grow not too hard ; for without much caution and attention , that will happen on a sudden ) which then you may ●at presently , or put into pots to keep . you may dissolve ambergreece ( if you will , ground first very much with sugar ) in orange-flower or rose-water , before hand , and put it ( warm and dissolved ) to the eggs , when you set them to stew . if you clarifie your sugar , do it with one of these waters , and whites of eggs. the flavor of t●ese sweet-waters goeth almost all away with boiling . therefore half a spoonful put into the composition , when you take it from the fire , seasoneth it more then ten times as much , put in at the first . to boil eggs. a certain and infallible method to boil new-laid eygs to sup up , and yet that they have the white turned to milk , is thus : break a very little hole , at the bigger end of the shell , and put it into the water , whil●s it boileth . let it remain boiling , whiles your pulse beateth two hundred stroaks . then take it out immediately , and you will find it of an exact temper : others put eggs into boyling water just as you take it from the fire , and let them remain there , till the water be so cooled , that you may just put in your hand , and take out the eggs. others put the eggs into cold water , which they set upon the fire , and as soon as the water begins to boil , the eggs are enough . to make clear gelly of bran. take two pound of the broadest open bran of the best wheat , and put it to infuse in a g●llon of water , during two or three days , that the water may soak into the pure flower , that sticks to the bran . then boil it three or four walms , and presently take it from the fire , and strain it through some fine strainer . a milky substance will come out , which let stand to settle about half a day . pour off the clear water , that swimmeth over the starch or flomery , that is in the bottom ( which is very good for pap , &c. ) and boil it up to a gelly , as ▪ you do harts-horn gelly or the like , and season it to your taste . to bake venison . boil the bones ( well broken ) and remaining flesh of the venison , from whence the meat of the pasty is cut , in the liquor , wherein capons and veal , or mutton have been boiled , so to make very strong broth of them . the bones must be broken , that you may have the marrow of them in the liquor ; and they must stew a long time ( covering the pot close : ) that you may make the broth as strong as you can ; and if you put some gravy of mutton or veal to it , it will be the better . when the pasty is half baked , pour some of this broth into it , by the hole at the top ; and the rest of it , when it is quite baked , and wanteth but standing in the oven to soak . or put it all in at once , when the pasty is sufficiently baked , and afterwards let it remain in the oven a good while soaking . you may bake the bones ( broken ) with the broth and gravy , or for want thereof , with only water in an earthen pot close stopped , till you have all the substance in the liquor ; which you may pour into the pasty an hour before it is baked enough . if you are in a park , you may soak the venison a night in the blood of the deer ; and cover the flesh with it , clotted together when you put it in paste . mutton blood also upon venison , is very good . you may season your blood a little with pepper and salt. to bake venison to keep . after you have boned it , cut away all the si●ews , then season it with pepper and salt pretty high , and divide a stag into four pots ; then put about a pound of butter upon the top of each pot , and cover it with rye-past pretty thick . your oven must be so hot , that after a whole night it may be baked very tender , which is a great help to the keeping of it . and when you draw it , drain all the liquor from it , and turn your pot upon a pie-plate , with the bottom upwards , and so let it stand , until it is cold ; then wipe your pot , that no g●avy remain therein , and then put your venison into the same pot again ; them have your butter very well clarified , that there be no dross remaining ; then fill up your pot about two inches above the meat with butter , or else it will mould . and so the next day binde it up very close , with a piece of sheeps leather so that no air can get in . after which you may keep it as long as you please . master adrian may put 's up his venison in pots , to keep long , thus : immediatly as soon as he hath killed it , he seasoneth and baketh it as soon as he can , so that the flesh may never be cold . and this maketh that the fat runn●th in among the lean , and is like calvered salmon , and eats much more mellow and tender . but before the deer be killed , he ought to be hunted and chafed as much as may be . then seasoned and put in the oven before it be cold . be sure to pour out all the gravy , that settleth to the bottom , ●nder the flesh after the baking , before you put the butter to it , that is to lie very thick upon the meat , to keep it all the year . about making of braw●● . it must be a very large oven , that so it may contract the stronger heat , and keep it the longer . it must be at least eight hours heating with wood , that it be as hot as is possible . if the brawn be young , it will suffice eight hours or a little more in the oven . but if old , it must be ten or eleven . put but two collars into each pot , for bigger are unwieldy . into every pot , put twelve corns of whole pepper , four cloves , a great onion peeled and quartered , and two bay-leaves , before you put them into the oven . before they are set in , you do not fill them with water to the top , least any should spill in sliding them in ; but fill them up by a bowl fastned to a long pole. no water must be put in , after the oven is closed ( nor the oven ever be opened , till after all is throughly baked ) and therefore you must put in enough at first to s●rve to the last ; you must rowl your collars as close as may be , that no air may be left in the folds of them : and sow them up in exceeding strong cloth , which a strong man must pull as hard as he can in the sowing . their cloths must not be pulled off , till the collars have been three or four days out of the oven , least you pull off part of the brawn with them . you may put the same proportion of pepper , clove● , &c. into the souce-drink as you did in the baking them ; which at either time ( especially at first ) give them a fine taste . the souce-drink is made of six shillings beer , and thames or river-water , of each an equal quantity , well boiled with salt. when boiled and cold , put in to it two or three quarts of skimmed milk , only to colour it ; and so change it once in three weeks . tender brawn sliced thin , and laid sallet-wise in a dish as the sliced capon , and seasoned with pepper , salt and vinegar and oyl , with a little limon , is a very good sallet . sallet of cold capon rosted . it is a good sallet , to slice a cold capon thin ; mingle with it some sibbolds , lettice , rocket and tarragon sliced small . season all with pepper , salt , vinegar and oyl , and sliced limon . a little origanum doth well with it . mutton baked like venison , soaking either in their blood . take a large fat loin of mutton ( or two ) boned after the manner of venison . season it well to your taste with pepper and salt. then lay it to steep all night in enough of the sheep's blood , to cover it over , and soak well into it . then lay it into the past , with all the clo●ted thick blood , under it , upon it , and hanging about it . you may season the blood with pepper and salt , before you lay the meat in it . but though you do not , it will not be amiss , so as the meat be seasoned high enough . then bake it as you do an ordinary pasty ; and you may put gravy of mutton or strong broth into it . you may do it in a dish with past ; as my lady of newport doth her venison . this way of steeping in blood before you bake it , is very good also for venison . to make an excellent hare-pye . hash the flesh of as many hares , as you please , very ●mall . then beat them strongly in a mortar into a paste , which season duly with pepper and salt. lard it throughly all over with great lardons of lard well rowled in pepper and salt. put this into a straight earthen pot , to lye close in it . if you like onions , you may put one or two quartered into the bottom of the pot. put store of sweet-butter upon the meat , and upon that , some strong red claret-wine . cover the pot with a double strong brown paper , tyed close about the mouth of it . set it to bake with houshold-bread , ( or in an oven , as a venison pasty ) for eight or ten hours . then take out the pot , and thence the meat , and pour away all the liquor , which let settle . then take all the congealed butter , and clarifie it well . put your meat again into the pot , and put upon it your clarified butter , and as much more as is necessary . and i believe the putting of claret-wine to it now is better , and to omit it before . bake it again , but a less while . pour out all the liquor , when it is baked , and clarifie the butter again , and pour it upon the meat , and so let it cool ; the butter must be at least two or three fingers breadth over the meat . to bake beef . bone it , and beat it exceeding well on all sides , with a roling pin , upon a table . then season it with pepper and salt , ( rubbing them in very well ) and some pars●ey , and a few sweet herbs ( penny-royal , winter-savoury , sweet-marjoram , limon thyme , red-sage , which yet to some seems to have a ph●sical taste ) an onion if you will. squeese it into the pot as close as you can . put butter upon it , and claret-wine , and covered all as above . bake it in a strong oven eight or ten hours . take it out of the oven , and the meat out of the pot , which make clean , from all settlings ; and squeese all the juyce from it ( even by a gentle press . ) then put it in again hard pressed into the por . clarifie the butter , that you poured with the liquor from the meat out of the pot ; and pour it again with more fresh , to have enough to cover it two or three fingers thick . to bake pidgeons , ( which are thus excellent , and will keep a quarter of a year ) or teals , or wild-ducks . season them duly with pepper and salt ; then lay them in the pot , and put store of butter , and some claret-wine to them . cover and bake as above : but a less while according to the tenderness of the meat . in due time take out your pot , and your birds out of it , which press not , but only wipe off the liquor . pour it out all . clarifie the butter ; put in the birds again , and the clarified butter , and as much more as needs ( all melted ) upon them , and let it cool . you may put a few bay-leaves upon any of these baked meats , between the meat and the butter . gre●n geese-pye . an excellent cold pye is thus made . take two fat green-geese ; bone them , and lay them in paste one upon the other , seasoning them well with pepper and salt , and some little nutmeg , both above and below and between the two geese . when it is well-baked and out of the oven , pour in melted butter at a hole made in the top . the crust is much better than of a stubble-goose . to boil beef or venison tender and savoury . the way to have beef tenderest , short and best boiled , as my lord of saint alban's useth it , is thus . take a rump or brisket of beef ; keep it without salt as long you may , without danger to have it smell ill . for so it groweth mellow and tender , which it would not do , if it were presently salted . when it is sufficiently mortified , rub it well with salt ; let it lie so but a day and a night , or at most two nights and a day . then boil it in no more water then is necessary . boil it pretty smartly at first , but afterwards but a simpring or stewing boiling , which must continue seven or eight hours . sometimes he boileth it half over night , and the rest next morning . if you should not have time to salt it , you may supply that want thus ; when the beef is through boiled , you may put so much salt into the pot as to make the broth like brine , and then boil it gently an hour longer ; or take out the beef , and put it into a deep dish , and put to it some of his broth made brine , and cover it with another dish , and stew it so an hour . a hanch of venison may be done the same way . to bake wilde-ducks or teals . season your duck and teal with pepper and salt , both within and without , so much as you think may season them ; then crack their bones with a roling pin ; then put them into an earthen pot close , and cover them with butter , and bake them in an oven as hot as for bread , and let them stand three or four hours ; when you take them out of the oven , pour out all the liquor from them , then melt so much butter as will cover them ; when you have melted your butter , let it stand a while , until all the dross be settled to the bottom , and put in the clear butter , which must cover the fowl. to season humble-pyes : and to rost wilde-ducks . bake humble-pyes without chapping them small in a pye , seasoned with pepper and salt , adding a pretty deal of parsley , a little sweet-marjoram and savoury , and a very little thyme . rost wilde ducks putting into their bellies some sage and a little onion ( both well shreded ) wrought into a lump with butter , adding a little pepper and salt. and let their sauce be a little gravy of mutton , to enlarge the seasoned gravy , that comes from the ducks when they are cut up . to souce turkeys . take a good fat turkey or two ; dress them clean , and bone them ; then tye them up in the manner of sturgeon with some thing clean washed . take your kettle , and put into it a pottle of good white-wine , a quart of water , and a quart of vinegar ; make it boil , and season it with salt pretty well . then put in your turkeys , and let them boil till they be very tender . when they are enough boiled , take them out , and taste the liquor ; if it be not sharp enough ▪ put more vinegar , and let it boil a little ; then put it into an earthen pot , that will hold both turkeys . when it is cold enough , and the turkeys through-cold , put them into the liquor in the pot , and be sure they be quite covered with the liquor ; let them lye in it three weeks or a month ; then serve it to the table , with fennel on it , and eat it with elder vinegar . you may do a capon or two put together in the same manner : but first larding it with great lardons rowled in pepper and salt. a shorter time lying in the pickle will serve . an excellent meat of goose or turkey . take a fat goose , and powder it with salt eight or ten days ; then boil it tender , and p●t it into pickle , like sturgeon-pickle . you may do the like with a very fat turkey ; but the best pickle of that is , the italian marinating ▪ boiling mace , nu●meg , &c. in it . you may boil garlick in the belly of the fouls , if you like it , or in the pickle . to pickle an old fat goose. cut it down the back , and take out all the bones ; l●rd it very well with green bacon , and season it well with three quarters of an ounce of pepper ; half an ounce of ginger ; a quarter of an ounce of cloves , and salt as you judge proportionable ; a pint of white wine and some butter . put three or four bay-leaves under the meat , and bake it with brown-bread , in an earthen pot close covered , and the edges of the cover closed with paste . let it stand three or four days in the pickle ; then eat it cold with vinegar . about ordering bacon for gambons , and to keep . at franckfort they use the following cautions about the bacon , they salt for gambons or sides to keep . the best is of male hogs of two year old , that have been gelt , when they were young . they kill them in the wan of moon , from a day or two after the full , till the last quarter . they fetch off their hair with warm-water , not by burning ( which melteth the fat , and maketh it apt to grow resty ) and after it hath lain in the open air a full day , they salt it with dry salt , rubbing it in well : then lay what quantity you will in a tub for seven or eight days ( in which time the salt dissolveth to water ) then take it out , and wipe it dry , and hang it in a room , where they keep fire , either on a hearth , or that smoak cometh out of a stove into the room ( as most of those rooms do smoak ) but hang them not in the chimney , that the hot smoak striketh upon them ; but if you have a very large chimney , hang them pretty high and aside , that the smoak may not come full upon them . after a while , ( when they are dry ) take them thence , and hang them from the smoak in a dry warm room . when the weather groweth warm as in may , there will drop from them a kinde of melted oyly grease , and they will heat , and grow resty , if not remedied . take them down then , and lay them in a cold dry place , with hay all about them , that one may not touch another . change the hay every thirty , or twenty , or fifteen days , till september , that the weather groweth cool ; then hang them up again in the free air , in a dry chamber . if you make the shoulders into gambons , you must have a care to cut away a little piece of flesh within , called in dutch the mause ; for if that remain in it , the bacon will grow resty . to make a tansey . take spinage , sorrel , tansey , wheat , a quart of cream ; bread ( the quantity of a two peny loaf ) twenty eggs , and half the whites , one nutmeg , half a pound of sugar , and the juyce of a couple of limons . spinage is the chief herb to have the juyce ; wheat also is very good , when it is young and tender . you must not take much sorrel , for fear of turning the cream ; but less tansey , so little that it may not taste distinctly in the composition . the juyce of limons is put in at the end of all . you may lay thin slices of limon upon the tansey made , and sugar upon them . another way . beat twelve eggs ( six whites put away ) by themselves exceeding well ( two or three hours ) sometimes putting in a spoonful of cream to keep them from oyling ; then mingle them well with a quart of cream ; to which put about half a pint of juyce of spinage ( as much as will make the cream green ) or of green wheat , and four spoonfuls of juyce of tansey , one nutmeg scraped into thin slices , and half a pound of sugar ; all things exceeding w●ll incorporated together ; fry this with fresh butter , no more then to glase the pan over , and keep the tansey from sticking to the pan. to make cheese-cakes . take twelve quarts of milk warm from the cow , turn it with a good spoonful of runnet . break it well , and put it into a large strainer , in which rowl it up and down , that all the whey may run out into a little tub ; when all that will is run out , wring out more . then break the curds well ; then wring it again , and more whey will come . thus break and wring till no more come . then work the curds exceedingly with your hand in a tray , till they become a short uniform paste . then put to it the yolks of eight new laid eggs , and two wh●tes , and a pound of butter . work all this long together . in the long working ( at the several times ) consisteth the making them good . then season them to your taste with sugar finely beaten ; and put in some cloves and mace in subtile powder . then lay them thick in coffins of fine paste , and bake them . short and crisp crust for tarts and pyes . to half a peck of fine flower , take a pound and half of butter , in this manner . put your butter with at least three quarts of cold water ( it imports not how much or how little the water is ) into a little kettle to melt , and boil gently : as soon as it is melted , scum off the butter with a ladle , pouring it by ladlefuls ( one a little after another , as you knead it with the flower ) to some of the flower ( which you ●ake not all at once , that you may the better discern , how much liquor is needful ) and work it very well into paste . when all your butter is kneaded , with as much of the flower , as serves to make paste of a fitting consistence , take of the water that the butter was melted in , so much as to make the rest of the flower into paste of due consistence ; then joyn it to the paste made with butter , and work them both very well together , of this make your covers and coffins thin . if you are to make more paste for more tarts or pyes , the water that hath already served , will serve again better then fresh . to make goose-pyes , and such of thick crust , you must p●t at least two pound of butter to half a peck of flower . put no more salt to your past , then what is in the butter , which must be the best new butter that is sold in the market . to make a cake . take eight wine quarts of flower ; one pound of loaf sugar beaten and searsed ; one ounce of mace , beat it very fine : then take thirty eggs , fifteen whites , beat them well ; then put to them a quart of new ale-yest ; beat them very well together , and strain them into your flower ; then take a pint of rosewater , wherein six grains of ambergreece and musk have been over night . then take a pint and half of cream or something more , and set it on the fire , and put into it four pounds and three quarters of butter ; and when it is all melted ; take it off the fire , and stir it about , until it be pretty cool ; and pour all into your flower , and stir it up quick with your hands , like a lith pudding ; then dust a little flower over it , and let it stand covered with a flannel , or other woollen cloth , a quarter of an hour before the fire , that it may rise ; then have ready twelve pounds of currants very well washed and pick'd , that there may be neither stalks , nor broken currants in them . then let your currants be very well dryed before the fire , and put warm into your cake ; then mingle them well together with your hands ; then ge● a tin hoop that will contain that quantity , and butter it well , and put it upon two sheets of paper well buttered ; so pour in your cake , and so set it into the oven , being quick that it may be well soaked , but not to burn . it must bake above an hour and a quarter ; near an hour and half . take then a pound and half of double refined sugar purely beaten and searsed ; put into the whites of five eggs ; two or spoonfuls of rose-water ; keep it a beating all the time , that the cake is a baking which will be two hours ; then draw your cake out of the oven , and pick the dry currants from the top of it , and so spread all that you have beaten over it , very smooth , and set it a little into the oven , that it may dry . another cake . take three pounds and an half of flower ; one penny worth of cloves and mace ; and a quarter of a pound of sugar and salt , and strew it on the flower . then take the yolks of eight eggs well beaten , with a spoonful and half of rose water ; then take a pint of thick cream , and a pound of butter ; melt them together , and when it is so , take three quarters of a pint of ale-yest , and mingle the yest and eggs together . then take the warm liquor , and mingle all together ; when you have done , take all , and pour it in the bowl , and so cover the flower over the liquor ; then cover the pan with a napkin , and when it is risen , take four pounds of currants , well washed and dryed , and half a pound of raisins of the sun sliced , and let them be well dryed and hot , and so stir them in . when it is risen , have your oven hot against the cake is made ; let it stand three quarters of an hour . when it is half baked , ice it over with fine sugar and rose-water , and the whites of eggs , and musk and ambergreece . when you m●ngle your yest and eggs together for the cake , put musk and amber to that . to make a plumb-cake . take a peck of flower , and part it in half . then take two quarts of good ale-yest , and strain it into half t●e flower , and some new milk boiled , and almost cold again ; make it into a very light paste , and set it before the fire to rise ; then take five pound of butter , and melt it in a skillet , with a quarter of a pint of rose-water ; when your paste is risen , and your oven almost hot , which will be by this time , take your paste from the fire , and break it into small pieces , and take your other part of flower , and strew it round your paste ; then take the melted butter , and put it to the past , and by degrees work the paste and flower together , till you have mingled all very well . take six nutmegs , some cinnamon and mace well beaten , and two pound of sugar , and strew it into the paste , as they are a working it . take three pounds of raisins stoned , and twelve pounds of currants very well washed and dryed again ; one pound of dates sliced ; half a pound of green citron dryed and sliced very thin ; strew all these into the paste , till it have received them all ; then let your oven be ready , and make up your cake , and set it into the oven ; but you must have a great care , it doth not take cold . then to ice it , take a pound and half of double refined sugar beaten and searsed ; the whites of three eggs new-laid , and a little orange flower-water , with a little musk and ambergreece , beaten and searsed , and put to your sugar ; then strew your sugar into the eggs , and beat it in a stone mortar with a woodden pastel , till it be as white as snow , which will be by that time the cake is baked ; then draw it to the ovens mo●th , and drop it on , in what form you will ; let it stand a little again in the oven to harden . to make an excellent cake . to a peck of fine flower , take six pounds of fresh butter , which must be tenderly melted , ten pounds of currants , of cloves and mace , half an ounce of each , an ounce of cinnamon , half an ounce of nutmegs , four ounces of sugar , one pint of sack mixed with a quart at least of thick barm of ale ( as soon as it is settled , to have the thick fall to the bottom , which will be , when it is about two days old ) half a pint of rose-water ; half a quarter of an ounce of saffron . then make your paste , strewing the spices , finely beaten , upon the flower : then put the melted butter ( but even just melted ) to it ; then the barm , and other liquors : and put it into the oven well heated presently . for the better baking of it , put it in a hoop , and let it stand in the oven one hour and half . you ice the cake with the whites of two eggs , a small quantity of rose-water , and some sugar . to make bisket . to half a peck of flower , take three spoonf●ls of barm , two ounces of seeds ; aniseeds or fennel-seeds . make the paste very stiff , with nothing but water , and dry it ( they must not have so much heat , as to make them rise , but only dry by degrees ; as in an oven after manchet is taken out , or a gentle stove ) in flat cakes very well in an oven or stove . to make a caraway-cake . take three pound and a half of the finest flower and dry it in an oven ; one pound and a half of sweet butter , and mix it with the flower , until it be crumbled very small , that none of it be seen ; then take three quarters of a pint of new ale-yeast , and half a pint of sack , and half a pint of new milk ; six spoonfuls of rose-water , four yolks , and two whites of eggs ; then let it lie before the fire half an hour or more . and when you go to make it up , put in three quarters of a pound of caraway-confits , and a pound and half of biskets . put it into the oven , and let it stand an hour and half . another very good cake . take four quarts of fine flower , two pound and half of butter , three quarters of a pound of sugar , four nutmegs ; a little mace ; a pound of almonds finely beaten , half a pint of sack , a pint of good ale-yest , a pint of boiled cream , twelve yolks , and four whites of eggs ; four pound of currants . when you have wrought all these into a very fine past , let it be kept warm before the fire half an hour , before you set it into the oven . if you please , you may put into it , two pound of raisins of the sun stoned and quartered . let your oven be of a temperate heat , and let your cake stand therein two hours and a half , before you ice it ; and afterwards only to harden the ice . the ice for this cake is made thus : take the whites of three new laid eggs , and three quarters of a pound of fine sugar finely beaten ; beat it well toge●her with the whites of the eggs , and ice the cake . if you please you may add a little musk or ambergreece . excellent small cakes . take three pound of very fine flower well dryed by the fire , and put to it a pound and half of loaf sugar sifted in a very fine sieve and dryed ; three pounds of currants well washed and dryed in a cloth and set by the fire ; when your flower is well mixed with the sugar and currants , you must put in it a pound and half of unmelted butter , ten spoonfuls of cream , with the yolks of three new-laid eggs beat with it , one nutmeg ; and if you please , three spoonfuls of sack. when you have wrought your paste well , you must put it in a cloth , and set it in a dish before the fire , till it be through warm . then make them up in little cakes , and prick them full of holes ; you must bake them in a quick oven unclosed . afterwards ice them over with sugar . the cakes should be about the bigness of a hand-breadth and thin : of the cise of the sugar cakes sold at barnet . my lord of denbigh's almond march-pane . blanch either nut-kernels , from the husk ▪ in the best manner you can . then pun them with a due proportion of sugar , and a little orange-flower , or rose-water . when it is in a fitting uniform paste , make it into round cakes , about the bigness of your hand , or a little larger , and about a finger thick ; and lay every one upon a fine paper cut fit to it ; which lay upon a table . you must have a pan like a tourtiere , made to contain coals on the top , that is flat , with edges round about to hold in the coals , which set over the cakes , with fire upon it . let this remain upon the cakes , till you conceive , it hath dryed them sufficiently for once ; which may be within a quarter of an hour ; but you take it off two or three times in that time , to see you scorch not the outside , but only dry it a little . then remove it to others , that lye by them ; and pull the papers from the first , and turn them upon new papers . when the others are dryed enough , remove the pan back to the first , to dry their other side : which being enough , remove it back to the second , that by this time are turned , and laid upon new papers . repeat this turning the cakes , and changing the pan , till they are sufficiently dry : which you must not do all at once , least you scorch them : and though the outside be dry , the inside must be very moist and tender . then you must ice them thus : make a thick pap with orange flower or rose-water , and purest white sugar : a little of the whites of eggs , not above half a spoonful of that oyl of eggs , to a porrenger full of thick pap , beaten exceeding well with it , and a little juyce of limons . lay this smooth upon the cakes with a knife , and smoothen it with a feather . then set the pan over them to dry them . which being if there be any unevenness , or cracks or discolouring , lay on a little more of that mortar , and dry it as before . repeat this , till it be as clear , and smooth , and white , as you would have it . then turn the other sides , and do the like to them . you must take care , not to scorch them : for then they would look yellow or red , and they must be pure , white and smooth like silver between polished and matte , or like a looking glass . this coat preserves the substance of the cakes within , the longer moist . you may beat dissolved amber , or essence of cinnamon , with them . to make slipp coat cheese . according to the bigness of your moulds proportion your stroakings for your cheese-curds . to six quarts of stroakings , take a pint of spring-water : if the weather be hot , then let the water be cold , and before you put it into the stroakings , let them stand a while to cool after they are milked , and then put in the water with a little salt first stirred in it : and having stirred it well together , let it stand a little while , and then put in about two good spoonfuls of runner , stir it well together , and cover it with a fair linnen-cloth , and when it is become hard like a thi●k jelly , with a skimming-dish lay it gently into the moulds , and as it sinks down into the moulds , fill it still up again , till all be in , which will require some three or four hours time . then lay a clean fine cloth into another mould of the same cise , and turn it into it , and then turn the skirts of the cloth over it , and lay upon that a thin board , and upon that as much weigh● , as with the board may make two pound or thereabouts . and about an hour after , lay another clean cloth into the other mould , and turn the cheese into that ; then lay upon the board so much , as will make it six or seven pound weight ; and thus continue turning of it till night : then take away the weight , and lay it no more on it ; then take a very small quantity of salt finely beaten , and sprinkle the cheese all over with it as slightly as can be imagined . next morning turn it into another dry cloth , and let it lye out of the mould upon a plain board , and change it as often as it wets the cloth , which must be three or four times a day : when it is so dry , that it wets the cloth no more , lay it upon a bed of green-rushes , and lay a row upon it ; but be sure to pick the bents clean off , and lay them even all one way : if you cannot get good rushes , take nettles or grass . if the weather is cold , cover them with a linnen and woollen cloth : in case you cannot get stroakings , take five quarts of new milk , and one of cream . if the weather be cold , heat the water that you put to the stroakings . trun the cheese every day , and put to it fresh of whatsoever you keep it in . they are usually ripe in ten days . to make slipp-coat cheese . master philipps his method and proportions in making slippe-coat cheese , are these . take six wine quarts of stroakings , and two quarts of cream ; mingle these well together , and let them stand in a bowl , till they a●e cold . then power upon them three pints of boiling fair water , and mingle them well together ; then let them stand , till they are almost cold , colder then milk-warm . then put to it a moderate quantity of runnet , made with fair water ( not whey , or any other thing then water ; this is an important point ) and let it stand till it come . have a care not to break the curds , nor ever to touch them with your hands , but only with your skimming dish . in due time lade the curds with the dish , into a thin fine napkin , held up by two persons , that the whey may run from them through the bunt of the napkin , which you rowl gently about , that the curds may dry without breaking . when the whey is well drained out , put the curds as whole as you can into the cheese-fat , upon a napkin , in the fat . change the napkin , and turn the cheese every quarter of an hour , and less , for ten , twelve or fourteen times ; that is , still as soon as you perceive the napkin wet with the whay running from the curds . then press it with a half pound weight for two or three hours , then add half a pound more for as long time ▪ then another half pound for as long , and lastly another half pound , which is two pounds in all ; which weight must never be exceeded . the next day , ( when about twenty four hours are past in all ) s●lt your cheese moderately with white salt , and then turn it but three or four times a day , and keep it in a cotton cloth , which will make it mellow and sweet , not rank , and will preserve the coat smooth . it may be ready to eat in about twelve days . some lay it to ripen in dock-leaves , and it is not amiss ; but that in rain they will be w●t , which moulds the cheese . others in slat ●it boxes of wood , turning them , as is said , three or four times a day . but a cotton cloth is best . this quantity is for a round large cheese , of about the bigness of a sale ten peny cheese , a good fingers breadth thick . long broad grass ripeneth them well , and sucketh out the moisture . rushes are good also . they are hot , but dry not the moisture so well . my lady of middlesex makes excell●nt slipp-coat cheese of good morning milk putting cream to it . a quart of cream is the proportion she useth to as much milk , as both together make a large round cheese of the bigness of an ordinary tart-plate , or cheese-plate ; as big as an ordinary soft cheese , that the market-women sell for ten pence . thus for want of stroakings at london , you may take one part of cream to five or six of morning milk , and for the rest proceed as with stro●kings ; and these will prove as good . slipp-cort cheese take three quarts of the last of the stroakings of as many cows as you have ; keep it covered , that it may continue warm ; put to it a skimming dishful of spring-water ; then put in two spoonfuls of runnet , so let it stand until it be hard come : when it is hard come , set your fat on the bottome of a hair-sieve , take it up by degrees , but break it not ; when you have laid it all in the fat , take a fine cloth , and lay it over the cheese , and work it in about the sides , with the back of a knife ; then lay a board on it , for half an hour : after half an hour , set on the board an half pound stone , so let it stand two hours ; then turn it on that board , and let the cloth be both under and over it , then put it into the fat again ; then lay a pound and half weight on it ; two hours after turn it again on a dry cloth , and salt it , then set on it two pound weight , and let it stand until the next morning . then turn it out of the cheese-fat , on a dry board , and so keep it with turn●ng on dry boards three days . in case it turn abroad , you must set it up with wedges ; when it begins to stiffen , lay green grass or rushes upon it : when it is stiff enough , let rushes be laid both under and over it . if this cheese be rightly made , and the weather good to dry it , it will be ready in eight days : but in case it doth not dry well , you must lay on it a linnen-cloth , and woollen upon it , to hasten the ripening of it . to make a scalded cheese . take six gallons of new milk : put to it two quarts of the evening cream ; then put to it good ru●●●t ▪ for winter cheese ; let it stand , till it be even well , then sink it as long as you can get any whey out : then put it into your fat , and set it in the press , and let it stand half an hour : in this time turn it once . when you take it out of the press , set on the fire two gallons of the same whey : then put your cheese in a big bowl , break the curd as small with your hands as you do your cheese-cakes : when your whey is scalding hot , take off the scum : lay your strainer over the curd , and put in your whey : take a slice , and stir up your curd , that it may scald all alike : put in as much whey as will cover it well : if you find that cold , put it out , and put in more to it that is hot . stir it as before : then cover it with a linnen and woollen cloth : then set some new whey on the fire , put in your cheese-fat and suter and cloth . after three quarters of an hour , take up the curd , and put it into the cheese fat , as fast , as two can work it in : then put it into the hot cloth , and set it into the press . have a care to look to it , and after a while turn it , and so keep it in the press with turning , till the next day : then take it forth and salt it . the cream-courds . strain your whey , and set it on the fire : make a clear and gentle fire under the kettle : as they rise , put in whey , so continuing , till they are ready to skim . then take your skimmer , and put them on the bottom of a hair-sieve : so let them drain till they are cold . then take them off , and put them into a bason , and beat them with three or four spoonfuls of cream and sugar . savoury tosted or melted cheese . cut pieces of quick , fat ; rich , well tasted cheese , ( as the best of brye , cheshire , &c. or sharp thick cream-cheese ) into a dish of thick beaten melted butter , that hath served for sparages or the like , or pease , or other boiled sallet , or ragout of meat , or gravy of mutton : and , if you will , chop some of the asparages among it , or slices of gambon of bacon , or fresh-collops , or onions , or sibboulets , or anchovis , and set all this to melt upon a cha●ingdish of coals , and stir all well together , to incorporate them ; and when all is of an equal consistence , strew some gross white-pepper on it , and eat it with tosts or crusts of white-bread . you may scorch it at the top with a hot fire-shovel . to feed chicken . first give them for two days , paste made of barley meal and milk with clyster 〈◊〉 to scowre them . then feed them with nothing but hashed raisins of the sun. the less drink they have , the better it is : for it washeth away their fat ; but that little they have , let it be broken beer ; milk were as good or better ; but then you must be careful to have it always sweet in their trough , and no sowerness there to turn the milk. they will be prodigiously fat in about twelve days : and you must kill them , when they are at their he●ght : else they will soon fall back , and grow fat no more . others make their paste of barley meal with milk and a little course sugar , and mingle with it a little ( about an eight part ) of powder of green glass beaten exceeding small . give this only for two days to cleanse their stomacks . then feed them with paste of barley-meal , made sometimes with milk and sugar , and sometimes with the fat skimmed off from the pot , giving them drink as above . others make a pretty stiff paste for them with barley-meal ( a little of the coursest bran sifted from it ) and the fat scummed off from the boiling pot , be it of beef ( even salted ) or mutton , &c. lay this before them for their food for four days . then give them still the same , but mingled with a little powder of glass for or five days more . in which time they will be extremely fat and good . for their drink , give them the droppings of good ale or good beer . when you eat them , you will find some of the powder of glass in their stomacks , i. e. gizzards . to feed poultry . my lady fanshaws way of feeding capons , pullets , hens , chicken or turkies , is thus . have coops , wherein every fowl is a part , and not room to turn in , and means to cleanse daily the ordure behind them , and two troughs ; for before that , one may be scalding and drying the day , the other is used , and before every fowl one partition for meat , another for drink . all their meat is this : boil barley in water , till it be tender , keep some so , and another parcel of it boil with milk , and another with strong ale. let them be boiled as wheat that is cried . use them different days for variety , to get the fowl appetite . lay it in their trough , with some brown-sugar mingled with it . in the partition for liquor , let them have water or strong ale to drink . they will be very drunk and sleep ; then eat again . let a candle stand all night over the coop , and then they will eat much of the night . with this course they will be prodigiously fat in a fortnight . be sure to keep them very sweet . this maketh the taste pure . another way of feeding chicken . take barley meal , and with droppings of small ale , ( or ale it self ) make it into a consistence of batter for pan-cakes . let this be all their food . which put into the troughs before them , renewing it thrice a day , morning , noon and evening ; making their troughs very clean every time , and keeping their coops ▪ always very clean and sweet . this is to serve them for drink as well as meat , and no other drink be given them . feed them thus six days ; the seventh give them nothing in their troughs but powder of brick searced , which scowreth and cleanseth them much , and makes their flesh exceeding white . the next day fall to their former food for six days more , and the seventh again to powder of brick . then again to barley meal and ale. thus they will be exceeding fat in fifteen days , and purely white and sweet . to fatten young chicken in a wonderfull degree . b●il rice in milk till it be very tender and p●lpy , as when you make milk potage . it must be thick , almost so thick , that a spoon may stand an-end in it . sweeten this very well with ordinary sugar . put th●s i●to their troughs where they seed , that they may be always eating of it . it must be made fresh every day . their drink must be onely milk , in another little trough by their meat-trough . let a candle ( fitly disposed ) stand by them all night ; for seeing their meat , they will eat all night long . you put the chicken up , as soon as they can feed of themselves ; which will be within a day or two after they are 〈◊〉 , and in twelve days , or a fortnight , they will be prodigiously fat ; but after they are come to their height , they will presently fall back . th●refore they must be eaten as soon as they are come to their height . their pen or coop must be contrived so , that the hen ( who must be with them , to sit over them ) may not go at liberty to eat away their meat , but be kept to her own diet , in a part of the coop that she cannot get out of . but the chicken must have liberty to go from her to other parts of the coop , where they may eat their own meat , and come in again to the hen , to be warmed by her , at their pleasure . you must be careful to keep their coop very clean . to feed chicken . fatten your chicken the first week with oarmeal scalded in milk ; the second with rice and sugar in milk. in a fortnight they will be prodigiously fat . it is good to give them sometimes a little gravel , or pow●er of glass , to cleanse their maws , and give them appetite . if you put a little bran with their meat , it will keep their maws clean , and give them appetite . another excellent way to fatten chicken . boil white bread in milk , as though you were to eat it ; but make it thick of the bread , which is sliced into it in thin slices , not so thick as if it were to make a pudding ; but so , that when the bread is eaten out , there may some liquid m●lk remain for the chicken to drink ; or that at first you may take up some liquid milk in a spoon , if you industriously avoid the bread : sweeten very well this potage with good kitchin●sugar of six pence a pound ; so put it into the trough before them . put there but a little at a time , ( two or three spoonfuls ) that you may not clog them , and feed them five times a day , between their wakening in the morning , and their roosting at night . give them no other drink ; the milk that remaineth after they have eaten the bread , is sufficient ; neither give them gravel , or ought else . keep their coops very clean , as also their troughs , cleansing them very well every morning . to half a dozen very little chicken , little bigger then black-birds , an ordinary porenger full every day may serve . and in eight days they will be prodigiously fat , one peny loaf , and less then two quarts of milk and about half a pound of sugar will serve little ones the whole time . bigger chicken will require more , and two or three days longer time . when any of them are at their height of fat , you must eat them ; for if they live longer , they will fall back , and grow lean . be sure to make their potage very sweet . an excellent way to cram chicken . stone a pound of raisins of the sun , and beat them in a mortar to pulp ; pour a quart of milk upon them , and let them soak so all night . next morning still them well together , and put to them so much crums of grated stale white bread as to bring it to a soft paste , work all well toge●her , and lay it in the trough before the chicken ( which must not be above six in a pen , and keep it very clean ) and let a candle be by them all night . the delight of this meat will make them eat continually ; and they will be so fat ( when they are but of the bigness of a black-bird ) that they will not be able to stand , but lie down upon their bellies to eat . to feed partridges , that you have taken wilde . you must often change their food , giving them but of one kind at a time , that so their appetites may be fresh to the others , when they are weary of the present . sometimes dry wheat ; sometimes wheat soaked two or three days in water , to make it soft and tender ; sometimes barley so used ; sometimes oats in like manner . give them continually to lie by them ; some of the great green leaves of cabbages , that grow at the bottom of the stalk , and that are thrown away , when you gather the cabbage ; which you may give them either whole or a little chopped . give them often ants and their eggs , laying near them the inward mould of an ant hill , taken up with the ants in it . to make puffs . take new milk curds , strained well from the whey ▪ then rub them very well ; season them with nutmeg , m●ce , rose water and sugar ; then take an egg or two , a good piece of butter , and a hand●●l of flower ; work all together , and make them into balls ; bake them in an oven , upon sheets of paper ; when they are baked , serve them up with butter melted and beaten with rose● water and sugar . in stead of flower , you may take fine grated-bread , dried very well , but not crisp. apples in gelly . my lady p●get makes her fine preserved pippins , thus : they are done best , when pippins are in their prime for quickness , which is in november . make your pippin-water as strong as you can of the apples , and that it may be the less boiled , and consequently the paler , put in at first the greatest quant●ty of pared and quartered apples , the water will bear . to every pint of pippin-water add ( when you put the sugar to it ) a qu●rter of a pint of fair spring-water , that will bear soap ( of which sort only you must use ) and use half a pound of sugar , the purest double refined . if you will have much gelly , two pippins finely pared and whole , will be enough ; you may put in more , if you will have a greater proportion of substance to the gelly . put at first but half the sugar to the liquor : for so it will be the paler . boil the apples by themselves in fair water , with a very little sugar , to make them tender ; then put them into the liquor , and the rest , the other half of the sugar with them . boil them with a quick fire , till they be enough , and the liquor do gelly , and that you see the apples look very clear , and as though they were transparent . you must put the juyce of two limons and half an orange to this in the due time . every pippin should be lapped over in a broad-pill of orange ; which you must prepare thus . pare your orange broad and very thin , and all hanging together , ●ub it with salt , prick it , and boil it in several waters , to take away the bitterness , and make it tender . then preserve it by it self with sufficient quantity of sugar . when it is throughly done , and very tender ( which you must cast to do before hand , to be ready when the apples are ready to be put up ) take them out of the●r syrup , and lap every pippin in an orange-peel , and put them into a pot or glass , and pour the liquor upon them : which will be gelly over and about the apples , when all is cold . this proportion of liquor , apples , and orange-peels , will take up about three quarters of a pound of sugar in all . if you would keep them any time , you must put in weight for weight of sugar . i conceive apple-john's in stead of p●ppins will do better , both for the gelly and syrup ; especially at the latter end of the year ; and i like them thin sliced , rather than whole ; and the orange-peels scattered among them in little pieces o● chipps . syrup of pippins . quarter and core your pippins ; then stamp them in a mortar , and strain out the juyce . let it settle , that the thick dregs may go to the bottom ; then pour off the clear ; and to have it more clear and pure , flilter it through sucking paper in a glass funnel . to one pound of this take one pound and an half of pure double refined sugar , and boil it very gently ( scarce simpringly , and but a very little while ) till you have scummed away all the froth and foulness ( which will be but little ) and that it be of the con●i●tence of syrup . if you put two pound of sugar to one pound of juyce , you must boil it more & stronglier . this will keep longer , but the colour is not so fine . it is of a deeper yellow . if you put but equal parts of juyce and sugar , you must not boil it , but set it in a cucurbite in bulliente balneo , till all the scum be taken away , and the sugar well dissolved . this will be very pale and pleasant , but will not keep long . you may make your syrup with a strong decoction of apples in water ( as when you make gelly of pippins ) when they are green ; b●t when they are old and ●ellow , the substance of the apple will dissolve into pap , by boiling in water . take three or four spoonfuls of this syrup in a large draught of fountain water , or small posset-ale , pro ardore urinae , to cool and smoothen , two or three times a day . gelly of pippins or iohn-apples . cut your apples into quarters ( either pared or unpared ) boil them in a sufficient quantity of water , till it be very strong of the apples . take the clear liquor , and put to it sufficient sugar to make gelly , and the slices of apple ; so boil them all together , till the slices be enough , and the liquor gelly ; or you may boil the slices , in apple-liquor without sugar , and make gelly of other liquor , and put the slices into it , when it is gelly , and they be sufficiently boiled . either way , you must put at the last some juyce of limon to it ; and amber and musk if you will. you may do it with halves or quartered apples , in deep glasses , with store of gelly about them . to have these clear , take the pieces out of the gelly they are boiled in , with a slice , so as you may have all the rag● run from them , and then put neat clean pieces into clear gelly . preserved wardens . pare and core the wardens , and put a little of the thin rind of a limon into the hole that the core leaveth . to every pound of wardens , take half a pound of sugar , and half a p●nt of water . make a syrup of your sugar and water ; when it is well scummed , put it into a pewter dish , and your wardens into the syrup , and cover it with another p●wter dish ; and so let this boil very gently , or rather stew , keeping it very well covered , that the steam get out as little as may be . contin●e this , till the wardens are very tender , and very red , which may be in five , or six , or seven hours . th●n boil them up to the height the syrup ought to be to keep : which yet will not be well above three or four months . the whole secret of making them red , con●isteth in doing them in pewter , which spoileth other preserves ; and in any other mettal these will not be red . if you will have any amber in them , you may to ten or twelve pound of wardens , put in about twenty grains of amber , and one , or at most , two gra●ns of musk , ground with a little sugar , and so put in at the last . though the wardens be not covered over with the syrup in the ●tewing by a good deal , yet the steam , that riseth and cannot get out , but circulateth , will serve both to stew them , and to make them red and tender . sweet meat of apples . my lady barclay makes her fine app●e-ge●ly with slices of john-apples ▪ sometimes she mingles a few pippins with the john's to make the gelly . but she liketh best the john's single , and the colour is paler . you first fill the glass with slices round-wise cut , and then the gelly is poured in to fill up the vacuities . the gelly must be boiled to a good stiffness . then when it is ready to take from the fi●e , you put in some juyce of limon ▪ and of orange too , if you like it : but these must not boil ; yet it must stand a while upon the fire stewing in good heat , to have the juyces incorporate and penetrate well . you must also put in some ambergreece , which doth exceeding well in this sweet-meat . a flomery-caudle . when flomery is made and cold , you may make a pleasant and wholesome caudle of it , by taking some lumps and spoonfuls of it , and boil it with ale and white● wine , then sweeten it to your ta●te with sugar . there will remain in the caudle some lumps of the congealed flomery , which are ●●t ungrateful . pleasan● cordial tablets , which are very comfort●●● ▪ and strengthen nature much . take four ounces of blanched almonds ; of pine kernels , and of pistachios , ana , four ounces . eringo-roots , candid-limon peels , ana , three ounces , candid orange peels two ounces , candid citron-peels four ounces , of powder of white amber , as much as will lie upon a shilling ; and as much of the powder of pearl , grains of amber-greece , three grains of musk , a book of leaf gold , cloves and mace , of each as much as will lie upon a three pence ; cut all these as small as possible you can . then take a pound of s●gar , and half a pint of water , boil it to a candy-height , then put in all the amber-greece and musk , with three or four spoonfulls of orange flower water . then put in all the other things , and stir them well together , and cast them upon plates , and set them to dry : when both sides are dry , take orange-flower-water and sugar , and ice them . to make harts-horn gelly . take four ounces of harts-horn rasped , boil it in four pound of water , till it will be a gelly , which you may ●ry upon a plate ( it will be so , in four or five or six hours gentle boiling ) and then pass the clear liquor from the ho●n ( which will be a good quart ) then set it on the fire again with fine sugar in it to your taste ; when that is d●ssolved , ( or at the same time you put that in ) put half a pound of white-wine or sack into it ; and a bag of spice , containing a li●tle ginger , a stick of cinnamon bruised , a nutmeg quartered , two or three cloves , and what other spice you like , but pepper . as soon as it beginneth to boil , put into it the whites of three or four eggs beaten , and let it boil up gently , till the eggs harden into a curd . then open it with a spoon , and pour into 〈◊〉 the juyce of three or four good limons ; then take it presently off the fire , letting it not boil more above a walm : then run it through a hippocras bag , putting spirit of cinnamon , or of ambergreece , or what you please to it . for gelly of flesh you proceed in the same manner , with a brawny capon or cock , and a rouelle of veal ( first skinned , and soaked from the blood ) in stead of harts-horn : and when the broth will gelly , do as above , using a double or treble proportion of wine . boil no salt in it at first , for that will make the gelly black . harts-horn ielly . take a pound of harts-horn , and boil it in five quarts of water , until it come to three pints , then strain it through a sieve or strainer , and so let it stand , until it be cold ; and according to the ●trength you may take more or less of the following ingredients . first , take your stock of gelly , & put it into a skillet or pipkin with a pound of fine loaf sugar , and set it over a fire of charcoal ; and when it begins to boil , put in a pi●t or more of rhenish-wine . then take the whites of eggs six or eight , beaten very well , with three or four spoonfuls of rose-water , and put into the gelly . then take two grains of amber , and one grain of musk , and put thereto , so let it boil a quarter of an hour , but not too violent ; then put in three or four spoonfuls of cinnamon-water , with the juyce of seven or eight limons ; boil it one walm more , and run it very hot through your gelly-bag ; this done , run it again as cool and softly as you can into your glasses and pots . to make harts-horn gelly . take a pound of harts-horn , and a prety big lean chicken , and put it into a skillet with about nine quarts of water , and boil your stock prety stiff , so that you may cut it with a knife ; you may try it in a spoon , as it is a boiling . then drain your liquor clear away from the harts-horn through a fine searse , and let it stand until the next morning ; then if there be any fat upon it , pare it away , and likewise the settlings at the bottom . then put your gelly into a good big skillet , and put to it a quart of the palest white-wine that you can procure , or a qua●● of rhenish-wine , and one pound of double refined sugar , and half an ounce of cinnamon broken into small pieces , with three or four flakes of mace. then set it upon the fire , and boil it a good p●ce . then h●ve the whites of sixteen eggs beaten to a high froth ; so put in the froth of your eggs , and boil it five or six walms ; then put in the juyce of six limons , and boil it a little while after , and then run ●t into a silver bason through your gelly-bag : and keep it warm by the fire , until it have run through the second time . you must observe to put but a very little into your bag at a time for the second running , that it may but little more then drop ; and it will be so much the clearer : and you must not remove the whites of eggs nor spice out of the bag , all the while it is running . and if the weather be hot , you need not put in so much wine ; for it will not then be so apt to gelly as in cold weather . another way to make harts-horn-gelly . take a small cock●chick , when it is scalded , slit it in two pieces , lay it to soak in warm water , until the blood be well out of it . then take a calves foot half boiled , slit it in the middle and pick out the fat and black of it . put these into a gallon of fair-water ; skim it very well ; then put into it one ounce of harts-horn , and one ounce of ivory . when it is half consumed , take some of it up in a spoon ; and if it gelly , take it all up , and put it into a silver balon , or such a pewter one as will endure char-coal . then beat four whites of eggs , with three or four spoonfuls of damask-rose-water very well together . then put these into the gelly , with a quarter of an ounce of cinnamon broken into very small pieces ; one flake of mace ; three or four thin ●lices of ginger ; sweeten it with loaf sugar to your liking ; set it then over a cha●ing dish of coals ; stir it well , and cover it close ; blow under it , until there arise a scum or curd ; let it boil a little , then put into it one top of rose-mary ; two or three of sweet marjoram ; wring into it the juyce of half a limon ; let not your curd fall again , for it will spoil the clearness of the gelly . if you will have it more cordial , you may grind in a sawcer , with a little hard sugar , half a grain of musk , a grain of ambergreece . it must be boiled in an earthen pipkin , or a very sweet iron●pot , after the harts-horn and ivory is in it . it must constantly boil , until it gellieth . if there arise any scum , it must be taken off . marmulate of pippins . take the quickest pippins , when they are newly gathered , and are sharp ; pare and core and cut them into half quarters . put to them their weight of the fine●t sugar in powder , or broken into little pieces . put upon these in your preserving pan , as much fountain water , as will even cover them . boil them with a quick-fire , till by frying a little upon a plate , you find it gellieth . when it is cold ( which may be in less then half an hour ) then take it from the fire , and put into it a little of the yellow rind of limons rasped very small , and a little of the yellow rinde of oranges boiled tender ( casting away the first waters to correct their bitterness ) and cut into narrow slices ( as in the gelly of pippins ) and some ambergreece , with a fourth part of musk , and break the apples with the back of your preserving spoon , whiles it cooleth . if you like them sharper , you may put in a little juyce of limon , a little before you take the pan from the fire . when it is cold ; put it into pots . this will keep a year or two . try if the juyce of apples ( strained out of rasped apples ) in such sort , as you make marmulate of quinces , with the juyce of quinces , would not be better , then fair-water , to boil your apples and sugar in . gelly of quinces . my last gelly of quinces i made thus . the quinces being very ripe , and having been long gathered , i took the flesh of twelve quinces in quarters , and the juyce of fifteen or sixteen others , which made me two pound of juyce ; and i made a strong decoction of about twenty four others , adding to these twenty four ( to make the decoction the stronger , and more slimy ) the cores and the parings of the twelve in quarters ; and i used the cores sliced and parings of all these . all this boiled about an hour and half in eight or ten pound of water ; then i ●trained and pressed out the decoction ( which was a little viscous , as i desired ) and had between and five pound of strong decoction . to the decoction and syrup , i put three pound of pure sugar , which being dissolved and scummed , i put in the flesh , and in near an hour of temperate boiling ( covered ) and often turning the quarters , it was enough . when it was cold , it was store of firm clear red gelly , environing in great quantity the quarters , that were also very tender and well penetrated with the sugar . i found by this making , that the juyce of quinces is not so good to make gelly . it maketh it somewhat running like syrup , and tasteth sweetish , mellowy , syrupy . the decoction of the flesh is only good for syrup . i conceive , it would be a grateful sweet-meat to mingle a good quantity of good gelly with the marmulate , when it is ready to put into pots . to that end they must both be making at the same time : or if one be a little sooner done then the other , they may be kept a while warm ( fit to mingle ) without prejudice . though the gelly be cold and settled , it will melt again with the warmth of the marmulate , and so mingle with it , and make a marmulate , that will appear very gelly●sh ; or peradventure it may be well to fill up a pot or gl●ss with gelly , when it is first half filled with marmulate a little cooled . preserved quince with gelly . when i made quinces with gelly , i used the first time these proportions ; of the decoction of quinces three pound ; of sugar one pound three quarters ; flesh of quince two pound and an half ; the second time these , of decoction two pound and an half , sugar two pound and a quarter , of flesh two pound three quarters . i made the decoction by boyling gently each time a dozen or fourteen quinces in a pottle of water , an hour and a half , or two hours , so that the decoction was very strong of the quinces . i boiled the parings ( which for that end were pared very thick , after the quinces were well wiped ) with all the substance of the quince in thick slices , and part of the core ( excepting all the kernels ) and then let it run through a loose napkin , pressing gently with two plates , that all the decoction might come out ; but be clear without any flesh or mash ▪ the first making i intended should be red ; and therefore both the decoction , and the whole were boiled covered , and it poved a fine clear red . this boiled above an hour , when all was in . the other boiled not above half an hour , always uncovered ( as also in making his decoction ) and the gelly was of a fine pale yellow . i first did put the sugar upon the fire with the decoction , and as soon as it was dissolved , i put in the flesh in quarters and halves ; and turned the pieces often in the pan ; else the bottom of such as lay long unturned , would be of a deeper colour then the upper part . the flesh was very tender and good . i put some of the pieces into jar-glasses ( carefully , not to break them , ) and then poured gelly upon them . then more pieces , then more gelly , &c. all having stood a while to cool a little . to make fine white gelly of quinces . take quinces newly from the tree , fair and sound , wipe them clean , and boil them whole in a large quantity of water , the more the ▪ better , and with a quick-fire , till the quinces crack and are soft , which will be in a good half hour , or an hour . then take out the quinces , and press out their juyce , with your hands hard , or gently in a press through a strainer , that only the clear liquor or juyce run out , but none of the pap , or solid and fleshy substance of the quince . ( the water , they were boiled in , you may throw away . ) this liquor will be slimy and mucilaginous , which proceedeth much from the seeds that remaining within the quinces , do contribute to making this liquor . take three pound of it , and one pound of fine sugar , and boil them up to a gelly , with a moderate fire , so that they boil every where , but not violently . they may require near an hours boiling to come to a gelly . the tryal of that is , to take a tin of silver plate , and wet it with fair-water , and drop a little of the boiling juyce upon the wet plate ; if it stick to the plate , it is not enough ; but if it fall off ( when you sl●pe the plate ) without sticking at all to it , then is it enough : and then you put it into flat shallow tin forms , first wetted with cold water , and let it stand in them four or five hours in a cold place , till it be quite cold . then reverse the plates , that it may shale and fall out , and so put the parcels up in boxes . note , you take fountain water , and put the quinces into it , both of them being cold . then set your kettle to boil with a very quick-fire , that giveth a clear smart flame to the bottom of the kettle , which must be uncovered all the while , that the gelly may prove the whiter ; and so likewise it must be whiles the juyce or expression is boiling with the sugar , which must be the finest , that it may not need clarifying with an egg ; but that little scum that riseth at the sides at the beginning of moderate boiling must be scummed away . you let your juyce or expression settle a while , that if any of the thick substance be come out with it , it may settle to the bottom ; for you are to use for this only the clear juyce : which to have it the clearer , you may let it run through a●large , thin , open , strainer , without pressing it . when you boil the whole quinces , you take them out , to strain them as soon as their skins crack , and that they are quite soft ; which will not happen to them all at the same time , but according to their bigness and ripeness . therefore first take out and press those , that are ready first : and the rest still as they grow to a fit state to press . you shall have more juyce by pressing the quinces in a torcular , but it will be clearer , doing it with your hands ; both ways , you lap them in a strainer . white marmulate , the queens way . take a pound and an half of flesh of quinces sliced , one pound of sugar , and one pound of liquor ( which is a decoction made very strong of quinces boiled in fair water ) boil these with a pretty quick fire , till they be enough , and that you find it gellieth . then proceed as in my way . my lady of bath's way . take six pounds of flesh of quince , and two pound of sugar mo●stened well with juyce of quinces . boil these together in a fit kettle ; first gently , till the liquor be sweated out from the quince , and have dissolved all the sugar ; then very quick and fast , proceeding as in my way , ( br●ising the quinces with a spoon , &c. ) till it be enough . this will be very fine and quick in ta●●e ; but will not keep well beyond easter . in this course you may make marmulate without any juyce or water ( by the meer sweeting of the flesh ) if you be careful , proceeding slowly till juyce enough be sweated out , least else it burn to ; and then quick , that the flesh may be boiled enough , before the moisture be evaporated away . paste of quinces . take a quart of the juyce of quince , and when it is on the fire , put into it , pared , quartered and cored as much quince , as the juyce will cover ; when it is boiled tender , pass the liquor through a sieve , & put the pulp into a stone mortar , and beat it very fine with a woodden pestel ; then weigh it , and to every pound of pulp , take a quarter of a pound of loaf sugar , and boil it up to a candy-height in some of the juyce , which you passed through the sieve ; then put therein your pulp , stirring it well together , till it hath had one boil and no more ; then drop it on glasses , or spread it on plates , and set it to dry . into the juyce that remains , you may put more flesh of quinces , and boil it tender , doing all as at the first . then adding it ( beaten to pulp ▪ in a mortar ) unto the former pulp ; repeating this , till you have taken up all your juyce . then put your proportion of sugar to the whole quantity of pulp , and so make it up into paste , and dry it , and sometimes before a gentle fire , sometimes in a very moderate stove . paste of quinces with very little sugar . to one pound of flesh or solid substance of quinces ( when they are pared , cored , and quartered , ) take but a quarter of double refined sugar . do thus , scald your flesh of quinces in a little of the juyce of other quinces , that they may become tender , as if they were coddled . then bea● them in a mo●●●r to a subtle uniform smooth pulp ( which you may pass through a searce . ) in the mean time let your sugar be dissolved , and boiling upon the fire . when it is of a candy-height , put the pulp of quince to it , and let it remain a little while upon the fire , till it boil up one little puff or bubbling , and that it is uniformly mixed with the sugar ; you must stir it well all the while . then take it off , and drop it into little cakes , or put it thin into shallow glasses which you may afterwards cut in●o slices . dry the cakes and slices gently and by degrees in a stove , turning them often . these will keep all the year , and are very quick of taste . another paste of quinces . put the quinces whole into scalding water , and let them boil there , till they be tender . then take them out and peel them , and scrape off the pulp , which pass through a strainer ; and when it is cold enough , to every pound put three quarters of a pound of double refined sugar in subtile powder ; work them will together into an uniform paste ; then make little cakes of it , and dry them in a stove . if you would have the cakes red , put a little ( very little ; the colour will tell you , when it is enough ) of juyce of barberies to the paste or pulp . you have the juyce of barberries thus : put them ripe into a pot over the fire , till you see the juyce sweat out . then strain them , and take the clear juyce . if you would have the paste tarter , you may put a little juyce of limons to it . a pleasant gelly in the beginning of the winter is made , of pearmains , pippins and juyce of qninces . also a marmulate made of those apples , and juyce of quinces , is very good . a smoothening quiddany or gelly of the cores of quinces . take only the cores , and slice them thin , with the seeds in them . if you have a pound of them , you may put a pottle of water to them . boil them , ti●l they be all mash , and that the water hath drawn the mucilage out of them , and that the decoction will be a gelly , when it is cold . then let it run through a wide strainer or fit colender ( that the gross part may remain behind , but all the slyminess go through ) and to every pint of liquor take about half a pound of double refined sugar , and boil it up to a gelly . if you put in a little juyce of quince , when you boil it up , it will be the quicker . you may also take a pound of the flesh of quinces ( when you have not cores ●now , to make as much as you de●ire ) and one ounce of seeds of other quinces , and boil them each a part , till the one be a strong decoction ; the other a substantial mucilage ▪ then strain each from their course faeces : and mingle the decoctions , and put sugar to them , and boil them up to a gelly . or with the flesh and some juyce of quinces , make marmulate in the ordinary way ; which whiles it is boiling , put to it the mucilage of the seeds to incorporate it with the marmulate . you may take to this a less proportion of sugar than to my marmulate . marmulate of cherries . take four pound of the best kentish cherries , before they be stoned , to one pound of pure loaf sugar , which beat into small powder : stone the cherries , and put them into your preserving pan over a gen●le fire , that they may not boil , but resolve much into liquor . take away with the spoon much of the thin liquor , ( for else the marmulate will be glewy ) leaving the cherries moist enough , but not swimming in clear liquor . then put to them half your sugar , and boil it up quick , and scum away the froth that riseth . when that is well incorporated and clear , strew in a little more of the sugar ; and continue doing so by little and little , till you have put in all your sugar ; which cou●se will make the colour the finer . when they are boiled enough , take them off , and bruise them with the back of a spoon ; and when they are cold , put them up in pots . you may do the same with morello cherries ; which will have a quicker-tast , and have a fining , pure , shining , dark colour . both sorts will keep well all the year . marmulate of cherries with juyce of raspes and currants . mingle juyce of raspes and red currants with the stoned cherries , and boil this mixture into marmulate , with a quarter , or at most , a third part of sugar . the juyces must be so much as to make gelly of them to mingle handsomely with the cherries , to appear among and between them . madam plancy ( who maketh this sweet-meat for the queen ) useth this proportion . take three pounds of cherries stoned ; half a pound of clear juyce of raspes , and one pound of the juyce of red currants , and one pound of fine sugar . put them all together into the preserving pan ; boil them with a quick fire , especially at the first , skimming them all the while , as any scum riseth . when you find them of a fit consistence , with a fine clear gelly , mingled with the cherries , take the preserving pan from the fire , and bruise the cherries with the back of your preserving spoon ; and when they are of a fit temper of coolness , pot them up . peradventure , to keep all the year , there may be requisite a little more sugar . to make an excellent syrup of apples . slice a dozen or twenty pippins into thin slices , and lay them in a deep dish , stratmu super stratum , with pure double refined sugar in powder . put two or three spoonfuls of water to them , and cover them close with another dish , luting their joyning that nothing may expire . then set them into an oven . and when you take out the dish , you will have an excellent syrup , and the remaining substance of the apples will be insipid . you may proceed with damsens , or other plumms , in the same manner , and you will have excellent stewed damsens , ( as fair as preserved ones ) swimming in a very fine syrup . sweet-meats of my lady windebanks . she maketh the past of apricocks ( which is both very beautiful and clear , and tasteth most quick of the fruit ) thus , take six pound of pared and sliced apricocks , put them into a high pot , which stop close , and set it in a kettle of boiling water , till you perceive the flesh is all become an uniform pulp ; then put it out into your preserving pan or pos●enet , and boil it gently till it be grown thick , stirring it carefully all the while . then put two pound of pure sugar to it , and mingle it well , and let it boil gently , till you see the matter come to such a thickness and solidity , that it will not stick to a plate . then make it up into what form you will. the like you may do with raspes or currants . it is a pleasant and beautiful sweet meat to do thus : boil raspes in such a pot , till they be all come to such a liquor ; then let the clear run through a strainer ; to a pound , or english wine pint whereof , put a pound of red currants ( first stoned and the black ends cut off ) and a pound of sugar . boil these , till the liquor be gellied . then put it in glasses . it will look like rubies in clear gelly . you may do the like with cherries , either ●●oned , and the stalks cut off , or three or four capped upon one stalk , and the stone lest in the first , and boiled in liquor of raspe● . she makes her curious red marmulate thus : take six pounds of quince-flesh ; six pounds of pure sugar ; and eight of pints of juyce ; boil this up with quick fire , till you have scummed it , then pull away all the coals , and let it but simper , for four or five hours , remaining covered , renewing from time to time so little fire , as to cause it so to continue simpring . but as soon as it is scummed , put into it a handful of quince kernels , two races of ginger sliced , and fourteen or fifteen cloves whole ; all these put into a tyffany-bag tyed fast ; when you finde that the colour is almost to your minde , make a quick fire , and boil it up a pace , then throw away your bag of kernels , ginger and cloves , and pot up your marmulate , when it is cool enough . she makes her red gelly of quince thus : put the quinces pared and sliced into a pot , as above ; and to every pound of this flesh put about half a demistier of fair water , and put this into a kettle of boi●ing water , till you perceive all the juyce is boiled out of the quince . then strain it out , and boil this liquor ( which will not yet be clear ) till you perceive it gellieth upon a plate . then to every pint of liquor put a pound of sugar , and boil it up to a gelly , skimming it well , as the scum riseth , and you will have a pure gelly . gelly of red currants . take them clean picked , and fresh gathered in the morning , in a bason , set them over the fire , that their juyce may sweat out , pressing them all the while with the back of your preserving spoon , to squeese out of them all that is good . when you see all is out , strain the liquor from them , and let it stand to settle four or five hours , that the gross matter may sink to the bottom . then take the pure clear , ( the thick settling will serve to add in making of marmulate of cherries , or the like ) and to every pint or pound of it , p●t three quarters of a pound of the purest refined sugar , and boil them up with a quick fire , till they come to a gelly height ( which will be done immediately in less then a quarter of an hour ) ▪ which you may try with a drop upon a plate . then take it off , and when it is cold enough , put it into glasses . you must be caref●l to skim it well in due time , and with thin brown paper to take off the froth , if you will be so curious . gelly of currants , with the fruit whole in it . take four pound of good sugar , clarifie it whites of eggs , then boil it up to a candid height ( that is , till throwing it , it goeth into flakes : then put into it five pound ( or a● discretion ) of pure juyce of red currants first boiled to clarifie it by skimming it . boil them together a little while , till it be well scummed , and enough to become gelly . then p●t a good handful or two of the berries of currants whole , and cleansed from the stalks and black end , and boil them a little till they be enough . you need not to boil the juyce , before you put it to the sugar , and consequently do not scum it before the sugar and it boil together : but then scum it perfectly : and take care before , that the juyce be very clear and well strained . marmul●te of red currants . take some juyce of red currants , and put into it a convenient proportion of some entire currants cleansed from the stalks and buttons at the other end . let these boil a little together . have also ready some fine sugar boiled to a candy height . put of this to the currants at discretion , and boil them together , till they be enough : and bruise them with the back of your enough : and bruise them with the back of your spoon , that they may be in the consistence of marmulate ( like that of cherries ) which put in pots , when it is cool enough . you do not stone the whole currants put into the juyce , unless you please . sucket of mallow stalks . to candy or preserve the tender stalks of mallows , do thus ; take them in the spring , when they are very young and tender ; and peel off the strings that are round about the outside , as you do french-beans , and boil them , till they are very tender . in the mean time prepare a high syrup of pure sugar , and put the boiled stalkes into it , whiles it is boiling hot , but taken from the fire . let them lie soaking there till the next morning . then take out the stalks , and heat the syrup ag●in , scalding hot , and return the stalks into it , letting them lie there till next morning ; ( note , that the stalks must never boil in the syrup , ) repeat this six , or eight , or nine times , that is to say , till they are sufficiently imbibed with the syrup . when they are at this pass , you may either keep them as a wet sucket in syrup , or dry them in a stove upon papers , turning them continually , in such sort as dried sweet-meats are to be made . i like them best dry , but soft and moist within ( medull●si ) like candied eryngos . in italy they eat much of them , for sharpness and heat of u●ine , and in gonorrhaea's to take away pain in urin●ng . a sucket is made in like manner of the carneous substance of stalks of lettice . it is the knob , out of which the lettice groweth , which being pared , and all the tough rind being taken off , is very tender and so it is a pretty way downwards the root . this also is very cooling and smoothing . in italy these tender stalks of mallows are called mazzocchi , and they eat them ( boiled tender ) in sallets , either hot or cold , with vinegar and oyl , or butter and vinegar , or juyce of oranges . conserve of red roses . doctor glisson makes his conserve of red roses thus : boil gently a pound of red rose leaves ( well picked , and the nails cut off ) in about a pint and a half ( or a little more , as by discretion you shall judge fit , after having done it once ; the doctors apothecary takes two pints ) of spring water ; till the water have drawn out all the tincture of the roses into it self , and that the leaves be very tender , and look pale like linnen ; which may be in a good half hour , or an hour , keeping the pot covered whiles it boileth , then pour the tincted liquor from the pale leaves ( strain it out , pressing it gently , so that you may have liquor enough to dissolve your sugar ) and set it upon the fire by it self to boil , putting into it a pound of pure double refined sugar in sm●ll powder ; which as soon as it is dissolved , put in a second pound ; then a third , lastly a fourth , so that you have four pound of sugar to every pound of rose-leaves . ( the apothecary useth to put all the four pounds into the liquor altogether at once , ) boil these four pounds of sugar with the tincted liquor , till it be a high syrup , very near a candy height , ( as high as it can be , not to flake or candy ) then put the pale rose-leaves into this high syrup , as it yet standeth upon the fire , or immediately upon the taking it off the fire , but presently take it from the fire , and stir them exceeding well together , to mix them uniformly ; then let them stand till they be cold ; then pot them up . if you put up your conserve into pots , whiles it is yet throughly warm , and leave them uncovered some days , putting them in the hot sun or stove , there will grow a fine candy upon the top , which will preserve the conserve without paper upon it , from moulding , till you break the candied crust , to take out some of the conserve . the colour both of the rose-leaves and the syrup about them , will be exceeding beautiful and red , and the taste excellent ; and the whole very tender and smoothing , and easie to digest in the stomack without clogging it , as doth the ordinary rough conserve made of raw roses beaten with sugar , which is very rough in the throat . the worst of it is , that if you put not a paper to lie always close upon the top of the conserve , it will be apt to grow mouldy there on the top ; especially aprés que le pot est entamé . the conserve of roses , besides being good for colds and coughs , and for the lunges , is exceeding good for sharpness and heat of urine , and soreness of the bladder , eaten much by it self , or drunk with milk , or distilled water of mallows , and plantaine , or of milk. another conserve of roses . doctor bacon related to me , that mr. minito the roman apothecary , made him some conserve of roses , in th●s manner . he took twelve pounds ( of sixteen ounces to the pound ) of the best lump or kitchin sugar , and clarified it very well with whites of eggs , using spring-water in doing this . he made his reckoning , that his twelve pound of sugar , came to be but nine pound , when all the scum was taken away , and the sugar perfectly clarified . boil it then to a syrup , and when it is about half boiled , go roundly about your rose-leaves . they must be picked and the white nails cut off before-hand ; but begin not to beat them before your syrup is half boiled . then put thirty ounces ( which is two pound and an half of roses to every pound of such sugar ) of your red-roses into the mortar , and beat them well , squeesing into them , as you beat them , some of the subtilest and best part ( which comes out first ) of about two limons , which brings out their colour finely . you must have finished beating your roses , by then the sugar is come by boiling to a high syrup ( for if you should let them lie st●ll in the air , but a little while , they would grow black , and of ill colour ) then with your ladle put the roses to the sugar , and stir them very well in it , to incorporate all well and uniformly together . so let them boil on gently ( for all thi● while you take not your preserving pan from the fire , and a thick scum of the roses will rise , which you scum off from time to time continually as it comes up , and reserve this in a pot by it self , for it will be good hard sugar of roses , and may be about an eight or ninth part of the whole . after it is clear from scum , and hath boiled near a quarter of an hour with the roses in it , and that you see by a drop upon a plate , that it is of a due consistence ; take your pan from the fire ▪ and stir all very well together , and p●t it into pots , which leave uncovered during ten or twelve days , setting them in the hot strong sun all the day long during that time , to give the roses a fine hard crust or candy at the top ; but under it , in the substance of the matter , it will be like a fine clear syrupy gelly . if the sun favour you not , then you may use a stove . after twelve days , tie covers of paper , upon the pots . doctor bacon useth to make a pleasant j●lep of this conserve of roses , by putting a good spoonful of it into a large drinking glass or cup ; upon which squeese the juyce of a limon , and clip in unto it a little of the yellow rinde of the limon ; work these well together with the back of a spoon , putting water to it by little and little , till you have filled up the glass with spring-water : so drink it . he sometimes passeth it through an hypocras bag , and then it is a beautiful and pleasant liquor . finis . the table . a scotch ale from my lady holmbey to make ale drink quick a very pleasant drink of apples ibid. ale with honey small ale for the stone apple drink with sugar , honey , &c. master webbs ale and bragot trstew apples apples in gelly sweet●meat of apples to make an excellent syrup of apples b st●wed broth portugal broth , as it was made for the queen nourishing broth broth and potage broth for sick and convalescent persons a savoury and nourishing boiled capon to stew beef , to stew a rump of beef , to rost wilde boar about making of brawn to bake beef to boil beef or venison ordering bacon for gambo●s , and to keep to make b●ket . c to make cider sir p●ul neal's way of making cider dr. harvey's pleasant water cider , whereof he used to drink much , making it his ordinary drink a good d●sh of cream an excellent spanish cream another clouted cream my lord of st. alban's cresme fouettee to make cream curds the queens barley cream capon in white-broth to make cock-ale savoury collops of veal to pickle capons my lady portland's way scotch collops excellent good collops my lady diana porter's scotch collops cream with rice pickled champignons sallet of cold capon rosted to make cheese cakes sharp and crisp crust for tarts and pyes ibid. to make a cake , , , , to make a caraway-cake excellent small cakes to make scalded cheese the cream-curds savoury ▪ tosted or melted cheese ibid. to feed chicken , , to fatten young chicken in a wonderful degree , an excellent way to cram chicken gelly of red currants gelly of currants with the fruit whole in it ibid d. to bake wilde ducks or teals to rost wilde ducks ibid. e. to butter eggs with cream portuguez eggs to boil eggs f. wheaten flomery a fricacee of lamb-stones , & c. to boil smoaked flesh a fricacee of veal butter and oyl to fry fish a flomery-caudle g smallage gruel about water gruel an excellent and wholesome water gruel with wood sorr●l and currants gruel of oatmeal and rice to make clear gelly of bran an excellent meat of goose or turkey to pickle an old fat goose h. some notes upon honey my lord hollis hydromel hydromel as i made it weak for the q. mother to make honey drink weak honey drink to make a● hotchpot the queens hotchpot a nourishing hachy red herrings boiled to season humble pyes to make harts horn gelly , , l. to dress lamprey's m. master corsellises antwerp meathe to make excellent meathe a weaker , but very pleasant meathe an excellent white meathe master webb's meathe my own considerations for making of meathe my lady gower's white meathe strong meathe a receipt for making of meathe ib. , , , my lord morice's meathe my lady morice her sisters meathe ibid. to make white meath , , , , , , , sir william paston's meathe another way of making meathe , sir baynam throckmorton's meathe ibid. my lady bellassises meathe my lord george his meathe several sorts of meathe , small and strong to make meathe , , , , , , , sir john arundel's white meathe to make a meathe good for the liver and lungs a very good meathe my lord herbert's meathe to make small white meathe meathe from the muscovian ambassador's st●ward meathe with raisins a receipt to make metheglin as it is made at liege , communicated by mr. masillon white metheglin of my lady hungerfords which is exceedingly praised a receipt to make a tun of metheglin the countess of bullingbrook's white metheg . metheglin composed by my self sir thomas gower's metheglin for health metheglin for taste and colour an excellent way of making white metheglin , , , several waye of making metheglin to make white metheglin , another metheglin , , , , mr. pierce's excellent white metheglin an excellent way to make metheglin , called the liquor of life to make good metheglin , to make white metheglin of sir j. fortescue the lady vernon's white metheglin to make metheglin , , , , , , , , , a most excellent metheglin , to make white metheg . of the count. of dorsets to make small metheglin , the earl of denbigh's metheglin to mak● metheglin th●t looks like white wine metheglin , or sweet-drink of my lady stuart a metheg . for the colick ▪ stone , of the same lady a receipt for metheglin of my lady windebanke , marrow sops with wine to make a shoulder of mutton like venison an excellent way of making mutton steaks to make mustard for roasting of meat mutton baked like veniso● my lord of denbigh's almond march-pane marmulate of pippins white marmulate , the queens way my lady of bath's way marmulate of cherries marmulate of red currants o a plain but good spanish oglia to stew oysters p excellent marrow-spinage pasties to make a french barley posset to make puff-past to make a pudding with puff past ibid. to make pear puddings , marrow puddings ibid. to make excellent black puddings , , a rec●ipt to make white puddings to make an excellent pudding pyes to make pith puddings an oat-meal pudding to make call puddings ibid. a barley pudding a pippin pudding to make a bak●d oat-meal pudding ibid. a plain quaking pudding a good quaking bag pudding to preserve pippins in ielly to dress poor-john , and buckorn to dress parsneps to butter pease a herring pye to make an excellent hare pye to bake pidgeons , teals or wild● ducks green-geese pye ibid. to make a plain ordinary posset concerning pottages plain savoury english pottage pottage de blanc de chapon ordinary potage barley potage an english potage another potage nourissant potage de santé potage de santé , , good nourishing potage pap of oat-meal panado ibid. barley pap oat meal pap. sir john colladon pressis-nourissant pan-cotto my lord lumley's pease-potage ibid. an excellent posset pease of the seedy buds of tulips to make plague-water , an excellent baked pudding , my lady of portland's minced pyes , minced pyes , to feed poultry to feed partridges that you have taken wilde to make puffs gelly of pippins or john-apples q to keep quinces all the year good gelly of quinces preserved quince with gelly to make fine white gelly of quinces paste of quinces , , a smoothening quiddany or gelly of the c●res of quinces r rice & orge mondé boiled rice dry to rost fine meat to make red-dear conserve of red rose● , s sack with clove gilly-flowers to make stepponi to make a sack-posset , , a barley sack-posset my lord of carlile's sack-posset a syllabub , , to make a whip syllabub to make spinage-broth sauce of horse-radish ibid. very good sauce for partridges and chicken to dress stock-fish , , to prepare shrimps for dressing to make slip-coat-cheese , , sweet-meats of my lady windebanks sucket of mallow-stalks t tea with eggs a tansy , to souce turkeys pleasant cordial tablets v to stew a breast of veal ● vuova lattate vuova spersa baked venison , , tosts of veal w morello wine currants wine the countess of newports cherry wine strawbury wine ibid. to make wine of cherries alon● to make rasberry - wine to make a white pot , buttered whitings with eggs to stew wardens or pears preserved wardens . the end. two discourses charleton, walter, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the 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[ ], p. printed by r.w. for william whitwood ..., london : . each discourse has special t.p. reproduction of original in huntington library. a brief discourse concerning the different wits of men -- the mysterie of vintners, or, a brief discourse concerning the various sicknesses of wines, and their respective remedies, at this day commonly used. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng mind and body. wine and wine making -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion two discourses . i. concerning the different wits of men : ii. of the mysterie of vintners . london , printed by r. w. for william whitwood at the sign of the golden-lion in duck-lane , near smithfield , . a brief discourse concerning the different wits of men : written at the request of a gentleman , eminent in virtue , learning , fortune . in the year . and now published with consent of the author . london , printed by r. w. for william whitwood at the sign of the golden-lion in duck-lane , near smithfield , . the contents . sect . i. article . the occasion of this discourse . . the difficulty , and . usefulness of the argument . page . sect . ii. art. . what is meant by ingenium . . what by docility , and the three parts thereof . . the difference betwixt docility and wit. . the ambiguous signification of our english word wit. sect . iii. art. . the faculty of the mind named judgement , and its proper act described . . of imagination , and its difference in respect of celerity and tardity . . the different proportions of iudgement and imagination required in poets , in historians , in panegyrists and satyrists , in orators , in philosophers and counsellors . a constant prosecution of their end or scope , required in all , for prevention of extravagancy . . wherein prudence consists . . and wherein cunning and evasion . . the difference betwixt natural and acquired wit. sect . iv. art. . the authors conjecture concerning the final cause of the great diversity of wit observed in men. . the great obscurity of the natural causes of that diversity , in respect of our ignorance of the oeconomy of the brain , and of the nature of the mind . . men of sanguine and hot constitutions generally acute , and those of the contrary temperament , dull ; upon the auctority of hippocrates , and of reason . sect . v. art. . why the author here attempts to describe only the most remarkable differences of wit , as the sources of many virtues and vices . . the first general difference , or ready wit characterised . . a subdivision of the same . . and its defects . sect . vi. art. . the character of the ranging wit , its vanity and levity . . vvith their proper remedies . sect . vii . art. . the third general difference , or slow but sure vvit , and its character . . the obscurity to which it is subject . . and the way to overcome that obscurity . sect . viii . art. . the fourth general difference , or ample vvit. . and its distinction from the narrow vvit. . the use of that distinction . . an error of some learned men , who hold , that no vvit can be great and of publick use , without the help of scholastick erudition . . the refutation of that error . . the advantages arising to the ample wit from solid learning . . self-confidence an impediment to the best-tempered vvit. . and study a help even to barren ones . . the finest wits most impatient of study , and why . . the cure of that impatience . sect . ix . art. . a character of the sixth general difference , or malignant vvit , with some of its disingenuous artifices . . three eminent examples of this malignant vvit , viz. cratinus , . aristophanes , . and tacitus . . vvhence it comes , that the most abject spirits are most prone to malign worthy men. . malignity of wit derived from ill-nature or perversity of disposition . . the difference betwixt malignity and festivity ; with a justification of innocen● jests . . the conclusion . ¶ . of the different wits of men. sect . . article . noble sir , if i have taken a whole month to answer your last letter , it hath been only because i could not so much as shew my willingness to do it in less time : the command you were pleased therein to send me , being of so abstruse and difficult a nature , that to perform it with accurateness in any proportion correspendent to either its own dignity , or your curiosity , would require not one , but many months , yea years , though my abilities were much greater than even the ignorant and envious believe them to be . you have , therefore , more of reason to blame me for haste , than for delay ; in that i now render you so negligent an account of my diligence in managing the province you assigned me : and if this paper bring rather an end to your expectation , than satisfaction to your judgement ; you are obliged in equity to look upon on it as a specimen rather of my obedience , than of my learning . for , had i not preferred the suggestions of my duty , as a friend , to the counsel of my reason , as an inquirer into nature ; you may assure your self , it would have been very long , before i should have been brought thus freely to expose my weakness to you , who are so well able to discern it . but my comfort is , though you are sharp-sighted , you are also good-natured : not more apt to discover than to conceal mens infirmities and failings . having then the same excuse both for my tardity and for my haste ; and confiding intirely in your candor : behold , i put into your hands the following discourse , to which your command gave the first and sole occasion , and in which i have plainly and briefly delivered both my thin collections , and present thoughts , concerning the different wits of men. art . . for , though wit , or natural capacity of understanding , seems to be the only thing wherein nature hath been equally bountiful to all mankind ; every one thinking he hath enough , and even those who in their appetites and desires of other things are insatiable , seldom wishing for more of that excellent endowment : yet nothing is more evident than this , that some have more wit than others , and tha● men are thereby no less distinguishable each from other , than by their several faces and tempers . art . . to enumerate , then , all these differences , would be a work almost infinite ; to define wherein they generally consist , extreamly hard ; to select and describe the most remarkable of them , highly usefull . for , when men should by the help of such descriptions be brought to see the principal and ruling inclinations ( for the most part the inseparable concomitants of their wits ) that advance or depress their estimation and fortunes in the world , reduced to a few heads or kinds : it would be no hard matter for them to find out the several advantages deducible from thence . first , every one might contemplate , as in a mirrour , some part at least of his own image , and know in what classis to rank himself . then , by observing what is beautiful or deform in the picture of another , he might the better judge of what himself either desires or fears to be . again , since virtues and vices mutually incroach upon each others confines , and that no ingeny is so propense to vices , but that it retains a capacity of being kept from exorbitancy , and by the strict rains of prudence inflected to their neighbouring virtues ▪ and on the other side , none is so neerly allied to this or that virtue , but may by imprudence be corrupted , so as to swerve toward some bordering vice : it could not be unprofitable to view the copies of such inclinations , attended by their good or evil consequents , and from thence to collect how far they might benefit or hurt , if followed . in fine , by such general characters , we might learn how to moderate our praises of some persons , and our causeless aversation from others ; than which nothing is more necessary in conversation , especially in election of a friend . but , alas ! sir , such a work as this doth yet remain among the desiderata in philosophy , and so is likely ever to do for me , who am so conscious of the many herculean difficulties therein to be encountred and overcome ; that i find my self more inclined to wish , than capable to perform it . you ought not , therefore , to wonder , if instead thereof i adventure to present you this rude essay . sect . ii. art . . that faculty of the mind , which is commonly understood by the word wit , being a thing whereof men have formed to themselves various conceptions , and for which they have accordingly invented various names ; it must needs be difficult to determine what is thereby meant , and what denomination is most agreeable and proper thereunto . nor is it less difficult to investigate the nature thereof , and wherein it doth chiefly consist : the oeconomy of the brain of man being one of those arcana of nature , whose knowledge the wise creator seems to have reserved to himself . as for the several names or words by which it is most usually expressed ; i am obliged to recount and explain them to you briefly , that so being delivered from ambiguity ( one of the greatest impediments to science ) you may soon be able to judge which of them is equivocal , which adaequate and proper . the latin word , ingenium , though sometimes used even by the best and most accurate writers , and who lived in the golden age of that language , to signifie the power of understanding proper to mankind ; as may be instanced in that memorable sentence of sallust , ( in initio belli catilinarii ) mihi rectius esse videtur , ingenij , quàm virium opibus gloriam quaerere : yet we find it most frequently used to denote a mans natural inclination or propension to some things or actions more than to others , whether virtuous or vicious ; as may appear , among a thousand other instances , from that saying of the same judicious historian , in his character of catiline ; fuit magnâ vi & animi & corporis , sed ingenio malo , & pravo ; and from that of suetonius , relating that tiberius connived at some youthful debaucheries of caligula , si per has mansuefieri posset ●erum ejus ingenium . art . . sometimes by wit is understood aptness to discipline , or promptitude to learn : which the ancient graecians , both philosophers and orators , called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; the latines , docilitas , & bona indoles , to which our language hath no word answerable , but towardliness , now almost obsolete . if you enquire wherein this happy faculty doth consist , they tell you , that it is not simple , but composed of three others . the first of which is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , acumen , & ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ) celeritas discendi , or , as xenophon , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a quick or nimble apprehension of what is taught : though i remember the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be not seldom applyed to acerbity and cruelty of disposition ; as by arrianus in that phrase , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the second , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , propè , & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , animad verto , cogito , inspicio ) which is defined to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a faculty whereby a man , from what he hath learned , hunts after what he hath not learned : the same with that the romans termed sagacitas , and our incomparable mr. hobbs renders ranging . the third , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , memoria ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , retention of what is learned . art . . here , sir , you have both the true notion and parts of docility conveniently expressed ; but yet you are to seek , whether wit and docility be alwaies one and the same thing . for , docility , if restrained only to arts and sciences , though it necessarily implyes a good capacity of understanding in the person , by the bounty of nature , therewith enriched : yet can it not be thence inferred , that all men who want this docility , want also wit ; because then none could have wit , but scholars alone , and because experience sufficiently demonstrates that many laudable wits are naturally averse from the study of letters , and in that respect perhaps also incapable of proficiency in them . so that what anatomists generally say of the signs of virginity , namely that the appearance of them is a certain evidence of the brides chastity ; but the non-appearance , no proof of her deflowerment before marriage ; may with equal truth be said of this docility ; it cannot be without a good wit , but a good wit may sometimes be without that . learning , you know , is but wit cultivated ; the seeds thereof are natural , and grow up of themselves , and many times bring forth fruits both pleasant and useful , without the help of art , especially where their luxuriancy is prevented by virtuous education , and their maturity promoted by ingenious conversation . if wit , then , may subsist without learning , certainly it may subsist without docility , i.e. a facility of learning arts and sciences . besides , if we divide docility into its three parts newly described , and distribute them among three men , allowing to one quickness of apprehension , to the second sagacity in hunting after consequences , and strength of memory to the third : this will not be sufficient to direct us to make a judgement , which of the three ought to have the praise of the best wit : because therein they may all be equal . for , we want not the testimony of daily observation , that many excellent wits have but weak memories ; and as many of admirable memories are yet dull of apprehension ; and again many , who are good at ranging after co●sequences , though it be necessary that they remember well ( because it is from the reminiscence of what they have known , that they infer what they seek ) are yet but slow of conception hereupon i am of opinion , that wit and docility , though frequently concomitant , are yet distinct faculties , and therefore require both names and notions distinct . many other words there are used also by the romans to signifie wit ; as perspicacia , solertia , subtilitas , dexteritas , felicitas ingenij , &c. but these being all metaphorical , are therefore ambiguous , nor worthy a particular examination . art . . nor is our english word , wit , ( which some of our glossaries derive from the teutonic witz , to understand ; and others from the latine videlicet contracted into viz. because instead thereof we say to witt ) altogether exempt from ambiguity : as being indifferently used to signifie either the faculty of understanding it self , or the act or effect of that faculty , in the former sense , when we say , such a man hath a great wit : in the latter , when we give the name of wit to a jest , pleasant conceipt , or facete expression , such as the latins call sales , lepores , facetiae ; the italians , scherzo , giuoco , burla ; and the french , raillerie and gaudisserie . sect . iii. art . . from the recital of the names , we pass to the consideration of the nature of wit. the understanding of a man ( you know , sir ) is commonly measured either by the rectitud● of his iudgement , or the celerity of his imagination . by iudgement , we distinguish subtilty in objects neerly resembling each other , and discerning the real dissimilitude betwixt them , prevent delusion by their apparent similitude . this act of the mind the grecians term 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the latins , iudicium and dignotio ; and we , discretion . the faculty it self , aristotle ( ethic. . c. . ) names ' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the latins , subtilitas ingenij ; from them the italians , sottigliezza , and sottilitá ; the french , subtilitè ; and we , subtilty , which is no other but a certain perspicacity of the mind , whereby it is able to compare things one with another , ' and discern the difference betwixt them , notwithstanding they appear very much alike . herein old men ( caeteris paribus ) usually excel young ; because by long experience ( which is nothing else but remembrance of what antecedents have been followed by what consequents ) they have learned the marks or sings , by which things are to be compared and distinguished : and men of nimble apprehension ( caeteris paribus ) have the advantage of those who are of slow ; because they observe more signs of difference in less time . art . . by imagination , on the contrary , we conceive some certain similitude in objects really unlike and pleasantly confound them in discourse : which by its unexpected fineness and allusion , surprising the hearer , renders him less curious of the truth of what is said . this is very evident in the use of simile's , metaphors , allegories and other tropes and figures of rhetorick ; which are therefore called the ornaments of speech , serving rather for plausibility , than for demonstration . and , indeed , their power over the affections of the greatest part of mankind , whether by the word affection we understand what the grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 passion , or what they term 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mores , manners ; is so great , that the whole art of oratory is grounded thereupon , and he is the most excellent in that art , who by the help of those 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or images , of things absent formed in his imagination , doth represent them in so lively colours , that they appear present . hereupon doubtless it was , that quintilian ( institut . orator . lib. . cap. . ) saith , a good orator must be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qui sibires , voces , actus , secundum verum optimè fingat . now the imagination be in common to all men ( yea and to brute animals also ) yet is it not equal in all men. some are naturally endowed celeritate imaginandi , with a quickness of imagination , that is , an easie succession of one thought upon another others are but slow of imagination , which defect of the mind is called tarditas ingenij , dulness and if great , stupor , stupidity or sottishness . from celerity of imagination there ariseth a twofold difference of wit. some are naturally inclined to indulge their thoughts the liberty of ranging , and love not to confine them : others delight in fixing their mind upon one object , and narrowly examining it . the former sort are allowed to have laudabilem phantasiam ; and have a genius disposed to poësy and invention : unless their phansie be immoderately quick and ranging ; for then it passes into folly , such as theirs , who are not able to finish the discourse they have begun , being suddenly taken off and carryed away by new thoughts altogether impertinent . which undecent shifting of thoughts is properly named extra vagancy . the latter are said to have iudicium probabile ; and therefore are fit to study philosophy , civil law , and controversies . art . . for the most part both these virtues of the mind are indeed conjoyned in the same persons ; but seldom equally eminent and the several degrees of pre-dominion of the one over the other , constitute the chief differences of men , as to wit or understanding . phansie without moderation of judgement , seldom attains to commendation but judgement or discretion though unassisted by phansie , alwayes deserves praise . in poets , both phansie and judgement are required ; but phansie ought to have the upper hand , because all poems , of what sort soever , please chiefly by novelty . in historians , judgement ought to have the chair ; because the virtue of history consisteth in method , truth , and election of things worthy narration : nor is there need of more phansie , than what may serve to adorn the stile with elegant language . in panegyries , and invectives , phansie ought to take place ; because they have for their end not truth , but praise or dispraise which are effected by comparisons illustrious , or vile or ridiculous : and judgement doth only suggest circumstances , by whic● the action is rendred laudable o● blameable . in hortatives and pleadings of causes , according as verity or simulation doth principally conduce to the advantage of the argument ; so judgement , o● phansie is to have preheminence . in demonstration , in counsel , and in all severe investigation of truth , only judgement is required ; unless perhaps sometimes there be occasion for some convenient similitude , to illustrate what is alledged . but as for metaphors , they are wholly to be excluded , as equivocal and ●ntroductory to fallacy : and herefore to admit them in grave counsel , or strict ratiocination , is no less than manifest folly and impertinency . in all serious discourse , if there appear want of discretion , however pleasant phansie shall shew it self , yet wit will be defective : but if judgement be manifest , though the phansie be but vulgar , the wit shall be commended . art . . but in all , besides that discretion of times , places and persons , which renders phansie commendable , and wherein civil prudence and the good menage o● affairs doth principally consist● there is required also constant pr●secution of the scope or end pr●posed , that is frequent applica●●on of our thoughts to the subje●● about which we are conversa●● for , so there will occur to us a● similitudes , such as will not on● illustrate , but also adorn o● discourse , and excite pleasure 〈◊〉 the hea●ers by the rarity of the invention . whereas if there 〈◊〉 not a constant regulation 〈◊〉 thoughts to some certain en● the more we are conducted 〈◊〉 heat of phansie , the nearer 〈◊〉 come to extravagancy , which is degree of madness ; such as is o●served in those rambling 〈◊〉 who ( as we said even now ) h●ving entred into discourse of o● ●hing , are by every new hint , however remote and impertinent , transported from their sub●ect into so many digressions and parentheses , that not recovering what at first they intended to speak , they lose themselves , as in a labyrinth . the reason of which errour seems to be grounded upon defect of experience , which makes them imagine that to be new and remarkable , which to more knowing heads is really stale and trivial ; and that to be great and considerable , which to others of more observation is not so . for , whatever is new , great and memorable , if it occurr to the mind of one speaking of another subject , is wont to seduce him from his purpose . art . . when a man , therefore , hav●ing proposed to himself som● certain end , and in his thought running over a multitude o● things , as means conducibl● thereunto , doth quickly perceiv●● which of them is most probable and how it may be brought to effect his design : this man is said to have a good wit , and the habi● hereof is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 prudence . which depends upon experience and remembrance of many the like antecedents , with the like consequents . but herein men differ not one from another so much as in judgement and phansy ; because men of equal age , may not be very unequal in experience , as to the quantity , though one hath more of experience in some things , and another in others ; since every one hath his particular affairs , concernments and wayes of managing them : and a husband-man , though rude and illiterate , is yet wiser in his own business , than a philosopher in another mans . whence that rule , cuique in sua arte credendum . art . . to this prudence if there be conjoyned the use of means unjust , or dishonest , such as fear , or poverty doth too often suggest : then it degenerates into that si●istre prudence , which is called astutia , craft or cunning ; which is for the most part a sign of pusillanimity or poorness of spirit ▪ for , a great mind scorns unjust and dishonest helps to bring him to his aimes . there is also another sort of cunning , called versutia , evasion ; which is deferring or putting off for a little time some danger o● incommodity impendent , by running into worse : and th● word seems a derivative from versura , which signifies borrowing of one , to pay another . having given you , noble sir this short and imperfect accoun●● of what i have collected concerning the nature and diver● notions of those intellectual faculties , which are vulgarly comprehended under the name of wit ; and deduced , according to probability , the principal differences thereof from the various degrees of eminency of iudgement and phansy : the remaining part of the task you have been pleased to assign me , is to enquire briefly into the causes of those differences , as well final as efficient ; and then describe each of them singly with as much truth and evidence , as my small observation , and less learning shall enable me to do . art . . but , to prevent mistake , i am obliged first to advertise you ( what i had almost forgotten ) that by the wit i have hitherto spoken of , i mean that which is natural , or which grows up together with us , accrewing only from use and experience , without the help of method , culture or doctrine . for , as to that which they call ingenium acquisitum , acquired by study of learning and polite education ; i conceive i● to be no other but reason , which arising from the right use o● speech , produces arts and sciences ; and seems to be only an effect or product of the forme● cultivated by industry . sect . iv. thus freed from all ambiguity of words and notions commonly applyed to wit , which otherwise might perhaps have led us out of our right way , or at least darkned the prospect of our reason ; let us proceed in our disquisition softly and fairly to prevent stumbling : following the conduct of the method newly proposed . which brings us in the next place to consider the final cause of the great diversity of wits observed in men. art . . what was the end , which the omniscient creator designed to himself , when he was pleased to constitute this so great and admirable variety ; you , sir , ( i know ) are too wise , too conscious of the immense disparity betwixt a finite nature and an infinite , to expect i should be able to determine : all his counsels being to us , poor ignorant things , impervestigable , as hi● perfections are incomprehensible . however , since we are not forbidden with due reverence to conjecture ; you ( i hope ) will not refuse to hear my foolish sentiments concerning this problem : especially while i offe● them rather to your examination , than to your belief . when , therefore , i observe that men are no less discriminable each from other by the various inclinations , affections and capacities of their minds , than by the dissenting features , lines and aires of their faces ; i am apt to perswade my self , that god almighty , in making so vast dissimilitude , and in that distribution of his several donatives among individuals of the same species , intended thereby to accommodate mankind to a civil life : it being no more possible for a society of men , or common-wealth , to be composed of members all of the like endowments of mind ; than it is for an animal to exercise various functions with many organs all of the same parts , shape and fabrick ; or for musical harmony to result from a multitude of unisons . i am not ignorant , that even the best philosophers , when they contemplate the diversity of natures endowments , and the most probable reason thereof modestly bound their curiosity with this clause , that nature delights her self in variety , as well i● this as in all other kinds . nor do deny what they here say to b● thus far true , that nature , as being the art of god , can have no other perfection , but what is derived from her author and governour , whose goodness canno● be terminated but in it self ; and consequently all emanation and effects of that goodnes● must redound to the delight o● their first fountain . yet th●● ( methinks ) doth not oblige 〈◊〉 to acquiesce in that consideratio● alone , without all reflection upon our selves ; there being perhaps some other reason or end of such variety , wherein mankind may be highly concerned . i conceive , then , that the creator having one eye directed to the pleasure redounding to him from the manifestation of his power and goodness ; aimed with the other at some general benefit and favour to man , to whom he purposed to be singularly indulgent and gracious in all things : and that fore-seeing how much more securely , commodiously and happily men might live in societies , than single and dispersed , as wild beasts ; he ordained this great diversity of ingenies among them , as a means to accommodate them to mutual assistance and association . but this i deliver as only probable , not definitive : and leaving it to your better judgement to be approved or rejected , i pass on to the natural causes of the diversity under enquiry . art . . wherein i meet with no less obscurity , than in the former . for , though it be sufficiently evident , especially to physicians conversant about diseases of the head , that the seat and principal organ of the intellectual faculties is the brain ; and that they are more or less perfect in their operations , according to the divers temperament , magnitude , figure and schematism of that noblest organ ; and to the greater or less mobility of the animal spirits ( if any such there be ) contained and exercised therein : though thus much ( i say ) be sufficiently manifest , yet what temperament , what magnitude , figure and schematisme of the brain produceth acuteness of wit , and what causeth dulness , is hitherto unknown . nor have anatomists , even in this dissecting and most curious age , been yet able certainly to inform themselves , in what part of the brain that coelestial guest , the reasonable soul , keeps her court of judicature ; what part she makes use of in sensation , what in imagination , what for memory , or what for ratiocination . vesalius ( i remember ) the prince of anatomists in the last age , expresly nor without derision of those who believed and taught the contrary , affirms , that the fabrick of mans brain is not in the least different from that of th● brains of brutes . the tex● is remarkable , the great authority of the man considered and therefore i will here transcribe it . ( de corpor. human. fabric . lib. . cap. . ) qui in imaginatione , ratiocinal●one , cogitatione , memoria , cerebru●● suo fungatur munere ; haudquaqua● ex sententia apprehendo : neque qu● quam insuper ab anatomico , 〈◊〉 theologorum omnem rationis vim , ● totam ferè principis nobis voca● animae facultatem , brutis anima●●bus adimentium occasione , indag●dum puto . quum cerebri nimirum constructione simia , canis , equus , felis & quadrupeda quae hactenus vidi omnia , & aves etiam universae , plurimaque piscium genera , omni propemodum ex parte homini correspondeant : neque ullum secanti occurrat discrimen , quod secus de hominis quàm de illorum animalium functionibus statuendum esse praescribat . to this you 'l answer perhaps , that such indeed was the judgement of vesalius ; but you are not obliged to acquiesce therein , because you have lately not only read a certain book , de proprietatibus cerebri humani , wherein the author observes many considerable differences betwixt the humane brain , and those of all other animals ; but also with your own eyes behold those differences demonstrated by the same author , in some dissections for that end made by him at the command of the royal society : and that therefore you hope , if anatomists proceed in their discoveries , with the same accurate scrutiny , and the like happy success , as of late years they have done ; some one of them may at length be so fortunate , as to find out the true uses of all the several parts of the brain of man , and so solve all the difficulties that now amuse those , who profoundly consider the wonderful oeconomy thereof . i reply , therefore ; that granting vesalius to have been much mistaken in that his opinion concerning the brain ; and that there really are those differences betwixt man and all other animals , which the book you mention declares : yet ( sir ) what i have here said concerning the abstrusity of the nature , immediate instruments , and wayes of operation of the intellectual faculties , is nevertheless too true . for , you cannot but remember , that even the author of that treatise himself doth in the end of it ingenuously confess , that notwithstanding his frequent observation of those differences , he was still as ignorant of the principal seat of the soul , and what parts she made use of in her several functions , as before he first entred into the anatomick theatre . and were it not a parergon , i could collect , and here recount many observations , recorded by eminent physicians , of such , who retained the use of their senses , imagination , memory and reason , without any the least defect , even to the last minute of life ; and yet in thei● heads opened after death , ther● was found ( as in most fishes ) but very little of brain , and tha● little altogether confounded and dissolved in water . for a memorable example of this astonishing phaenomenon , i take liberty to refer you to lib. . cap. . of th● medical observations of nich● tulpius , a late learned and judicious physician , and senator o● amsterdam : who relating th● various conjectures of some of his colleagues thereupon , gravely concludes with this free confession of his ignorance ; quan●um est , quod nescimus ! velut namque●n aliis , sic certè credibile est , potissi●nùm nos coecutire in genuino cerebri ●egimine : c●jus opera multo fortassis ●unt diviniora , quàm quispiam hacte●us suo comprehendit captu . as for your expectation of further discoveries from anatomy , that may afford more light to direct ●he virtuosi in their researches ●nto this dark argument ; i cannot indeed divine what time may ●ring forth : but am of opinion , that there is less reason for your hope , than for your wish ●or any such discovery ; the na●ure of mans mind being such , ●hat it cannot understand it self . adeò animo non potest liquere de ca●teris rebus , ut adhuc ipse se quaerat● senec. natur. quaest. lib. . cap. . art . . you are not then to wonder , i● i acknowledge my self unable t● define from what various constitutions of the brain the differences of wit arise , as from thei● proxime causes . all i dare observe to you , concerning tha● aenigma , is only this ; that for th● most part men of hot and san●●guine constitutions , caeteris par●●bus , are more ingenious an● acute ; and those of cold , gros● and phlegmatick , are more dul● and slow of imagination . 〈◊〉 for this you require authority , can alledge that of hippocrat● himself , who hath two texts expresly favourable and pertinent to the same : one concerning the sanguine ; the other , the phlegmatick temperament . the first is this ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod humidissi●num est in igne , & siccissimum in a●ua , si in corpore temperamentum ●cceperint , sapientissima sunt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lib. . sect . . the other , this , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 porro si in aliqua ani●ia defectuosiorem vim ignis accipiat ●uàm aqua , eamtardiorem esse necesse ●st , & appellantur tales stolidi . ibi●em sect. . if reason ; it is ●bvious , that the blood being ●he fountain of natural heat , and in truth the only calidum innatum , by which all parts of the body are perpetually warmed enlivened and invigorated ; and out of whose purest and agile● parts the animal spirits are supposed to be extracted : by ho● much more copious and pu●● the blood is , by so much more of heat is thence communicated to the brain and its appendix of nerves ( thereby ma● more firm and apt both to receiv● and retain the images or impressions of external objects ; an● more pervious to the anim●● spirits ) and a greater supply 〈◊〉 spirits generated out of it , for th● uses of the animal faculti●● therein residing , and thereon d●pending , and è contra . hen●● doubtless it was , that empedo●● held the blood to be both the seat and cause of sapience : and that dr. har●vey , somewhere in his book of the generation of animals , affirms it to be of no small advantage to the brain , that students and contemplative men preserve their mass of blood pure and uncorrupt . but i remember that my present task belongs rather to morals than to physick , and therefore superseding all further enquiry concerning the diversity of constitutions from whence the diversity of wits may arise ; and remitting you to the serious consideration of what that excellent man , mr. hobbes hath delivered ( lib. de homine , cap. . ) concerning the mutation of mens ingenies by passions , custome , experience , the goods of fortune , opinion of ones self , &c. i pas● to the principal differences themselves , and their descriptions ; which animated by your command , i proposed to my self chiefly to handle in this hasty exercise of my blunt and unequal pen. sect . v. art . . to go about to describe th● great variety of ingen●●● among men , though of b●● one and the same nation● were an attempt equally vai● with his , who should endeavo●● to number the sands ; nor 〈◊〉 impossible than for a painter 〈◊〉 pourtrey all the several faces in an army upon one table . as it is sufficient , therefore , to a well-drawn landskip , to contain the most eminent hills , buildings , trees and other objects situate in the prospect of the eye within that horizon : so may it be some satisfaction to you , if among a vast number of different wits i select the most eminent , such as appear to be the springs or sources of many virtues , and not fewer vices ; and then represent them in colours so suitable to their several natures , that you may be able to discern and distinguish each from the rest , notwithstanding the neer affinity and resemblance , which some of them have with others . i call them the sources of many virtues and vices ; because this may pass for a maxime , ingenia quando assuescendo it● confirmata sunt , ut facilè , nec reluctant● ratione , suas edant actiones , dicuntu● mores : qui si boni sunt , virtutes sin mali , vitia appellantur . art . . to address then to their descriptions . that which occu● in the first place is the ready 〈◊〉 nimble wit. wherewith su●● as are endowed have a certai● extemporary acuteness of co●ceipt , accompanied with a qui● delivery of their thoughts , so 〈◊〉 they can at pleasure entertai● their auditors with facetious pa●sages , and fluent discourses ev●● upon very light occasions . the● have indeed much of that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 spve habilitas in promptu excogitandi quid dicto sit opus , formerly described ; and are therefore excellent at suddain repartés : but being generally impatient of second thoughts and deliberation , they seem fitter for pleasant colloquies and drollery , than for counsel and design . like fly-boats , good only in fair weather and shallow waters : and then too more for pleasure , than traffick . if they be , as for the most part they are , narrow in the hold , and destitute of ballast sufficient to counterpoize their large sails ; they ●eel with every blast of argument , and are often driven upon the sands of a non-plus : but where favoured with the breath of common applause , they sail smoothly and proudly , and , like the city pageants , discharg● whole volleys of squibbs and crackers , and skirmish most furiously . art . . of these you meet with tw● sorts . some carry away the bel● in table-talk and familiar conversation , with short , but pi●●quant touches of phansie , such a● playes chiefly upon the defect● or misfortunes of others in th● company , yet without gall● their teeth are sharp , but not ve●nemous : and they rather nib●ble , than bite . others , approaching nearer to the dignity of elo●quence , are provided , whenever they please to imploy the●● talent , either in publick or pri●vate , to speak volubly , and to the purpose ; yet not so much from solidity of judgement ; as strength of memory , which instantly supplies them with whatever they have heard or read agreeable to their theme . the fine descants and poinant remarks of both sorts are commonly admired not only by ignorant ears , but also by some of scholastick erudition ; who observing the facility of their vein in breaking sharp jests , and pouring forth a torrent of not undecent expressions , are apt to grow out of love with themselves , and to be offended with their own flowness of conception , which permits them not to do the like without premeditation and pumping . and they have reason . for , what can you imagine more speciously resembling true industry , and gracefull elocution , than the opportune and pertinent . hitts of these facetious spirits ? what more elegant , than to make acute reflections upon every occurrent ; and to give hometouches with gentleness ; which are the less resented , because they appear suddain and jocular . i● to this promptness and iocundity o● wit , either nature hath been so● liberal as to add comeliness o● person , or fortune so propitious as to conjoyn dignity of condition ; especially if it be animated by great and secure confidence : then● is their liberty of jesting as it● were authorized in all places , nor ungrateful to those whom it provokes : yea oftentimes , by its very galliardise , it wins the palm from solid and exact prudence , if lodged in men of excellent abilities , but slow expression . of the advantages redounding to a ready wit from that gracefulness of person , which the grecians termed tò 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and the latins , dignitas oris ; you have an eminent example in dion the syracusan , who thereby much ingratiating himself to the people , was so prosperous in his ambition , that he ruined dionysius , and succeeded him in the soveraignyy of sicily : and corn. nepos puts the same in his character ; where among his natural endowments he reckons as chief , ingenium docile & come ; magnamque corporis dignitatem , quae non minimum commendatur . art . . but this so charming swiftness of both phansie and tongue i● not exempt from its failings , and those shamefull ones too sometimes . for , take them from their familiar and private conversation , into grave and severe assemblies , whence all extemporary flashes of wit , all phantastick allusions , all personal reflections are excluded ; and there engage them in an encountre● with solid wisdom , not in light skirmishes , but a pitcht field of long and serious debate concerning any important question : and then you shall soon discover their weakness , and contemn that barrenness of understanding which is uncapable of struggling with the difficulties of apodictical knowledge , and the deduction of truth from a long series of reasons . again , if those very concise sayings , and lucky repartés ( for the court hath now naturaliz'd that word ) wherein they are so happy , and which at first hearing were entertained with so much of pleasure and admiration ; be written down , and brought to a strict examination of their pertinency , coherence and verity : how shallow , how frothy , how forced will they be found ! how much will they lose of that applause , which their tickling of the ear , and present flight through the imagination had gain'd ! in the greatest part therefore of such men you ought to expect no deep and continued river of wit ; but only ● few plashes , and those too not altogether free from mudd an● putrefaction . sect . vi. art . . in the second place comes th● ranging wit , whose pregnancy is so diffused , that it flie● at all things ; and commonly assisted with prolix eloquenc●● discourseth copiously rather tha● closely ; without premeditatio● supplying it self with words an● sentences , as out of a treasury in● exhaustible . men of this talent are usually in high esteem with the people , if of such professions as give them opportunities to shew their copiousness in publick assemblies or councils : nor ungrateful in private conversation , at least when once they have learned as well to be silent at some times , as to speak profusely at others . which they cannot easily do . for , as all brute animals know , by natural instinct , in what part their chief power lies , and delight in the frequent use of that part above all the rest of their members : so these men , highly delighted with their faculty of eloquence , wherein alone they excell , are hardly brought to observe decorum , and opportunities when to contract or expa●iate , when to speak or hold their peace ; but carryed violently o● by an itch of declaiming on every subject , how trivial or impertinent soever , often entangle themselves in arguments above their understanding , and so satiate , but not satisfie their hearers . so that even a wise ma● may justly wonder , their imprudence considered , how they ar● able to speak so much and so little at once , so well and to s● little purpose . having at length ended ( not finished ) their fin● harangues , they scarcely refrai● from openly applauding themselves : and if their auditor●● shew any signs of complacenc● and good humour , they are ap● to refer it only to a satisfaction of judgement resulting from the elegancy of their discourses , though the same ariseth rather from joy that they are at length delivered from the importunity of them . notwithstanding this vanity it must be confessed , these wits have long wings , and in●cited by a secret impetus of nature , delight to flye abroad , and range over the whole field of sciences : but then again such is their speed and praecipitancy , they stay no where long enough ●o examine , select and gather ; like bees in a windy day , they take only a superficial taste of vari●us flowers , and return to their ●ives unloaded . whence it comes , that while they are discoursing of one part of learning , ●f a new hint chance to arise and ●ntrude it self into their imagination , instantly quitting their former theme , they as ardently pursue the new one ; and so often divert to fresh arguments ▪ till they have wholly forgotten the question first started ; as unstanch hounds , meeting with 〈◊〉 new scent , follow it with ful● cry , and lose the beast first cha●sed . and this is that defect o● mind , which is commonly called levity : arising perhaps chiefly from an excessive mobility of th● animal spirits in the seat o● imagination . no wonder , then , if thes● rambling heads be so far fro● attaining to sublime and extra●ordinary wisdom , that for th● most part they come short 〈◊〉 even vulgar ones in orderin● their affairs according to the rules of domestick prudence . some of them becloud themselves with the vapours of philauty , self-love , and over-valuation of their own opinions , and hunting after praise : others lose their credit by too-visible affectation : others attempt things above their reach , and sink themselves by aspiring : and most prove wanting to themselves and friends in such offices , where constant sedulity , and steady adherence to one purpose is required . for , they are naturally light , unconstant even to their own hopes , variable in their designs , fixt to nothing but their own opinions , in which they so absolutely confide , that they look not into the advantages of others proposals and counsels . and yet for all this some of them so dazel weaker eyes with the polish and lustre of their superficial parts , that they pass for accomplished persons , and are at length admitted to reap that harvest of fame and wealth ▪ which ought to be the reward of solid and profound abilities 〈◊〉 especially when they have acquired the art of understanding as well how to conceal their defects , as how to set forth their good qualities . art . . this art consisteth principally in moderating their fervency of speaking ; in frequent chang● of arguments ; and alwaye● choosing such , in which they may most easily impose upon their hearers . for instance ; among military men , let them discourse of matters of religion , of the rites and customs of the ancients , of the origines and migrations of nations , and such like themes , wherein souldiers generally have but little knowledge , among men bred up in the shades of the schools , and unconversant in polities ; let them discourse of the foundations and periods of empires , of the fates of kingdoms , of the revolutions in commonwealths , of the virtues and great actions of particular princes , of state maxims , &c. in a word , let them provoke none in his own way or art. for , in familiar conferences , and sociable colloquies , it is not ungrateful , so it be dextrously done , to divert to things of which the company is ignorant : both because errours then escape discovery , and because novelty begets pleasure , and by how much more we esteem things of which we never heard before , by s● much more do we admire him who delivered them . but abov● all let them take heed of writing ▪ which to roving and superfici●al wits is as difficult , as thei● gift of speaking fluently is easie● and for the most part proves n● less destructive to their fame than their ex tempore oratory hat● been favourable . for , tha● which gives due sharpness an● grace to the stile of a writter , an● recommends it to the presen● and succeeding ages , is exquisite and elaborate iudgement ; which is very rarely conjoyn'd with natural fluency of speech . the reason may be this ; that a prompt , but turbulent mind , when in retirement ( which all know to be necessary to a writer ) it comes once to reflect upon it self , and examine its own strength ; burdened with multiplicity of things together offering themselves , and confounded with variety of thoughts , soon faints under the weight : and having neither judgement to select , nor patience to digest , falls at length into distraction , or despondency . in fine , the faculty of writing well is so different from that of talking volubly , and requires so much more of both attention and deliberation ; that most of your fine speakers , when once they find the wings of their phansie clipt , and their understanding intangled in strong and knotty reasonings , are miserably at a loss how to extricate themselves , and despairing of success , return to their former liberty . yet some of this classis , either blinded with self-conceit , or deluded by adulation of their admirers , have adventured to publish books ; and out of vain ambition to enlarge and eternize their reputation by their pen , have utterly ruined what they had acquired by the nimbleness of their tongue . my advice , therefore , to such shall be this ; that they raise ●n the world an expectation of some considerable volume from them , and keep that expectation alive as long as they can : but be so wise as never to satisfie it with so much as a single sheet . but wits of this temper are commonly too hot to moderate their efforts ; too opinionated to take caution from the counsel of even their truest friends : and therefore i leave them to please themselves . sect . vii . art . . you have beheld the ready , and the roving wits , together with their advantages and defects ; be pleased now to remove your eye to the image of a third sort , which seeming contrary to both , and yet more usefull than either , may therefore not unfitly be called the slow , but sure wit. some heads there are of a certain close and reserved constitution , which makes them at first sight to promise as little of the virtue● wherewith they are endowed ▪ as the former appear to be above the imperfections to which they are subject . somewhat slo● they are indeed of both conception and expression ; yet no whic● the less comparated to solid prudence . when they are ingaged to speak , their tongue doth not readily interpret the dictates o● their mind ; so that their language comes as it were dropping from their lipps , even where they are encouraged by familiar entreaties , or provoked by the smartness of jests , which suddain and nimble wits have newly darted at them . costive they are also in their invention ; so that when they would deliver somewhat solid and remarkable , they are long in seeking what is fit , and as long in determining in what manner and words to utter it . but , after a little consideration , they penetrate deeply into the substance of things , and marrow of business , and conceive proper and emphatick words , by which to express their sentiments . barren they are not , but a little heavy and retentive . their gifts lye deep and concealed ; being furnished with notions , not aëry and umbratil ones , borrowed from the pedantism of the schools , but true and usefull : and if they have been manured with good learning , and the habit of exercising their pen ; oftentimes they produce many excellent conceptions worthy to be transmitted to posterity . art . . though they have no reason to accuse nature of any unkindness to them ; yet they have just cause to complain of the iniquity of fortune , in this respect ; that having an aspect very like to narrow and dull capacities , at first sight most men take them to be really such , and strangers look upon them with the eyes of neglect and contempt . hence it comes , that excellent parts remaining unknown , often want the favour and patronage of great persons , whereby otherwise they might be redeemed from obscurity , and raised to imployments answerable to their faculties , and crowned with honours proportionate to their merits : as the most precious wares seldom invite buyers , if kept in darksome corners , nor decently exposed , and adorned with splendid titles . art . . the best course● , therefore , for these to overcome that e●clipse , which prejudice usually brings upon them , is to conten● against their own modesty , and ei●ther by frequent converse wit● noble and discerning spirits , 〈◊〉 enlarge the windows of thei● minds , and dispel those cloud● of reservedness , that darken th● lustre of their faculties : or b● writing on some new and useful● subject , to lay open their ta●lent , that so the world ma● be convinced of their intrinsic● value . sect . viii . art . . in the middle betwixt the two opposites , too much heaviness , and too much lightness , nature seems to have placed the most happy indoles or ample wit : which is seldom out of love with it self , yet never too indulgent to it self , and often advanceth its possessors to the highest honours and dignities , of which subjects are capable . this usually is attended with no more of eloquence than decency allows , or occasion requires ; and that , if cultivated by erudition , or matured by time , is always neat and gracefull even in familiar conversation ; neither precipitate , nor slow● in delivery : as guided by 〈◊〉 judgement , though not sharp o● the suddain , yet strong and solid● after a little recollection . i● fine , this is the man most fit to harbour all virtues ; as by natures benignity comparated to great prudence , as well publick a● private : and if toucht with a temperamental propensity to some certain vice , yet seldom tainted with any evil habit. art . . betwixt these ample wits and the narrow ones , nature her sel● hath a certain criterion or character of distinction , easily discernable : and it is this . the former , being duly conscious of their own dignity , do all things with a bon mine or good grace , and becoming freedom , far from the vices of affectation and constrained . formality : as being actuated by spirits not bold , but generous and erect , alwayes addressed to noble ends , and contemplating somewhat diffusive and above vulgar aims . and this is that semi-divine temper of the mind , which aristotle calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the latins , felicitas inge●ii ; and we , an universal capa●ity . on the contrary , narrow and groveling wits condemn themselves to abject cogitations and low counsels , never ●aring to aspire above the common suggestions of their pusilla●imous humility : yet in little matters , and such as transcend not the sphere of their capacity , they often proceed with exact diligence , and sometimes also with good success ; there being annexed to them a certain astutia , sinistre or spurious wisdome called cunning an● wisdom for ones self , such as i● common also to weak and timorous animals , which keeps their intent wholly upon their ow● safety , and ( as we have before deduced it ) ariseth only from diffidence of sufficiency in themselves than which there can be n● greater enemy to noble and generous undertakings . beside● if they at any time ( as sometimes , puft up with prosperity 〈◊〉 their crafty and underminin● designs , they will ) offer at ingenuity ; it is with so much constraint , formality and starch'dness , that they expose themselves to the smiles and contempt of judicious men. art . . this thau or mark of difference is well worthy your observation , because these half-witted or cunning men for the most part make advantage of even their inability , building rather upon deceiving others , who confide in them , than upon any soundness of their own proceedings : and because ( as ●he lord chancellor bacon most ●udiciously observes ) nothing doth more harm in a state , than that cunning men pass for wise men ; like empiricks in physick , they may indeed have a great collection of experiments , but not knowing the right and seasonable use of them , pervert them to base and sinister ends. leaving them therefore as unworthy further consideration ▪ let us return to our bon. esprit ▪ and for a few minutes entertai● our selves with contemplatin● the excellency thereof . art . . there are among the literat● who misled either by too muc● favour to their own disciplines , 〈◊〉 by an immoderate esteem of th● advantages of scholastick sciences ( which were never denyed to be very great by any but the barbarous ) allow no wit to be happy and of publick use , but that which is not only capable of , but also naturally addicted to letters ; none to have attained to the just height of prudence , that was not advanced thereto by the scale of various learning . thus men eminently fruitful in publick virtues , and as it were constellated for politie or the great art of governing the multitude , they exclude from the senate , and from true greatness , by a prejudice more allyed to envy than to discretion . for , art . . on the contrary , it is much more reasonable to hold , tha●● none are so fit for affairs of state , as those blest favourites of nature , upon whom she hath accumulated her noblest and riche●● donatives : since that sagaci●● of spirit which enableth a ma● not only to know the resor●● and opportunities of business but also to sink into the main o● it ; and then to form counse●● both for conduct and dispat●● ( the two principal virtues in 〈◊〉 states-man ) is rather the fre●● gift of heaven , than the pu●●chase of labour and stu●●y which seems to be no more tha●● what the great roman orat●● averrs , upon his own observation . ego multos homines ( saith he ) in orat. pro archia poëta ) excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse , & sine doctrina , naturae ipsius habitu propè divino , per seipsos & moderatos & graves extitisse fateor : & illud adiungam , soepius ad laudem , atque virtutem naturam sine doctrina , quàm sine natura valuisse doctrinam . again , time hath furnished us with examples of some , who had acquired high estimation in the schools by extraordinary acuteness in sundry kinds of learning , and yet proved very weak , when they were transplanted into the more subtile and fine region of princes courts and councils : their reason then confessing it self too dull-sighted to discern the finesses of civil prudence , to which all other learning must give place . you will not , sir , i presume , be long in determining which is the truer wisdom , his , who can foresee discontents and motions of a nation , and provide seasonable and safe remedies for them , or his , who , after long contemplation , is able to predict eclipses of the sun and moon , and to calculate the journeys and returns of all the planets ; but cannot presage what dangers threaten the commonwealth , what changes and revolutions are impendent over the state. besides , those very men , who thus cry up the usefulness of languages and sciences , restrain not ●he title of learned and polite to him alone , who hath with equal felicity run through the whole encyclopedic or round of arts and sciences : but think it sufficient , if a man acquire excellency in any one of them : for instance , if an orator singularly dextrous in managing arguments , and happy in all the exornations of speech , be yet dull and heavy in comprehending the secrets of natural philosophy ; or if a profound philosopher be yet destitute of eloquence , or unconversant in history , and politicks and other parts of learning ; they nevertheless deny him not the honour of an eminent wit. that preheminence therefore , which is due from any one part of learning , why are they so partial , so unjust , as to detract from that science , which is conversant in the regulation of whole societies of men , and which in that very respect ought to be preferred to all other human knowledge ? think they , that wisdom speaks to her disciples only in greek , or latin , or hebrew ; and not rather in a secret vivacity of spirit , and a piercing judgement or reason that understands all languages ▪ to be born with a pregnant wit , is no such high indulgence of nature , if no more be required therein , than a propension to , and capacity of erudition scholastick . those of the ancients , whom we acknowledge to have been the patriarchs of sciences , and great examples of wisdom , never consumed much of oyl and sweat in the shades of the shools : and yet certainly they were born under stars highly propitious . to found republicks , to make wholsome laws for conservation of publick peace , to support their countrey by wise counsels , to observe the constitutions , rites and customs of other nations , and transferr into their own whatever they found worthy imitation ; so far to note and register the motions of coelestial bodies , as to keep a a true account of time , and accommodate their negotiations both at home and abroad to the most convenient seasons of the year , and benefit of the people : this , this was chiefly called science in those elder and purer times . to be a little more particular ; while those primitive sage●● laboured to reclaim savage and rude multitudes , and mollifie●● their iron minds by mansuetud●● and other virtues necessary to common safety and the maintenance of right in civil societies ; by little and little the●● grew up that knowledge , which is called moral philosophy . and while , being disjoyned by mutual emulation and contention , they endevoured to perswade the people to favour and adhere to one or the other side , they made speeches to them to move their affections accordingly ; that gave the first beginning and credit to eloquence or oratory . in a word , the monuments of history have conveyed down to us the prudence and artifices of those ancients , so as to be precedents to our modern literati ; at least if they be able to bear the like weight of cares : if not , the best use their weaker heads can make of such monuments , will be only to boast of their reading , by shewing them to others ; as priests shew reliques of saints , but want the power of working miracles ; or as keepers of antick and magnificent structures can perhaps name the founders and architects , but imitate neither . for , to read history only for contemplation , is a vain and idle pleasure , that leaves no fruit behind : but to imitate the glorious actions and atchievements of such worthy patriots , that 's true and noble erudition . this wa● the use cicero made of his vas● readings , as appears by that profession of his ( in orat. pro archi●● poëta . ) quàm multas nobis imagines non solùm ad intuendum , veru● eti● am ad imitandum , fortissimoru● ho●●minum expressas scriptores & grae●● & latini reliquerunt ? quas ego mi●● semper in administranda rep. pr●●pones , animum & mentem mea● ipsa cogitatione viroum excellentiu●● conformabam , &c. art . . nevertheless it is not to be doubted , but the most absolu●● wit is that , which ( like the first matter of the aristoteleans ) is capable of any form , and can with equal facility employ it self in all kinds of studies ; having an universal acuteness , and strength as well to grasp the difficult and ●lippery mysteries of state , as to unravel the knotty methods of arts and sciences professed in universities . for , studies perfect nature ; and both are perfected by experience : natural abilities being like fruit-trees , that need proyning and culture by learning ; and studies themselves giving forth directions too much at large , except they be bounded by experience . all together make the happiest conjunction , and by mutual assistance advance their owner to the pinnacle of humane wisdom and honour : that sublime sagaicty of judgement requisite in a states-man , and conformed to the genius of the present age , an● comporting with the constitution of affairs , so governin●● learning , as that it can neithe●● degenerate into pedantism , no●● rust in vain and solitary specula●●on : and learning , on the oth●● side , so supporting and enrichin●● the judgement , as that it nee●● not rely only upon single experience and observation of i●● own time , but may have recourse also to the oracles of al●● former ages , and furnish it sel●● with examples out of the treasury of antiquity . yet if any man ( as many such there are ) naturally addicted to publick business , and fit to serve his prince and countrey in quality of a counsellor , be not equally in favour with the muses , nor prosperous in scholastick speculations ; i hope , sir , you will not stick to allow him to be a person of a more erect mind , and nobler parts , than a meer contemplative book-man ; who ●●hough perhaps skilfull in languages , and logician enough to ●●nriddle and impose sophisms , ●●nd to dispute long and formally about non-entities , is yet too narrow of understanding to measure the vastness of civil prudence , which is founded upon mature observation , and built up of so●●id experiences , squar'd by exact judgement , and adjusted to pre●ent emergencies in state. so ●hat i am apt to believe , that favorinus was in very good ear●est , though he seemed to jest , when he measured the knowledge of adrian the emperour by the greatness of his power . the story is in short this . adrian , not a little ambitious of the fame of extraordinary learning , accidentally meeting favorinus , an eminent philosopher , fell instantly upon him with a whole volley of syllogisms , and presse●● him with sophistical arguments : to which the war● philosopher made but sparing and modest answers , such as intimated his being overcome , an●● left the emperour to please himself with his imaginary victory ▪ soon after , to his friends reprehending him for making so wea● defence , he returned this vindication : i were to blame ( said he if i should not grant him to be t●● most learned , who hath daily twenty legions at his command . which i understand to be more than a complement ; the regiment of so many millions being a piece of greater skill , and sublimer science , than to manage a disputation with dialectical subtlety , and argue in mode and figure . having thus in a short digression , endeavoured to refute the error of such who hold , that no wit , however ample and happy in its native capacity , can yet attain to solid prudence , without the improvement of scholastick erudition : it follows , that we observe briefly both the vice , to which even the best tempered wits sometimes are prone ; and the principal remedy thereof . art . . as pusillanimity or self-diffidence makes of narrow wits cunning men : so self-confidence , if immoderate , often checks the growth , and hinders the fertility of even the best wits . for , some of greatest hopes , too soon trusting to the native pregnancy of their mind , and desisting from lecture , meditation and all other labour of the brain , as not only unnecessary , but also burdensome , and expensive o● time : thereby clipp their own wings , render themselves unfi● for any generous flight , and eve● after flagg ; so far from aspiring above others , that they com● short even of themselves , an● suffering those igniculi aetherei or coelestial sparks of wit , by which they were in their youth actuated , to languish and go out for want of industry to fan them , degenerate into a barren dulness , so much the more difficult to be overcome , by how much the longer ere acknowledged . whereas others , conscious of their native imbecillity , endeavour with labour and sweat to acquire what the austerity of nature denyed them ; and by continual culture of study , and ●●ds of good discipline , so en●●ch the field of their understanding , that at length they exceed in fertility of science not only their former selves , but others also to whom nature hath been much more bountiful . by which it is manifest , that , art . . the proper remedy for this obstruction , that not seldom brings an atrophy or defect of nourishment upon the best tempered wit , can be no other but constant study and meditation , by which the faculties of the mind are exercised and kept in vigour . not that it is requisite men of this order should over-curiously search into each punctilio or nicety of the thing they contemplate : for , though that be the way to attain exactness in some particulars ; yet it would at the same time greatly retard their progres● in the main , and make it long before they advance so far , as to make a liberal and genuine inspection into the whole of that very science , which they so ambitiously affect . besides the sam● would habituate them to confine their cogitations within too narrow a compass ; by impaling their curiosity upon notions , though perhaps of great subtlety in speculation , yet of little use in the occurrents of life : nor could they easily let loose their thoughts to other things , which though sometimes of an inferiour nature , yet may be more necessary to be lookt into . to these therefore i am bold to prescribe study as a daily exercise , not as their sole imployment . art . . nor do i condemn those fine wits , that spend most upon the stock of nature ; because they have this for excuse , that all heads are not equally disposed to patience in study , and diuturnity of labour . for , the finer and acuter the wit is , by so much the more easily indeed doth it penetrate into things difficult , and divide things involved ; but then again it grows the sooner blunt with length of labour and intention . the reason perhaps is this ; that nature doth rarely commit such fine wits to the custody of gross and robust bodies ; but for the most part chooseth to lodge them in delicate and tender constitutions , such as produce the purest and sublimest spirits : which as by their greater mobility they conduce to quickness of apprehension ; so are they for the same cause more prone to expence or exhaustion , upon continued intention of the mind , nor capable of reparation unless after due repose and pleasant divertisement . again , not only the labour of these ethereal wits , ●ut even their relaxation and leasure is therefore precious ; because no sooner are their brains at liberty , but they acquire new vigour , and their acuteness spontaneously ranging abroad , brings in fresh hints , and reple●ishes them with serious reflections , and useful cogitations : as ●ich ground , when left a while fallow , of its own accord puts forth abundance of excellent plants , in nothing inferiour to the best cultivated gardens . this seems pathetically exprest in that apothegm of cosmus de medicis , the politick founder of the flourishing dukedome of florence . when in a morning he had lain long in bed , as wholly resigned up to an incurious repose , one of his favourites coming into his bed-chamber , salutes him with this complement ; sir ( said he ) where is cosmus th● great , to whose vigilance , as to a p●●lot , we have all entrusted the conduc● of our state ? are not his eyes open 〈◊〉 high noon ? i have been abroad so● hours since , and dispatched much b●siness . the duke smartly returns boast not your diligence thus , sir ; 〈◊〉 very repose is more profitable , than all your pains and industry . art . . nor is this delicacy of constitution , which hinders the choicest wits from undergoing the hardship of constant study and long watchings , so universal , but that some are exempted from it . but these are , i confess , very rare , and as the noblest presents nature can make to kingdoms and states , seldom produced by her : being of that most happy temper , that they can stoop their lofty parts to the anxiety of tedious meditations , and drudgery of vast readings and collections . to this they bring themselves chiefly by resolution and custom : whose effects are no less admirable in the faculties of the mind , than in those of the body . hence our incomparable mr. hobbes ( who was pleased not long since to tell me , that he was in the fortieth year of his age , when he first began to study with due intention of mind ) speaking of the power of custome upon the various ingenies of men , hath this remarkable sentence : quae nova offendunt , eadem saepius iterata natur am●subigunt ; & primo quidem ferre se ▪ mox autem amare cogit . id quod in regimine corporis maximè , deinde etiam in operationibus animi perspicuu●est . de natur . homin . cap. . sect . . when they have thus conquered themselves , then it is they make the truly brave men. when time , perseverance in study , and experience have brought them to maturity ; you may worthily call them living libraries , walking epitomes of all sciences , and magazins of knowledge . for , in them may be found the piety of divines , the wisdom of histories , the wit of poëts , the solidity of the mathematicks , the depth of natural philosophy , the gravity and uprightness of moral , the wariness of logick , the strength and sweetness of rhetorick , the distinguishing subtlety of the school-men , the exactness of criticks , and the right use of all . and when they are fixt in publick imployments , abeunt studia in mores , they become fit to bare a continual load of cares ; not prone to be confounded with multiplicity of affairs , no● discomposed with the divers aspects of occurrents , no● startled at unexpected and cross events ; but constantly calm , and equally sedulous , and what more can be expected from humane frailty ? in this rude draught of the charming beauties of the amp● and studious wit , more of an● might have been shewn , and better colours used . but , considering that it contains , tanquam 〈◊〉 compendio , all the several virtu● that lye dispersed and single in the precedent sorts ; and tha● you ( noble sir , ) are so happy as to need no more lively image thereof , than what you may daily contemplate ( the curtai● of your great modesty withdrawn ) by reflecting upon your own : i thought my self at liberty to run the same over only with light touches , and a hasty pencil . which i now remove to a work much less gratefull both to your genius and my own , namely the character of the malignant wit : which i therefore reserved for the last place , that the deformity thereof might set off the beauties of those already described ; as satyrs and negro's painted by fair ladies make them appear more amiable . sect . ix . art . . by the malignant wit , then , i understand that which is indeed quick of apprehension , but void of humanity : being prone to exercise it self chiefly in re-searching into the defects , errors , and even the infortunes of others , such especially who by their virtues have rendred themselves conspicuous ; and to delight in both aggravating and publishing them to their dishonour . wits of this evi● temper may not unfitly be resembled to chymical spirits , which are subtle and penetrating , but they also corrode : and the spirits by which they are actuated , seem to be extracted , not out of the purest parts of their blood ( as other mens are ) but from their gall ; as if they desired to verifie the new opinion of sylvius de la boe , that that bitter and acrimonious excrement is the natural ferment of the blood , and necessary to not only the vital , but also the animal actions , in all living creatures , in which it is found . out of self-conceit , they affect to be thought highly ingenious ; because nothing is more neerly allied to reason , the proper good of man , than ingenie : whence that of the poët , qui velit ingenio cedere rarus erit . whereupon claud. donatus , relating how one filistus , a favourite to augustus , used to cast reproaches upon virgil , and carp at all he said , even in the emperours presence ; adds that he did it , non ut verum dignoseeret , quod socrates facere cons●●evit ; sed ut eruditior videretur . but conscious of their own vices , and studious to conceal them ; they endeavour by detraction to make it appear , that others also of greater estimation in the world , are tainted with the same or greater : as infamous wo●●● generally excuse their personal debaucheries , by incriminating upon their whole sex , calumniating the most chast and virtuous , to palliate their own dishonour . to this base end , they rejoyce to expose the secret faults of men any way renown'd : which being no otherwise so easily effected as by the pen , they addict themselves mostly to writing , among all sects choosing that of criticks , that so under the innocent liberty of judging , they may usurp the most pernicious licence of censuring . in which inhumane practice they are sure to make use of one , or more of these cunning artifices . having found an opportunity to mention some evil , whether true or only suspected , in the person , whose merits they intend to disparage ; either they industriously pretermit what they know , and ought to conjoyn towards the excuse thereof ; or they pretend ( forsooth ) not to believe it , when yet they revive the memory of it for no other end , but that it may be more firmly believed by others . where they meet with notorious failings , there they seem to extenuate , and as it were to compensate them with slight commendations , only to disguise their detraction : as i have heard of a certain courtier , who desirous to obstruct the preferment of a poor countrey vicar , and yet not daring to oppose his master , king iames his charitable inclination thereunto ; said to the king , your majesty may do well to give him a better living , for though he hath not much of learning , he is a very good fellow , too hard for all his parishioners at cudgels , and hath a singular knack in catching dotrells ▪ another of their tricks is this ; where they cannot blame the fact it self , they suggest sinistre motives or inducements to the doing of it , and deprave the course and intention . to these may be added one more , no less detestable ; where rumour hath dispersed various conjectures concerning one and the same action of some eminent man , omitting or suppressing the more benign and favourable , they select the worse and more derogatory , and largely comment thereupon ; with design to pervert the belief of their hearers , or readers , in deteriorem partem . thus drawing suspicions from the crooked rule of their own insincere mind and depraved inclinations ; they labour to perswade themselves and others , that there is among men no such thing as true virtue , but only a shadow or artificial representation of it : thereby vainly promising to themselves the reputation of singular acuteness of judgement , and more than vulgar wisdom . if they can eclipse the glory of worthy men , by fomenting obscure and uncertain rumours concerning their atchievements , or by malitiously ascribing the same , not to prudent counsels and honourable motives , but to ambition , or avarice , or hypocrisie , or simulation ; or captation of popular favour , or any the like sinistre aims : they then imagine they have raised to themselves a monument of honour out of the ruines of theirs , whom they that inhumanly calumniate . art . . to this classis may be referred all the ill-natur'd disciples of momus , derisores , scoffers , such who , like beetles , seem hatch'd in dung , or vermine bred out of ulcers ; perpetually feeding upon the frailties and imperfections of human nature . nor will it be easie for satyrists and comical poets , those especially of the more licentious and railing sort , to exempt themselves from the same tribe . this sir , perhaps you 'l think to be a little severe : but it is not my judgement alone ; for among the ancient comical wits of greece , you may find more than one deservedly accused , and clearly convicted of uncivil obtrectation . in one or two of the most famous i shall instance , for justification of what i here say . cratinus , one of the trium●virate , which first reformed comedy from its primitive rudeness , and began to purge the stage from obscenity and personal invectives ; is nevertheless noted by the great scaliger ( poëtices lib. . cap. . ) to have been not only sharply censorious , but bitterly malignant also , and grosly inurbane : insomuch that at last in cost him his life . for , having in one of his comedies , intituled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( unduly ascribed to eu●polis , by politian , miscellan . cap. . ) too palpably inveighed against and personated some of eminent quality , and exposed them to the derision of their fellow-citizens , the athenians ( described by aelian ( . variar . historiar . cap. . ) to have been naturâ in vidiosi , & ad detractandum optimis quibusque proclives ) he thereby so far provoked them , that in revenge they bound him hand and foot , and cast him into the sea , in the manner of his death alluding to the title of his play , which signifies one drencht or dipp'd in water . an example well worthy to be remembred by his sectators in this uncharitable age. art . . to this cratinus i take liberty to conjoyn another of the same triumvirate , his equal , the so much celebrated aristophanes ● and this i do , as well because of his most inhuman persecution of the divine socrates , both 〈◊〉 that fable , which he called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the clouds , and which he invented only to render that best and wisest of mortals odious to the base vulgar ; as because he wa● one of the conspirators against his life : being thereto suborned partly by private hate ( because socrates frequented and applaued the tragoedies of euripides , but would hardly be brought to honour with his presence any one of aristophanes his satyrical comedies ) partly by anitus and melitus , who not long after by false accusations robb'd the innocent philosopher of his life and the world of its richest treasure . again , all the rest of aristophanes comedies are more or less besprinkled with the venome of detraction and dicacity . it was not then without just cause , that plutarch , a most grave and judicious philosopher , in his comparation of aristophanes with menander , among many other criminations of the former , gives him this character : aristophanis sales amari sunt & asperi ; acrem & mordentem , adeoque exulcer antem vim habent . — nulli enim moderato videtur is homo su●um poëma scripsisse , sed turpia & libidinos a intemper antibus , maledica & acerba in vidis atque malignis hominibus , &c. nor doth that most learned man , nicodemus frischlinus , who wrote his life , together with a defence of him against the faults objected by plutarch ▪ vindicate him from inhonest acerbity and malignity ; otherwise than by transferring it upon the licentiousness of the time● in which he wrote , and use of ancient comedy : his words are these , equidem non inficior , re●●●ita esse , ut ille [ plutarchus ] dicit sed vitio temporum illorum potiu● quàm poëtae hoc , quicquid reprehensionis est , ascribi debet ; & ita fereb●● comoediae veteris consuetudo , ut omi●● argumenta essent salsa , festiva , mordacia , maledica ; nec quicquam diceretur à quoquam , quod non ad perniciem alicujus accommodaretur . which you have the more reason to believe , because in your travell● you have sometimes resided in a certain city , much more populous , under a better government and more civilized than ever athens was , yea more inhabited by such as make profession of christianity ; in which notwithstanding that scandalous licence of exposing well-deserving and honourable men upon the publick stage , and dashing even virtue it self out of countenance , by the scurrilous reproaches and mimical actions of comedians , seems to be revived ; so many ages after it hath been condemned by wise princes , po●ite nations , and by the best of modern comical poëts themselves , as a thing not only inconsistent with humanity and christian charity , but pernicious to ●he publick peace of societies , by raising discontent , animosi●ies , quarrels and factions . but being long since returned into your own native countrey , you are here out of danger of suffering by any such undecent licence our theatres being regulated by stricter laws , and our poëts for the most part gentlemen of liberal education . in this short reflection upon the malevolence of some mode●● poëts , i have rather stood still ● while , than gone out of my way● their example serving no less to justifie my ascribing wits immoderately satyrical to this order● whereof i am now treating , than those of the grecians i have nam'd however , that i may hasten to the end of our walk , especially now you are tired with the unevenes● of the way , and my dull company ; i proceed . this virulent humour of disgracing the merits of others , seems to have poysoned the pens , not only of some poëts , but many also of other sorts of writers , who yet had not so specious a pretext for the liberty they therein took ; and who undertook by their works to teach men good manners and civility . so that i might , without much exercise of my memory , call to mind examples ●hereof among authors of no obscure fame in all arts and scien●es ; not excepting the graver , even historians , philosophers and divines . but left , by making a catalogue of such , i should bring my self also under the same condemnation ; i leave them to your own collection . art . . only i think it no offence briefly to observe , that even tacitus himself , esteemed the prince● of latine historians , and the orac● of polititians , hath been accused of malignity , in not only censuring the counsels and affections of all great men , whose most memorable actions , together with their several successes and events , he recordeth in his histories ; but also in interpreting th● same according to his private conjectures , and wresting them for the most part to sinistre an● ungenerous ends or intentions thereby depriving those heroes o● the best part of their glory virtue ; and leaving to posterit● both maxims and precedents rather of cunning and violence , than of true wisdom and sound policy . whether this venerable author , to whom the world is in other things so highly obliged , hath deserved this accusation , or not ; i leave to your judgement , who are sufficiently conversant in his writings to direct mine . in the mean time , i am obliged , in my own defence , to produce one of his accusers at least . permit me , then , to referr you to that famous critick , and excellent grammarian , gaspar scioppius , who in many parts of his writings , but more expresly in his dissertation de historici officio , delivers a charge against tacitus of this among other faults . you 'll object perhaps , that scioppius himself is generally condemned for the same vice of malignity : and i think not without desert ; but yet you cannot deny him to have been a man of admirable acuteness in discerning the faults , errours and lapses of other writers ▪ nor have i any where observe● him to want reason for hi● animadversions . so that though i am alwayes offended at his bitter invectives , yet i confess , i am often pleased with the sagacity of his criticisms . art . . now if such men , who ha● ground enough within the compass of their own great part whereon to build to themselve● perpetual monuments of fame were not altogether free from this malignant humor ; what may we think of those poorer spirits , those sons of earth , who dream of erecting obelisks to their own obscure names , only out of the ruines of others ? and like the souldier crabb , which aldrovand calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and eremita , have no mansion for their credit , but that from whence they have extruded the right owner ? these certainly have the cancer of envy rooted in their very breast : it being an aphorism of daily experience ; that the more imperfect men are in themselves , the more prone they are to defame and scoff at others . the reason of which , because i know you to be a great lover of the philosophy of monsieur des cartes , i shall give you in his words quia cupiunt caetoros omnes in pa●● secumgradu videre ; since they all unable to raise themselves to the height of their superiours in virtue and honour , they endeavour by calumny and derision , to bring them down to the same ignoble level with themselves . art . . this disease , therefore , of th● mind being almost epidemick ; an● the cause thereof consisting in a certain perversity of disposition whereby the patient is strongly inclined to be inwardly vexed and troubled at the virtues o● felicities of others , and to do al● he can to diminish their credi● and estimation : the cure o● it , i fear , is above the art which i profess . art . . by this , sir , you plainly discern the great difference betwixt malignity , and festivity of wit. for , as to this latter , which the greeks name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the french , raillerie , and we iesting ; whereby a man modestly and gently touches upon the errours , indecencies , or infirmities of another , without any suspicion of hate or contempt of his person , pleasantly representing them as only ridiculous , not odious : i do not think it ought to be condemned as a vice of the mind , but allowed as a quality consistent both with honesty and good manners , as denoting the alacrity of his disposition , and tranquillity of his spirit ( both signs of virtue ) and often also the dexterity of his wit , in that he is able to give a delightful and new colour to the absurdity at which he moves his company to smile . nor is it disingenuous to laugh , when we hear the jests of others ▪ nay some jests are so facete and abstracted from persons , that it would savour of too much dulness or morosity , not to be affected with their elegancy . but when we our selves break a jest it is more decent to abstain from laughter , as well lest what we say seem to occurr to our imagination unexpectedly , and by chance rather than choice ; a● lest we be thought to admire th● felicity of our own wit , in finding out that allusion , which had escaped the notice of others present : both which are obnoxious to dispraise ; the former , as a mark of slowness of conception ; the latter , as an evidence of self-love . to which may be added two other reasons . first , whoever ●aughs at his own jest spoils it , by rendring it less apt to surprise the hearers . then again he puts all the company into jealousie and examination of themselves . besides all this ( as mr. hobbes excellently observes , in his book of humane nature ) it is vain-glory , and an argument of little worth , to think the infirmity of another sufficient matter for his triumph . art . . but i have too long detained your curious eyes upon an object , in which you can take no other delight , but what must redound to you from your observation of the vast disparity betwixt the deformities of it , and the charming beauties of your own candid and sweet disposition . and being ashamed , that ● have led you all this while in a path so much trodden by others ; i wish , the province you were pleased to assign me , had lain somewhat farther from the road , wherein most philosophers have travelled before me , that i might have entertained you with remarks less obvious and common ; whereas now i have been rather your remembrancer than guide . having at length waited on you to the end of it , good manners oblige me , without desiring you to turn about and review the little things observed as you passed along ( for that were to disparage your excellent memory , as well as to abuse your patience ) to resign you up to your own more usefull speculations , and the pursuit of that generous emulation , which incites you to studies worthy your choice , native endowments , the eminency of your condition , and the place to which not fortune , nor popular favour , but your own great merits have raised you in the grand council of this kingdom . the end . the mysterie of vintners . or a brief discourse concerning the various sicknesses of wines , and their respective remedies , at this day commonly used . delivered to the royal society , assembled in gresham-colledge on the of november , anno dom. . london , printed for william whitwood at the sign of the golden-lion in duck-lane , near smithfield , . the mysterie of vintners . evidence ( you all know ) is the life of truth , and method the life of discourse : the former being requisite to convince the understanding ; the latter , to facilitate the searches of it . in this short accompt , therefore , of my collections and observations concerning alterations of wines , both natural and artificial , which according to your command i now bring to you ; i am obliged to use plainness and order : this , to avoid confusion ; that , left i increase the obscurity of my subject . my argument , then , i divide into four parts , to which as to generals or heads , all considerables thereunto belonging seem naturally to referr themselves of these , the first , is the natural purification or clarification of wines , whereby of themselves they pass from the state of crudity and turbulency , to that of maturity ; by degrees growing clear , fine and portable . the second , the unseasonable workings , frettings and other sicknesses , to which , from either internal or external accidents , they are afterward subject . the third , their state of declination or decay , wherein they degenerate from their goodness and pleasantness , becoming pall'd , or turning into vinegar . the last , the several artifices used to them , in each of these states or conditions . in the first of these heads , viz. the natural clarification of new wines , two things occurr , not unworthy consideration ; the manner how , and the cause by which the same is effected . as for the manner ; give 〈◊〉 leave to observe , that win●● while yet in the must , is usually put into open vessels ; the abundance and force of the spirits i. e. the more subtle and acti●● parts therein contained , bein● then so great , as not to end●● imprisonment in close ones , 〈◊〉 which time it appears trouble● thick and feculent : all parts o● elements of it being violentl● commoved and agitated , so th●● the whole mass of liquor seen● to boyl , like water in a cauldro● over the fire . this tumult be●ing in ●ome degree composed and the gas sylvestre ( as helin●● barbarously calls it ) or wilder spirit sufficiently evaporated ; they then pour the must into close vessels , there to be farther defecated , by continuance of the same motion of fermentation : reserving the froth or flower of it , and putting the same into small ●asks , hooped with iron , lest otherwise the force of it might break them . this flower thus ●●parated , is what they name stum , either by transposition of the letters into the word ●ust , or from the word stum , which in high-dutch signifies mute , because this liquor ( forsooth ) is hindred from that ma●urity , by which it should speak ●s goodness and wholesomness . this done , they leave the rest of ●he wine to finish its fermentation ; during which it is probable , that the spiritual parts impell and diffuse the grosser and feculent up and down , in a confused and tumultuous manner , untill all being disposed into their proper regions , the liquor beomes more pure in substance , more transparent to the eye , more piquant and gustful to the palate , more agreeable to the stomach , more nutritive to the body . the impurities thus separated from the liquor , are , upon chymical examinations , found to consist of salt , sulphur ( each o● which is impregnate with som● spirits ) and much earth . which being now dissociated from th● purer spirits , either mutually cohaere , coagulate and affix themselves to the sides of the vessel , in form of a stony crust , which is called tartar and argol ; or sink to the bottom in a muddy substance , like the grounds of ale or beer , which is called the lees of wine . and this in short i conceive to be the process of nature in the clarification of all wines , by an orderly fermentation . as for the principal agent , or efficient cause of this operation ; i perswade my self , you will easily admit it to be no other but the spirit of the wine it self . which , according to the mobility of its nature , seeking after liberty , restlesly moving every way in the mass of liquor , thereby dissolves that common tye of mixture , whereby all the heterogeneous parts thereof were combined and blended together ; and having gotten it self free , at length abandons them to the tendency of their gravity and other proprieties . which they soon obeying , each kind consorts with their like , and betaking themselves to their several places or regions , leave the liquor to the possession and government of its noblest principle , the spirit . for , this spirit , as it is the life of the wine , so doubtless it is also the cause of i● purity and vigour , in which the perfection of that life seems to consist . ¶ . from the natural fermentation of wines we pass to the accidental ; from their state of soundness , to that of their sickness : which is our second general head. we have the testimony of daily experience , that many times even good and generous wines are invaded by unnatural and sickly commotions , or ( to speak in the dialect of wine-coopers ) workings ; during which they are turbulent in motion , thick of consistence , unsavory in taste , unwholsome in use ; and after which they undergoe sundry alterations to the worse . the causes hereof may be either internal , or external . among the internal , i should assign the chief place to the excessive quantity of tartar , or of lees ; which containeth much of salt and sulphur ( as hath already been hinted ) continually send forth into the liquor abundance of quick and active particles , that , like stum or other adventitious ferment , put it into a fresh tumult or confusion . which if not in time allayed , the wine either grows rank o● pricking , or else turns sour : by reason that the sulphur , being overmuch exalted over the rest of the elements or ingredients , predominates over the pure spirits , and infects the whole mass of liquor with sharpness o● acidity : or else it comes to pass , that the spirits being spent and flown away , in the commotion ; and the salt dissolv'd and set afloat , obtains the mastery over the other similar parts , and introduceth rankness or ropiness . yea , though these commotions chance to be suppressed before the wine is thereby much depraved : yet do they alwayes ●eave such evil impressions , as more or less alienate the wine ●rom the goodness of its former ●tate , in colour , consistence and ●aste . for hereby all wines ac●uire a deeper tincture , i. e. à ●hicker body or consistence ; sacks and white-wines changing ●rom a clear white to a cloudy yellow ; and claret losing its ●right red for a duskish orange-●olour , and sometimes for a tawny . in like manner they degenerate also in taste , and affect the palate with foulness , roughness , and raucidity very unpleasant . among the external ; are commonly reckoned the too frequent , or violent motion of wines , after their settlement in their vessels ; immoderate heat , thunder or the report of canons , and the admixture of any exotick body , which will not symbolize or agree , and incorporate with them , especially the flesh of vipers . which i have frequently observed to induce a very great acidity upon even the sweetest and fullest-bodied malago and canary wines . yet , under favour , i should think all these forein accidents to be rather occasions than causes of the evil events that follow upon them ; because these events seem to arise immediately and principally from the commotion and diffusion of the sulphureous , or saline impurities formerly separated from the liquor , and kept in due subjection by the genuine and benign spirits . but this is no place , nor is it my inclination , to insist upon nicety of terms , which might indeed start matter of subtle speculations , but can afford little or nothing of profit to our present enquiry . which brings us in the next place to our , third praevious considerable , viz. the palling or flatting of wines , and their declination toward vinegar , before they have attained to the state of maturity and perfection . of this the grand and proxime cause seems to be their jejuness and poverty of spirits , either native , or adventitious . native , when the grapes themselves are of a poor and hungry kind , or gathered unripe , or nipt by early frosts , or half-starved in their growth , by a dry and unkindly season , &c. adventitious , when the liquor , rich perhaps and generous enough at first , comes afterward to be impoverished by loss of spirits , either by oppression , or by exhaustion . the spirits of wine may be ●ppressed , when the quantity of ●mpurities , or dreggs , with which they are combined , is so great , and their crudity , viscosity and ●enacity so contumacious , that they can neither overcome them , ●or deliver themselves from their ●dhaesion ; but are forced to ●ield to the obstinacy of the matter on which they should operate , and so to remain unactive and clogg'd . as may be exemplified in the course wines of moravia ; which by reason of their great austerity and roughness , seldom attain to a due exaltation of their spirits , but still remain turbulent , thick , and in the state of crudity , and therefore easily pall , in which respect they are condemned by some german physicians , and more expresly by sennertus ( lib. de scorbut . cap. . ) as infamous for generating the scorbute , and administring matter for the stone and gout : they yielding more of tartar than any other wines . the spirits of wine may be exhausted or consumed either suddainly , or by degrees . suddainly by lightning ; which doth spoi● wine ( as i conceive , at least ) not by congelation or fixation of its spirits ; for , then such wine● might be capable of restoration by such means as are apt to reinforce and volatilize the spirit● again , contrary to what hath been found by experience : bu● perhaps by disgregation and putting them to flight , so as to leave the liquor dead , pall'd , and never to be revived by any new supply . by degrees , two wayes ; viz. by unnatural fermentation , of whose evil effects something hath already been said : or by heat from without ; of which we have an instance in the making of vinegar . which commonly is done by setting the vessels of wine against the hot sun ; which beating upon the mass of liquor , and rarefying the finer parts thereof , gives wings to the fugitive spirits to flye away , together with the purer and more volatil sulphur ; leaving the remainder to the dominion of the salt , which soon debaseth and infecteth it with sourness . this being the common manner of turning wine into vinegar , and practised ( for ought i could ever learn to the contrary ) in all ages , and all countries ; i make a doubt , whether spirit of wine may be drawn out of vinegar , notwithstanding it hath been delivered as practicable , even by the grave and learned sennertus himself , in . lib. de consens . chymicor . cum ▪ galen . and heartily wish you would be pleased to resolve tha● my doubt , by some experimen● of your own . the times of the year when wine● are observed to be most pro● to ferment and fret , and the● to grow qually ( as they call it that is turbulent and foul , an● midsummer and alhallontide : whe● our vintners use to rack them from their gross lees , especially renish , which commonly grows sick in iune , if not rack'd ; and they choose to do it in the wane of the moon , and fair weather , the wind being northerly . ¶ . having thus succinctly recounted the most remarkable distempers of wines , guessed at their respective causes , and touched upon the times : it is seasonable for me to proceed to their usual remedies , such at least as i have been able to collect from wine-coopers and vintners ; which is the fourth and last part of my argment . to begin therefore with some of the artifices used to wines when yet in the must ; it is observable , that although to the raising a fermentation in them , at that time , there be not so much need of any additional ferment , as there is in the woo●● of ale , beer , hydromel , metheglin , and other sorts of drinks familiar to us in england ; because the juice of the grape is replenished with generous spirits sufficient of themselves to begin th●● work : yet it is usual in some countries to put quick lime either upon the grapes , when they are pressing , or into the must , to the end that by the force and quickness of its saline and fiery particles , the liquor may be both accelerated and assisted in working . for the same reason perhaps it is , that the spaniards mix with their wines , while they are yet flowing from the press , a certain thing they call giesso , which i guess to be a kind of gypsum or plaistre ; whereby the wines are made more durable , of a paler colour , and more pleasant taste . others put into the cask shavings of firr , oak or beech , for the same purpose ; and others vinegar . again , though the first fermentation succeeds generally well , so that the whole mass of liquor is thereby delivered from the gross lee ; yet sometimes it happens , either through scarcity of spirits at first , or through immoderate cold , that some part of ●hose impurities remain confused and floating therein . now in this case , wine-coopers put into the wine certain things to hasten and help its clarification ; such as being of gross and viscous parte , may adhere to the floating lee , and sinking carry it with them to the bottom ; of which sort are isinglass and the whites of eggs : or such as meeting with the grosser and earthly particles of the lee , both dissociate , and sink them by their gravity ; of whic● kind are the powders of alabast●● calcin'd flints , white marble , ro●● alum , &c. the clarification of ippocras usually expedited by putting in to it new milk , which after short space of time separates an● sinks of it self , carrying with it th● powders of the spices and gross●● parts of the wine ; after the manner of things that clarifie liquors by way of adhaesion . the graecians at this day have a peculiar way of spurring nature , and causing her to mend her pace , in fining and ripening their strongest and most generous wines : and it is by adding to them , when they begin to work , a proportionate quantity of sulphur and alum ; not ( as i think ) to prevent their suming up to the head and inebriating , according to the conjecture of that great man , the lord st. albans , in his nat. hist. for , notwithstanding this mixture , they cause drunkenness as soon , if not sooner than other wines , nor are men intoxicated by the vapours of wine flying up immediately from the stomack into the brain : but only to excite and promote their fermentation , and hasten their clarification ensuing thereupon ; the sulphur perhaps helping to attenuate and divide those gross and viscid parts , wherewith greek wines abound ; and the alum conducing to the speedier praecipitation of them afterward . and it is reported by a learned traveller ( zimar . in antr. magic . medic. t. . lib. . pag. . ) that some merchants put into every pipe of their greek wine , a gill or thereabouts of the chymical oyl of sulphur , in order to the longer preservation of it clear and sound which though i easily believ● because the acid spirit of sulph●● is known to resist putrefaction i● liquors : yet i should decline the use of wines so preserved , unless in time of pestilential infection ; remembring that old distich ; qui bibit ingrato foedatum sulphure bacchum , praeparet ad diri se phlegetontis aquam . but of all wayes of hastening ●he clarification and ripening of new wine , none seems to me ●o be either more easie , or more ●nnoxious , than that borrowed from one of the ancients by the lord chancellor bacon , and mentioned in his sylva sylvarum . cen●ur . . experim . . which is by putting the wine into vessels well ●topped , and letting it down into ●he sea. hence i am apt to derive the use of that antique epither given to wine thus ripened , vinum thalassites . but how shall we reconcile this experiment to that common practice of both the ancients and moderns , of keeping wine in the must a whole year about , only by sinking the cask , for . or . dayes , in a well or deep river ? that the use hereof is very ancient , is manifest from that discourse of plutarch ( quaestion . natur . . ) about the efficacy of cold upon must , whereof he gives thi● reason ; that cold not suffering the must to ferment , by suppressing the activity of the spirit therein contain'd , conserveth th● sweetness thereof a long tim● which is not improbable , because experience teacheth , that such who make their vintage in a rainy season , cannot get their must to ferment well in a vault , unless they cause great fires to be made neer the casks ; the rain mixed with the must , together with the ambient cold , impeding the motion of fermentation , which ariseth chiefly from heat . that the same is frequent at this day also , may be collected from what noble mr. boyl hath been pleased to observe in his incomparable history of cold , on the relation of a french man : viz. that the way to keep wine long in the must ( in which state the sweetness makes many to desire it ) is to tunn it up immediately from the press , and before it begins to work , to let down the vessels , closely and firmly stopped , into a well or deep river , there to remain for . or . weeks . during which time , the liquor will be so confirmed in its state of crudity , as to retain the same , together with its sweetness , for many months after , without any sensible fermentation . but ( as i said ) how can these two so different effects , the clarification of new wine , and the conservation of wine in the must , be derived from one and the same cause , the cold of the water ? without much difficulty , as i conjecture . for , it seems not unreasonable , that the same cold , which hinders must from fermenting , should yet accelerate and promote the clarification of wine after fermentation : in the first , by giving checque to the spirit before it begins to move and act upon the crude mass of liquor , so that it cannot in a long time after recover strength enough to work ; in the latter , by keeping in the pure and genuine spirit , otherwise apt to exhale , and rendring the flying lee more prone to subside , and so making the wine much sooner clear , fine and potable . and thus much concerning the helps of new wine . ¶ for the praeternatural , or sickly commotions incident to wines after their first clarification , and tending to their impoverishment or decay ; the general and principal remedy is racking , i. e. drawing them from their lees into fresh vessels . which yet being sometimes insufficient to preserve them , vintners find it necessary to pour into them a large quantity of new milk , as well to blunt the sharpness of the sulphureous parts now set afloat and exalted , as to precipitate them and other impurities to the bottom , by adhesion . but taught by experience , that by this means , the genuine spirits of the wine also are much flatted and impaired ( for , the lee , though it makes the liquor turbid , doth yet keep the wine in heart , and conduce to it● duration ) therefore , lest such wines should pall and dye upon their hands , as of necessity they must , they draw them forth fo● sale as fast as they can vent them . for the same disease they have divers other remedies , particularly accommodated to the nature of the wine that needs them ; to instance in a few , for spanish wines disturbed by a flying lee ; they have this receipt . make a parell ( give me leave to use their phrase ) of the whites of eggs , bay salt , milk and conduit water ; beat them well together in a convenient vessel ; then pour them into the pipe of wine ( having first drawn out a gallon or two , to make room ) and blow off the froth very clean . hereby the tumult will in . or . dayes be recomposed , the liquor refined , and the wine drink pleasantly , but will not continue to do so long ; and therefore they counsel to rack it from the milky bottom , after a weeks settlement , lest otherwise it should drink foul , and change colour . and this , if your sacks or canary wines chance to boyl over , draw off . or . gallons ; then putting into the wine . gallons of milk from which the cream hath been skimm'd , beat them till they be throughly commix'd ; adding a pennyworth of roch allum , dryed in a fire-shovel , and beaten to powder , and as much of white starch : after this , take the whit●● of . or . eggs , a handfull of bay-salt , and having beaten them together in a tray , put them also into the wine , filling up the pipe again , and letting the wine stand or dayes ; in which time , the wine will recover to be fine and bright to the eye , and quick to the taste : but be sure you draw it off that bottom soon , and spend it as fast as you can . for claret in like manner distempered with a flying lee , they have this artifice . they take two pound of the powder of pebble-stones , bak'd ●n an oven , the whites of ten or ●welve eggs , a handfull of bay●●lt ; and having beaten them well together in two gallons of ●he wine , they mix them with that in the cask ; and after two or three dayes draw off the wine from that bottom . the same parell serves also for white wines upon the frett , by the turbulency and rising of their lee. to cure rhenish of its fretting ( to which it is most prone a little after midsummer , as was before observed ) they seldom use any other art , but giving it vent , an● covering the open bung with 〈◊〉 tile or slate ; from which the● are carefull to wipe off the fi lt purged from the wine by exhalation : and after the commotio● is by this means composed , a● much of the fretting matter ca● forth , they observe to let it remain quiet for a fortnight or thereabout , and then rack it into a fresh cask , newly fumed with a sulphurate match , call'd in latine tela sulphurata , in high-dutch einschlag . ¶ . as for the various accidents , that frequently ensue and vitiate wines after those forementioned reboylings , notwithstanding their suppression before they were incurable ; you may please to remember , i referr'd them all to such as alter and deprave wines either in colour , or consistence , or taste , or smell . now for each of these maladies our vintners are provided of a cure. ●n particular , to restore spanish and austrian wines grown yellow or brownish , they add to them sometimes milk alone , sometimes milk and isinglass well dissolved therein , sometimes milk and white starch : by which they force the exalted sulphur to separate from the liquor , and sink to the bottom ; so reducing the wine to its former clearness and whiteness . the same effect they produce with a composition of flower-●eluce roots , and salt-petre , ana . ● or ounces ; the whites of or eggs , and a competent quantity of common salt ; mixt and beaten in the wine . to amend claret decayed i● colour , first they rack it upon 〈◊〉 fresh lee either of alicant , or r● bordeaux wine ; then the● take pound of turnsol , steep it in all night in two or three gallons of the same wine , and having strained the infusion through a bagg , pour the tincture into the hoggshead ( sometimes they suffer it first to fine of it self in a rundler ) and then cover the bung-hole with a tile , and so let it stand for or dayes ; in which time the wine usually becomes well-coloured and bright . some use only the tincture of turnsol . others take half a bushel of full-ripe elder-berries , pick them from their stalks , bruise them , and put the strain'd juice into a hoggs-head of discoloured claret ; and so make it drink brisk , and appear bright . others , if the claret be otherwise sound , and the lee good , overdraw or gallons ; then replenish the vessel with as much good red wine , and rowl him upon his bed , leaving him reversed all night : next morning turn him again so as the bung-hole may be uppermost , which stopt , they leave the wine to fine . but in all these cases they observe to set such newly recovered wines abroach , the very next day after they are fined , and to draw them for sale speedily . to correct wines faulty in consistence , i. e. such as are lumpish , foul , or ropy ; they generally make use of the powders of burnt alum , line , chalk , plaistre , spanish white , calcined marble , bay salt , and other the like bodies , which cause a precipitation of the gross and viscid parts of the wine then afloat . for example , for the attenuation of spanish wines , that are foul and lumpish ; having first rack'd them into a newly scented cask , they make a parell of burn'd alum , bay salt , and conduit water : then they add thereto a quart of bean-flower , or powder of rice ( and if the wine be also brown and dusky , milk , otherwise not ) and beating all these well together with the wine , blow off the froth , and cover the bung with a clean ●ile-stone . lastly , they again rack the wine after a few dayes , and put it into a cask well scented . here perhaps some , not well understanding what is meant by this scenting of casks , will pardon me if i make a short stand to explain it . they take of brimstone ounces , of burn'd alum ounce , of aqua vitae , ounces ; these they put together in an earthen pan , or pipkin ; and hold them over a a chausing dish of glowing coals ▪ till the brimstone is melted and runs , then they dipp therein a little piece of new canvas , and instantly sprinkle thereon the powders of nutmeggs , cloves , coriandre and anise seeds . this canvas they fire , and let it burn out in the bung-hole , so as the fume may be received into the vessel ; and this , as i have been credibly informed , is the best scent for all wines . nor is it a modern invention ; both canterarius ( cap. . membr . sect . . ) and levinus lemnius ( occult. lib. . cap. . ) taking notice of the like use among the ancients , of fuming their casks with sulphur , ut vasa à putredine defenderentur , vinum ▪ ipsum majorem calorem , aut spiritus acriores acquireret . to prevent the foulness and ropiness of wines , the old roman vindemiatores used to mix sea-water with the must , ut suo calore , ne vina lentescerent , pendulaque fierent , conservaret , & dum pondere suo in vase subsideret , faeces secum ad fundum deferret . cato de r. r. cap. . & langius . epist. . to cure the ropiness of claret , the vintners as well french as english have many remedies , among which i have selected two or three , as most memorable , because most usual . one is this , first , they give the wine a parell , then draw it from the lee , after the clarification by that parell ; this done , they infuse pound of turnsol in good sack all night , and the next day putting the strain'd infusion into a hoggshead of the wine , with a spring funnel , leave it to fine , and after draw it for excellent wine . another this , they make a lee of the ashes of vine-branches , or of oaken leaves , and pour it into the wine hot , and after stirring leave it to settle . the quantity , a quart of lee , to a pipe of wine . a third is only spirit of wine , which put into muddy claret , serves to the refining it effectually and speedily : the proportion being a pint of spirit to a hoggs-head . but this is not to be used in sharp and eagre wines . when white wines grow foul and tawny , they only rack them on a fresh lee , and give them time to fine . for the emendation of wines offending in taste , vintners have few other correctives , but what conduce to clarification . nor do they indeed much need variety in the case ; seeing all unsavouriness of wines whatever seems to proceed from their impurities set afloat , and the dominion of either their sulphureous , or saline parts over the finer and sweeter ; which causes are removed chiefly by precipitation . for , all clarification of liquors may be referred to one of these three causes : ( . ) separation of the grosser parts of the liquor from the finer ; ( . ) the equal distribution of the spirits of the liquor , which alwayes rendreth bodies clear and untroubled ; ( . ) the refining of the spirit it self . and the two latter are consequents of the first , which is effected chiefly by precipitation , the instruments whereof are weight and viscosity of the body admixt , the one causing it to cleave to the gross parts of the liquor flying up and down in it , the other sinking them to the bottom . but this being more than vintners commonly understand , they rest not in clarification alone ; having found out certain specifics as it were , to palliate the several vices of wines of all sorts , which make them disgustfull . of these likewise i shall recite two or three , of greatest use and esteem among them . to correct rankness , eagerness and pricking of sacks and other sweet wines , they take or of the whitest lime-stones , and slack them in a gallon of the wine ; then they add more wine , and stir them together in a half-tubb , with a parelling-staff ; next they pour this mixture into the hoggshead , and having again used the parelling instrument , leave the wine to settle , and then rack it . this wine i should guess to be no ill drink for gross bodies and rheumatick brains ; but hurtfull to good fellows of hot and dry constitutions , and meagre habits . against the pricking of french wines , they prescribe this easie and cheap composition . take of the powder of flanders tile pound , of roch alum half a pound , mix them and beat them well with a convenient quantity of the wine , then put them into the hoggshead , as the former . when their rhenish wines prick , they first rack them into a clean and strongly-scented cask or vate ; then add to the wine or gallons of clarified hony , with a gallon or two of skim - milk , and beating all together , leave them to settle . sometimes it happens , that claret loseth much of its briskness and picquantness ; and in such case they rack it upon a good lee of red wine , and put into it a gallon of the juice of slows or bullies , which , after a little fermentation and rest , makes the wine drink brisk and rough . the like hath been sometimes done , as i have been told by a drawer , with virginian pears , call'd metaguesunaux . which seems highly probable , because that fruit is of colour deeply sanguine , and very austere and rough of taste , as i observed in some that were given me some years since . to meliorate the taste of hungry and too eagre white-wines , they draw off or gallons of the wine , and infusing therein as many pounds of malago raisins , stoned and bruised in a stone mortar , till the wine hath sufficiently imbibed their sweetness and tincture ( which it will do in a dayes time ) they run it through an hippocras bagg , then put it into a fresh cask , well scented , together with the whole remainder of the wine in the hoggshead , and so leave it to fine . to help stinking wines , the general remedy is racking them from their old and corrupt lee. besides which , some give them a fragrant smell or flavor , by hanging in them little baggs of spices , such as ginger , zed●●ry , cloves , cinnamon , orras roots , cubebs , grains of paradise , spiknard , &c. aromaticks . others boyle some of these spices in a pottle of good sound wine of the same sort , and turn up the dec●tion hot . others correct the ill savour of rank-leed french wine with only a few cinnamon canes hung in them . others again for the same end use elder flowers , and topps of lavender . ¶ . having thus run over three parts of the vintners dispensatory , and transcribed many of their principal secrets for the cure of the acute diseases of wines ; we are arrived now at the fourth , which contains medicaments proper for their chronic distempers , viz. loss of spirits , and decay of strength . concerning these , therefore it is observable , that as whe● wines are in praeternatural commotions , from an excess and predomination of their sulphureous parts , the grand medicine is to rack them from their lee : so , on the contrary , when they decline and tend toward palling , by reason of the scarcity of their spirits and sulphur ; the most effectual preservative is to rack them upon other lees , richer and stronger than their own ; that being from thence supplyed with new spirits , they may acquire somewhat more of vigour and quickness . i say preservative ; because there is , in truth , no restoring of wines after they are perfectly pall'd and dead , for nothing that is past perfection , and hath run its natural race once , can receive much amendment . but besides reinforcing of impoverished wines by new and more generous lees , there are sundry confections , by which also , as by cordials , the languishing spirits of them may be sustained , and to some degree recruited ▪ of which i here bring two or three particular examples . when sacks begin to languish ( which doth not often happen , especially in this city , where are so many sack-drinkers ) they refresh them with a cordial syrup ▪ made of most generous wine , of sugar and spices . for rhenish and white wines , a simple decoction of raisins of the sun , and a strong-scented cask , usually serve the turn . for claret inclining to a consumption ; they prescribe a new and richer lee , and the shaving● of firr wood ; that he spirits being recruited by the additional lee , may be kept from exhaling , by the unctuous substance of the turpentine . which artifice i have often observed , at the time of my being at paris , to be used in the most delicate and thin-bodied wines of france : and seems to me , no improbable cause of that exceeding dulness and pain of the head , which alwayes attends upon debauches made with such wines . nor is it a modern invention , but well known to , and frequently put in use by the old romans , in times of their greatest wealth and luxury . for , pliny ( hist. nat . lib. . cap. . ) takes singular notice of the custome of the italian vintners , in mixing with their wines turpentine of several sorts . some of his words are these , ratio autem condiendi musta , in primo fervore , qui novem diebus cumplurimum peragitur , aspersu picis ; ut odor vino contingat , & saporis quaedam acumina . vehementius id fieri arbitrantur , crudo flore resinae , excitarique lenitatem , &c. yea , the graecians long afore had their vina picata & resinata ; as is evident from the commendation of such wines by plutarch ( . sympos . probl . . ) and the prescription of them to women , in some cases , by our great master , hippocrates ( . de morb. mulier . ) : and were so much delighted with their vinum pissites , that they consecrated the pich tree to bacchus . you have heard the summe of what i have my self observed , and what i have transcribed from the manuscripts of some very skilfull vintners , which i had the good luck to peruse ; concerning the remedies of the various sicknesses , to which wines are obnoxious . it remains only , that i entertain your patience , a minute or two longer , with a taste of the more disingenuous practices of vintners , in the transmutation or sophistication of wines , which they call trickings or compassings . they transform poor rochel and cogniak white wines into rhenish ; rhenish into sack ; the laggs of sacks and malmsies into muskadels . the counterfeit raspic-wine , with flower de luce roots ; verdea , with decoctions of raisins ; they sell decayed xeres , vulgarly sherry , for lusenna wine : in all these impostures deluding the palate so neatly , that few are able to discern the fraud ; and keeping these arcana lucrifera so close , that fewer can come to the knowledge of them . so that we may say , as pliny did , in the close of his chapter touching the sophistication of wines , in his dayes ; tot veneficiis placere cogitur , & miramur noxium esse vinum ? as for their metamorphosis of white into claret , by dashing it with red ; nothing is more commonly either done or known . for their conversion of white into rhenish ; they have several artifices to effect it , among which this is most usual . they take a hogshead of rochel , or cogniak , or nants white wine ; rack it into a fresh cask , strongly scented ; then give the white parell : put into it or gallons of clarified hony , or pounds of cours sugar , and beating it well , leave it to clarifie . to give this mixture the delicate flavour , they sometimes add a decoction of clary seeds , or gallitricum ; of which druggs there is an incredible quantity used yearly at dort , where now is the staple of rhenish wines . and this is that drink , wherewith our english ladies are so much delighted , under the specious name of rhenish in the must. the manner of making adulterate bastard , is this . recipe , four gallons of white wine , three gallons of old canary , five pounds of bastard syrup , beat them well together ; put them into a clean rundlet , well scented ; and give them time to fine . sack is made of rhenish , either by strong decoctions of malago raisins , or by a syrupe of sack , sugar and spices . muskadel is sophisticated with the laggs of sack , or malmsey thus . they dissolve in a convenient quantity of rose-water , of musk ounces , of calamus aromaticus powder'd ounce , of coriander seed beaten half an ounce ; and while this infusion is yet warm , they put it into a rundlet of old sack , or malmsey ; and this they call , a flavour for muskadel . many other wayes there are of adulterating wines , daily practised even in this our ( otherwise well govern'd ) city : but in respect they all tend to the above-mentioned alterations , and are less general ; therefore i pass them over in silence . ¶ . nor have i at present any thing more to add to this essay toward a history of wines , but my humble request to your lordship , and the honour'd fellows of this royal society , that you would be pleas'd to pardon the many defects of it ; and that if the enquiries therein made come short of your expectation ▪ you would suspend your curiosity untill my copartner in this province , the learned dr. merret , shall have brought in his observations concerning the same subject . for , i doubt not but the fulness of his papers will supply the emptiness of mine . ¶ . the end . some observations concerning the ordering of wines . by dr. merret . the mysterie of wines consists in the making and meliorating of natural wines . melioration is either of sound or vitious wines . sound wines are bettered , . by preserving . . timely fining . . by mending colour , smell or taste . to preserve wines , care must be taken , that , after the pressing , they may ferment well : for without good fermentation , they become qually ( i. e. ) cloudy , thick and dusky , and will never fine of themselves as other wines do : and when they are fined by art , they must be speedily spent , or else they will become qually again , and then by no art recoverable . the principal impediments of the fermentation of wines , after pressing the grapes , are either their unripeness when gathered , or the mixture of rain water with them , as in wet vintages ; or else through the addition of water to rich grapes . the spaniards use giesso to help the fermentation of their canary wines . to preserve spanish wines , and chiefly canary , and thereof principally that which is razie , which will not keep so long ; they make a layer of grapes and giesso , whereby it acquires a better durance and taste , and a whiter colour , most pleasing to the english. razie wine , is so called , because it comes from rhenish-wine slips , sometimes renewed . the grape of this wine is fleshy , yielding but a little juice . french and rhenish wines are chiefly and commonly preserved by the match , thus , used at dort in holland : take brimstone or pounds , rack , into it melted , spices , as cloves , cinnamon , mace , ginger and coriander-seeds and some to save charges use the reliques of the hippocras bag ; and having mixed these well with the brimstone they draw through this mixture , long , square , narrow pieces of canvas , which pieces thus drawn through the said mixture , they light and put into the vessel at the bung-hole , and presently stop it close : great care is to be had in proportioning the brimstone to the quantity and quality of the wine ; for too much makes it rough ; this smoaking keeps the wine long , white , and good , and gives it a pleasant taste . there 's another way for french and rhenish wines , viz. firing it : 't is done in a stove , or else a good fire made round about the vessel , which will gape wide , yet the wine runs not out ; 't will boyle , and afterwards may soon be rack'd . secondly , for timely fining of wines . all wines in the must are more opacous and cloudy . good wine soon fines , and the gross lees settle quickly and also the flying lee in time . when the grosser lees are setled , they draw off the wine , called racking . the usual times for racking , are midsommer and alhallontide . the practice of the dutch and english to rid the wine of the flying lees speedily , and serves most for french and spanish wine , is thus performed : take of isinglass half a pound , stop it in half a pint of the hardest french wine that can be got , so that the wine may fully cover it . let them then stand hours , then pull and beat the isinglass to pieces , and add more wine , and times a day squeez it to a gelly , and as it thickens add more wine . when 't is fully and perfectly gellyed , take a pint or quart to a hogshead and so proportionably : then overdraw or gallons of that wine you intend to fine , which mix well with the said quantity of gelly , then put this mixture to the piece of wine and beat it with a staffe , and fill it top-full . note that french-wines must be bunged up very close , but not the spanish ; and that isinglass raiseth the lees to the top of strong wines , but in weaker precipitateth it to the bottom . they mend the colour of sound clarets by adding thereto red-wine , tent or alicant , or by an infusion of turnsole made in or gallons of wine , and then putting it into the vessel , to be then ( being well stopt ) rowled for a quarter of an hour . this infusion is sometimes twice or thrice repeated according as more colour is to be added to the wine ; some hours infusion of the turnsole is sufficient , but then it must be rubbed and wringed . what turnsole is , see the notes on the art of glass . claret over-red , is amended with the addition of white-wines . white wines coming over sound but brown , thus remedied : take of alablaster-powder , over-draw the hogshead or gallons , then put this powder into the bung , and stir and beat it with a staff , and fill it top-full . the more the wine is stirred , the finer it will come upon the lee , that is , the finer it will be . to colour sack white ; take of white starch pounds , of milk gallons , boyle them together hours , when cold beat them well with a handfull of white salt , and then put them into a clean and sweet butt , beating them with a staff , and the wine will be pure and white . one pound of the aforementioned gelly of isinglass takes away the browness of french and spanish wines , mix'd with or gallons of wine , accoriding as 't is brown and strong , more or less to be used . then overdraw the peice of wine about gallons , and use the rod , and then fill the vessel full , and in a day or two 't will fine and be white , and mend if qualley . the first buds of ribes nigra infused in wines , especially rhenish , makes it diuretick and more fragrant in smell and taste , and so doth clary . the inconvenience is , that the wine becomes more heady : a remedy whereof is elder-flowers added to the clary ; which also betters the fragrancy thereof , as 't is manifest in elder-vinegar . but these flowers are apt to make the wine ropy . to help brown malago's and spanish wines ; take powder of orras-roots and salt-peter of each ounces , the whites of eggs , whereto add as much salt as will make a brine , put this mixture into the wine , and mix them with a staff. to meliorate muddy and tauny clarets ; take of rain-water pints , the yelks of eggs , salt an handfull , beat them well , let them stand hours before you put them into the cask , then use the rod , and in dayes it will come to it self . to amend the taste and smell of malago . take of the best almonds pounds , make therewith , and with sufficient quantity of the wine to be cured , an emulsion ; then take the whites and yelks of eggs , beat them together with salt an handfull , put them into the pipe , using the rod. to amend the smell and taste of french and rhenish which are foul . take , to an auln of the wine , of honey one pound , of elder-flowers a handfull , orras powder an ounce , one nutmeg , a few cloves , boyle them in sufficient quantity of the wine to be cured , to the consumption of half , when 't is cold , strain and use it with the rod : some add a little salt. if the wine be sweet enough , add of spirits of wine one pound to a hoggshead , and give the cask a strong scent . spirit of wine makes any wine brisk , and fines it without the former mixture . a lee of the ashes of vine-branches , viz. a quart to a pipe , being beaten into the wine , cures the ropiness of it ; and so infallibly doth a lee of oaken ashes . for spanish ropy wine , rack it from its lees into a new scented cask , then take of alum one pound , orras roots powdered half a pound , beat them well into the wine with a staff . some add fine and well-dryed sand , put warm to the wine . if the wine besides prove brown , add pottles of milk to a pipe. alias , the spaen cures ropy wine , used before it begins to fret . herrings roes preserve any stum wines . to order rhenish wines when fretting . commonly in iune that wines begin to ferment and grow sick , then have a special care not to disturb it , either by removing , filling the vessel , or giving it vent , only open the bung , which cover with a slate , and as often as the slate is foul , cleanse it and the bung from their filth , and when the fermentation is past , which you shall know by applying your ear to the vessel , then give it rest or dayes that the grosser lees may settle , then rack it into a fresh scented cask . this mixture meliorates vitious wines both in smell and taste ; especially french. take of the best honey one part , of rain-water two parts and one third of sound old wine of the same kind ; boyle them on a gentle fire to a third part , scumming them often with a clean scummer ( to which purpose they have a payle of fair water standing by to rince it in ) then put this mixture hot into a vessel of fit capacity , and let it stand unbunged till cool . some , to better this , put in a bag of spices . this mixture , called by the dutch soet , will serve also to fine any wine new or old . . 't will mend the hard taste of wine ( i. e. ) putting a gallon thereof to a hogshead , and using the rod , and then let it rest or dayes at the least , but if mild enough , add white mustardseed bruised . to mend and preserve the colour of clarets . take red beet-roots q. s. scrape them clean and cut them into small pieces , then boyle them in q. s. of the same wine , to the consumption of a third part , scum it well , and when cool , decant off what 's clear , and use the rod. alias , take of the wine and honey of each pounds , rain-water a pottle . . beet-roots , ripe mulberries or handfulls , boyle them to half , and when cool decant , &c. ut suprà . to preserve claret rack'd from its lees. take to a tierce eggs , make a small hole in the top of the shells , then put them into the wine , and all will be consumed . to prevent souring of french wines . take grains of paradise q. s. beat them in a pan , and hang them or put them loose into a vessel . some use lavender tops . to help sour french wine . take of the best wheat ounces boyled in fair water till it break , and when cold put it into a vat in a bag , and use the rod. alias , take or cinnamon canes , bung them up well . to help spanish sour wines . first rack the wine into a clean cask , and fill it up with two or three gallons of water , and add thereto of burnt chalk ounces , and after or dayes it must be rackt and filled up again with rain water , if the first time doth not do it . some use loam or plastering . if these ingredients make the wine bitter , correct the fault with nutmegs and cloves . to help stinking wines . take ginger half an ounce , zedoary drachms , powder and boyle them in a pottle of good wine , which put scalding hot into the vat : bung it up and let it lye ; the species of diambrae and diamoscu dulc do the same ; and so nutmegs and cloves which also give a kind of raziness . to help wine that hath an ill savour from the lees. first , rack it into a clean cask , and if red or claret , give him a fresh lee of the same kind : then take of cloves , ginger and cinnamon ounces , orras-root ounces ; powder them grosly , hang them in a bag , and taste the wine once in dayes , and when 't is amended take out the bagg . some do it thus , take of cloves half a pound , mastick , ginger , cubebs , of each ounces , spica nardi drachms , orras root half a pound , make thereof a fine powder , which put loose into the vat , and use the rod , then make a good fire before it . firing of wines in germany is thus performed : they have in some vaults or stoves , which they heat very hot ; others make fires almost before every vat ; by this means the must fermenteth with that vehemency , that the wine appears between the staves ; when this ebullition , fermentation and working ceaseth , let the wine stand some dayes , and then rack it . this firing is only used in cold years , when the wine falls out green . stum is nothing else but pure wine kept from fretting by often racking and matching it in clean vessels and strongly scented ( i. e. ) new matched , by means whereof it becomes as clear or clearer than any other wine , preserving it self from both its lees by precipitation of them : but if through neglect it once fret , it becomes good wine . the bung of the vessel must be continually stopt , and the vessels strong left they break . a little stum put to wine decayed , makes it ferment afresh , and gives life and sweetness thereto , but offends the head and stomach , torments the guts , and is apt to cause loosnesses , and some say barrenness in women . to fine wine presently ▪ fill a cask with shavings or chips of beech or oak ( which are best ) this is to be done with much art , or else it seldome hits right , but lasteth long : put these chips into a cask which is called by the dutch een spaen ( i. e. ) a chip , into which they pour in as much wine as the cask will hold , and in hours the wine will be fine . or a quart of vinegar in three dayes will fine a hogshead of wine . to set old wine a fretting being deadish and dull in taste . take of stum gallons , to a hogshead , put it hot upon the wine , then set a pan of fire before the hogshead , which will then ferment till all the sweetness of the stum is communicated to the wine , which thereby becomes brisk and pleasant . some use this stumming at any time , some in august only , when the wine hath a disposition to fret of it self , more or less stum to be added , as the wine requires . the best time to rack wine is the decrease of the moon , and when the wine is free from fretting ; the wind being at north-east or north-west , and not at south , the sky serene , free from thunder and lightning . another match for french clarets and spanish wines . take orras-roots , mastick and brimstone , of each ounces , cloves ounces ; ordering it ut suprà in matching wines . this will serve for all wines , adding if you please nutmegs , ginger , cinnamon and other spices . double the quantity of orras root is to be used for spanish wines . to help malago's which will not fine . take of crude tartar powdered , sifted and dryed , pounds , mix it with the whites of eggs : dry , powder and sift them again , then overdraw the pipe as much as will serve to mix with this powder , and fill the pipe therewith , beating it with a staff as before , and this wine will be fine in ten dayes . another speedy way to fine french wines . hang a piece of scent in the cask , and when 't is burnt out , put in a pint of the best spirit of wine , and stir it about . some add , a little salt well dryed . this fines the wine in hours . to keep must a year . take must , put it into a cask pitcht within and without , half full , stop the bung close with morter . others few the cask in skins , and sink it for dayes into a well or river . or else a garland of polium montanum hung in the vessel . or rub the inside of the vessel with cheese : all these preserve rhenish must , as the scholiast on dodonaus in dutch. alum put into a hogs-bladder , keeps wine from turning flat , faint or brown and beaten with the whites of eggs removes its ropiness . flat wines recovered with spirit of wine , raisins and sugar or melosses ; and sacks , by drawing them on fresh lees. our wine-coopers of latter times use vast quantities of sugar and melosses to all sorts of wines , to make them drink brisk and sparkling , and to give them spirits , as also to mend their bad tastes , all which raisins and cute and stum perform . countrey vintners feed their fretting wines with raw beef ; and here , their canaries with malago , which is added more or less to all canaries . the composition of wines is manifold , the vintners usually drawing out of or casks , for one pint , to accommodate it to the palate of those that drink it . most of the canary is made with malago and zerez sack. i shall conclude with two common compunded wines , muscaden and hippocrass : the former usually made with gallons of cute ( which is wine boyled to the consumption of half ) to a butt of wine . or the lees and droppings boyl'd and clarified ; its flavour is made of coriander seeds prepared and shavings of cyprus wood . some instead of cute , make it of sugar , melosses and honey , or mix them with the cute . this following is an hypocrass of my own making , and the best i have tasted . take of cardamoms , carpobalsamus of each half an ounce , coriander seeds prepared , nutmegs , ginger , of each ounces , cloves drachms ; bruise and infuse them hours in zerez and white wine , of each a gallon , often stirring them ; then add thereto of milk pints , strain through an hippocrass bag , and sweeten it with a pound of sugar-candy . the end . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a -e lib. de passion . part . . art . . concerning the prices of wine &c. die mercurii, maii , . england and wales. parliament. house of commons. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing c ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) concerning the prices of wine &c. die mercurii, maii , . england and wales. parliament. house of commons. sheet. s.n., [london : ] place and date of publication supplied by wing. a resolution, which includes a declaration of the illegality of the patent obtained by alderman abell and richard kilvert. reproduction of original in bodleian library. eng abell, william, fl. . kilvert, richard, d. . wine industry -- england -- london. london (england) -- history -- th century. a r (wing c ). civilwar no concerning the prices of wine &c. die mercurii, maii , . england and wales. parliament. house of commons a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john pas sampled and proofread - john pas text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion concerning the prices of vvine , &c. die mercurii , maii . . upon the whole matter of the report , it was resolved upon the question , . that the patent for the payment of . shill. per tun on wines by the merchants , is illegall in the creation , and a grievance . . that the imposition of a penny on a quart on french wines , and two pence on a quart on spanish wines , is a grievance . . that the patent of the imposition of . shillings per tun , is a grievance in the execution . . that alderman abel , and master richard kilvert are the principall projectors both in the creation and execution of this illegall imposition of . shill. per tun. resolved upon the question , that there shal be a bill prepared , declaring the offences of alderman abel , and richard kilvert , to the end they may be made exemplary . resolved , &c. that a select committee be named , to examine who were the referrees , advisers , sharers , complotters and contractors , and those that have received any bribe or benefit by this patent , and who drew the patent . resolved , &c. that the proclamation dated the . of july , in the th . yeare of the king , prohibiting the wine-coopers to buy and sell wine , is illegall , and against the liberty of the subject . resolved , &c. that the decree made in the starre-chamber in december . prohibiting retailing vintners to dresse meat in their own houses , to sell againe to guests , is illegall , and against the liberty of the subject . a proclamation concerning the granting of licenses for selling and retailing of wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a proclamation concerning the granting of licenses for selling and retailing of wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . leaves printed by john bill and christopher barker ..., london : . reproduction of original in the university of illinois (urbana-champaign campus). library. imprint from colophon. caption title. at head of title: by the king. at end of text: given at our court at whitehal, the twenty seventh day of september, . in the thirteenth year of our reign. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine and wine making -- law and legislation -- great britain. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion cr diev·et·mon·droit honi·soit·qvi·mal·y·pense· royal blazon or coat of arms by the king. a proclamation concerning the granting of licences for selling and retailing of wines . charles r. whereas by our royal proclamation ( dated the nineteenth day of march , in the thirteenth year of our raign ) publishing a late act of parliament , entituled , an act for the better ordering and selling wines by retail , among other things , it was declared in pursuance of the said act , that by our letters patents under our great seal of england , we had commissionated certain persons of trust therein named , to be our agents for the licencing such persons as they should think fit , to sell and utter wine by retail , and required all our loving subjects within our kingdom of england , dominion of wales , and town and port of berwick upon twede , who are therein concerned , to take notice of the said act , and duly observe the fame , and to address themselves to our said agents , and receive from them such licence and dispensation for selling and uttering wine by retail , as they should agreé , by vertue of the said act and our commission of agency : and yet notwithstanding the said act , and our proclamation thereupon , all the said retailers of wine remain still unlicenced , whereby they are become lyable to the great penalties and forfeitures in the said act imposed , which may bring upon them much damage , loss , and molestation . now therefore , we out of our princely grace and favor , being most desirous to keep such loss and damage from falling upon our said loving subjects , have thought fit by this our royal proclamation , to will and require all and every our said loving subjects , who are retailers of any wine or wines within our said kingdom of england , dominion of wales , and town and port of berwick upon twede , that they and every of them , do appear and address themselves unto our trusty and welbeloved sir maurice berkley knight and baronet , sir john colleton knight and baronet , and others our present commissioners and agents , and such others ( or any two or more of them ) as we shall appoint to be our agents for granting licences for retailing wine at their office in black-fryers , london , at the several and respective time and times herein after limited and appointed , then and there to contract with our said agents , at such rates , rents , and prices , as they shall agreé for licence and dispensation for retailing wines ; and to perfect such their respective contracts , and give such good and sufficient security for payment of their respective rents , and performance of covenants , as our said agents shall like and approve . and we hereby further declare , and our royal will and pleasure is , that all and every person and persons who are retailers of wine , or desire to have licence and dispensation to retail wine within our said dominions , and dwelling within fifty miles of london , shall , and do appear before our said agents at their said office , and shall and do agreé , contract , and give good security for payment of the rents and performance of covenants as aforesaid , at or before the twentieth day of october next ensuing . and all and every the person or persons who are retailers of wine , or that desire to have licence and dispensation to retail wine as aforesaid , dwelling within one hundred miles of london , shall , and do also appear , agreé , contract , and give good security for payment and performance of their covenants as aforesaid , at or before the thirtieth of october next ensuing . and all and every person or persons who are retailers of wine , or others , that desire to have licence and dispensation to retail wine as aforesaid , dwelling within one hundred and fifty miles of london , shall and do appear , agreé , contract , and give good security for payment and performance of their covenants as aforesaid , at or before the tenth day of november next ensuing . and all and every person or persons who are retailers of wine , or others , that desire licence and dispensation to retail wine , dwelling within two hundred miles of london , shall , and do appear , agreé , contract , and give good security for payment and performance of covenants as aforesaid , at or before the twentieth of november next ensuing . and all and every person or persons who are retailers of wine , or that desire to have licence and dispensation to retail wine as aforesaid , dwelling above two hundred miles from london , shall , and do appear , agreé , contract , and give good security for payment and performance of covenants as aforesaid , at or before the thirtieth of november next ensuing . and we hereby streightly charge and command , and our royal will and pleasure is , that all and every retailer or retailers of wine or wines , within our said dominions , do agreé and contract with our said agents for licence and dispensation for retailing and uttering wines as aforesaid , within the respective time and times in this our royal proclamation set and limited , and that such contract and agreément commence from michaelmas next ensuing the date hereof . and we hereby declare , that if any person or persons in any city , town-corporate , or other place or places , shall presume to utter or retail any wine or wines whatsoever , without making such contract and agreément , and giving security for payment for licence and dispensation to commence as aforesaid , and within the said respective time herein limited , are , and shall be lyable to the penalties and forfeitures in the said act set and imposed upon all such who utter and retail wine without licence , as in the said act is appointed , and are to be forthwith proceeded against as the said act directeth , any former or other patent , licence , or usage whatsoeuer , in any wise to the contrary notwithstanding . and we do further streightly charge and command all sheriffs , majors , bailiffs , constables , and all other our officers whatsoever , to be aiding and assisting unto our said agents for the exact obeying and putting in execution of this our proclamation . and we do hereby further declare to all our loving subjects , that it will be good and acceptable service to us in any of our said subjects , to prosecute such offenders who shall presume to sell or retail any wines without licences as aforesaid , contrary to the true intent and meaning of the said act , in such manner as is thereby appointed ; for which they shall receive the reward and advantage thereby proposed , being the moyety of five pounds for each offence so committed . given at our court at whitehal , the twenty seventh day of september , . in the thirteenth year of our raign . god save the king . london , printed by iohn bill and christopher barker , printers to the king' 's most excellent majesty , . at the king's printing-house in black-fryars . a proclamation for prizing of canary wines by james r. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing j estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a proclamation for prizing of canary wines by james r. england and wales. sovereign ( - : james ii) james ii, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.) printed by charles bill, henry hills, and thomas newcomb ..., london : . reproduction of original in huntington library. broadside. at head of title: by the king, a proclamation. at end of text: given at our court at whitehall the sixteenth day of december, . created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine and wine making -- england. broadsides - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion i r diev et mon droit honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms by the king , a proclamation for prizing of canary wines . james r. vvhereas by the statute made in the twenty eighth year of the reign of king henry the eighth , for prizing of vvines , it is provided that the lord chancellor , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings most honourable council , lord privy seal , and the lord chief iustices of either bench , or five , four or threé of them , shall have power and authority by their discretion to set the prices of all kinds of vvines , as in the said statute is expressed : by vertue whereof the lord chancellor , lord president , the lord chief iustice of the court of king's bench , and the lord chief iustice of the court of common pleas , the twelfth day of this instant december , upon consideration of the present state of the canary trade , did order that no canary vvine be sold for the ensuing year at more than nine pence per pint by retail , and twenty eight pounds per pipe in gross . now that all cause of excuse may be taken away , and that such as shall be found delinquents herein , may acknowledge their own wilfulness to be the cause of the danger and penalty they fall into , after avertisement . his majesties vvill and pleasure is , and by the advice of the said lords and the rest of his privy council , according to one other statute in that behalf made in the fourth year of the reign of his most noble progenitor king edward the third , by this his royal proclamation doth publish and declare , that for one year next following , to be accounted from the first day of february next , canary vvines be not sold by retail at more than nine pence the pint , and in gross at more than twenty eight pounds the pipe , and accord●ng to these rates ( and no higher ) in proportion for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail , which rates and prices his majesties pleasure is , shall be duly observed in all his ports and other places within this realm where vvines are landed , or within ten miles of those ports and places . and it is his majesties pleasure , that in places where canary vvines by land carriage shall be conveyed more than ten miles from the next port , the said vvines shall and may be sold according to the rates aforesaid , with an allowance not exceeding four pounds the tun , and one peny the quart for carriage thereof upon land every thirty miles , and according to that proportion , and not at greater rates , str●ctly charging and commanding such of his subjects and others whom it shall concern , that none of them during the time aforesaid presume to sell any of the said canary vvines in gross or by retail at h●gher rates than by this his majesties proclamation are appointed , under the forfeitures and penalties mentioned in the said statute , and other the laws and statutes of th●s realm ordained in that behalf , and such further pains and penalties as by the laws and statutes of this realm can or may be inflicted upon wilful contemners of his majesties royal command and proclamation : requiring and commanding all mayors , sheriffs , iustices of the peace , bailiffs , customers and comptrollers , and other officers of his majesties ports , and all others whom it shall concern , diligently to observe and attend the execution of this his royal pleasure , and to give information to the lords and others of the privy council , of the delinquents , that they may be proceéded against , and receive punishment according to their demerits . given at our court at whitehall the sixteenth day of december , . in the third year of our reign . god save the king . london , printed by charles bill , henry hills , and thomas newcomb , printers to the kings most excellent majesty , . by the king, a proclamation for prising of wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king, a proclamation for prising of wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . broadside. printed by the assigns of john bill and christopher barker ..., london : / [i.e. ] "given at our court at whitehall the seventeenth day of january, / . in the eight and twentieth year of our reign." imperfect: folded, with very slight loss of print. reproduction of original in the huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine and wine making -- law and legislation -- england. liquor laws -- england. great britain -- history -- charles ii, - . great britain -- politics and government -- - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john pas sampled and proofread - john pas text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion by the king. a proclamation for prising of wines . charles r. whereas by the stature made in the twenty eighth year of the reign of king henry the eighth , for prising of wines , it is provided , that the lord chancellour , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings most honourable council , lord privy seal , and the lord chief iustices of each bench , or five , or four , or three of them , shall have power and authority by their discretion to set the prices of all kind of wines , as in the said statute is expressed ; by vertue whereof , the lord chancellour , lord treasurer , and the lord chief iustices of each bench , have ordered , that canary wines be sold in gross , at thirty six pounds the pipe , twelve pence the pint by retail ; tents and malagaes in gross , at thirty pounds the butt , and ten pence the pint by retail ; that allicants , sherries and muscadels , be sold in gross , at twenty seven pounds , and nine pence the pint by retail ; that french wines be sold in gross , at thirty six pounds the tun , and twelve pence the quart by retail ; and that rhenish wines be sold in gross , at nine pounds the aulm , and eighteen pence the quart by retail : and according to these rates ( and no higher ) in proportion for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail ; and that none presume to sell at higher prices during the year next ensuing , to be accounted from the first day of february , in the year of our lord god . now that all cause of excuse from such as inhabit in remote parts of this realm , and that such as shall be found delinquents therein , may acknowledge their own wilfulness to be the cause of the danger and penalty they fall into after advertisement , his majesties will and pleasure is , and by the advice of the said lords , and the rest of the privy council , according to one other statute in that behalf made , in the fourth year of the reign of his most noble progenitor king edward the third , by this his royal proclamation doth publish and declare , that for one year next following , to be accounted as aforesaid , canary wines be not sold in gross , at above thirty six pounds the pipe , and twelve pence the pint by retail ; and that tents and malagaes be not sold in gross , at above thirty pounds the butt , and ten pence the pint by retail ; and that allicants , sherries and muscadels be not sold in gross , at above twenty seven pounds at butt , and nine pence the pint by retail ; and that french wines be not sold in gross , at above thirty six pounds the tun , and twelve pence the quart by retail ; and that rhenish wines be not sold in gross , at above nine pounds the aulm , and eighteen pence the quart by retail ; and according to those rates ( and no higher ) in proportion for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail . which rates and prices his majesties pleasure is , shall be duly observed in all his ports and other places within this realm where wines are landed , or within ten miles of those ports and places . and it is his majesties pleasure , that in those places where wines by land-carriage shall be conveyed more then ten miles from the next port , the several sorts of wines aforesaid shall and may be sold according to the rates aforesaid , with an allowance not exceeding four pounds the tun ; and one peny the quart for the carriage thereof every thirty miles , and according to that proportion , and not at greater rates ; strictly charging and commanding such of his majesties subject , and others whom it may concern , that none of them ( during the time aforesaid ) presume to sell any of the said wines in gross , or by retail , at higher rates than by this his majesties proclamation are appointed , under the forfeitures and penalties mentioned in the said statutes , and other the laws and statutes of this realm orvained in that behalf , and such further pains and penalties as by the laws and statutes of this realm can or may be inflicted upon wilful contemners of his majesties royal command and proclamation ; requiring and commanding all mayors , sheriffs iustices of the peace , customers , comptrollers , and other officers of his majesties ports , and all others whom it shall concern , diligently to observe , take notice of , and attend the execution of this his royal pleasure , and to give information to the lords and others of the privy council , of the delinquents , that they may be proceed against , and receive punishment according to their demerits . given at our court at whitehall the seventeenth day of january , / . in the eight and twentieth year of our reign . god save the king. london , virginia's discovery of silke-vvorms, with their benefit and the implanting of mulberry trees : also the dressing and keeping of vines, for the rich trade of making wines there : together with the making of the saw-mill, very usefull in virginia, for cutting of timber and clapbord, to build with-all, and its conversion to other as profitable uses. williams, edward, fl. . this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing w ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing w estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) virginia's discovery of silke-vvorms, with their benefit and the implanting of mulberry trees : also the dressing and keeping of vines, for the rich trade of making wines there : together with the making of the saw-mill, very usefull in virginia, for cutting of timber and clapbord, to build with-all, and its conversion to other as profitable uses. williams, edward, fl. . [ ], , [ ] p. : ill. printed by t.h. for john stephenson ..., london : . reproduction of original in huntington library. attributed to edward williams. cf. nuc pre- . the second part of the author's virginia, more especially the south part thereof ... [ d ed.] eng silkworms -- early works to . viticulture. wine and wine making -- early works to . virginia -- history -- colonial period, ca. - . a r (wing w ). civilwar no virginia's discovery of silke-vvormes, with their benefit. and the implanting of mulberry trees. also the dressing and keeping of vines, for williams, edward f the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the f category of texts with or more defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread - john latta text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion virginia's discovery of silke-vvormes , with their benefit . and the implanting of mulberry trees . also the dressing and keeping of vines , for the rich trade of making wines there . together with the making of the saw-mill , very usefull in virginia , for cutting of timber and clapbord , to build withall , and its conversion to other as profitable uses . london , printed by t. h. for iohn s●ephenson , at the signe of the sun , below ludgate . . to all the virginia merchants , adventurers , and planters . gentlemen : the unhappinesse to be amongst the lowest of men , for parts and fortune , cannot hinder mee from the satisfaction which i receive in my selfe , that none is possessed with a more eager passion of contributing towards the advancing virginia to that degree of felicity which the bounty of nature , richnesse of soyle , and temperature of climate designed her to : and were my power but of as strong a wing as my inclinations and desires , that above-example countrey should be placed in such a zenith of stability , wealth , and glory , that it should behold all the other nationall happinesses of the world in a sphere beneath her ; and her merchants adventurers and planters , like so many load-starres to conduct mankinde into an innocent ocean of unfathom'd wealth of unrocky prosperity . no countrey under the sunne is lesse ingratefull then virginia , if she be but justly courted , but to complement a virgin for her affection by breathing smoake in her nostrils , to expresse our civilities by vapour ; and for all that vast dowry of spaciousnesse , wealth , bounty of aire , and plenty of provisions , to proffer her a joynture of tobacco , is a complement indistinguishable from incivill rudenesse . what riches may not the silke-worme , vine , olive , and almond afford us ? by these noble undertakings wee contract china two thousand leagues nearer to us , and are not troubled though spaine and italy were remooved five thousand more distant from us : and if wee could not satisfie the implacable curiosity of our senses without the easterne spices , it i● without dispute , that what every orient hath of aromatick , ●ould grow without any deterioration in this incomparable countrey . yet if , by some occult propriety of nature , these spices , and gummes should not prosper with that successe in the countrey ●o which they are onely adoptive , as where they are naturall : the south sea flowing upon the skirts of this gloriously appa●relled virgin , would not onely furnish us , but ( through our meanes ) all the westerne worl● with whatever the philippines and china have in ●heir brow , or bosome : which that it may be discovered , a publique incouragement from the merchan●s here , and the colony ●here , would awaken all spirits which have any scintillation of honour , or industry , to undertake the imployment , effect it undertaken , and by the effect raise an unperishable structure for their owne glory , perpetuated by the publique felicity . the grea●est defect that colony can with consent complaine of , is their want of shipping , and the greatest with which others finde ●hemselves perplexed , is the want of industry to build them . if virginia had not as stately timber as any other region wha●soe●er : is it had no● a soyle naturally inviting them to improve her in iron for gunnes , anchors , and other conveniences ; in hempe for cordage , flax for canvase , and pine trees for mast : this defect might be allowed for reall : but where all these concenter , it is as unreasonable to complaine , as for a man seated at a table covered with excellent provision , to accuse his fortune for suffering him to perish wi●h hunger , because his meat is not digested in his stomack , wi●hout putting his hands and teeth to labour . i could cordially wish that there were such quantity of cleared ground in virginia , that every one at his fi●st arrivall might ●ix upon the plough , that the so much discoursed of s●aples of wheat and rye , might be brought to an absolute ripenesse of per●ection : but to imagin● so many millions of trees of a facile removall , or that old planters knowing the benefit thence arising , should part with them to o●hers , and seeke new uncleared grounds for themselves , were meerely to dreame of impossibilities . but the vine , almond , and olive , may be set where the tree is onely barked about to hinder it from leaving ; besides if ●here were a necessi●y to have absolutely cleared grounds , ( ●hich reason it selfe cannot imagine , ) yet foure acres of ground so cleared ●or the vine , will re●urne ( by much ) more profi● , and l●sse trouble , then twenty acres of wheat , at such ra●es as they are prized in the common estimation . but since ●his profi● reverts to the purse wi●hout the toyle of ●radica●ing trees , as great em●lument , as if the ground were al●oge●her treel●sse , to what purpose should we court sweat and affl●ction ? or increase our miseries wi●hout any addition to ou● happin●sse ? gen●lemen , he happinesse o● this n●tion depends upon your co●stancy and prosperi●y , i● you seriously erect these staples , wee shall be free ●rom the imperious usurpations of forraigne princes upon your estates , and shipping , from the rapine of pirates upon your lives or liberties . the decayed number of our shipping may be resupplyed by encouragement of carpenters of all nations , to make use of those materialls which the inimitable liberality of this countrey gratefully presents you with : all staples ( diffusively spread in other regions ) will meet here united , and we shall arrive to that degree of happinesse , to make our intrade by much exceed our exportations : for the compleating of which , if such an inconsiderable , and lost thing as my selfe , could be any way instrumentall , i should as cheerfully hazard my life in the employment , as i now subscribe my selfe , your ready , faithfull , and most humble servant , ed. williams . the discovery of silke-wormes ; with their benefit , and implanting of mulberry trees . the mulberry tree , yielding the sole food of this exellent worme , must first bee provided for , whereof there are myriads dispers● in the wide continent of virginia , which may bee collected by transplanting , grafting , or nursering . for transplantation there are infinite advantages both of well-growne and springing mulberry trees , which may with much facility be removed , and with great felicity thrive upon such a removall , of which experience can afford frequent examples . the grafts must bee chosen from excellent good plants which expresse a large fertility , and bee something large of themselves , by which election there will bee a greater certainety of the goodness● , and a more speedy expectation of g●owth in those grafts , which thrive better when grafted one upon another , then upon the chesnut , apple-tree , elme , white ●ople● , or any other , which if they are not mortally opposite , are however praeternaturall to the silke●worme . the nu●series have so much of tediousnesse and difficulty , that i shall hardly advise to put it in practic● ; yet to those who have a stronger ●●●dulity then my reason ca● perswade mee to● i shall offer the ●ol●●xpedient of effecting it , if that may bee ca●led aptly an exp●●●●●● , which hath so little of expedi●ion in it . let ●h● 〈…〉 to make a nursery , observe , and gather such 〈…〉 will suit with his necessity● of the ripest fruit growing upon those trees which beare the fairest and roundest leaves : these thus gathered , you must wash in two or three waters , pressing them with your hands , by which meanes you shall fi●de the expressed seede in the botto●e of the water : i ●cced● more to the sowing of the mulberries whole without such expression , how ever , either the mulberry entire , or the seede may bee sowed after the manner following . a b●d of fa● earth being digged , husbanded , and the mo●ld brought into a small powder● must have strait rowes or lines in furrowes● all ha●fe a foot equally distant every furrow two inches deepe , and f●u●e broad , this distance may bee something larger that an in●ervall may bee made to the weeder in the weeding of such things ●s may hinder the mulberries growth by participating in its aliment . a great care must bee had to water it often for the first yeare , i● the weather b● dry , the succeeding yeare you may pul up and transplant your mulberry trees int● another ground more at large , viz. at two or three f●●● distance , which must bee not retransplanted till the growth arise to some six inches in the circumference● at which bignesse you m●y remove them to the ground designed for their constant fixation , leaving betwixt each tree a distance of sixteene or twenty foot , that the too muc●●i●inity may not make the extending branches mutually inconvenience either by exclusion of a full sunne , or wound themselves by intertangence of one another● in such warme countries as that of virginia , the root must bee preserved coole and moy●t , by a deeper implantation then is usuall in colder regions . for the election of your plants or sciens you may take notice of two families , or races , of mulberry trees , the black , and the white , discordant in wood , leafe , and fruit ; onely having this in common to spring later then other trees , as never emitti●g their leaves till all apprehension of cold is vanished , the black mulberry is not subdivided into any other species having the wood solid and strong , the leafe large , and rud● in the handling , the fruit black , great● and acceptable to the palate : b●t there are three app●rently di●ferent species in the white , distinguishe● onely by the colour of the fr●it , namely , white , black , and red : yet is this fruit by much lesse gratefull to the palate then that of the black mulberry . no other distinction besides , the colour of the fruit discernes them one from the other , the leaves of all three being of the same meane greatnesse of the same smooth feeling , the wood of the same internall yellownesse , almost as firme as that of the black mulberry . but the silke taking his quality from the leafe make us lay a●ide the black mulberry tree , since the bottomes from thence are too grosse and heavy , whereas the white mulberry makes silke fine and light , to temper which many feed the wormes with two ●orts of meats by dictinction of times , viz● at the beginning with white leaves , that the silke may bee fine , in the closing , with black to fortifie it , and make it weigh : yet this though it have an appearance of reason ●t the first inspection , rarely answers the expectation , the very alteration of the meate as from that which is more delicate , to that which is more grosse , being disagreable to the nature of the worme , who must shew that diminution in the quality of his silkes which hee feeles in the impairing of his n●triment . others make a contrary application of leaves by a more ( imaginative solid foundation● ) which is to begin their dieting with black , and conclude with white ; which cannot succeed better , for the black having disposed the matter of the silke , the white leaves after administred have no power to alter that seminall disposition . wee shall therefore fixe upon it as a principle of nature , not to vary the nourishment of this industrio●s creature . if wee begin with the black mulberry , the continuance of it will bee necessary . if the ground you possesse bee already planted with black mulberries , it is so much losse of time and expences to replant white : but if wee are to commence a thing de novo , every mans reason leading him to chuse the most profitable , and common exp●rience telling us that the white antecede the black ones so incredibly in the poynt of maturation , that six years of growth advance not so much the latter as two the first ; it were an act declaring bethlem for dic●ator , not to prefer the most speedy and profitable before the tedious and improper commodity . besides which em●lument the branches which by that speedy shoot they bring forth will bee usefull for propagation of that tree to infinite numbers . there is yet experimentall election amongst the white mulberries . some affirming that the leaves of those trees which emit the white fruit are fittest to bee assigned for this nourishment , which they fortifie by this reason ; that pullen and swine doe most delight in the white , and never eate the red and black but by constraint , a conjecture not altog●ther irrefragable ; for why may it not bee controverted that pullen and swine being a greedy generation , may rather ballance that which is most grosse and fulsome , as b●st adapted for their palate , then that which is nice , and subtle , and best according to the delicate tendernesse of this creature ? others who have their owne experience to fortifie their ass●rtion , commend the white mulberry bearing the black fruit , the colour demonstrating a better concoction in the fruit , and consequently in the leafe then the others . but ( which wee must bee extreamely curious in ) wee must expell from our yard all muberry trees bearing leaves too much indented , which , besides that it is an apparent signe of small subsistence and ●ncompleated nature , is more defective in quantity and quality of nourishment , then that which is lesse interruptedly circular : yet this may easily bee remedied● if you inoculate such tr●es in the bud , or eseuch●on , having neede of such freedome ; the profit thence arising being very con●iderable for this kinde of nourishment : for by this course that inconsiderable quantity of worthless and famelick leaves receives a happy melioration into an abundant plenty of substantiall and nutritive nature . nor is this transmutation improper , for any other orchard plants which will succeede to yo●r most advantagious expectation , and all indomestick and wild trees may by this bee made capable of a most happy cultivation . this infranchizing may bee practised to the answer of your desires in mulb●rries of all ages : in the older , on their new shoots of the antecedent yeare then lopped ; in the yonger upon the smallest trees of the nursery . but to graft these trees in the first season , th●t their growth will permit it● is most opportune and profitable● for by this meanes your groves of mulberry will bee in●irely delivered from all apprehension of jejune sterility , or insub●tantiall deficiency● nor can ever you feare a want of supply , if you constantly maintaine a nursery of such graf●s , not f●om the seede , but from the shoots and branches of your best trees thus propagated to an unperishable infinity by couching them in the ground , and the trees encreasing by their reimplanting are constantly furnished with leaves of an excellent sweetnesse and greatnesse , exquisitely abundant in nourishment , and consequently exempt from all the inconveniencies which walke hand in hand with ●n ingratefull wildnesse . having described what trees , grafts , and nurseries are best conducent to our mystery ; let us next dilate of their most proper soyle , and best order in planting . the best soyle and order for planting the mulberry . for the soyle it must bee chosen in particular much like that of the vines , inclining rather to dry then moyst , light then heavy , sandy then ●layie ; for those which opinionate themselves that a f●t ground is inconvenient t● mulberries● as supplying leaves of too grosse and unsubtile aliment ; the objection is pritty , but under pardon scarcely solid , neither am i capable of any reason to the contrary , why a rich soyle should not emit the growing tree● with a greater maturation and bignesse , then a leane plantation , where the tender plants are even starved with the sparenesse of distributive moysture and aliment : yet to prevent the too grosse substance of the leafe after the tree by the advantage of a rich nourishment , hath arrived to a competent greatnesse ; the order which wee shall prescribe in their planting will admit the plough amongst them , where cultivation will easily take off the soyle from all exuberancy of fullsome ranknesse . the soyle which is full of springs , lakes , rivers , or ( which is worst of all ) marshes , is particularly to be avoyded . the manner of implanting them would require a distance of foure fathomes or more , which in virginia where wee labour not under a penury of ground , may bee something more spaciously enlarged● the reasons why this extent of distance are : first , the intermixture of spreading branches , where by their contingency they violate and mutually wound themselves will bee avoyded . next , the sunne hath a more unimpeached immi●●ion and distrib●tion 〈◊〉 his beames , with which this tree is most particularly delighted . lastly , this largenesse of intervalls permits a free passage for the plough , to take off all luxuriancy of ranknesse , which t●o much inspissate● the leafes , which must feede this admirable creature . but of such graines as may with least impairement bee sowen under the mulberry trees , oats and pease are the most proper , which during the collection of the leaves may with very small detriment bee trodden upon ( the season commonly falling in april and may , when their blades are backward ) nay the very compressure of the earth makes them afterwards arise more strongly . i approve much more of interplanting the vine ; but ( which i conceive the most convenient for virginia i● ) the setting of the indian potato hath the most inestimable benefit ; the potato having such a happy multiplica●ion of and in it selfe , that whilst there is but a string of the root left behinde in the earth , the species will bee renewed . besides the excellency of the food , whether for man , or ( where such a vast abundance may soone introduce a satiety ) cattle will bring alone with it an inestimable advantage ; whereas corne may too strongly impoverish a ground , and the vine it selfe when it comes to its ripest excellency , will want the compleat comfort of the sunne beames to give fruit a well concocted maturity , the mulberry like an ambitio●s grandee , e●grossing all that favour to himselfe by his prevalency of height and greatnesse . nor should wee bee too curious to plant the trees one over against the other exactly opposite ; but still observing for beauties ●ake to set them in a right line ) rather one against the intervall of the other , that so the sunne may have no interposition from any angle , to warme , comfort , and enrich this tree , which aides the production of so many incomprehensible miracles . the order for collection of the leaves . the order to bee observed for collecting the leaves should bee precisely insisted upon , that the trees may bee of longer and flourishing duration , and the food of a more curious and unsoyled nourishment : it is a truth not to bee denyed , that the disleaving of trees is extreamely prejudiciall , and in some irrecoverably deadly ; the reason is their extraordinary scorching , by being left without any shade of protection : but the mulberry being ( as it were ) destined to this worke which it naturally supporteth , more inprejudicially endures this temper of disleaving then any other trees whatsoever . but for the obviation of this inconvenience , it will bee absolutely necessary for our master of the silkeworme , to have such a proportionable number of trees , that the halfe may alternately repose unpluckt every second yeare . this diligently put into practice will make your trees continue verdant and vigorous for many generations . to gather them with both hands leafe after leafe , is confessedly the most proper , but yet withall the most expencefull ; for the multitude of hands which such a circumstantiall labour would exact . the other way of gathering them with stripping them from the branches , is without doubt extreamely n●cent to the tree , and worm : to the tree by unbarking , wounding , and perishing its branches . nor is it lesse detrimentall to the worme seeing this disorderly collection corrupts and sullies the leaves , which this delicate nice creature perceiving , either rejects them , or sickens upon their reception by bruising the leaves , and expressing that which is the life of its substance , the juice , and this commonly with unwasht hands , which leave the ill odour unremoveable upon them . the removall of these inconveniences is easily effected by following the course they practice in some parts of spaine , which is by clipping the leaves from the branches with a sharpe instrument , like a taylors sheares ; by this way you disleave many stalkes at once , which falling into a cleane sheete spread under that tree for the purpose , seperating afterwards the leaves also , such as are sound from unsound , such as peradventure have much of the stalke , from those which are nothing but leafe , ( the stalke being hurtfull to this tender creature ) and administred to them the sunny side of the leafe upward is the most commendable practise of gathering and feeding that hath hitherto been delivered . the leaves of the old mulberry are to bee much prefer'd before those which are not come to an absolute perfection ; the age of perfection in the mulberry , we reckon to be accomplished in seven or eight yeares , as to soundnesse of nourishment ; not that they grow not after , but by that time it is growne powerfull to conc●ct such succulency as might before over master it . the trees disleaved must by a diligent hand be pruned immediatly after the last collection ; what ever is broken , wounded , or made unprofitable must bee carefully cut off . the extreames of all the branches must be top'd a little with a sharpe pruning knife , which is an invitation to nature to send forth the next yeare more vigorously . but whether it be in gathering the leaves , or pruning the trees , it must bee our principall care that they be intirely beared● the omission of which , by not taking all the leaves off , turnes back the liberallity of the repeating spring . this observation hath been grounded upon practise , made so successefull by experience , that it hath been found , that trees after such culture and disleaving , have within a month attired themselves with such a new border of leaves , that the former imbalding them hath been imperceptible . which induces me to believe a former assertion , that it is possible to have a second silke harvest by this meanes , and why not equall with the first , i know not , since the seed is more youthfull and vigorous then that of the yeare preceding growne feeble by its continuance . the raines if they fall about the time this noble creature drawes unto her perfection and period , is by much more strangely prejudiciall , then when they are in the greatest of their feeding , the wet leaves occasioning them many desperate diseases : the usuall way of prevention is to have a provision of leaves before hand , when there is any jealousie of rainy weather ; but this provision must be laid in a cleane dry place which is fresh aired , and th●t w● may remove all dangers of contracting too much heat , to be turned o●ten , which course , although the raine should not oppr●sse us , yet is it of great conveniency , not so much out of apprehension ●o be necessitated● as for the quality of the food , it being much better after fourteen or fifteen houres resting in a place cleane and drie , then when fresh from the tree . but if you are surprized by an unexpected season of wet , take those mulberries which you intend to ●op the next yeare , ( and the mulberry would be lop'd every ten or twelve yeare , which revives and strengthens the tree with a new youth ) and ●ut their branches which hung up in a drie corner , either of your house or barne , or any other coverture in airy places , will soone have their leaves drie , better condition'd , and of more efficacy then any leaves set to a fire , which is too suddaine , or to winnowing by a winde artificiall and unnaturall . the mulberries chiefe profit consisting in the leafe , we must be carefull to lose nothing of this revenue ; which considered , wee should delay the disheading or lopping of them till the wormes have done feeding , which would be about the latter end of may , or the beginning of iune● and alt●ough by the disbranching of them in such a season , we cannot expect such l●rge returning shoots as those which were cut in february or march , the distance of time being materiall in their growth , yet the profit of the leaves being double , very well answer such in●quality . the mulberry being of so ●ranke and plyable a disposition● that notwithstanding its amp●●ation in unseasonable moone and w●ather , no injuries shall hinder him from regermination . yet are not these advantag●s ( no necessity obstructing them ) to be omitted by any which are not enemies to their owne profit . the mulberries in the increase of the moone pou●ed , or lopt , bring forth their young shoots long without spread●ng bra●ches ; in the wane short , with many little branches crossi●g the principall . to reco●cile this ( the election of the time being i● our power ) the mulberries seated in leane grou●ds , are ●ost properly disheaded in the new moone : those whic● are pl●nted in ●ich ground , in the last quarter ; so will those in the leane soyle emit shoots as long as the barrenn●ss● of the place will afford them : and those of the fa●●er , th●ough the benefit of thei● seat , co●veniently ●●gaine that which they would not easi●y have done , cu● in the inc●●ase● fo● those aspi●ing branches , we●e they not r●st●ai●●d by the counte● shoots who participate with them in nou●●●hme●t would by reason of thei● unweldy length , be fo●ced to b●nd downew●●ds to the deforming of the tree f●om the shape of a muiberry into that of a palme-tree , which is not to bee feared in the rest , by reason of the leanenesse of the ground , forbidding all abundance of shooting : wee have provided for the feeding of this little and great artificer , let us now expresse an equall care in his lodging . the lodging of the silke wormes . t is a vanity to expect emolument from this mysterious creature , if wee sort him not with a lodging proper and agreeable to his nature , who c●n with no lesse disprofit bee ill accommodated in his habitation , then in his nourishment ; who to show a particular affinity with the noblest of creatures , man , makes his affection of habitation equall to his . spaciousnesse , pleasure , healthfu●lness , distance from off●nsive vapours , damps and humidities , warmth in the extreames ●f colds , coolenesse in the extreames of warmth . wh●t ever wee naturally desire and abhorre , does this creature by the prosperity or i●f●licity of his labou●● show a most experimentall r●s●ntment ●f his ●tation there●ore ●ust bee i● the meane twixt the top and bottom● of a foundation , the first being too much obnoxious to h●ats or wi●des , the second to colds and d●mps . the platforme ther●fore of your building his station must be so contrived , as to have his basis three or foure foot above the g●ound , nor ascending within an e●●●ll distanc● of the til●s . a fab●ick ( saith de serres ) of seven fathome in length , three in breadth , and two in height , will entertaine with ease the worm●s enlivened from ten ounces of seed : this pr●portion may be raised acco●ding to your seed . in virgin●a these may be of very sudden erection ; nature hath furni●h●d ●hat excellent countrey with materials , to invite all who have the desire to attempt it . th●t the aire a●d winde ( if coole and dry ) may have free passage to refresh these laborious spinners , who near upon the perfection of their worke are upo● the point of stifling● ( the season , and th●●bund●●ce of 〈◊〉 silke wherewith they are filled , both coop●rating ther●u●to ) w●e must h●ve windowes opening to all angles to receive u●susp●●ted inf●igi●●tions in extreamiti●s of heat , and wa●m●ng transpiratio●s in immod●●ate colds ; y●t with this proviso , that these windowes bee fit not onely to receive any favourable aire , but to expell all noxious vapou●s ; and because this creature loveth any thing that is white and luminous , it will sort excellently well with his disposition and safety , to p●rget or plaster the inside of the house very well and smooth , bo●h to satisfie the eye and preserve him from the danger of rats , which cannot clime up such a wall , though a principall care ought to bee used that the severall stations on which they are lodged , bee remote from all fixures to walls , which might give rats and mice advantage . to build the s●affolds containing these wormes : many pillers of carpenters worke di●ectly squared , shall bee pe●pendicularly erected , from the ground to the seeling , to support the tables which crossing the pillars upon little joynts sixteene inches di●tant one from the other ( exc●pt that from the g●ound which must bee inches . ) upon these tables doe wee l●y our wormes● but their boards must not bee equall in breadth , ev●ry table as it exceeds in height , being to bee narrower then the next below by foure inches , and the highest approaching the ●eeling to bee narrowest of all . this pyramidicall forme is of most beau●y and safety to the wormes ; when wandring upon the edges from one end of the scaffold to another , seeking a fit place ●o ●omi● their ●ilke , they fall in such a precipice from the higher scaffold to the ground , that they break themselves in pieces : but by this means fal●ing but from one scaffold to another , the smallnesse of the distance contributes to their preservation . the breadth of the most low●st table shall bee limited even to this proportion , that easily of one side a man with his hand may reach the middle to a●tend the wormes ; as for the ascending scaffolds their continuall diminution makes the serving of them of greater easinesse . a roome of any capacity will admit severall of these scaffolds ( distinct from the wall for reason before recited of rats ) and also that the attender may come on either side of the scaffold , such space being alwayes to bee left betweene their position . these scaffo●ds must bee made of an unsuspected fi●menesse , to prev●nt the falling downe of a●y ●art of it , or the whole either by the ladder which the keeper ascends , or the weight of the worms themselves , when once growne great and hea●y . to ascend these sc●ffolds , some make boards about the● , ●s it were by galleries● others have their getting up to them by little staires appropriated to this ; others by formes . i approve of none more co●venient then a light ladder which fits all , and poss●sses but one place . the timber fitt●st to employ in the tablure of this scaffolding is usually firre or such light wood : in virginia● i apprehend none fitter then cedar or cypresse , because o● their delicious odours . wee h●ve already spoken of such meanes as may refresh the overheated worme ; r●sts now to d●liver an experiment to wa●me the aire , this creature b●ing no l●s●e enemy to cold in the beginning of his apprentissage , then to hea●e when ●ee is ready to goe out ●f this w●●ld m●st●r workeman . aft●r ●aving built your house for worm● ; let there be a hole pierced through your wall , where you must make an oven , the mou●h whereof must be on the o●● side of the hous● then before you make it off , take pots like flower pots , but such a● will indure the fire● and lay them with the mouth side of these pots tending inwards towards the house● and the bottome within the oven , lay these ●●u● sidelong at an equall distance● and work● up the oven with the po●● incorporate ther●unto . this done you may make a fire in the oven , which by the benefit of the pots conv●y●s a●l the heate to you without any inconvenience of smoake . to make this heate the more agreeable to the wo●mes , and to keepe the house in a temperate and inoffensive warmth , you may put into these 〈◊〉 branches of rosemary , time , roses , juniper , &c. this figure ●heweth the order for ●●nking the t●bl●s on ●●e se●ffolds , to lay the l●aves on , for feeding the wormes . this figure sheweth how to place the rods , betweene the tables , for the wormes to climbe up , and spin their silke . this figure representeth the engine , to wind off the silk from the cods , w●●h furnaces and cawlderns necessary thereto . t●●● f●●ure ●our●ra●●s the cods , with the butterflie● come forth of them , ●o l●y ●heir e●g● upon black s●●g● , chamlet , ●ammy , or such like ●●●ffe , as in this treatise is shewed . the election and use of the seed of the silke-worme . there is a great deale of reason , that we should be curious in the election of ou●●eed ; and t is not more poetick then philosophick , that of horace : est in juvencis est in equis patrum , virsu● nec imbellem feroces progenerant aquilam columbae . what can we expect of generosity in that which has a disposition to degenerate before produced : of all the seeds proper for the vivifying this animall , there is none more exc●llent , as yet a●rived to our knowledge , then that of spaine : this de serres●ffirmeth , though he seeme to be in a kinde of haesitation , whether that of calabria march not in a higher degree of reputation , as yielding more abundance , and of equall hardn●sse with the cod of spaine ; yet this is certaine in nature and reason , that seed transported in●o other colder regions , can no way lay claime to a parity of ●hriving with that continued in its owne climate ; and i doubt not but if the south of virginia , where the silke-worme is a●o●iginally native , were duely inquired after , the seed of that would have a particular excellency , to which all the europaean na●ions must give the glory , the right hand of preheminence . but leaving this to the scrutiny which shall be made by time , and experience , we must grant the prim● opinion to the sp●nish , which however it thrive in france for foure yeares● yet afterwa●ds it degenerates extreamely , so that it must every foure yeares be renew'd , for within that circle it suffe●s a m●nif●st d●clension in goodnesse . comming from spaine it is of a dark taw●y colour , after certaine generations , gray . to prove whether the seed b● dead or not , you must expe●iment it upon your naile , that which breaks in cr●cking , c●sting forth ●umor and moisture , you may ●ssuredly ●steem for good , the other is to be rejected . the smalln●s●● of the sp●nish se●d incr●as●s the number of wormes , for which it deserves ● p●rticular p●ae●ation . no seed of above a yeare old is any fu●ther profitable , till you put them to ha●ch , you may preserve them in boxes thrust amongst wo●llen cl●athes in a trunke or chest , and let the chamber where such trunkes or chests are , be now and then aired with a fire , to the intent they being rather warme then cold , may be praedisposed for a hasty production when the season of the yeare shall invite you to put into practise . to imbibe or steep the seed of silke-wormes in the most generous wine you can procure , is an experiment that hath alwayes answered with a happy successe ; for this not onely discriminates betwixt the good and bad , ( the good alwaies subsiding , and the other floating ) but addes legitimation and strength to the approved ones , making them come forth free and fortified , and causeth them to hatch almost all at one time . after the good are taken out , they must be set to drie in the sunne , or before the fire , layd upon very clean paper , covered with white linnen , or smooth paper , lest the ●eat might bring it prejudice . the vivification of the seed . the spring being come , and the mulberries budding , it will be seasonable to put them to hatching , which ( all other wayes ●mitted , as the keeping them in a boxe , in ones pocket , between a womans brea●●s , &c. ) sorts b●● with reason and convenience , performed thus , viz. that the seed removed from its first vessell , shall b● committed into a box lined with cotton , over which you must put a white paper , which must seperate the seed from the cotton , then cover the seeds ( being not above halfe an inch thick ) with a little bed of sow , over which tow you are to lay a paper pierced very thick with small holes , much about the bignes●e of the tag of a point ; over this paper you shall lay some mulberry leaves . and this is the preparative to hatch them . to bring them forth , lay your boxe so prepared between two pillowes , which moderately warmed with a pan every two houres , and after the first three and foure dayes visiting the box at every such warming , to the end to seperate such as you shall see hatched , who will not faile to creep through the tow , and pierced paper to the mulberry leaves , to which they will cleave : which to remove , you must draw them out of the boxe by taking hold of the mulberry leaves with a needle , and removing them and the wormes adherent into a bigger boxe or si●ve ; with paper at the bottomes , distinguish those of a hasty production from those of a more slow , that the worke may arise more equall . these thus brought forth must by gradations be accustomed to indure the coolenesse of the spring , diminishing dayly something from his accidentall warmnesse : the first foure daies let them in the sieve covered with cleane linnen continue upon the bed , the curtaines closely drawne , then removed into a warme chamber , close from all penetrations , layd upon ranks close together , that they may give and receive mutuall warmth , allowing them a larger proportion of roome , as they increase in bo●y . but the most assured way to preserve the wormes untill their second change in warmth and security from vermine , dust , or other hostilities of nature , is by a great presse or cubbord made with many stages , pargetted or pasted for the agreeablenesse of the odout with oxe dung , made of firre , or mats , and to draw out at will seperately , equally distant foure inches , compassed round about with linnen tackt to the doores , with paper w●ndowes on the sides and formost doore , to admit or exclude aire after the exigency of the occa●ion ; and h●ere vacant places being left at first to enlarge them , as they increase in growth may they bee distinguished according to the dates of their first appearance upon the mulberry , rejecting all that seed , which is not enlivened before the fifth day● as unprofitable for working by confu●ion of times , and uselesse by their weaknesse . foure times doth this excellent artist change his skinne , which is the cause of his so many sicknesses . the first sicknesse arriving within eight dayes from the beginning of his life , is knowne by these symptomes ; the head growes bigge and white , and hee ●●des himselfe under the leaves : to administer any food were needlesse ; but that they are not all sick at one instant , so that some must bee given to nourish th●m which have not arrived to , or past over their sicknesse , which you shall know by their change of colour and creeping upon fresh leaves . the second sicknesse arising within eight dayes , or thereabouts , ●rom thence is knowne by the same accidentalls , and must have the s●me appl●cations , onely now they would bee removed into new , cleane , and more spacious places : the third is in all like the two o●her , though something more dangerous ; heere you must carefully prevent the accession of all cold ayres whatsoever : it may happen that some of these wormes may grow yellow , which is almost incurable in themselves , and deadly contagious to all the rest ; th●se must bee carefully selected from the rest and ejected . remove , enlarge & cleanse as before . eight or ten dayes after appears the . change or sicknes● & now the recovered wor●● being increased to their full growth , must be removed , enlarged , & cleansed , as before . at appoynted houres morning and evening must this worme bee f●d from their hatching to their fi●st change or sickness● ; from the second chang● to the third or fourth , they must bee fed three times the day at the l●●st , taking this for an assured max●me , that after the recovery from their last siknesse , the very cloying of them with leaves even to the satiety of their ●ppetite , accelerates th●● to the perfection of their taske ; for these curious v●ssells will the sooner discharge themselves of their precious inclosed substance , by how much they are the sooner replenished . nor is there any p●odigall improvidence in this ; for it hath beene observed that worm●s have eaten neare as much in eight dayes when more sparingly distributed , as in foure when liberally handed to them ; so that by such wary disp●nsa●ion they save no leaves , and lose foure dayes in point of time . but a particular eye of care must bee had to the quality of the leav●s you feede with . no goodn●sse of a selected tree being capable to secure it selfe against ●ccidentall diseases arising from the unnaturalinesse of se●sons , whe●ein by extreames of drought or moisture mildewes , heat drops , and other distempers , all the leaves oftentimes becomming yellowish , spotted , or speckled , declare the nature of that food highly unwholesome and pernicicus : such as grow out of the ●unne in the interior umbragious parts of thick trees are almost as dangerous : nor are the leaves of the second spring which shoot afresh on trees already disleaved of lesse guilt , through the inequality of their ages . one banquet of those gives the last repast that your wormes shall have neede of , a ●iuxe thence arising killing them , and easing you of further trouble , if you ●●count it so to be vigilant over your own● pro●it . the most agreeable to all wormes is to bee fed with leaves of their owne age , and by this the feeble creatur● shall meete with tender leaves , then growne strong with leaves , fu●l growne correspondent to bo●h their complexions . the fault of the wet leaves may bee corrected by patience , attending the serener season ; but of dry leaves you ought at no time ( if you regard your owne profi● with a sober p●ovidence ) to bee unprovided , and the way how to prep●re hath beene already delivered in this treatise . t●●s● preciou● creatures exact no great expence or laborious care during the first three or foure weekes , being satisfied with little , as most agreeeble to the tendern●ss● and smalln●●s● of bodies , and are very w●ll entertained with the leaves of the ●uccours or other branches , from whence for the profit of the tree one should n●c●s●●rily cu● th●m . at the beginning we go to gather leaves with h●nkerchiefs , then with little baskets , la●tly with sacks & maunds , as growing to a bignesse to require it , and a p●rfection to discern it . that the gathere●s of these leav●s sho●ld handle them with pure and washt hands , wee have already decla●ed absolutely necessary : but the governour of these chast and magnificent ●reatures must bee master of an exact purity . the smell of tobacco is deadly to them : let his observance forbeare it : let him have a watchfull eye , that none of an offensive smell approach them ; all ill breathings upon them● whether contracted by fu●some foode or nature make this innocently noble creature expresse her resentment by her owne death , or sicknesse let him pu●ifie the rankn●sse of his owne breath ( when fasting ) with good wine ere he approach them , with the odour whereof the worme is highly cherish●d . let the lodging be swept ev●ry day , and pr●served so by sp●inkling the flou●e with vinegar , and afterwards strawing it with lav●nder , spike , rosemary , time , and such like of well comforting odours . to these we may sometimes adde a perfume composed of frankincense , benioin , storax , and other quickning aromaticks burned in the lodging . let the tables be often made cleane and shifted , by often , i meane eve●y ●●●rd o● fourth day at the furth●st , at which time the litter begins to bee offensive to this curio●s natured creature ; especially with the increase of the heate , let his diligence increase , that no uncleanesse ( at that time more then ordinary maligne ) cut him from the benefit of his labours . the litter must not bee taken away by degrees to the trouble of our curious creature , but all at once ; which may bee effected , if you leave at the end of each scaffold an empty station to place the adjoyning wormes on , whose left station being made cleane is fitted for the next neighbourhood , and thus may all bee removed and shifted by degrees , and a vacant table at the other end of the scaffold r●maines to begin againe ( as afore ) within two , three , or foure dayes at the longest . and thus without carrying far , the wormes shall bee removed with ease and security , not once laying the finger upon their tender bodies ; for giving them fres● leaves at the time of their replacing , the worme will fasten to the leafe , and the leafe may bee removed with his precious burthen , with no lesse safety then convenience . it will bee requisite to dispose the tables in such a fashion that they may bee seperately taken from the scaffold like tills out of drawers ; for this the easiest and lesse nocent way of cleansing , as preventing the falling of any stench upon the lower tables● and by which they are more suddenly discharged of their filth and ordure , meerely by striking them gently on the floore , which done , let them bee swept and brushed perfectly well ; let the tables on which you put your wormes after their first sicknesse bee sprinkled with vinegar or wine , then rubbed over with sweete hearbes to delight and encourage them to labour . some have made tryall , which hath succe●ded happily of the smell of garlick and onions to refresh them ; i dare not absolutely assent to this experiment ; but it is cleare as sunne-shine , that the worme not onely rejoyces in agreeable odours , but is succoured thereby in his greatest maladies : of which we now intend to discourse . the causes of extraordinary maladies in wormes , and their c●re . the extreames of colds and heates , the too sparing , or too abundant administration of victualls in their severall ages , and a maligne disposition of the leaves are the principle causes of all extraordinary maladies which afflict this creature . if the inclemency of cold hath benummed or diseased this innocent artist , the stove or oven formerly mentioned will recover it ( the stopping of all windowes , and other admi●sories of aire cooperating : ) to the greater complement of the cure , let the lodging bee perfumed with redolent gummes , with wine , strong vinegar , or aqua vitae● if on the contrary , the torrid violence of heate have wasted the strength of this suddaine and excellent spinner : the fresh aire admitted at the doores and windowes some brave artificiall fannes or ventalls to raise this breath , if too little , or at the last the exposing them upon their t●bles out of their lodgings to enjoy an uncontrouled and liberall communion of the aire , some halfe an houre before s●nne rising are the proper meanes of their recovery . those which by a wastfull liberality of their keeper in the tendernesse of their age have injured themselves with over feeding , must bee cured by a two dayes abstin●nce , and for some two succeeding dayes di●ted with a moderation . those who famished by the negligence of their keeper are almost languishing to death , must bee restored by giving them meate in slender proportion , but frequently repeated , by such a dyet regaining their forfeited appetite . those which by having fed on yellow spotted , or too yong leav●s have contracted a fluxe , and f●om thence a jaundice and spotted colour , accompanied with black bruisings , must upon the first inspection bee immediately removed into seperate chambers , that the change of ayre and dyet may labour for their almost desperate cure , and to prevent a contagion , which from thence would universally domineere . but s●ch wormes which as ●n accession to this last disease you should behold bathed on the belly by a certain humour flowing in that part of their bodies , are as incurable , good for nothing but to repast your poultry . indeed excepting this last inexpugnable malady perfumes and change of chambers are generally conducing to overcome all diseases and to res●ore a new health and vigour . but this noble creature is by nature sufficiently priviledged from these diseases , if the unskilfullnesse or negligence of the keeper did not violate this priviledge , and by that violation increase his owne trouble . nor is this care of the keeper to bee onely limited to the day , the night too must require a part of his vigilance ; mice and rats then take advantage , and grieved that any creature should labour for man without their participation or obstruction devoure them by troop●s , and the cat her selfe enters in●o a league with these her usuall prey● to prey upon these poore things , whose in●ocency and excellency makes them the more obnoxious to their cruell avarice . to remedy this , the house must not bee without contin●all lampes , bells , and other vaine terr●u●s to aff●ight them : the keeper himselfe also , or his depu●y must frequently walke round about his little army . and le●t the oyle ( which occasions divers indispositions , if it fall ●ut in a drop upon these nice artists ) might bee p●ejudiciall , the lamp●s should bee aff●●●d on the wall , and the portable lig●ts with which hee visits his curious charge of waxe , tallow , firre tree , or any other of innoxious , but illuminative substance . these things well observed , within se●ven or eight dayes at the most , succeeding their four●h and last exuviall sickness● ; the wormes dispose themselves to pay the exp●nce of their diet. t● make prepa●ation for them , there must bee accommodations of ●ods necessary for these wormes ●o c●me up to vomit their silke , and fasten their w●bs by . to ass●mble these wormes ( the terme assigned to this worke ) the most proper matters are rosemary , cutting of vines sho●ts , of chestn●ts , o●es osiers , sallow●s , elmes ashes , and in gen●rall of all flexible shrubs , not having a●y disagreeing od●ur . the feet of these rods ●v●n●d for the better fixure shall bee joyned at inches distant to the table below , and the tops of them ●rched together at that above . w●ich epitomall amphitheater is maste● of as much beauty a● those of the caesars in the great●●t volume of their lustre and magnificence ; the ●pper part of the arch must bee plenti●ully interwoven with sprigs of lavender , spike , thyme , and shrubs delectable to the smell . by this intermixture the wormes shall have ample satisfaction to their restlesse curio●ity , where firmly to fasten their rich matter , having an election of such delectation of perfumes , & variety of shoots : but these twigs must by no means be green , the moisture extreamly offending the cattell , and not suddenly withering , if the aire be moyst . the wormes being removed to these amphitheatrall trophies , you may easily discover their gratefull inclination to spinne , by their bignesse of body , brightn●sse , and clearenesse of belly and neck , neglect of meat , and irregular wandring through the troope ; and a little after to fulfill these promises they ascend their branche● to vomit , or rather spinne out their silky substance . here you must diminish their ordinary , dayly , for they will in short time have united themselves to those shoots or twigs , quite forsaking the table . those wormes which clime not before the others union to the branches , are of a latter hatching ; and to prevent all ●nseasonable intertextures in generall , to the retarding and perishing of the whole worke , must be assembled two other tables arched as these , that they may worke together at one time . the knowledge ( when these wormes have perfected their cod● or bottoms ) may be obtained by an eare that is but the leastwaies curious , these creatures making both a pleasant humming in feeding and continuing it in fashioning their bottoms , give that noise and their compleated worke over both together . that which falls next is the propagation of the seed to be preserved till the next harvest . the propagation of the silke-worme seed . happy creature , which livest onely to doe mankinde service , and dyest when thou hast accomplished it ! miracle of n●ture ! a worme shut up in his owne monument , breakes through his silky grave , transformed into a butterflye ! employes ten dayes to erect himselfe a sepulchre , and an equall proportion of time to leave it ! disimprisoning himselfe from his owne interment , by perforation of his bottome , he returnes to the view of mankinde in the figure of a butterflye , with wings , as if he had already tryumph'd over his mortality ; which done , he and his co-triumphall females , coupling together perpetuate their species by dissolution of their bodies ; and that which compleats the miracle , may arise from the long abstinence of this living three and twenty dayes imprisoned without any sustenance or fruition of that which he takes a particular delight in , day light . removing your branches from the tables , and your silke-balls or bottomes from the branches dayes after the worke is perfected , the balls are then to be made election of , for such seed as you wil preserve for the year following . bono●ill , & de serres do both agree that there should be proportioned balls for one ounce of seed , he balls male and female ( the description of which hereafter . ) but whereas bon●●ill is of opinion that a hundred double or trebble bottomes which two or three wormes have spunne and made up in common , will produce so many wormes as bottom● : i demand his pardon if i accede rather to the judgement of de serres : for from every double or triple bottome there come● forth but one butterflye , though it hath more within : the reason is , it being not probable that they should be all ripe together , that which is most mature by perforation of the balls , exposes the other to the assault of the aire , which giving them cold , they dye imperfect . to distinguish the sexes . the male of the worme , when grown great , is knowne from the female , by a wrinkled head , and a great appearance of eyes ; the female hath the head round without any such appearance . in the bottomes of balls the male is knowne , as having work'd himselfe into a bottome , long , slender , and by much sharper at one end then the other : the bottomes of the female are bigger , softer , round at one end , halfe poynted at the other . the sex in those butterflyes is thus distinguished : the male is lesser of body then the female , stirring the wings more often and more strongly . selecting then two hundred bottomes ( male & female included in the number ) you must passe a thread through the first and outward downe , called the sleave of the ball ( using a wary hand that you pierce not into the silke , lest the cold getting in you should quite abortive your wormes ) of which you must make severall connexions composed of an equall number of both sexes ; these ( to prevent rats and mice ) must be hang'd upon some hooke in a chamber of middle temper , but something inclining to coolenesse , yet however not subject to moysture , that the butterflyes may come out with the more facility , having pierced through their confinement , though nature her selfe infuses in them disposed applications to finde out their opposite sexes , it will be necessary to couple such as yet are disjoyned : all which , after you shall perceive them in conjuncture , must bee set either upon say , piropus , tammey , chamlet , the backside of old velvet , ( in generall vpon any stuffe which has no woolly downe , wherein the graine may be lost , or where it may get betweene the threads , as is linnen ) hang'd upon the wall close by their balls , or in defect of such stuffe , take walnut-tree leaves one handfull , or more as you shall see occasion , tye them by dozens backsides together , hang them at severall nailes or pinnes , and set the coupled buterflies thereon . take the chamlet , or other stuffes , receiving the seed , and rub it gently between your hands , and the seed will come out with great facility . the principall time of the butterflyes issuing out from the cod , is in the morning about eight of the clock : the seed collected must be put into a boxe very cleane pasted with paper , to exclude all aire or dust , kept in a chest in a drye temperate place where it may be preserved till the spring following , avoyding to make any continuall fires in such chambers , lest the warmth untimely hatch the wormes , which being brought forth at such a season must perish for want of food . the spaniard takes commonly the double and triple balls for seed , not that he conceites every double ball should produce two butterflyes , or which is a conceit of more fondnesse , male and female ; but because the multiplicity of creatures spinning their silk in common , make the worke so confused that they cannot well winde it off , which makes them be put in the ranke of the pierced ones for sleave , and i must ingeniously acknowledge my self to accede to his opinion ; for these double and triple balls are not unapt for this purpose , since they commonly , as de serres observes , come rather from a lustinesse and supplenesse of the worme , then any naturall debility : which sure are so much fitter to bee culled out , that the best balls may bee made into silke , which will easily winde , and the seede of these which is fully as proper for seed , but lesse apt for silke : neither doe i know why they should not bee preferred , since the spanish seed proceeding from these double and triple balls carries a particular preheminence above the rest ; which if wee shall make use of , the use is the same with others , except that they must bee clipped at the smaller end with the poynt of a paire of scissors , with a regard that you cut not cleane through the bottome , which would by admission of wind destroy the worm , and this they doe that the butterflies , if more then one , may finde an easie passage ; the best bottomes ( if you will preserve them ) for graine , are great , hard , weighty , and of carnation or flesh colour . the balls preserved for seed being made choice of , the next thing wee are to fall upon is , how to winde off the bottomes designed for silke : which would bee of much more advantage for purity and plenty of silke , and facility of labour , if they could immediately bee wound off . the silke so freshly taken unwinding without any losse or violence : but this delayed , the gumme , by which the worme fastens her threads becomming dry , doth so harden the bottome , that without difficulty and losse , the winding cannot bee accomplished . this expeditious winding prevents the enclosed worme of her full metamorphose into a butterflye , and the bottome from perforation : but then where shall wee finde so many workemen if the designe were generall , as could in seven or eight dayes winde off so many millions of bottomes ? not excluding therefore such as can have that conveniency , the next best course to kill the butterflyes in those bottomes which wee cannot winde off , is by exposing and laying them in the sunne , the heate of which in its owne worke stifles this creature : but let this bee two or three dayes successively ( not all at one exposure , lest your silke be burned instead of stifling its spinner ) two houres before , and two houres afternoone each day respectively . let the bottomes , spread upon sheets , be turned often , that the heate may destroy equally , no one excepted from this sharpe insolation ; but this must not bee done with a rude hand , which instead of turning them may bruise the worme , the slimy matter of whose body , being thus bruised , is very prejudiciall both for staining the silke , and gluing it so together , that no artist can ever unwinde them . removing them ther●fore oftentimes during such sunning with a gentle hand , wrap them thus warmed in sheets , and let them lye in a fr●sh dry chamber . but if the sunne should faile , an oven of such moderate heate a● is usuall after two houres drawing the bread , or heated to such a degree of wa●mth ( laying it over with boards , and the bottomes in sacks upon those boards , there remaining each time an houre and a halfe , repeating it till your experience by opening the most suspected bottome finde the inclosed worme consumed ) will bee of equall operation . but that which is the best and least practised course is this : take your bottomes , and fill such a furnace or copper as your brewers use , halfe full of water : within three fingers breadth of this boyling water , lay a lid or planke or board within the copper , bored through as thick with holes as a cullender , and so fit to the side of the furnace , that it by no meanes may sinke into the water : upon this cover lay a thin carpet of darnix or the like , and upon the carpet the silke bottomes , which must bee often stirred , with care not to use too much violence . the mouth of the copper , except when you stir the bottomes , must bee constantly covered , that the heate may smother the wo●mes : your wormes being dead , lay your bottomes in some roome , where there is aire to dry their moysture . this is an assured ( though not vulgar ) experiment , and by it your silke becomes as easie in the winding , and as pure in colour and substance , as if it had beene spunne the same moment the worme had given it perfection . to wind●●ff the silke fr●m the cod , or b●ttome . the winding off the ●ilke from the cod or bottome , is thus effected : fill a caldron full of very faire water● and s●t it upon a furnace , heate it to such a degree that the wate● becomes bubbled , as though there were small pearles in the middle , being ready to seeth ; then cast in your cods ' or bottomes , still stirring them up and downe with broom● or other small bushes , if yo● shall see that the heate is not capable to make your bottomes winde , augment your fire , otherwise abate it . the bottomes winding the threads will take hold of the broome or brushes ; draw those threads so affixed the length of halfe a yard and more out with your fingers , till all the grossenesse of the bottome bee wound off , which cutting off and laying aside , take all the threads of your bottomes united into one and according to the bignesse of thread you intend to make ( as whether sowing or stitching ) chose the number , not letting the other threads fall into the water againe , which must bee reserved to succeede ) which you must runne through an wyer ring , appoynted for to ranke the threads which ( as you shall see in the draught or picture , ) must be fastened upon the fore part of a piece of wood set directly upon a forme before the round or circle , which wee call a bobin , in the top of which piece in a little space that there is , are fastned two bobin● , distant from one another two fingers ; from this wyer ●ing the thread must bee drawne and crossed upon the bobins , whose onely use there is to twist the silke through a ring which is fastned in the middest of a staffe ; above the bobins you must continue the draught of your thread ; this staffe which moves with the wheele is called a lincet set a crosse beneath the wheeles , from that ring you must fasten your thread upon the wheele it selfe , which must bee still turned till the skeyne of silke bee wound up , the representation see in the next figure . observe , when any thread disconti●ues , his bottome being wound off , to repaire your number from another bottome , this you shall perceive when your full number of bottomes stir not altogether . bee sure that you artificially cut the knots which will bee in your threads , that your silke may bee more pure and uniforme . those which cast gumme arabick in the water under pretence to make the silke winde more p●re and glossey , are but impostours , it being a meere cheate to make the silke weigh the heavier . basins , or caldrons , wherein you p●t your bottoms to winde , if of lead re●tore the silke more pure then those of copper , this mettall being subject to a rubiginous quality , from which lead is wh●ly exe●pt . let the wheeles be large for the better speeding of the worke , that two skeines may be wound off together . that the fire of the furnace may be pure , and without smoake , let it be made of charcoale . the difficulty of their winding may be mollified by sope , put in the basin or caldron ; the old cods or bottoms hardened by time , will have the naturall gumme which glues their threads dissolved , and the silke come off much more easie . those bottomes of silke preserved for seed , and pierced by the butterflyes , may be made of good use , if washing them in water you throwe them into a caldron ready to boyle , with sope in it , which must be dissolved before the bottomes are cast in : thus let them boyle a quarter of an houre , or thereabouts , which done , take them out , wash them in cleane water and d●ye them● being dyed you must beat them with a round st●ffe of a good bignesse upon a stone or some block which is better , which will make them become white , and smooth as wooll . the way to spinne them after is this . they must with the fingers be pul'd one from one another , and opened as wooll uses to be in such preparations , let it then bee put on a distaffe and spunne as small as you can , or please . treatise of the vine . that the use of the vine is really intended by nature for virginia , those infinite s●ore of grapes which crowne the forehead of that happy country are so many speaking testimonies : but what fate hath hitheto diverted our english there inhabiting from the publick undertaking a commodity of so inestimable benefit , i doe not say for a publick staple ( though it would bee as rich as any other one species of traffick whatsoever ) but even from private vineyards , where they might sit under their owne vine , drinke of their owne grapes , satisfie even the most irregular desire of their , voluptuous appetites , and all this de suo , without entring into the merchants book●s for wines , peradventure adulterate , without paying the sweat of their browes for the exudation of the grape , i dare not determinately judge , lest i might bee forced to ascribe it either to a strange nonchalency or sluggishnesse to their owne prof●● , or which is worse an inveterate contempt of all other wayes of improvement ( of what ever returne ) in comparison of fume of tobacco . but that they may not bee ignorant of the profit of the vine , they will bee pleased to know that the vine requires ( once planted ) little more labour then the hoppe . to attend upon foure acrees of hops is the ordinary undertaking of one man in england , who besides this , neglects not many other labours . if one man in virginia bee not sufficient to doe as much as another in england , ● shall either imagine him to bee lame or idle ; nor let them o●j●ct to me the heat of the countrey ; if the mid-dayes be hotter , the mornings are much colder , and the labourer in virginia hath this advantage of being full of bread to ●atie●y , whereas oftentimes the hireling in england having a family to feed , and sometimes no imployment , comes to worke with a famish'd body , and courage , lives meerly de die in diem , with as little hopes of ever changing the copy of his fortune , as renewing the lease of his cottage with his landlord : those are but leane encouragements . in virginia the meanest servant ( if he have any spirit ) is still in expectation of improving his condition , and without any presumption may cherish his hopes , which promise him ( his time expired ) a present happinesse and future possibility of a fortune equall , if not outgoing his master , the encouragement being greater , the care lesse , and his provisionall subsistence by much better : why the laborer in virginia should not ●e ( i do not say superiour ) but equall in strength of body and resolution of minde , to the miserable day-hireling in england , needs an oedipus to unriddle . by this i hope it granted , that the virginian may without any extraordinary efforts of sweat and spirits , labour equally with those of england , and upon this accompt i shall assigne a vignard of four acres to his tillage , an easie taske ; let us compute the profit with the labour , and see what may be the proceed of this ●●●portion well husbanded . that an acre of vines in virginia ( when once growne to perfection ) will yield an equall increase to a common acre of vines in france , there being as great a difference between the soyles as the acres , and much greater ) will i believe be denyed by none , who pretend to modes●y or reason : yet the acre of vines in france , one with another , very few excepted , will yield yearely ten or twelve muyds of wine , a measure containing seventy two gallons ( a very famous frenchman liebault , is my author : ) what the common acre , or arpent , is in france , the same man informes us : an arpent ( the common arpent or acre of france ) is pole in the square , the pole being longer then ours by eighteen inches ; so that one french acre yields three tun of wine and upwards ; our acre being near upon pole more , we doubt not of profit equall . the excellent virginia will pardon me , if for dilucidation of an argument , i make her pure and unexhausted browes descend to weare a gyrlond of fertility equall to that laborious and over-teeming mother , the french kingdome , nay to her common vineyards : yet let us compute the profit arising from the foure acres , being but one mans labour , we shall finde the product even by that estimate , to be twelve tunne of wine , as the recompence of his particular toyle : let us imagine this but at ten pounds the tunne , and the profits of this single person amounts to pounds per annum . here they will object the dearenesse or difficulty of caske ; but this objection must be made by those who know not virginia , where there is such an excellent convenience , and abundance of peculiarly proper timber , that the winter will afford the other labourers together with our vigneron leasure , to cleave pipe-staves sufficient for private use of caske , and to sell to the publique ; one man ( during that little season ) being easily able to make foure thousand . but our acre being a third part bigger , the soyle ½ better , why we may not promise to ou● selves this profit , is an incredulity in england , w●rth a b●and of misunderstanding , in spaine would deserve the inquisition , what soyle is most proper for the vine . hee which will goe to p●ant the vine without the twinne co●sideration of the qualyty of the soyle , and the disposition of the aire , hath much affinity with him who goes to sea without lead or compasse : the one seldome attaines his port , nor the other his harvest . the quality of the ground whereon the vine thrives best , is a fine small mo●ld , of a subsistance rather inclining to a gentle lightnesse , then a churlish stubbornesse : they which would not have it to be very fat , are ignorant that while the vine is yong , the soyle where you plant may be imployed to other tillage , and by such expence of its native richnesse , reduced to that which they commend so highly , mediocrity . but if the fitnesse of the ground transmit a rich and never-failing sap into the nascent vine , making it grow speedy and strongly , if the vine participate of this fatnesse , which it may be they call grossenesse , as desiring to have it more subtile , there is small question to be made , but that this wine so imbodied and fortified by nature , must have extraordinary spirits to preserve it , and that age will have resined all that grossenesse into more pure and noble spirits ; that if transported , the sea will contribute to its melioration : whereas this wine which they call subtile and delicate spirits , if either preserved long or transported far , will with so much applauded subtilty and delicacy lose all his spirits by age and evaporation . scruple therefore at the richnesse of your ground no more then at the ranknesse of your purse ; t is in your power to correct either if there were necessity : let it have the qualities of gentle , easie , fine and light , to be stirred , seated ( if possible ) on the decline of a hill , not neare to any marish ground , nor having any springs gliding through it ; these marish grounds you must avoyd as you would doe levell in a valley . and the reason is , that the vine growing in these parts has a crude and ●ndige●ted bloud , quickly soures , and has neither strength to commend or preserve it , and the frosts in the winter time sinking to his ro●ts , by the moyst passage of his scituation , kills it ; the grapes plumpe and breake , and when as an additionall judgement to your inj●dicious election , a rainy yeare comes to afflict , the kernells breake out , the true juice of the grape accompanying it , and though it fall out that the grape swell againe , yet let not your expectation swell upon it , for instead of good wine proceeding from thence , you will receive nothing but viny water . the gentle , easie , fine , and light ground being the best , does not so wholly arrogate all excellency , as to deny an accession , a neighbourhood of goodnesse to other soyles . the gravelly ground yieldeth wine of a great delicacy , but a small quantity ; besides the infant plants are in danger of being wash'd away in any extraordinary surfeit of raines , such grounds being not able to give them a deep rooting . the like may be said of sandy ground which notwithstanding in some places especially where it is of a nitrous substance , will not yield the palme to any ground o● whatever richnesse ; other grounds may have an enforced richnesse , but because usually all such enfatning compost consists of dung and urine , which spoyle the purity of the vine : if my advice were of any weight , they should never be used for vintage , till necessity commanded my obedience . for the disposition of the aire , as particularly whether inclining to a meridian , or oblique to the south , south-east , or south-west ; if we contemplate the nature of the vine , that it by instinct , prefers places rather hot then cold , drye then moyst ; that it ●areth stormes and tempests , it affecteth a gentle breathing winde , or a serene calme ; we may presently collect that it is neither to be placed open to the north , north-east● nor ( in virginia especially ) to that nursery of storms , the north-west quarters , nor up●n the tops of hills , where it lyes equally assailable to all : the deare place then for the vines imbraces , is a descent , towards , not in a valley ( except never subject to inundation● ) that being sheltred f●om the more blustring domine●rers in the aire , it lye open to the south , south-west , south-east , or any part of the east and west , within the south quarter , for such a gratefull mansion , and acceptable soyle assigned him , doubt not , but he will returne you a rent which shall s●tisfie your most unbounded wishes . but le●t the eye in the option of your vineyard , may impose upon you , considering that every gr●und hath some arcane quali●y which the sight is not able to discover : to make a most certaine experiment , let me propose this way of examen . make a pit in the ground ( where your intentions are to plant ) two foot deep , take a clod of the earth so cast up , powder it , and infuse it in a glasse full of cleare raine-water , do your best to incorporate it with the water by frequent agitation and mixture : let it repose till the subsided earth have made his perfect residence and settlement in the bottome , and the water recovered her native clearenesse ; taste the water , and arrest your judgement upon this , that such a tast as the water delivers to your pallate , will that earth transmit to your wine : if of an inoff●nsive or acceptable relish , you may confidently promise your selfe a wine pure , and consequently ( if the soyle be rich very noble , nor is a salt taste an ill argument : but if it be a bitter aluminous , or su●hury gust , this place is not fit for your planting , you lose your wine and your labour . but virginia has a more certaine assurance ; god and nature have pointed them a soyle ou● with their owne finger ; let them therefore fix their eyes upon those places where either the vine or mulberry grow conjoyn'd , or seperate , and let them assure themselves of the excellency of the soyle , a diffi●ence in this being an affront to nature : yet this caution is to be used that though valleyes are marshy places● may sometime have them by nature , yet their florescence would be much more excellent and healthfull if removed to such a ground as formerly we have made choice of . to make election of plants . curiosity about the choise of your vine plants will commend your husbandry ; let the vine therefore from whence you take your plant be of as little pith as may be , such unpithy vines being both fruitfull and fortified by nature , bearing a remarkable abundance of substantiall grapes and strongly resists the violence of the weather , and of this fertility and firmenesse will your plant also participate . let not the vine you meane to plant from , be above the middle of his strength , or age , and observe ab●ut september th●se which are most laden with grapes , fullest of eyes in their branches , and have been least wounded by the unseasonablenesse of weather . take not a vine growing on a south side to transplant him to a northerne : and set this downe for a principle in nature , that all plants removed to a better scituation and soyle , answer your largest hopes , by their fruitfulnesse : but transplanted to a worse , assure your selfe that without an extraordinary cultivation , there cannot be the least probability of its thriving . let your plant ( if you may with conveniency ) immediatly be planted after its seperation from its originall ; for while it yet retaines any vitall vigour , it will the sooner apply it selfe to the desire of life and nourishment . if your necessity will not admit of this festination , wrap it tenderly in its owne earth ; and when your leisure will permit you to plant it , let it soake some foure or five dayes in water , and ( if possible ) running water : this immerging is a very strong preparative to its sudden taking root . if you apprehend a necessity of keeping him long or transporting him , ( imagine it the cyprian or calabrian grape thus to bee transportable into virginia , ) put him into a close barrell fil'd up with earth ; and that no aire may mortifie him , let both ends of the plant be put into onions or garlick , or ( which is better ) made up with wax , and now and then watred , but not more then to keep the earth from resolving into a dry dust ; for too much moysture might ( instead of preserving him ) make him fructifie , and your plant would become all root . wee have already spoken how we must chuse , but not what we must make choice of : let your plants therefore be of those which grow between the highest and lowest , ( the lowest having too much of earthy juice , and the high●st too little ) let them bee round , smooth , and firme● having many eyes , and about one foot and a halfe of old wood cut off with the new . the manner , and way to ●lan● vines . human curiosity plungeth us in so many unnecessary toils , that it would almost take a person off from necessary labour : look into columella , the countrey farme , the du●ch husbandry and all those supercilious writer● , and you shall see them stand upon such impertinent puntillos ; one while the dependance upon starres benights a man , another while the ground which should produce this or that , must be cast after this forme , or else it will be barren in spight of the bounty of the divine providence . not enumerating therefore all their wayes of planting , i dare lay my life that if the vine were but set on foot in virginia , the ground prepared for it as they doe their tobacco there , by a right line , holes made instead of their hillocks , but larger , deeper , and at greater distance , that there might something grow betwixt them which might be inoffensive to it by nature , and cleare it from being choak'd with weedes , or something drawing a contrary juice , ( peradventure onions and garlick ) or something requiring small nourishment , ( as lupins ) which turn'd into the earth againe ( distance of five foot being left for a plough , with caution not to come too neare the roots , which must be bared with a stowe , the plough running first the length , and then the traverse of those rowes , which therefore must bee lineally straight ) would both fatten the earth , and cultivate the vine all at one moment . yet submitting my selfe to judgements of greater experience then my modesty or natu●e can ever hope for , i shall deliver the severall way of planting the vine , with as much brevity as the matter , and my first resolution rather to contract then inlarge , will permit mee . the first preparing of the earth to receive the vine must bee done in spring or summer , where the ground you digge or cast must bee cleansed from all manner of superfluities whatsoever ; n●mely , roots , weedes , stones , &c. this digging must bee severall times repeated , that the earth by alternate changing its place of top and bottome may bee throughly tempred , the dry refreshed , and the moyst qualified : thus cleansed , cast in into many ●urrowes ( the sides whereof the french call chevaliers or guides , because it should guide you in the planting ) the depth of eighteene inch●s or more ; let the mould cast up above , bee so disposed , that ●t may answer to the depth below . note that these furrowes in a sandy , 〈◊〉 , or wet ground must not bee so hollow as in that which is rough and crabbed : in the bottome of the first you may put stones about the bignes●e of an ordinary brick ( but round ) not bigger , which in the heate of summer refreshes , in violence of raine opens a passage to the water , that it dwell not at the root to rot it . the best season for planting of vines is in october , the moone increasing , the furrowes must bee made in august , that the exposed earth may have time of digestive preparation . if your plant have roots , you must when you plant it cut them of● all , except it bee newly gathered , if it bee a slip or cut , which though it bee not so swift of growth the first yeare , yet is of much longer continuance , you must soake it in water , if it bee possible in running water five or six dayes . hee which plants the vine , the ground thus prepared , and haveing a line with him , that hee may observe a just evennesse and streightnesse , both in the row , and to the opposite plant , that so every foure may make a regular quadrangle , must bow his plant , the bigger end forward one foot into the earth of the ditch , letting first some of the mould from the sides fall into it ; let him tread upon the mould the better to fixe the plant , and with his hand ( the foot still pressing upon that part of the plant which is inearthed ) gently raise or bow the top of the plant that it may grow erect : this done , let him cast some more mould on it , to the thicknesse of six inches , and cut the top of the plant , so as not to leave above three knots or joynts above the earth : let him proceede in planting of the rest , observing the prescribed order : some set two plants together in this order , that if one shou●d faile , the other might recompence the default . if you will have your vine to grow without stakes or props , cut it so , that you let it no : increase above two or three joynts in the yeare , which will make it to stand firme against all stormes , i● but naturally violent . it will bee extreame ill husbandry to plant vines of different kindes or qualities together , such diversity there is in their season of ripenesse ; some preventing your expectation by the suddainenesse of their maturity , others deceiving it by their late ripenesse . wee have spoken of the planting , let us now handle the culture and dresse of it , that his fertility may in some measure requi●e the labour of his impl●nting . the manner of dressing the vine . mid may will bee a season which will best informe you , whether your plants have taken so good root , that it expresses a verdure and germination in his branches ; when therefore the shoot is able to indure dressing , let it bee cut within two or three knots of the old wood , and if any other slips spring from the root , cut them away ( with care however that it wound not the root , or the maine stock , which are wonderfully offended by the too neare approach of any toole that is edged ) that the whole strength of the vine may unite into one common stock or pillar , to support and convey the sap into the permitted branches , of which you may not let any flourish the first yeare of its growth . it is observed , that to cut the vine in the decrease of the moone , makes the fleshy part of the grape of a more substantiall grossenesse and feeding , and is a peculiar remedy for those vines which are given to bee over-ranke with wood : let it bee the care of the vigneron to remoove all obstructions of weedes which uninvited participate of the vines nourishment : the surest way to kill which , is , to turne them in towards the earth , which is not onely a destruction to the thiefe of its moysture , but a r●stitution of the robbery● for the weedes so inverted enrich the ground to the great encouragement of the vine , and the no lesse profit of the vine dressers . let your knife with which you cut your vine bee very sharpe , and let your vine bee cut sloping at one cut , if possible , and not far from the old wood , that the growth of the vine may the more speedily cover the wound . the vines must bee dressed or husbanded ●hree times the yeare , the first culture of it must bee in march , at which time you are to digge about the root three quarters of a foot deep , or thereabouts : the next season must be in april , wherein you must digge about the roote , within a third of the former depth , then you must also prune it by cutting all the branches , and leaving some three knobs or joynts of the new wood in your vine of the first yeares growth , and cutting off all dead or superfluous branch●s of the old , whose permitted branches must also bee pruned , lest they should spend that aliment decreed for the grape in elongation of the branches , all succors also must bee plucked away . in august the like course is to bee used in the wine of the precedent autumne leaving two or three joynts or knobs of new wood : againe the old ones may bee onely digged , if at that time , and at all other times you perceive any dead or wounded branches , you must cut them off something further then the mortification or hurt extends ; and in all prunings let no vine bee cut in the knob or joynt , but in the space betwixt ; there following usually nothing but absolute and irremediable decaying , where they are cut in the articula● knitting● if in aprils dressing , the vine h●ve no branched but onely budded , which is most usuall ( but more especially in march ) you must nip the bud off with your fingers , to the end that the juice which would ascend to hasten the germination , may bee stopped to strengthen and engrosse the store . the third yeare the vine will beare you grapes in these countries , but i am confident that in virginia it wou●d beare at the second ; and this my confidence is grounded upon the hasty perfection all things receive in virginia● by much prec●ding all our neighbour countries . the p●ac●tree arrives not to that viri●ity of growth in eight yeares , in th●s● r●gions , which it obtaines at foure there . the like is verified in apples and cherries : and if it be que●tioned how such men which peradventure b●ing in a necessity , are not able to attend two yea●es for a retu●ne , shall in the meane while subsist : it is easi●y answered● that the intervalls betwixt the dressings of the vines will ●fford space enough for a reasonable crop of tobacco ; and ther● is much mo●e labour in looking to . plants of tobacco then the like number of vines , especially if the intersp●ces be pl●ughed , and ●ow●d with turnips or lupines , which both add● to the fatnesse and unwilding of the ground , and choake up all weeds and grasse which might afflict it . contrariwise , tobacco will admit nothing in the vacant s●aces , and must be perpetually weeded . further , though other vine-masters prescribe the digging about the roots of their plant in august● which is the busie s●●son of inning the tobacco , yet i am driven by divers reasons to wish such culture om●tted at that time of the yeare , since it layes the root by so much the nearer to a violently torrid su● which is so far from cherishing of it , that it burnes it ; by whic● meanes his c●op of tobacco need not at all to be neglected : but these vines steale into such perfection by that time ●hey are arrived at fou●e yeares growth , that twenty thousand plants of tobacco , though sold at pence per pound , ( a great rate in virginia ) will not returne you a like profit , which though it m●y be something sp●ringly believed , yet may be made apparent . for admitting our vines by th●t time of foot high , by their so often cutting of the shoots , nourished u●to a stock strong enough to support it self ; of b●anch●s , by the like tillage , equall in vigour , yield but a gallon of wine per pi●ce , yet here is tun of wine yearely , for yeares together , ( so long will the vine thus husband●d , last fruitfull , and vigorous , if planted with the slip rather then the root ) without any interruption but that which sets bounds and limit to all things , the divine providence in his dispensation of seasons . of the d●seases of vines , and their remedy . before we can justifie our expectations of a good harvest , we must providently foresee and prevent ( as much as in us lies ) such casualties as may make our hope abortive ; let us therefore cast our eye upon such diseases which m●y make the vine unfruitfull , or after the fruit produced , destroy its desired fertility . to prevent the frost from benumming , or absolutely destroying your vines , let there be layd up in divers places heaps of drye du●g , with an i●term●xture of ch●ff● and straw , and when you conjecture the appro●ch of the fro●t , set this combustible stuffe on fire , and the smoake arising from thence will so temper and qu●lifie the aire that your vine for that season will be secured from d●m●n●ge : yet if ( before you have applyed this preventive remedy ) the fruit of your vine be destroyed , cut it off very short , and the strength continuing in the rem●inder will so fortifie it , that the next yeare it will recompence you double in the quantity of your fruit ; for what it hath been rob'd of by the present . to provide against the blasting of your vine : when you perceive it upon the point of budding , cut it as late as may be ; for this late cutting it will make your vine something later● and by consequence , bloss●me or flower at such time as the sunne is ascended to his greatest degree of heat and fervor . to breake off such mists and fogs as are already gathered in the aire , and give probable menaces to fall upon your vines , you must apply your selfe to this remedy : let a smoake round about your vineyard be made with go●ts du●g , kindled and set on fire . such fogges as have outstripped your care and already fallen upon , and endammaged your v●nes , must have the malignity of their vapors taken off , or at least asswaged by irrigation of vines , with the water in which the leaves or roots of wilde cucumbers , or coloquintida have been layd some time to infuse : this must be applied immediatly after the mists . some are of an opinion that bay-trees ( which by the way are dangerously sociable to the vine ) planted round , but not too near the vineyard , wil priviledge the vine from this di●taster , by attracting all the ill disposed mallice of those fogs ●nto it selfe . this till experimented will hardly be worthy beliefe . it is an opinion no way contradicted , that fertility is restored to a vine become barren , if humane urine kept a long while stale , to make it the more salt and ranke , be dropt by degrees upon the vine stock , which must immediately after be laid about with dung and earth mixt together : the season for the application of this cure must be in autumne . another way i should conceive to be altogether as effectuall , namely , to leave it nothing but the stock , bare the roots , and lay there either acornes , chesnuts , or rotted straw ; and if the bignesse of the root will permit it , to cleave it a little way , and to thrust into the ●issure a piece of vine wood , cut small for the purpose ; it being certaine that trees themselves sometimes groane under the sicknesse of being hide-bound : vines are perceived to want moisture , when their leaves turne of a deep red colour : this disease is cured by watring them with sea-water , or stale urine . the bleeding of the vine . the vine sometimes is troubled with an extraordinary efflux , or emanation of its juice ; some call it the weeping , others the ble●ding of the vine , and this disease is commonly so violent , that if not stopped it leaves the vine without blood and life . the remedy is to breake the barke of the vine upon the body thereof , and to anoynt the wound with oyle boyled to the half , or else with the lees of wine not salted ; this done , let it bee watered with vinegar , which by how much the stronger it may bee , is so much more effect●all . the scattering vine . the vine sometimes is oppressed with an unretentive scattering dis●ase , as unable to maintaine the fruit sh●e hath produced , which shee therefore discharges , and let● fall from her ; the symptomes by which you are to judge of this disease , are an unnaturall palenes●e and drynesse of the leaves , the branch it selfe l●nguid , broad , and of a more pithy softn●sse then usuall . the cure to this , is to rub ashes beaten and mixed with strong vinegar abou● the foot of the vine , and to water all tha● is round about the stock : quaer● , whether fissures in the barke made with a sharpe knife some fixe inches long may not bee an additionall receit to the former prescription . the tree peradventure having contracted this malady by too close imprisonment in the barke , being in a manner hide bound● ; how ever the foregoing medicine cannot in this case but sort to better effect , if the tree and barke joyntly be rubbed over then the barke onely , unlesse this medicine could give a relaxation to the barke , which i have no faith in . the vine too full of branches , or luxur●ant . the v●ne expending it selfe too wastfully in overmany branches , must bee cut very short . if this overcome not that luxury , the usuall remedy is , let it bee bared at the roots , and river gravell layd round about the stock , together with a few ashes or else some stones . the reason i apprehend not , except it bee to check its fertility● which i conceive may more prosperously bee effected , if onely the branches being cut , and the stock low , you suffer that exubrancy to waste it selfe in adding more corpulency to the stock , which will of it selfe bee a sufficient spender to restraine and confine the former liberality of juice . the withering vine . if the grapes languish and dry away as they hang upon the vine , before you apply a remedy you must cast away all that are already affected with this contagion ; then water the rest with vinegar , in which ashes of vine branches have beene infused● the most assured remedy is to water the root of the vine , from whence the disease cometh with the stalest urine ; the former remedy being something irregular , as if it were easily feisible to remove a malady by application to the effects , without considering the efficient . the rotting of grapes upon the vine . there are of vines whose fruit putrifie upon the branches before they come to maturity : this disease is remedied by laying old ashes to their root , or gravell , or barley meale mixed with the seed of purcellane about the body ; quaere , whether this disease proceed from a plethorick rankn●sse or em●ciate debility : if from rankenesse all application of ashes hurt it : the symptomes of rankenesse are , when a tree lavishes his moysture into too many branches , which may make him neglect to feede the fruit , as unable to maintaine two spenders ; and i am confident the naturall remedy for this is to bare him ( as much as possible ) of wood , that it may divert the nourishment to the grape ; if from debility , which you shall perceive by a flaccid palenes in the leaves , the same remedy which wee prescribed to the withering vine , vi● . to water the root with urine of a long stalenesse , will bee the most proper . the biting of the cow or oxe . indeede the best way to prevent this disease , is to have your ground either well paled or quicksetted , or both : but that the biting or breathing of kine may not endamage the vine ( which ●●rdly recovers af●er such wound or infection ) water the f●●t stock of your vine with such water as the tanners have used in dressing and mollifying their raw hides , and you may promise your selfe to bee secured from them , they as mortally hating such sents , as the vine abhors their bite or breathing . against caterpillars . the opinion is● that caterpillars and other noysome , though little vermine , will not molest the bud or leafe of the vine , if the hooke or hedgebill wherewith you prune and cut off the superfluous branches of the vine be anoynted over with the blood of a male goat , or the fat of an asse , or of a beare ; or with the oyle wherein catterpillars or brayed garlick have beene boyled , or if you anoynt and rub them with the purse or sheath of a badgers stones , after your hooke has beene ground : these are curious rather then apparently approved medicines , and for their reason i must demurre to give it , quaere , whether the oyle wherein catterpillars or brayed garlick have beene boyled well , rubbed about the stock of the tree , may not make those reptilia ab●or the a●cending , or whether the ●uce of rew so applyed , have not the like vertue . the driving locu●ts from the vine is done by fumigation , as either fi●ing of old oxe dung , galbanum , old shooe soles , harts-●orne , womens haire ; but that which they propose las● , i conceive to bee the best , namely , to plant pionie neare them . to prevent pismires . pismires , who divers times fret in sunder the wood of the vine , even to the very marrow , will not at all approach it , if you anoynt and rub the slock with the dung of kine , or grease of asses . the bay-tree , hasell-tree , and col●worts beare a particular enmity to t●e vine , and expresse it by effects when pl●nted neare ; this i cannot believe to bee out of any magicall antipathy , but rather that these ( as the plum-tree ) are great and strong succors of juice , and happily drawing of the same , by which the vine is more particularly nourished , of which being cheated , it is no wonder if she expresse a decadency . the manner of the vintage . and now wee are come to that which is most acceptable to mankinde , the successefull fruit of his labours reaped in his vintage , which wee must not of a naturall g●eedinesse precipitate , till the grapes bee of such a kindely ripeness● of age , that to let them continue on the vine longer were to lose them ; this ripenesse is visibly understood by a mutation in the branch and grape ; in the branch you shall perceive a manifest mutation by an incline to rednesse in the grape ; if it bee white it alters towards a yellow , if red towards a black colour ; nor are the ta●te and touch les●e discerners of such full maturity ; for if they bee sweete in taste , and the liquor of a glutinous substance , cleaving to the finger ; wee may conclude that both they , and the time to gather them are of full ripenesse . there are also other signes , if the kernell expressed out of the grape betweene your fi●gers , come out cleane , and altogether seperate from the flesh or pulpe of the vine , if after such expression ( gently performed ) the grape diminish nothing from his bignesse , &c. these all , or the most of them concurring , prepare for your harvest . yet in virginia , where the harvest is more abundant then the labourers , to prevent a glut of worke flowing upon few hands , and consequently not possible to bee throughly equalled : it will no● bee amisse to use both anticipation by accelerating nature with artificiall meanes in some , and retardation by arresting the speede of growth in others , to accelerate ashes layd to the foot of vines , and those vines planted to something more advantage of an am●rous sunne , will make them antecede the others , at the least by their advance of foureteen● d●yes ; the other in their naturall course following that spice after , and the others more particularly retarded ( which may bee easily effected by the pruning of them later then the rest just upon their prep●rative to b●d ; which arresting the sap m●kes it afterwards ( though later ) returne with a greater abundance ) staying foureteene dayes later , there will be● compleately sixe weekes time 〈…〉 gathering in of your vintage . and by this meanes you 〈…〉 vineyard tilled or manured every third yeare all over , which 〈…〉 no ingratefull accession to its duration in fertility and 〈◊〉 : those of the most forward ripenesse this year , being retarded the next , and those of the naturall maturation husbanded in that manner , the next winter . the fittest season to gather them must bee in a serene unclouded sky ( the grapes having any raine or dew upon them when gathered , losing much of their perfect strength and goodn●sse ; ) for the wine made of grapes throughly dryed in their collection , hath a greater priviledge of force and continuance : but before this collection bee attempted , all things fitting to receive y●u● vintage must bee prepared in cleanlinesse and order , viz. baskets , caske , and fatts strongly hooped , tubs great and small , stands , pre●●es , &c. and all scoured , washed , and furnished with their necessary instruments and conveniencies . the grape gatherer must distinguish and seperate the leane , green , sower , withered , or rotten grapes , from those which are of absolute ripenesse and soundnesse . that the wine by such an uncomely confusion or mixture may not bee lesse pure , sprightly , and healthfull , then it was intended by nature , such inconfiderate gatherers are sayd to bee of the divells sending , to spoyle gods provisions . nor should they con●usedly mixe good with good , if of different quality , as to mingle that which is strong and rich , with which is small , but delicate . they prescribe that the grapes so gathered should bee left in the ground at least a day or two , and that ●ncovered , provided it raine not , by which meanes , say they , they will become much better , since the sunne , dew , and earth , by this exposure taking from them what ever they have of bad unprofitable moysture , refine and purifie them . a cou●se as far as my span of reason can extend , so far from this promise of refining and purifying , that it absolutely tends to their corruption . have they wanted the sunne and dew when upon the stalke ? could not the same sunne and dew which enripened them , refine and purifie them there ? as for the earths meliorating them , if melioration bee understood by putr●faction , 't is easily granted ; apples that lye on the ground are so meliorated , that is to say rotted , and shall the grape a more delicate and tender fruit avoyd it ? this is by way of digression , but it is necessary● for without this caution a modest man which re●des with an obedient judgement any booke● of these men , taking the authour for an {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} , subscribes to it , observes the prescription , and gaines a doctrine of future providence , by the losse of his present vintage . but after the grapes have rema●ned a day or two in the house , it will bee time to put them into the f●tt to bee trodden out equally . those which tread the grapes should before they go into the fatt have their feete and legges washed extreamely , and themselves covered with a shirt as well ●s drawers , that their sweat may not mixe with the wine , and that nothing in the act of eating fall from their mouths into it , they must bee punctuall in abstaining from eating of the grapes , while they are at this their labour . surely this way of treading the grape is derived from some abstenious man , who devised this stratagem under a pretence of expediting the worke ; but indeede to deter men from drinking that which is so uncomely prepared . i know they will alledge that by tre●ding it flowes more naturally , and withall more pure forth , then that which is pressed ; but withall give mee leave , say that the very presse it selfe if it bee not too violently and greedily laboured , makes it glide forth altogether as naturally and purely , and which is more with greater equality ; for in the presse , all the grapes feele the impultion at once , and if the owner bee not too covetous to bring the drosse and gros●e parts of the grape to a second squeezing● and mixing with the fi●st● without dispute the wine so expressed is altogether as good and strong as that which is trodden , but i am certaine much mor● clea●ly . the wine ( however● being expressed must be poured , drosse , huskes , and all , into a fat to worke or boyle in , which it must doe for the space of foure and twenty houres at the least , if you will h●ve it fine , delicate , and subtile ; but if you desire to have it strong and noble , let it worke in the fat foure or five dayes , with a covering over it , that so the vapour thereof may not exhale , or his force waste it selfe . the fat , or tub prepared , must have immediatly before his reception of the wine , a little bunch of vine branches laid before the tap-hole , which ( that it may not heave up with the wine ) must be kept downe with a cleane stone or brick , or which is better and l●s●e off●nsive , a ring of lead wound about it : this when you draw the wine will hinder the huskes or grapes from comming out with the liquor . your fat must not be full by halfe a foot or more , that the wine may have the more space to boyle or worke in . your wine in vessel'd must not be filled up to the bung , nor the bung closed , that the wine may have the greater liberty of despumation , and rejecting whatever it findes reluctant to its owne nature . every day you must fill up what is expurged , and something more , till you ●inde the wine throughly appea●ed , and discharged of whatever might be obstructive to its generosity : nor must this caske be in the cellar , but either in the open aire , or in some b●rne where it has a liberall respiration ; besides the defects in caske cannot be so easily discovered when the wine is in the cell●r , ●s in open places . when it is so throughly settled , that it hath given over all appetite or signe of boyling , you may have it committed to your cellar , which should stand upon the north here , ( in virginia upon the north-west as the coolest and driest angle ) paved wit● gravell or drye earth , which is lesse subject to moysture or ex●dations then brick , or especially stone , absolutely remote and unmo●ested by any ill odours of stables , sinkes , bathes , marshy places , &c. neither should it have any thing shut up or kept in it , which have any sent of acrimony or harshnesse , as cheese , garlick , onions , oyles , ( trane , neatsfoot , linseed , and others , not the salade-oyle ) it being observed , that nothing is more open or obnoxious to contagion then wine , especially when new . your vessells must be so rank'd in order that they touch not one another , by this meanes to leave a liberty of sight to foresee a misfortune , or prevent it when happened . they must be so close stopped in the bung with clay , that not the least irreption of aire may be capable to taint it , to which it is very subject . to cause new wine to bee quickly purged , put ( after this proportion in the rest : ) to quarts of new wine , halfe a pint of strong vinegar , and within the space of three dayes it will bee fined . to preserve must or new wine all the yeare , take that vine which voluntary distilleth from the grape ; before is suffer the presse , and put it into a vessell pitch'd within and without the same day : let the vessell be halfe full , and very well stop'd with plaster above ; and thus the new wine will continue a long while in his sweetnesse . but to adde to this experiment and the continuance of the wine , you must hinder it from working , which you may well doe , if you put the vessell into some well or river , there to remaine thirty dayes ; for not having boyled it will continue alwayes sweet , and is preserved by the heat of the pitch . others prefer the burying of this vessell in moist gravell : and ( which in my opinion is the best ) others cover the vessell first with the drosse of the wine presse , then heap upon it moyst gravell ; by which meanes , something interposing betwixt the extraordinary moysture and cold of the gravell , which might have some influxe upon the wine , your must preserved in an excellent meane of temper . to know if there be any water in the wine . the malice of servants sometimes swallowing downe their masters wine , and fearing to be discovered if the quantity be diminished , or the basenesse of the dealer to impose upon the merchant , makes both of them adulterate it with water , which not being discernable to the eye , may be made familiar to your knowledge by this experiment : take a withered rush , immerge it in the wine ; after a small space draw it out againe : if the wine have been thus bastarded , you shall perceive the water cleaving to it . otherwise , take raw and wilde peares , cutting , and cleansing them in the midst , or in lieu of them , mulberries , cast them into the wine , if they float , the wine is neat and cleare from such sophistication ; if they subside there is water in it . some doe anoint a reed , a piece of wood , or paper , hay , or some other little bundle of herbs , or strawes with oyle , which if they drye , put into the wine● and after draw them out , if the wine have been embased with water , drops thereof will gather unto the oyl● . another sure tryall is to cast un●laked lime into the wine ; if there be any adulteration , the lime dissolves , if the wine be undevirginated , the lime collects thereby a harder cementation . others take of the wine , and inject it into a frying-pan wherein there is boyling oyle , and the wine ( if depured ) declares it with a loud noise , and frequent bubbles . to make another tryall , lay an egge into the wine , the egge descending , manifests the abuse , not descending , the wine is as the grape bled it . to seperate wine from water . but as the miserable man in the pit desir●d his friend not to question how he fell in , but to advise how he should get out : we will not be satisfied that there is water in the wine , but how it may be sepe●ated from it ; which if we may believe the deliverers of it , who have published it to the world in their names , you must put into the vessell of wine melted allum , then stop the mouth of the vessell with a spunge drenched in oyle , which done , turne the mouth of the vessell so stopped , downewards , and the water onely will come forth , leaving the wine pure : the reason of this i cannot give , and have onely read ( not seen ) the expeririment . the way to correct ●ver much waterishnesse in wine . if gluts of raine have made the yeare so unseasonable , that the grape hath contracted a watry quality to the diminution of his winy goodnesse : or if it fall ou● that after the time of gathering them , there fall such store of raine , that the grapes instead of dewes are too much wetted ; ( such is the profit of exposing the gathered clusters into the open aire for houres ) the remedy is to tread them quickly , and finding the wine weake , by tasting it after it hath been put into the vessell , and begun to boyle there , it must presently be changed , and drawne out into another vessell , for so the watr● parts that are in it will stay behinde in the bottome , yet the wine standing still charged , will be totally corrected , if you put to every fifteen quarts of wine , a pint and a halfe of salt . to make wine of an acceptable odour . if you will perfume your wine with a gratefull odour , by which the braine may be strengthened , as well as the heart exalted : take a few myrtle-berries dry , bray them , and put them into a little barrell of wine ; let it so rest , close stopped , ten dayes afterwards use it at pleasure . the like effect will follow , if you take the blossoms of the grapes ( those especially which growe upon the shrubby vines ) when the vine is in flower , and cast them into the wine , the brimmes of the wine-vessell being rub'd over with the leaves of the pine and cypresse tree , and this will give it a fragrancy delightfully odorate : or which is of equall facility , you may hang an orenge , or pomecitron , ( being of a convenient greatnesse ) and prick it full of cloaves , and that in such sort as it may not touch the wine , shut up in all these applications , the vessell very close . if this like you not , take the simples of such matter as you would have your wine to smell of , infuse them in aqua vitae , the infusion may be repeated by percolation of the old herbs , and addition of new , till it have gotten a full and absolute perfection of th●se odours you desire , then poure the aqua vitae ( the herbs ●trained from it ) into the vessell of wine . to make cute . you may make the boyled wine called cute , if you boyle new wine that is good , lovely , and very sweet untill the third part thereof bee consumed ; when it is growne cold put it into a vessell and use it . but to make this cute , that it may continue all the yeare , gather your grapes whole , and let them lye spread three dayes in the sunne , on the fourth about noone tread them . the liquour or sweet wine which shal runne out into the fatt before the dro●●ey substance come under the presse , must bee boyled one third as before ; then to every nineteene quarts of wine adde an ounce of irees or corne flag well brayed , straine this wine without the lees , which being done , it will continue sweet , firme , and wholesome . to cause troubled wines to settle . to cause troubled wines , and such as are full of lees to settle , poure into thirty quarts of wine , halfe a pint of the lees of oyle boyled , till the third part bee wasted , and the wines will immedi●tely returne to their former settlement . otherwise , which is better and more easie , cast into the wine-vessell the whites of six or seven egges , and stirre them together very well with a stick . to know whether the wine will keepe long . the knowledge whether the wine will continue long or not in a good condition , is thus made apparent : when your wine is tunned up , you must within some time after change it into another vessell , leaving the lees behinde in the first ; which you must diligently stop from taking any vent whatsoever ; after some time you may looke into the lees with carefull animad version , whether they change or contract any ill sent or not , or whether they breed any gnats , or other such creatures ; if you espye none of these mutations or corrupt generation , repose your selfe with all confidence that your wine will continue pure to the longest : but t●●se symptomes discovered , will bee so many admonitions to dispose of that wine with the soonest , which is already by nature inclined to ●urne bad and corrupt ; others take a pipe of elder , or such other wood as may bee hollowed through , with which they receive the sent of the lees , and by them informe themselves how the wine is conditioned . a good pallate will divine of wines by the taste , namely that if the new wine bee sharpe and quick , they repose confidence in its goodnesse and continuance ; but if flat and heavy , then they expect nothing but the contrary to good qualities : againe , if the new wine ( when put into the vessells ) be fat and gl●wy , the sign is prosperous ; but if contrariwise , it be thinne and weake , it is ●n argument that it will easily be turned , to keepe wine at all times . to effect this , you may cast roch-allum ( very finely powdred ) into the , vessell which you meane to put your new wine in , or bay salt very finely powdred : or pibble stones , and little flints taken out of some brooke , or which will retaine the spirits of the wine from evaporating ; more certainly salade oyle , so much as will cover the superficies of the wine . to make that wine sh●l not flowre . vvine will have no flower , if you put into it the flowers of the vine , gathered , and dryed , or the meale of fetches , changing the wine into another vess●ll , when the meale or flowers are settled downe to the bottome . to prepare physicall wines . neither is this digression impertinent ; physitians are not so frequent in virginia , as in padua , or london , and were there more , yet the vast space of ground , those people take up in their scattred dwellings , makes the addresses to them very difficult : that therefore they may ( in absence of the physitian ) have some common remedies for common diseases ; i have thought fit to give them this accompt of medicinall wines out of lie●ault , all of them of excellent virtues , and easie preparations : the first shall be to make wines of wormewood . to which effect , take of sea-wormewood , or in default of that , common wormewood , especially that which hath the small stalke , and short leaves , eight drammes ; stamp them , and binde them in a cloath which is not woven too thick , cast it into the vessell , pouring new wine upon it , making this accompt , that to every three pints of wine there must bee eight drams of wormewood ; continue this proportion in the filling of your vessell , which you must leave with the vent open , that the wine fall not a new to boyling . the use of this wine is good for the paine of the stomack and liver , and to kill wormes . to make wine of horehound . this wine being very soveraigne for the cough , must bee made in the time of vintage , to which purpose you must gather of the crops and tender stalkes of horehound , of that ●specially which growes in leane untilled places ; afterwards cause them to bee dryed in the sunne , make them up into bundles , tying them with a ru●h , sinke them in the vessell to quarts of new wine ; you must put eight pound of horehound to boyle therewith , after the wine is settled the horehound must bee taken out , and the wine stopt very diligently . the wine of anise and dill very good against the difficulty of the urine : the wine of peares against the flux of the belly ; the wine of bayes against the ach and wringings of the belly ; the wine of asarum bace●●r against the j●undise , dropsies , and tertian agues ; the wine of sage against p●ines and weakenesse of the sinewes , are all made as the wine of wormewood . to make wine of betony . take betony , the leaves and seedes about one pound , put it into twenty quarts of wine , and at the expi●atio● of the seven moneth , change the wine into new vessells . this most excellent wine aswageth the paine of the reines , breaketh the stone , and healeth the jaundise . to make the wine of hysop . take the leaves of hysop well stamped , tye them fast in a very fine cloth , and cast about one pound of them into twenty quarts of new wine ; this wine is peculiarly excellent against the diseases of the lungs , an old cough , and shortnesse of breath . wine of pomgranates , made of pomgranates that are scarce ripe , being throughly bruized , and put into a vessell of thick red wine , serveth of singular use against the fluxe of the belly : to which end also serve the wines made of services , mulberries , and quinces . the ancients had a very high opinion of treacle wine , from consideration of its extraordinary vertue in asswaging and healing the bitings of serpents , and other venemous beasts . nor had the vine solely this virtue in its grape , but in the leaves also stamped and applyed unto the grieved part . this vine is thus prepared : cleave three or foure fingers breadth of the plant you intend to set , take out the pith , and replenish the vacant part with treacle , afterwards set the cloven part covered and wrapt in paper . thus vines may bee made soporiferous , if you prepare them in the same manner with opium , as before with treacle , laxative by preparing it with some soluble purge . by this meanes you may have wine to taste like the greeke calabrian frontignac , or any other noble for its excellency ; if the lees purified and preserved bee inserted into the pith of the branch , aromatick , if to these lees you adde compounds of cynamon cassia , cloves , o● what ever shall bee most agreeable to the nostrill and pallate . to remedy wines inclining to corrupt ; and first of wine beginning to soure : if you perceive wine beginning to waxe soure , put into the bottome of your vessell a pot of water well stopt , close the vessell , yet so as at a vent hole to receive and transmit a little aire : the third day draw out the pot , and you shall s●e a noble experiment of attraction , for the water will be stinking● and the wine sound & neat . at what time , and by what accidents wine is most apt to corrupt , with its remedy . the season when wines are subject to turne or bee troubled , is about the summer sol●tice , viz. the . of june , at the same time that the vine emits her blossome ; nor then alone , but sometimes about the dog-dayes● by reason of the variety of heates : generally the wine is in some sort of commotion , when a constant s●uth winde disturbes the aire , whether it bee in winter or summer , in great and continued raines also , and windes in earthquakes or mighty thunders . to keepe them f●om turning is by the injection of pan salt , when they boyle or worke , or else o● the seed of smallage , barley-bran , the leaves of bay-trees , or of fennell seed brayed with the ashes of the vine brayed . the like effect have almonds cast into the wine● or the ashes of the oake● the meale of the ●hite fetch both defends the wine from turning , and keepeth it in his soundnesse . allum broken in pieces the same , the worst application is of brimstone , lime , plaister , &c. to r●cover the wine when turned , must bee effected either by changing the vessell , by beaten pepper ; or take whites of egges , beate them very well , and take the froth from thence arising of them , poure them into the vessell , which you must immediately roule after its infusion : or else take twelve kernells of old walnuts ( the virginian walnut i conceive exceeding proper ) rost them under the ashes , and while they ●re yet hot , draw a thread through them , hang them in t●● wine , where they must bee till the wine ( which will not fail ) recover its former colour . if the wine become troubled , either the kernels of pine apples , or peaches , or the whites of egges , and a little salt will not faile to cleare and refine it : others take halfe a pound of allum , as much sugar , make a very small powder thereof , and cast it into the vessell . to helpe wine that beginnes to wast and die . if you by manifest symptomes apprehend your wine suddenly inclining to degenerate and corrupt , this course is prescribed : if it bee clarre● , take the yelke of an egge , if white , the white adde to it three ounces of cleare bright stones taken out of a running river , make them into a small powder , together with two ounces of salt , mingle all together , and ( the wine shifted into another vessell neat and cleane , not tainted with any smell beforehand ) cast in this compound ; mingle it with the wine five or sixe times the day , untill three or foure dayes bee past . this remedy is not prescribed when wine is absolutely spoy●ed , for then it would bee applyed to no purpose ; but that the carefull master should by his observation of it to such a disposition , prevent it by this experiment . to restore wine growne musty , unto his former purity . cast into the vessell cowes milke salted● some ( but to the infinite unhealthfullnesse of him that drinkes it ) attempt this restauration with allum , lime , and brimstone , a more undangerous way is to infuse in it juniper-berries , and irees roots : yet if the wine should continue this ill senting qu●lity , by having taken winde : let it bee rouled too and againe to awaken the spirits thereof , that they may the better disperse the strength of its infu●ion : afterwards set it againe upon his cantling , replenish the vessel and shut it close to prevent winde for the future . to preserve wines from sowring , may bee performed by your disposing of your vessell in a place that is very coole and dry ( the vessels being very well filled and well stopped ) to prevent as well the emission of the spirits , by which the wine continues vigorous , as the admission of aire . but in regard all men are not the masters of such opportune conveniencies , being fo●ced sometimes to make uses of places obnoxious to heate , and drawing one vessell a long time , cannot hinder the secret invasions of aire ; yet if you perceive in time that your vine begines to harbour an acid or soure quality , you shall preserve it from falling into a full degree of sourenesse ; if you take a good piece of l●rd , wrap it well in a linnen cloath , tye it to a small cord , and let it downe by the bunghole into the middle of the wine , still letting it lower as the wine decreaseth . some advise , and not without a great apparence of reason , to put into the vessell , oyle olive , or salade , in such quantity , that it may onely cover the sup●rficies of the wine : which oyle when the wine is drawne off from the lees , may bee seperated from them , and preserved . to take away the waterishnesse and crude moisture of the wine , put into the vessell the leaves of the pomgranate-tree , though in my opinion such wine being easily knowne in the fatt , when first trodden , should be corrected by boyling , as afore . the remedy against venemous beasts falling into the wine , as adders● rats , &c. is , so soone as the dead body is found , to burne it and cast the ashes into the same vessell , s●irring it about with a wooden stick : others give advice to put hot bread into the vessel which will attract all the venemous qualities to it selfe , and cleare the wine . of the olive . the vine and olive being such delightfull associates as to expresse a mutuall emulation for the glory of fertility when planted together . this treatise shall not divide them , they are both exhilaratives , the vine rejoyces the heart , the olive glads the countenance ; and that virginia may expresse the delight she affords to mankinde by being reinforced with this second sister of laughter , the olive ; this discourse particularly designed to her improvement , showes its planting and culture when planted . the olive tree , though it delight in a rich fat ground ; yet if he have a warme aire , and a south , or south-east wind to refresh him , will in all places testifie a bounteous gratitude for its scituation in an almost unlaboured for fertility : yet to prepare a place for this rich plant to prosper on , his prosperity being no small part of your owne , you must digge the pits where you intend to plant them , a yeare before such implanting ; in this pit burne some straw , or which is better castings of vine or brambles ( but no part of oake , there being such a particular enmity betwixt this tree , and the oake , that the olive not onely refuses its neighbourhood , but dies if planted in the place where the oake has beene rooted up ) or you may leave it to the sunne and raine , which will without such adustion exhale and purifie all infectious vapours : the place being provided to plant upon , we must next select our plant. select your plants from the shoots or branches of those olive trees which are yong , faire , and fertile : let them bee in thicknesse the circumference of an ordinary wr●st , in length eighteene inches ; plant it the bigger end downewards into the earth , prepared as before , and ramme the mould , mingled with dung and ashes close about it : let it be digged every yeare in autumne . the time to plant it is in april or may , it must not be transplanted for the first five yeares , nor the boughs cut or pruned till it have attained eight . graft it not but upon it selfe , so will it beare fruit better in the species and number ; in its transplantation you must take up as much of the soyle with its roots , as you can possible , and when you reset it , give it the like scitu●tion for coast and quarter that it had before . olives are intended for two uses when gathered ; either to be● served up at the table in collation , or to make oyle of the largest sort of olive , is most proper for the table , the lesser more particularly convenient for oyle : they must bee gathered with the least offence to the tree that may bee , the bruising of the branches with poles as some use it in striking downe the fruit , makes the tree barren : the best way therefore is to ascend the tree by a ladder , in faire weather ( not so much for conveniency of the gatherer ; as for the profit comming from the olive , which is not to bee taken from the tree , but when it is exceeding dry ) and pulling them with your hand put them into a wicker basket , which you shall have carryed up with you to that purpose . those olives you inten● to preserve or pickle , must not have that full ripenesse which is requisite for those you purpose to make oyle of . the olive● whic● you keepe for banquets must be full of flesh , firme , fast , large , and ovall ; if you will pickle them , put them into an earthen pot , and cover them with salt brine or verjuice , or else with honey , vinegar , oyle and salt smally beaten . if you intend to keepe them long , by changing your salt brine constantly every two or three moneths , you may effect it . for the olives whereof you are to expresse your oyle , you must gather no more at one time then what may be made into oyle that day , and the day following : before you bring them to the presse let them be spred upon hurdles , well pick'd , and cul'd ; let the hurdles not be too thick set with twigs , that the lees and watry humor of the olive ( which if ●xpressed with oyle would make it extreame full of faeculency , and corrupts it both in the nostrill and palate ) may expend , waste it selfe , and drop through ; some therefore that this malignant humor may have a full defluxion before they bring the fruit to the presse , make a high and well-raised floore , with provision of partitions to keep every dayes gathering seperate ; ( which is , if your abundance be such that your presse is not able to discharge you of them dayly ) the bottome of these partitions must be paved with a decline descent , that the moistnesse of the olives may flow away , and be received into gutters or little channels there provided for their transfluxe . the olives being thus prepared for the presse , and the presse readily provided of all things necessary , viz. of fats , v●ssels to receive your severall oyles , scoopes to draw , and empty out the oyle , covers great and small , spunges , pots to carry out the oyle , tyed about by bands or cords of hemp , or broome-barke ; the mill-stones , oyle-mills , pressers , and all other instruments serving thereunto being very well cleansed , and the aire having been before as well heated by a plentifull fire ; ( if it be not warme enough by its naturall scituation ) for the assistance of heat makes all oyly liquors resolve and runne more gently and freely , whereas cold astringes , and detaines it . this presse-house therefore should be so seated , that it may enjoy a full admission and benefit of the south sunne , that we may stand in need of very little fire , if any at all , such heat being no more assistant to the expression , then accessary to the corruption of the oyle . carry your olives thus cleansed to the presse , under which put thē whole in new willow baskets ( the willow adding a beauteous and innocent color to the oyl ; ) the willow also something staving off the rude strokes of the presse , that the olives may be bruised with as little violence , and as much leisure as possible : nor would it be inconvenient if their skin and fl●sh were a little broken at the first with a milstone , so set , that it should not breake the kernels , which would utterly spoyle the olive , taking them from the mill thus prepar'd : let them be stronglier bruised in the presse , and put foure pound of salt to every bushell of olives . the oyle which comes first is by much the best , and the●efore called virgin oyle : the second which comes with more violent expression is fitter for liniments then the table : but the last , which is extorted from the drosse , and stones , is of no use but for lampes ; or such sordid employment . the tuns and vessels wherein the oyle is to be put , must be well dressed with pitch and gumme , made very clean with warme lees , and carefully dryed with a spunge , into which you may powre your oyle within thirty dayes after the expression of it , so much time being necessarily allowed for the settling the lees , which by that will have grounded upon the bottome . the cellars where the vess●ls of oyle are to be conse●ved , must be in a place of constant drynesse and coldnesse , heat and moysture being corrupters of the oyle ; provide ther●fore a cellar on the north coast of your house : and for the better and more neat preservation of your liquor , poure it ●ather into glasse vessels or earthen pots , which ( if they be made capacio●s ) are far more convenient then the pitcht retainers we formerly spoke of . accidents befalling oyle● with their remedies : and first to rec●ver frozen oyle . if ( in the time of winter ) oyle doth freeze together with his lees , you must put into it twice boyled salt , which dissolves and clears your oyle from all further apprehension of danger ; nor need you entertaine a jealousie that it will be salt , since unctuous matters ( and especially oyle ) have seldome any relish of it . to keepe oyle from becommimg ranke . vvhen the oyle begins to change from his first purity of taste to a disposed rankenesse ; the r●medy is to melt an equall proportion of wax and oyle together , to which you are to mingle salt fried in oyle before ; this you must poure into the vessel , which composition above the prevention of it , when beginning to grow ranke , effects an entire restitution to its simple purenesse , when already affected . anniseeds cast into the vessell by a particular attraction , performe the same operation . to purifie troubled oyle . some are of advice , that the applying it to the fire or sun recleares it . others , if the vessell be strong , ca●t into it boyling water : how these remedies agree with their former assertions , ( wherein they declare heat so unnaturall to oyle ) is beyond my reconciling : i for my part , should rather make an experiment of vineger , which being cast into the oyle by degrees , hath such a penetrating and inquirent faculty over all the parts , that it would without doubt recompose it . to recover oyle corrupted in the sent. to performe this , take green olives , pound them , free them from their stones , and cast them into the oyle : or else cast the crums of barley bread mixed with corne salt : otherwise , infuse in your oyle the flowers of melilot : or else hang in the vessell a handfull of the herb coriander , and if you finde the putrifying quality yet unexpelled , cast in divers times of the same herbe , and which is better , change his vessell ; this ill odour others drive away thus : they take grapes , pick out their kernells , stampe them , and with salt make them into a lumpe or lumpes , which you must cast into the vessell , and after ten dayes faile not to change it : which must necessarily be done after the application of any remedy to oyle growne ranke and putrified , the vessell still impairing what the remedy recovers . wee have done with the oyle olive , after the manner of whose expression may bee extorted any unctuous matter of fruits , plants , or seeds● namely , wal●uts , filberds , almonds ( both sweete and bitter ) nutmegs , the kernells of peaches , pine-apples , abricots , cherries , plums , pistach●s , the seede of line , rape , cole , mustard , hempe , poppy , henbane , the seeds or pipins of apples , pears , cucumbers , gourds , melons , and other such like : but that wee may give the reader a more cleare dilucidation of the manner of preparation , wee shall briefely discover the method used in the expression of oyle from almond and nutmegs , which will easily make him apprehend all the rest ; the particu●ar reason which perswades mee to introduce the example of almonds , is b●caus● i have purposed b●fo●e i finish this concluding treatise , to discou●se particularly of the pla●●●ng the almond . whose oyle i●●o bee taken inwa●ds , is to bee thus expressed . pill the almonds after they have steeped some time in warme water , pound them in a mortar of stone or marble with a wooden pestle , make them up in little lumpes or loaves , which you may kne●d with your hands against the vapour of warme water , or put them in a glasse ves●ell of a large content● for some foure or five houres : ( let the seate and glasse bee so contrived , that it may rather bee above the water to receive the vapour on its sides and bottome , then in it ) the almond being thus mollified by the disposition of the moisture , must bee put into a haire cloth or hempen bag , and laid in a presse , whose bottome must be wel heated , hollow , and bending downewards to give the better delabency for the oyle thus expressed , you may bake the drossy part of the almonds under the ashes , which in time of necessity will serve for bread , of plenty for a dainty and fatning food to your poultry . this oyle is of soveraigne , excellency to mitigate and remove the throwes and gripes of women newly delivered , and to aswage the paines of the colli●k or reines , taking it in two ounces of white wine , or one of aqua vit● ; the line , cole , rape● wallnut , and other need not these curiou● preparations , and their cakes are of unmatchable nourishment to fatten kine and other cattle . oyle of nutmegs . oyle of nutmeg ( which in the south part of virginia not subject to any inconveniences of cold would undoubtedly flourish ) is thus made : bray them with a wooden stamper , afterwards presse them out , the plankes being very well heated ; to extract it more rich , divide them into little heapes , and steepe them three da●es in very good wine , after dry them in the shaddow of the sunne two whole dayes , then heate them reasonably in a frying pan upon the fire , sprinkling them with rose-wa●er , and presently presse them . this i judge conveniently sufficient for oyles : let us descend to the planting of the almond-tree , which as it hath a peculiar excellency , so without dispute returnes as ample profit . of the almond tree . though the almond tree delight particularly in gravelly places , of which virginia is too rich to afford a conveniency ; yet there is no dispute , but if the mould wherein you plant them bee mingled with oyster-shels , or ●●ch like , of which there is to bee found inexhaustible quantities , they will have a greater virtue then gravell to the quickning and ingerminating of this tree ; having the perplexed hardne●●e of gravell and unctuousnesse of marle united . the soyle thus prescribed ; let the seat of your almond be in a hot place fully exposed to the south or south-west , and it will not onely flourish to your expectation , but its fruit will bee excellently qualified , and in vast abundance : it groweth very well of the stone , which because it cannot bee procured new should be kept close in a vessell of earth ; to be transported , set i● as you would your peach ; it thrives very well too of the branch o● scien , which must bee cut from the top of the tree , and planted as the olive , the earth rammed very hard about it , and prepared as before , both the stone and the scien should bee steeped for the space of twelve or foure and twenty houres in homed w●ter ; the best season to set or plant it in virginia , is in october and november . this tree will bee of admirable use there , in regard that both that and the olive will hinder no undergrowing corne ; let neither this tree nor your olive grow above ten foot in the stock , and in this as in olives , if you see any branch aspiring higher then his neighbours , represse such ambition by cutting him off , o●herwise hee will divert all the sap of the tree into his owne body● an● leave his fellowes in a starving and perishing condition ; amongst which if you maintaine equality , they will altogether consent in gratitude to returne you a plentifull harvest . the barren almond tree will become fruitfull if you lay o●en his roots in winter , or else if you pierce some part of the stock close to the earth , and put through the hole a wedge of oake , watering it about with stale urine . the bitter almond will bee capable of bul●oration , if you lay round about his bared root swines dung tempered with urine , casting afterwards much mould upon it , this must bee practised yearly , till hee bee perfectly reclaimed , you will finde the same effect if you bore a hole in the stock of the tree , and put therein a wedge wrapped about with cloth dipped in hony . beasts by brousing and cropping of the first and tender branches , change the nature of sweet almonds into bitter almonds , are gathered when their huskes through the heate of the sunne begin to divide ; ( i should therefore advise that those made choice of to set , may bee taken before such exact ripenesse , that the heate of the sunne may not exhale their generating vigour ) if when you have beaten them downe you shell them altogether , and wash them in brine , they will become white , and bee preserved a long time ; cautionarily that you dry them in the sunne ; their repository or granaries must have good open admissories for an unmoist aire , and lye upon that coast that is most open to the north-west , being the driest winde in that country . the medicinall excellency of almonds , is , that they are good for those which are troubled with a clammy fleame in their throat , with weake lungs , and such as are subject to the gravell in the reines or difficulty of urine , they are great restorers to nature , and fortifie the parts tending to generation ; nor is it onely beneficiall in its fruit , for the gumme also of the almond tree arrests the spitting of blood . of the fig tree . the fig tree groweth with an unusuall celerity , as beginning to beare the second yeare from his planting , and is of that nature , that during a moneth or five weekes when grapes are ripe and good to eate , the figge also is at that season dayly mature , and fit for the pallate , it may bee planted as the vine , and effects the same soile ; such as have roots grow sooner , but without doubt the branches continue longer ; the order you observe in planting the vine adheare too in this , and it will prosper . the fittest season to plant it is in october , and the succeeding moneth to the . or twentieth : you shall cause them in planting the better to take root , if you loosen the barque , or which is better bruise it gently at the nether end of the stemme about halfe a foot . to cause them to bee fertile , and bring forth fruits remarkable for fullnesse and verdure , put to his root rich mould beaten and tempered with the setlings of oyle olive , and mans dung , or which i like better then this stercoration if it have already a benine soyle , crop the tops and ends of the branches when they first spring . to reclaime a wild fig-tree , water him at the roots with wine and oyle mixed together . if you make a composition of an equall quantity of salt brine and water bestow this irrigation in a small trench round about the body of the tree , your figges are prevented from unripe fallings . to have ea●ly figs , water the tree with oyle and pigions dung , if your ambition be not only to have the earliest , but the latest , take away the fi●st buds , when they are about the bigne●se of a beane . to keepe or preserve them , lay them in a pot of honey full and well stopped , but so that they neither touch the sides of the pot , nor one another . or take an ●arthen pot ( the figs being put in ) stop it close , and immerge this vess●ll to another full of wine , no taint or corruption will possesse your figges so inclosed , while the wine retains his goodn●sse . the plant steeped in brine , or the end thrust into a sea onion , becomes much more fruitfull when planted . this fruit is of great vertue in making the belly soluble in abundance of nourishment and provocation of sweat , dryed and mingled with the flower of linseed or fenugreeke , it resolveth and killeth all impostumes , and hard tumours , in decoctions it assists much in driving away of the co●gh , and difficulty of breath , which last vertue the fruit also expresseth very happily , if steeped in aqua vitae , the night precedent , and taken every morning during the dominion of this disease after you , the milke of the fig-tree dropt into the eare killeth the wormes in it , the leaves of the fig-tree rubbed doe provoke the hemorrhoides : the juice of figs is of equall felicity in opening them , which to increase his excellency amends all roughnesse , ill conditioned scabs small pocks , purples , freckles , ringwormes , and other ●ye●sad blemishes of the face or body therewith anointed , being first tempered with the flower of parched barley , a little cotten wool dipped in this juice , and layd upon the aking tooth asswageth the paine . of the pomeganate tree . the pomegranate tree , which may be planted either from the branch or succour , is one of the most absolute encouragers of an idle person in the world ; provided , it be exempt from the intemperate operation of the cold , neither the torrid heat of the sun , nor the barrennesse of the soyle , shal make him forgoe his glorious rubies ; no culture or dressing is required by it : yet if it be set in a rich soyle , it will be sure to make an advantage of it to his owne flourishing , and your profit : the wine thereof ( for it affordeth wine as wel as excellency of fruit ) may be made after this manner● take the ripe kernels , freed and cleansed from their skins , put them into the presse , and exact the wine , keep it in vess●ls till it is fully fined from all working , which finished , distribute such a quantity of oyle as may float over all the top of the vessel , and this preserves it from sowring or corruption . the pomegranate apple put in a pot of new earth , well covered , and luted with clay , and set into an oven so long , till the fruit may be resolved into powder , is of very princely vertue ; for ( taking the weight of half a crown thereof in red wine ) it miraculously stops the bloudy flux . it is also good in divers diseases of women , which ( because they are more arcanely peculiar to that sex ) i shal forbear to speak of . of the quince tree . the quince tree groweth much sooner from the root then branches : it delighteth in a soyle of a moyst and cold nature , and would therefore be planted towards the more umbragious and coole corners of your garden . the garden , or reclaimed quince , beareth two sorts of fruits , to which curiosity hath assigned sexes , and they are called the quince and quincesse ; the male , which is the quince , is of a more wrinkled , drye , redolent f●uit , and golden colour then the quincesse . if you graft the male upon the female , or e convers● , the quinces thence proceeding will be tender , and may be eaten raw , which without such an hermaphroditisme must of necessity have beene prepared , to which nature , rather then to eate it , crude hath de●igned it . the use of marmalade , and its preparation is so publickly known , that it is unnecessary to repeate it . it is not enough to enjoy the delight of these fruits for the summer onely : the winter too in reason should claime a part of our summer contentments , which cannot bee better expedited then by ●●ying such f●uits as are capable of a refaction , and agreeable when dryed , the principall whereof are the vine or g●ape , the fig , the peach , and abricot . how to dry grapes , that they may bee kept . your grapes being at their just ripenesse , select the fairest out of your vineyard , for such quantity as you shall use , let them lye thin spread while you prepare a lye for them , made of faire water and ashes , proceeding onely from the cuttings of the vine without any other mixture of wood whatsoever : seeth this lye till you have made a strong and clea●e liquor , then taking or straining away the ashes , put the liquor into a cleane caldron , set it againe over the fire till it bee ready to seeth ; then tying the stalkes of your grapes with thread , and fastening the thread to such sticks and in such order bunch by bunch , as chandlers use to dip their candles , which dip them into this lye foure or five severall times : which done , let them dry in the sunne , either so hanging on their sticks , o● which is better upon lattices or hurdles of rods , or the like , untill they bee conveniently dry ; then barrell them , pressing them very hard and flat in the vessell , others dry them upon such lattices or hurdles without steeping them even as they come from the vine , and peradventure more successefully . how to drie ●igges . let them ( as the grape ) bee gathered very ripe ; then lay and spread them upon hurdles or lattices of reeds or osier joyned together , with rifts or vacancies betwixt the covering of those osiers , that the aire transpiring through those voyd spaces may assist the sunne in the drying them ; but you must bee cautious that during their exposure to the open aire no raine or dew incommodate them : when they are dry barrell with the same poise of pressure used to the grapes . others take a bigge reed or cane of two or three foot in length , boring little holes all the length of it , through which they put little sticks of two foot extent , being the small and ●harpe upon which they thread the figs , till they are very full of them , and so hang the cane in the sunne , which dryed they barrell up using the same course as before . how to dry peaches a●d abricots of all sorts . vvhen they are very ripe , pare off the upper skin , cleave them into foure quarters , dry them as you did your figs , barrell them and keepe them for the winter . the manner how you shall prepare them to eate is this ; provide an earthen pot , and after you have washed your peaches in faire water , put them into the pot with as much wine as will cover the peaches , then seeth them halfe a quarter of an houre . they may be● made ready without boyling thus ; let them infuse three or fo●re dayes in wine , ( which way they are much better ) put to them beaten cynamon , and thus they will last a moneth in the wine , eaten every morning they are very wholesome , and provoke a good appetite . the fittest seasons for sowing of seeds . to prescribe rules according to our climate , to tha● of virginia , may have much of affection , but without all peradventures , little of wisdome . wee must therefore seeke for a nearer correspondence in parallells . having therefore seene some letters of an ancient date written by frenchmen , then employed in virginia● to their intrusters , wherein they conf●ss● that of all the provinces of france : none came so neare to that noble countrey , as lang●edock and provenc● , two of the eyes of that kin●dome , abounding withall the d●lights and delicacy that italy can pretend to , or spaine boast of ; i could not but apprehend that their times of sation and insition , of planting and replanting , might in some measure correspond with that place where the english are now seated , and having seene a regular di●tribution of the moneths and seasons in the yeare for sowing , grafting● and other offices belonging to the industrious lovers of agriculture ; i should both unsatisfie my owne conscience● and disoblige that countrey , and its christian inhabitants● if i did not publish it with the same resentment of affection i received it ; not that any should bee so pinioned to these precepts , that neither weather , inconveniency , or want of opportunity should make him recede from the punctuall observation of them : but i speake it out of a very strong confidence that the observations of the seasons according to these prescriptions will sort well with virginia in generall , and the planters in particular , to whom it is intended , and indeed it is as exact a directory as any yet published . i am not ignorant that criticks will laugh at this ; much good doe it them , and why so many moneths for the same seed ? why so many repetitions ? my exceptionist forgets that wee not onely covet to have things early , but their continuance : will it offend him that wee have artichokes in may ? and july both ? because wee may have cabbage , lettuse in april , shall wee bee forbidden to have any in may : the principall scope of this directer was to show how long such and such seedes might bee continued to bee sowen , and in what moneth and moone , if hee apprehend it not ; i can send him to no moneth , but that of june , nor moone , but that of midsommer . he that will sow seed , must know that , some may be sowen at all times of the moneth and moone , as , asparagus , colewort of all sorts , spinage , lettuse , parsnips , reddis● . other● would be sowed in a certaine moneth and moone , as there must bee sowen in february , the moone being — new spike garlike borage buglo●se cheruse coriander gourd● water cre●ses m●jorane palma chri●●ī flower gentl● white poppy pu●stane radish rocket rosemary sorrell double marigold thyme . full anise violet● blites skirworts white succory fennell parsley . old holy thistle cole cabbage white cole green col● cucumber● harts-horn● sampier diers graine spinage cabbage-lettu●● melon● onion● larkes-heel● burnet le●kes● so● in march the moone being , new garlick borage chervile coriander gourds m●jorane white poppy pursl●ine radish sorr●ll double marigold th●me violets . full anise bleets skirworts succory ●●nn●ll apples of love marvellous apples . old artichoke● ba●il thi●●le● bl●ss●d this●le cole cab●age white cole greene cole ci●rons cu●u●bers hart● horne sa●pire dier● graine spinage gilly flower● ●y●sop ca●●age let●use melon● onyon● fl●wer 〈◊〉 burnet leeke● savory . so● in april the moon being new majoran● flower ge●●●e thyme violet● . full apples of love marvellous appl●s . old artichokes cabbage cole citrons harts-horn● sampire gilly flowers . in may in the old of the moon blessed thi●●le● in june the moone new go●rds radishes . old melons cucumbers . in july the moone ●●ll white ●●cc●ry old cabbage let●u●e . in august the moone being full white s●●●ory● herbes growing of seedes that are sowne may bee transplanted ●t all times , except chervils , arrage , spinage , and persely , which are nothing worth when they are transplanted ; ever observed that such transplantation bee in a moist , rainy weather , otherwise they must bee very diligently watered . you may take notice that the choise and age of seedes is double , in chusing them you are to regard that they bee ripe , full , heavy , firme , grosse , and of a good colour , not falling to powder through rottennesse or bruises . some grow bettter of new seedes , as leeks , cucumbers . others grow better of old seeds , as coriander , persley , savory , beets , origanum , cre●ses , spinage , poppey . further observe , that you must preserve from cold , lettuses , artichokes , basill , cabbage cole , diers graine , melons , fifteene dayes after they put forth from the earth . make account that seedes thrive and prosper much better , when they are sowen upon such dayes as are betweene the extreames of cold and heate , then in hot , cold or dry dayes . bee pleased to remember , that seedes must bee gathered in faire weather , in the wane of the moone . they must be kept some in boxes of wood , dry , and not layd upon the ground , but kept very cleane . bagges of leather , dry , and not layd upon the ground , but kept very cleane . ve●●els of earth , dry , and not layd upon the ground , but kept very cleane . others , as onions , in their huske . chibols , in their huske . leek●● in their huske . to do regularly , w● s●ould plant in the last of the moone● gather grafts in the last but one of the moone● graft two dayes after the change of the moone● an explication of the saw-mill , an engine , wherewith force of a wheele in the water , to cut timber with great speed . this engine is very common in norway and mountaines of sweden , wherewith they cut great quantity of deal-bords ; which engine is very necessary to be in a great towne or forrest , to cut timber , whether into planks or otherwise . this heer is not altogether like those of norway : for they make the piece of timber approch the sawes on certaine wheels with teeth ; but because of reparations which those toothd wheeles are often subject unto , i will omit that use : and in stead thereof , put two weights , about . or . pound weight a piece , whereof one is marked a. the other b. the cords wherewith the sayd weights doe hang , to be fastned at the end of the . peeces of moving wood , which slide on two other peeces of fixed wood , by the meanes of certaine small pulleys , which should be within the house , and so the sayd weights should alwayes draw the sayd peeces of moving wood , which advancing alway towards the sawes rising and falling , shall quickly be cut into . . or . peeces , as you shall please to put on saws , and placed at what distance you will have for the thicknesse of the planks or bords ye will cut : and when a peece is cut , then let one with a lever turne a rowler , wherto shall be fastned a strong co●d which shall bring backe the sayd peece of wood , and lift again the weights : and after put aside the peece already cut , to take againe the sawes against another peece of wood . which once done , the ingenious artist may easily convert the same to an instrument of threshing wheat , breaking of hempe or flax , and other as profitable uses . finis . anno regni caroli ii. regis angliæ, scotiæ, franciæ, & hiberniæ, duodecimo. at the parliament begun at westminster, the five and twentieth day of april, an. dom. in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles, by the grace of god, of england, scotland, france, and ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; :e [ ]) anno regni caroli ii. regis angliæ, scotiæ, franciæ, & hiberniæ, duodecimo. at the parliament begun at westminster, the five and twentieth day of april, an. dom. in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles, by the grace of god, of england, scotland, france, and ireland, king, defender of the faith, &c. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) england and wales. parliament. [i.e. ], [ ] p. printed by john bill, printer to the kings most excellent majesty, [london : ] [i.e. ] contains the acts drafted by the convention parliament. list of additional acts not included: pp. - . signatures: a-z² a- g² h¹ i- p² . annotation on thomason copy: "jan ". reproduction of the original in the british library. an act for the better ordering the selling of wines by retail -- an act for the levying of the arrears of the twelve moneths assessment commencing the th of june , and the six moneths assessment commencing the of december -- an act for granting unto the kings majesty, four hundred and twenty thousand pounds, by an assessment of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the moneth, for six moneths, for disbanding the remainder of the army and paying off the navy -- an act for further supplying and explaining certain defects in an act intituled an act for the speedy provision of money for disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom -- an act for the raising of seventy thousand pounds for the further supply of his majesty -- an act for the attainder of several persons guilty of the horrid murther of his late sacred majestie king charles the first -- an act for confirmation of leases and grants from colledges and hospitals -- an act for confirmation of marriages -- an act for prohibiting the planting, setting, or sowing of tobacco in england and ireland -- an act for erecting and establishing a post-office -- an act impowering the master of the rolls for the time being, to make leases for years, in order to new build the old houses belonging to the rolls. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of 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those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng england and wales. -- army -- demobilization -- early works to . wine and wine making -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . taxation -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . wool industry -- great britain -- early works to . regicides -- early works to . marriage law -- great britain -- early works to . tobacco -- law and legislation -- great britain -- early works to . postal service -- great britain -- early works to . great britain -- politics and government -- - -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - robyn anspach sampled and proofread - robyn anspach text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion anno regni caroli ij. regis angliae , scotiae , franciae , & hiberniae , duo decimo . at the parliament begun at westminster the five and twentieth day of april , an. dom. . in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles , by the grace of god , of england , scotland , france , and ireland , king , defender of the faith , &c. london , printed by john bill , printer to the kings most excellent majesty , . cum privilegio . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the better ordering the selling of wines by retail , and for preventing abuses in the mingling , corrupting , and vitiating of wines , and for setting and limiting the prices of the same . for the better ordering of selling of wines by retail in taverns , and other places , and for preventing of abuses therein , be it enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , by and with the consent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that no person or persons whatsoever , from and after the five and twentieth day of march one thousand six hundred sixty one , unless he or they be authorised and enabled in manner and form , as in this present act is prescribed and appointed , shall sell or utter by retail , that is by the pint , quart , pottle or gallon , or by any other greater or lesser retail measure , any kinde of wine or wines to be drunk or spent within his or their mansion-house or houses , or other place in his or their tenure or occupation , or without such mansion-house or houses , or such other place in his or their tenure or occupation , by any colour , craft , or mean whatsoever , upon pam to forfeit for every such offence the sum of five pounds ; the one moyety of every such penalty to be to our soveraign lord the king , the other moyety to him or them that will sue for the same , by action of debt , bill , plaint , or information in any of the kings courts of record , in which action or suit ▪ no ess●ign , wager of law or protection shall be allowed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall and may be lawful , to and for his majesty , his heirs and successors , from time to time , to issue out under his or their great seal of england , one or more commission or commissions directed to two or more persons , thereby authorizing them to licence , and give authority to such person and persons , as they shall think sit , to sell and utter by retail , all and every or any kinde of wine or wines whatsoever , to be drunk and spent as well within the house or houses , or other place , in the tenure or occupation of the party so licenced , as without , in any city , town , or other place within the kingdom of england , dominion of wales , and town and port of berwick upon twede ; and such persons as from time to time or at any time hereafter shall be by such commission or commissions as aforesaid in that behalf appointed , shall have power and authority , and hereby have power and authority to treat and contract for licence , authority and dispensations to be given and granted to any person or persons for the selling and uttering of wines by retail in any city , town or other place as aforesaid , according to the rules and directions of this present act , and the true intent and meaning thereof , and not otherwise , any law , statute , usage or custome to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such persons as shall be commissioned and appointed by his majesty , his heirs or successors as aforesaid shall be , and be called his majesties agents for granting licences for the selling and uttering of wine by retail ; and his majesties said agents are hereby authorized and enabled under their seal of office , the same to be appointed by his majesty , to grant licence for the selling and uttering of wines by retail to any person or persons , and for any time or terme not exceeding one and twenty years , if such person and persons shall so long live ; and for such yearly rent as they can or shall agree , and think fit , so as no fine be taken for the same ; but that the rent and summs of money agreed upon and reserved , be payed and answered half yearly by equal portions during the whole term. and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such licence shall not be given or granted , but to such who shall personally use the trade of selling or uttering of wines by retail , or to the landlord and owner of the house where the person useing such trade shall sell and utter wine by retail , nor shall the same be assignable nor in any wise beneficial or extensive to indempnifie any person against the penalties of this present act , except the first taker . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall & may be lawful to and for his majesty , his heirs & successors , to constitute and appoint such and so many other officers and ministers , as a receiver , register , clerk , controller , messenger or the like , for the better carrying on of this service , as he and they shall think fit , so as the sallaries and wages of all such officers to be appointed , together with the sallary or wages of his majesties said . agents do not exceed six pence in the pound of the revenue that shall hence arise . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the rents , revenues , and sums of money hence arising , except what shall be allowed for the wages and sallaries of such officers and ministers , which is not to exceed six pence out of every pound thereof , shall be duly and constantly paid and answered into his majesties receipt of exchequer , and shall not be particularly charged or chargeable , either before it be paid into the exchequer or after , with any gift or pension . and his majesties said ▪ agents are hereby enjoyned and required to return into the court of exchequer every michaelmas and easter terms , upon their oaths ( which oaths the barons of the exchequer , or any one of them , are hereby authorized to administer ) a book fairly written , containing a true & full account of what licences have been granted the preceding half year , and what rents and sums of money are thereupon reserved , and have been paid , or are in arrear , together with the securities of the persons so in arrear , to the end due and speedy process may be made out according to the course of the exchequer , for the recovery of the same . provided always , that this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall not in any wise be prejudicial to the priviledge of the two vniversities of the land , or either of them , nor to the chancellors or scholars of the same , or their successors ; but that they may use and enjoy such priviledges as heretofore they have lawfully used and enjoyed , any thing herein to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also ▪ that this act , or any thing therein contained shall not extend or be prejudicial to the master , wardens , freemen and commonalty of the mystery of v●●tners of the city of london , or to any other city or town-corporate but that they may use and enjoy such liberties and priviledges as heretofore they have lawfully used and enjoyed , any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that this act , or any thing therein contained , shall not in any wise extend to debar or hinder the major and burgesses of the burrough of st. albans in the county of hertford , or their successors , from enjoying , using and exercising of all such liberties , powers and authorities to them heretofore granted by several letters patents under the great seal of england , by queen elizabeth and king james of famous memories , for the erecting , appointing , and licensing of three several wine-taverns within the burrough aforesaid , for and towards the maintenance of the free-school there ; but that the same liberties , powers and authorities shall be , and are hereby established and confirmed , and shall remain and continue in and to the said major and burgesses and their successors , to and for the charitable use aforesaid , and according to the tenor of the letters patents aforesaid , as though this act had never been made , any thing herein contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . provided also , that it shall not , nor may be lawful to or for any officer or officers to be appointed by his majesty for the carrying on of this service , to take , demand , or recei●e any fees , rewards , or summs of money whatsoever , for or in respect of this service , other then five shillings for a licence , four pence for an acquittance , and six pence for a bond , under the ●enalty of ten pounds , one moiety thereof to the kings majesty , the other moiety to the person or persons who shall sue for the same , by action of debt , bill , plaint , or information , wherein no wager of law , essoign or protection shall be allowed , any thing herein , or any other matter or thing to the contrary notwithstanding . and it is hereby further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no merchant , vintuer , wine-cooper or other person , selling or retailing any wine , shall mingle or utter any spanish wine , mingled with any french wine , or rh●●ish wine , sider , perry , hony , sugar , syrops of sugar , molasses , or any other syrops whatsoever , nor put in any isinglass ; brimstone , lime , raisins , iuice of raisins , water , nor any other liquor nor ingredients , nor any clary , or other herb , nor any sort of flesh whatsoever ; and that no merchant , vintner , wine-cooper , or other person selling or retailing any wine , shall mingle or utter any french wines mingled with any rhinish wines or spanish wines , sider , perry , stummed wine , vitriol , hony , sugar , syrop of sugar , molasses , or any syrops whatsoever , nor put in any isinglass , brimstone , lime , raisins , iuice of raisins , water , nor any other liquor or ingredients , nor any clary or other herb , nor any sort of flesh whatsoever ; and that no merchant , vintner , wine-cooper or other person selling or retailing any wine , shall mingle or utter any r●inish wine mingled with any french wines , or spanish wines , sider , perry , stummed wine , vitriol , hony , sugar , syrops of sugar , molasses , or any other syrops whatsoever , nor put in any isinglass , brimstone , lime , raisins , iuice of raisins , water , nor any other liquor or ingredients , nor any clary or other herb , nor any sort of flesh whatsoever : and that all and every person and persons committing any of the offences aforesaid , shall incur the pains and penalties herein after mentioned : that is to say , every merchant , wine-cooper , or other person selling any sort of wines in gross , mingled or abused as aforesaid , shall forfeit and lose for every such offence , one hundred pounds ; and that every vintner or other person selling any sorts of wine by retail , mingled or abused as aforesaid , shall forfeit and lose for every such offence , the sum of forty pounds ; of which forfeitures , one moyety shall go unto the kings majesty , his heirs and successors , the other moyety to the informer , to be recovered in any court of record by action of debt , bill , plaint or information , wherein no essoigne , protection , or wager of law shall be allowed . provided always , and be it enacted , that from and after the first day of september , one thousand six hundred sixty and one , no canary wines , muskie or alegant , or other spanish or sweet wines , shall be sold or uttered by any person or persons within his majesties kingdom of england , dominion of wales , and town of berwick upon twede , by retail , for above eighteen pence the quart : and that no gascoigne or french wines whatsoever , shall be sold by retail , above eight pence the quart ; and that no rhinish wines whatsoever shall be sold by retail , above twelve pence the quart ; ( and according to these rates , for a greater and lesser quantity , all and every the said wines shall and may be sold ) upon pain and penalty that every such person and persons who shall utter or sell any of the said wines by retail , that is to say , by pint , quart , pottle , or gallon , or any other greater or lesser retail-measure ▪ at any rate exceeding the rates hereby limited , do and shall forfeit for every such pint , quart , pottle , gallon , or other greater or lesser quantity so sold by retail , the sum of five pounds ; the one moyety of which forfeiture shall be to our soveraign lord the king , his heirs and successors , and the other moyety to him or them that will sue for the same , to be recovered in manner and form as aforesaid . provided nevertheless , that it shall and may be lawful to and for the lord chancellor of england , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings council , lord privy seal , and the two chief iustices , or five , four , or three of them ; and they are hereby authorized yearly and every year between the twentieth day of november , and the last day of december , and no other times , to set the prises of all and every the said wines to be sold by retail as aforesaid , at higher or lower rates then are herein contained , so that they or any of them cause the prises by them set to be written , and open proclamation thereof to be made in the kings court of chancery yearly in the term time , or else in the city , burrough ▪ or towns corporate where any such wines shall be sold ; and that all and every the said wines shall and may be sold by retail at such prises as by them , or any five , four , or three of them shall be set as aforesaid , from time to time , for the space of one whole year , to commence from the first day of february next after the setting thereof , and no longer , and no greater prises under the pains and penalties aforesaid , to be recovered as aforesaid , and afterwards : and in default of such setting of prises by the said lord chancellor of england , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings council , lord privy seal , and the two chief iustices , or five , four , or three of them , as aforesaid , at the respective rates . and prises set by this act , and under the penalties as aforesaid , to be recovered as aforesaid . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the levying of the arrears of the twelve moneths assessment commencing the th . of june , and the six moneths assessment commencing the . of december . whereas there are severall great summs of money , yet uncollected and in arrear , and divers summs of money in the hands of the collectors and not payed in , due upon the twelve moneths assessment commencing the twenty fifth of december one thousand six hundred fifty nine , for payment of the arrears of his majesties army now disbanding , and to be disbanded , notwithstanding all former orders , and his majesties proclamation for the speedy levying and collecting thereof . be it therefore enacted by the kings most excellent majestie , and the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that the commissioners nominated and appointed in the respective counties , cities and corporations of this kingdome , the dominion of wales , and the town of berwick , in an act made this present parliament for the speedy provision of money for disbanding and paying of the forces of this kingdome both by land and sea , do forthwith cause all the said ▪ arrears to be levied & collected by such wayes and means , as the same was formerly appointed to be levied and collected ; and likewise all such summs of money as remain in any collectors hands to be speedily payed in , to iames nelthorp and iohn lawson esquires late treasurers at war , for and towards the speedy disbanding and paying off the said forces . provided alwayes , that the summe of five hundred and twenty pounds and twelve shillings disbursed by robert quarum receiver generall of the county of cornwall , by the desire and direction of the commissioners of assessments , and other gentlemen of the said county , for the publique service of the kingdome . and also the summe of seventy pounds disbursed by the town of lyme regis in the county of dorset for the same service , shall be and are hereby discharged and allowed unto the said receiver and town of lyme regis , as if the same had been actually payed in to the treasurers appointed to receive the same , any thing in this act to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for granting unto the kings majesty , four hundred and twenty thousand pounds , by an assessement of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the moneth , for six moneths , for disbanding the remainder of the army , and paying off the navy . whereas it was well hoped , that the moneys enacted to be raised by several acts of this parliament , that is to say , one act entituled , an act for the speedy provision of money , for disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom both by land and sea. and one other act entituled , an act for supplying and explaining certain defects in an act , entituled , an act for the speedy provision of money for the disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom both by land and sea. and one other act entituled , an act for raising sevenscore thousand pounds for the compleat disbanding of the whole army , and paying off some part of the navy , would have effectually sufficed to have compleatly disbanded the armies and paid off the navy ; but by the slow coming in of the same moneys , the growing charge being still kept on , the same cannot be effected without further supply ; and if no further supply should be made , the growing charge would become insupportable : the commons assembled in parliament , do therefore give and grant unto your most excellent majesty , for the uses herein after expressed , and no other , the sum of four hundred and twenty thousand pounds to be raised & levyed in manner following : and do humbly pray your most excellent majesty , that it may be enacted , and be it enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , by , and with the advice and consent of the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , that the sum of threescore and ten thousand pounds by the moneth , for six moneths , beginning from the first day of january , one thousand six hundred and sixty , shall be assessed , taxed , collected , levyed and paid in the several counties , cities and burroughs , towns and places within england and wales , and the town of berwick upon tweed , according to such rates , rules , and proportions , and by the same commissioners , as in and by a certain act past this parliament , entituled an act for raising of sevenscore thousand pounds for the compleat disbanding of the whole army , and paying off some part of the navy , which said commissioners shall meet on , or before the twelfth day of ianuary , one thousand six hundred and sixty , and are hereby enabled to use and execute all and every the like rates ▪ rules , proportions , powers and authorities , as in and by the said act are mentioned and referred unto , or expressed , as fully and amply , as if the same had been particularly inserted in this present act. and be it further enacted , that the sum of two hundred and ten thousand pounds , being one moyety of the six months assessment , hereby imposed , shall be assessed , collected , levyed and paid in to the receiver or receivers general , who shall be appointed by the said commissioners , upon or before the first day of february , one thousand six hundred and sixty . and the other two hundred and ten thousand pounds residue thereof , upon or before the first day of april , one thousand six hundred sixty one . and be it further enacted , that all and every the sums to be collected and levied by vertue of this present act , shall be paid at the guild-hall of the city of london , unto sir george cartwright , sir richard brown lord mayor of the city of london , sir iames bunce , sir william wheeler , sir william vincent , thomas rich esq ; and the chamberlain of the city of london for the time being , who are hereby appointed treasurers for the receipt thereof , and the acquittances of them , or any threé of them , shall be a sufficient discharge for so much as shall be received by vertue of this act , to any person or persons who shal pay in the same . and whereas there is a present necessity of raising of eighty thousand pounds , be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that if any person or persons of the city of london , or any other place , who hath or have advanced any monies upon the credit of an act of this parliament , entituled , an act for raising sevenscore thousand pounds , for the compleat disbanding of the whole army , and paying off some part of the navy , shall continue the loane of such monies upon the credit of this act , and declare the same under his or their hands , unto the treasurers by this act appointed , before the one and thirtieth day of december , one thousand six hundred and sixty ; and if any other person or persons shall advance one hundred pounds or upwards upon the credit of this act , and before the tenth day of ianuary , one thousand six hundred and sixty , pay the same unto the said treasurers , then every such person and persons so continuing or advancing as aforesaid , shall not only do a very acceptable service , but shall also receive from the said treasurers out of the last one hundred and ten thousand pounds , which shall be received upon the second payment appointed by this act , his and their principal money , with interest , at the rate of ten pounds per cent . per annum , from the time of such declaration and advancement respectively , any law , act or statute to the contrary notwithstanding . and the said treasurers are hereby required to make payment accordingly , and not to receive any more money to be advanced as aforesaid , then what with the money so to be continued will amount to eighty thousand pounds . and be it further enacted , that the treasurers by this act appointed , shall receive for them , and those to be employed under them in this service , one penny in the pound , in such manner as they ought to receive by the act last before mentioned . and be it further enacted , that all and every the sums of money which by vertue of this present act shall be paid to or received by the treasurers aforesaid , shall from time to time be issued out according to such warrants and directions onely , as they or any three of them shall receive from the commissioners named in one act of this present parliament , entituled , an act for the speedy disbanding of the army and garisons of this kingdom , or threé of them , who are hereby required and enjoyned at their perils , to take care and provide , that the moneys so as aforesaid to be issued out , be employed onely to the uses , intents and purposes hereafter following , and to no other use , intent , or purpose whatsoever , that is to say , principally and in the first place , for and towards the total disbanding of the present army and garrisons , until that work be fully perfected and compleated according to such rules and instructions , as touching the disbanding of the army in the said act last mentioned , are contained . and after the army shall be wholly disbanded , then the residue of the moneys to be raised by vertue of this present act , or due , or behinde on any former act , shall be employed for and towards the paying off of the fleét and navy , according to such rules . orders , and instructions , as touching the payment of the navy , are herein after-mentioned , and not otherwise . and be it further enacted , that an accompt of all the moneys by vertue of this act to be received , shall be given by the said treasurers to this or any other succeéding parliament , which shall require the same , or to such person or persons , as by this or any other succeéding parliament shall be thereunto appointed : provided always , and it is hereby declared , that nō mannors , lands , tenements , and hereditaments which were formerly assessed and taxed for and towards former assessments and land-taxes , and are now in the possession or holding of his majesty , or of the queéns highness , or of any ecclesiastical person or persons , or his , her , or their farmers and tenants , shall be exempted from the payment of the several sums of mony in this act comprized ; but that the said mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , shall be rated , assessed and taxed for and towards the said several sums of money in this act comprised , in such manner and form as they were of late rated , taxed , and assessed for and towards the said former land-rates , any law , statute or custom to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided also , that nothing herein contained shall be drawn into example to the prejudice of the ancient rights belonging to the peers of this realm . and be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid , that these persons hereafter named shall be added commissioners for their several counties , places and precincts respectively , and shall exercise the same powers as the other commissioners intended by this act are authorised and impowered to do , that is to say ; berks. for the county of berks , peregrine hobby , richard harrison esqs ; john fecciplace of fernehamesq ; samuel woodcox . borrough of new windsor . for the borrough of new windsor , andrew plumpton , richard fishburne , gent. bucks . for the county of bucks , william tirringham esq ; sir t●omas hampson baronet , sir philip palmer baronet , anthony ratcliff esq ; cambridge . for the county of cambridge , sir thomas dayrel , john bennet esq ; sir anthony cage , levinus bennet . isle of ely. for the isle of ely , roger jennings esq ; chester . for the county of chester , sir george warburton baronet , edward warren , jeffery shakerley , henry leigh , esqs ; city of chester . for the city and county of the city of chester , the major for the time being . cornwal . for the county of cornwal , robert roberts esq ; sir william tredinham , joseph tredinham , thomas penhallow , the knights and burgesses that serve for the said county , and iames eirsey gent. the major of lostwithel for the time being , iohn mollesworth esq william williams of trenythen . cumberland . for the county of cumberland , mr. anthony bouch , mr. richard uriell , mr. thomas croswhat , mr. robert webster . devon. for the county of devon , nicholas daviesdoctor of physick , william jennens gent. edmond tremayne , william putt , john kellond , william bogan , george howard , iohn kelly , iames rodd esquires , walter jago , francis drew , esq ; william walrond esq ; john blagdon gent. iohn hamm gent. henry newte . york . for the west-riding in the county of york , welbury norton , rob●rt wivell esquires , richard roundhil gent. william hamond , walte● hawksworth esquires , cuthbert wade , iohn preston gent. arthur ingram esq ; edward atkinson , william witham gent. samuel sunderlandesq ; thomas ward gent. sir william ingram knight , sir john goodrick baronet , sir tho. wentworth , sir edward rodes , knights , godfrey copley of sprotsbrough , john clayton , ioshua horton , thomas stringer esqs . the alderman of l●edes for the time being . york northriding . for the northriding in the county of york , sir william caley , arthur caley esq . william wivell esq . sir tho. gower baronet , thomas vvorsley , charles tankred esqs . sir william francklyn baronet , the bailiffs of scarboroughfor the time being , tristram fish , robert belt , esq . thoms robinson , thomas scudamore esq . york city . for the city and county of the city of york , all the aldermen of the city of york . kingston upon hull . for the town of hull , mr. george crowle . essex . for the county of essex , mr. edward glascock , mr. m●les hubbert , mr. iohn smart , capt. hunter , dean tindal esq . isaac wincall , thomas clopton , thomas peck , peter iohnson , thomas manby esq . gloucester . for the county of gloucester , thomas freame , tho. floyde , samuel sheppard , phillip sheppard , vvilliam morgan , richard daston , iohn tookeesq . robert lord tracy , thomas morgan esq . sir nicholas throckmorton knight , vvilliam bromage gent. vvilliam vvinter of dimmockgent . richard matchen gent. iohn wynnyattgent . thomas aylway gent. hereford . for the county of hereford , sir herbert parretknight , john barnaby of brookehampton esq . thomas baskervile of collington gent. john boothof hereford esq . city of hereford . for the city of hereford , thomas davies esq . major , james lawrence gent. tho. clerk gent. hertford . for the county of hertford , marmaduke rawden , iames willimott iunior gent. thomas arrasdr . of physick , richard coombes esq . sir robert ioslyn knight , thomas cappin , edward briscoe , iohn halsie esq . mr. fetherston of blackeswere , edward brograve , ralph gore , thomas brograve , edward cason , thomas bonest , henry becher , henry chancey , george bromley , alexander meade , iohn crouch , iames willimort iunior , george poyner gent. iohn iesson esq . st. albans . for the borrough of st. albans , william foxwistesq . recorder , mr. iohn new , mr. edward eames , mr. thomas cawley senior , mr. william marston , sir henry connyngsby , edmond smith , alban cox , richard combes esq . thom. marstongent . kent . for the county of kent , sir william mann , sir edward masters , thomas peake esq . sir tho. godfrey , the major of maydston for the time being , sir william meredeth baronet , sir thomas preise baronet , mr. richard manley , mr. thomas manley . sandwich . for the town of sandwich , iohn verrier , peter peke gent. lancaster . for the county of lancaster , henry banisteresq . ieoffry rushton gent. richard fleetwoodgent . iohn molineux esq . vvilliam fif●esq . sir george middleton knight and baronet , mathew richardson esq . robert heywood esq . roger stowton of the city of london , thomas butler , r●chard farrington , vvilliam vvall , william turner , henry brabin , vvilliam hodgkensongent . lincoln . for the county of lincoln , and city and county of the same , edward turney , william lister , esqs , sir robert dallison baronet , sir charles dallison knight , william draper , samuel p●octor , william thompson , humphrey walcot , thomas mills , maurice dalton , iohn watson , william willoughby , henry heron , marm●duke darrel , iohn ogle , anthony treadway , william skipwich , thomas browne of eastkirby ; iohn almore , mr. skinner of thornton colledge , tho. harrington , william whichcot , charles pelhamiunior , roger pelham , mr. iohn lockton , mr. iohn hobson iunior , mr. henry hall , mr. charles bawdes , mr. iohn colthurst , mr. william bishop , and mr. edward blaw , aldermen , mr. william perkins , mr. thomas mills , mr. peregrine buck , mr. william dowman , mr. thomas dickenson , mr. iohn thornton , and richard wetherel , aldermen . london . for the city of london , nicholas delves esq . benj●min albin , richard spencer . middlesex . for the county of middlesex , sir iohn robinsonbaronet , lieutenant of the tower , sir richard browne , thomas bride , thomas harrisonof south-mins , sir vvilliam bareman , lieut. col. powel , charles pitfeild esq . robert peyton , iohn iones , iohn limbrey , edward chard , richard shelton esq . vvilliam page esq . roger iennynsesq . sir heneage finch baronet his majesties sollicitor general , cheney of hackneyesq . lieut. col. powel , charles cheney of chelsey , christopher abdy esq . sir allen broadricke , iohn barton esq . westminster . for the city of vvestmiuster , and liberties thereof , gabriel beck esq . mr. graham , peter maplesden , george plunknett , thomas kirke , vvill. greene , george farewell , ralph darnall . monmouth . for the county of monmouth , vvilliam ionesof frowen esq . iames proger , charles proger . northampton . for the county of morthampton , edward onely iohn thorton , iohn vvilloughby esqs . norfolk . for the county of norfolk , george windham , robert doughty of hanworth , robert legar , esquires , henry scarborough gent. mr. john roops , mr. thomas talbot , mr. henry blackborne , gent. borough of lyn regis . for the borough of lyn regis , john bassetmajor , robert steward esq ; recorder , thomas greene , william wharton , henry bell , robert thorowgood , alderman holley . great yarmouth . for the town of great yarmouth , nicholas cutting , james simons bailiff there , sir john potts knight and baronet , sir william doyleyknight , sir thomas me●ow knight , thomas gooch , george england , john carter , nathaniel ashby , thomas lucas , iohn woodroff , iames iohnson esquires , george tilyard gent. thetford . for the whole borough and corporation of thetford , the major for the time being , john kendal gent. mr. bourage martin , maurice shelton , esquires , robert keddington gent. mr. nicholas rookwood , mr. robert wright of kilveston . newcastle upon tine . for the town and county of newcastle upon tine , sir nicholas cole knight and baronet , sir francis bows knight , sir francis anderson knight , sir iohn marley . nottingham . for the county of nottingham , francis sandi●esq ; thomas bristow , william newton , gentlemen . east-retford . for the borrough of east-retford , the bailiffs for the time being . oxon. for the county of oxon , william glyn , john west , esquires , iohn coker gent. iames herbertesq ; sir thomas tippin . university of oxford . mr. robert withers , mr. edward master , mr. david thomas , mr. gregory ballard , mr. timothy horton . the city of oxford . for the city of oxford , francis holloway , william cornish . salop. for the county of salop , charles baldwin , samuel baldwin , esquires , mr. moore of middleton , mr. bushop of the moore , benjamin buckley . stafford . for the county of stafford , thomas rudiardesq ; iohn colelough , timothy edge , gentlemen . somerset . for the county of somerset , william orangeesq ; vvilliam bacon senior , gent. iohn cridland gent. mawdley samborne , iohn carew , roger newborough , iames haise , esquires . for the city of bristol . for the city and county of the city of bristol , the major and sheriffs for the time being , iohn knight the elder , vvilliam coulston , iohn bradway , vvilliam coles . for the city of bathe . for the city of bathe , iohn vane , iohn masters , aldermen . southampton . for the county of southampton , with the town and county , mr. essex powlet , richard lucy , gabriel vvhistler , esq ; isle of wight . for the isle of vvight , thomas bowremanesq ; iohn oglander of newport gentleman . suffolk . for the county of suffolk , george vviniffe , william blumfield , esquires , mr. iohn brooke , mr. milton of ipswich , mr. edmond bedingfield , mr. francis langley , mr. thomas read , mr. rabbit of bramfield , isaac matham esquire , gardiner web gent. st. edmunds bury . for st. edmonds bury , francis smith , robert sharpe , samuel hustler . surrey . for the county of surrey , edward evelin , iohn yates , richard knipe , esquires , mr. iohn parker , sir purbeck temple , sir thomas bludworth , knights , thomas rogers , charles good-harman-atwood , esquires , iohn parker of rigate . rye in the county of sussex . for the town of rye , samuel bembrigg , iames vvelsh , thomas osmonton . worcester . for the town of worcester , sir iohn packingtonbaronet , sir rowland berkley knight , sir iohn winford knight , samuel sandys , henry townsend , iohn bearcroft , esquires , sir ralph clare , knight of the bath . worcester city . for the city and county of the city of worcester , edward soley alderman , samuel smith , thomas twitty , gentlemen , henry townsendesq ; sir william mooreton knight , humphrey tyrer , richard heming , stephen richardson , gentlemen , sir iohn packington , sir rowland berkley , sir ralph clare , sir iohn winford , samuel sandys esq ; warwick . for the county of vva●wick , listerof alveston esq . richard bishop of st●atford esq . coventry . for the city and county of the city of coventry , sir arthur caley knight , the maior of coventry for the time being , h●nry smith alman , sir richard hopkins knight , william iesson , thomas norton esqs . mr. thomas love , mathew smith , samuel snell , william ielliffe , robert beak , iames na●er aldermen . town of warwick . for the town of warwick , sir henry puckeringbaronet , sir clement throckmortonknight , 〈◊〉 rouse , nathaniel stoughton , iohn stanton esqs . lister of alveston esq . richard bishop of stra●ford . wilts . for the county of wiltes , waltes buckland , thomas mompesson , william caley esqs . mathew rayman gent. tho. hunt gent. robert chandler , robert nicholas of alcainings , william broomewichgent . samuell eyre gent. simon spatchurstesq . christopher gardiner gent. mr. francis par●y . sarum . for the city of new sarum , samuel eyre gent. symon spatchurst esq . christopher gardiner gent. anglesey . for the isle of anglesey , robert lord viscount bulkley . brecon . for the county of brecon , william iones , iohn gwyn , henry stedman , edward powell . cardigan . for the county of cardigan , iames phillips , morgan herbert , thomas ienkins , erasmus lloyde , thomas evans , henry vaughan , thomas price the elder , esquires ; thomas lloyde of yinshen , morris vaughan , iohn price , gent. thomas par●y , reighnold ienkins , iohn bowin , thomas lewis , ●●ector phillips , nic●olas lewis , vvilliam iones , abel g●●ffin , esqs ; vvactkin lloyde , iohn griffith of noyadd , gentlemen ; the major of cardig●mfor the time being , rees gwin , david morgan , aldermen . carmarthen . for the county of carmarthen , jonathan lloyde , walter lloyde , walter mansell . carnarvon . for the county of carnarvon , griffith bodurda , john lloyd●of naugwhnadale , robert wynn of conway , william vvynn of pengwoone , vvilliam thomas of carnarvon , ionathan lloyde , vvalter lloyde , vvalter mansell . denbigh . for the county of denbigh , francis manly esq ; flint . for the county of flint , ken●ick eaton , esq ; glamorgan . for the county of glamorgan , iohn price , of courtcarne , morgan morgan , esq ; mountgomery . for the county of mountgomery , vvilliam oakely , edmond vvareing of oldbury , david morrice , esqs ; iohn matthews , henry pu●sel , iohn kiffin , vvilliam price of lanligan , iohn lloyd of conway . haverford-west . for the town and county of haverford-west , sir herbert perrot , knight , vvilliam browne , alderman . rules , orders , and instructions for the discharging and paying off the navy , and other debts relating thereunto . i. the commissioners hereby appointed for disbanding of the army , and discharging the navy , shall proceed therein in manner following , viz. first they are to disband the remaining part of the army according to the former rules in that behalf made ; which done , they are then first to discharge and pay off those sixty five ships which are now out of imployment , and of them in the first place , those whose commanders , officers and seamen , have the least pay due to them ; and after them they are to pay off the men aboard those thirty six ships now in his majesties service , who entred on his pay the twenty fourth of june last . ii. that all the commanders , officers and mariners who served in person , and were in service upon any of the sixty five of his majesties ships , on the twenty fifth of april , one thousand six hundred and sixty , and have taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy , or shall take the same , when they shall be thereunto required , and have not since deserted the service , nor been discharged for misdemeanor , shall with all convenient speed have their accompts stated ( by the auditors hereafter appointed ) and thereupon receive all their arreats of their pay from the fourteenth of march one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the day of their discharge ; and the commanders officers , and mariners of the aforesaid thirty six ships which were in service on the twenty fifth of april , one thousand six hundred and sixty , and have taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy , or shall take the same as aforesaid , and have not deserted the service , shall have their accompts stated as before , and receive their pay from the said fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , until the twenty fourth of iune , one thousand six hundred and sixty next following . and the commissi●ners appointed by this act , shall upon sight of the accompts so stated as before , cause the send captains , officers and mariners wages , successively to be payed by the treasurers appointed by this act , out of the money which shall come in of the six months assessment , or any other money , heretofore appointed for the paying or disbanding the army , and discharging the navy . and if any further arrears shall be claimed and appear to be due to any such commanders , officers or mariners in service as aforesaid for service at sea , from or after the fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty seven , and to , or before the fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty and eight , that in such case the auditors hereby appointed , shall examine all such arrears , and draw up a state thereof to be presented to the next parliament in order to their satisfaction . iii. that no money be paid or allowed to any person before-mentioned for any short allowance of victuals , made or pretended to be made them , either at sea , or in harbor : and if it shall appear , that any money , clothes , goods , wares , or merchandices , have beén paid or sold by any publick minister , officer , or other person , to any commander , officer , or seaman of the aforesaid ships , upon accompt of their pay , since the fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight ; in such case , all the said moneys so paid , and the value of the clothes , goods , wares , and merchandices so sold and delivered within the time of their said service , shall be defaulked out of their pay aforesaid : and the sums so defaulked shall be paid by warrants of the commissioners , charged on the treasurers , unto such person and persons to whom the same of right belongeth , out of the money that shall come in of the six moneths assessment , or any other moneys heretofore appointed for paying or disbanding of the army and navy , in course next after the commanders , officers , and seamen are paid . iv. that after the accompts of the commanders , officers , and seamen are stated , then the auditors shall state the accompts of the ship-keépers : and of all officers on shore in the yards , and store-houses , at deptford , woolwich , chatham , portsmouth , harwich , and other places , to be stated from the fourteenth of march one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the twenty fourth of june last past ; after the rates accustomed to be paid by his majesty , and according to their several capacities , at which time the said commissioners are to give them warrants , charged upon the treasurers , to pay them their several sums out of the money that shall come into their hands of the six moneths assessment , or any other money heretofore appointed , for paying or disbanding of the army and navy in course next after the common marriners , seamen , commanders , officers , and their servants , are discharged and paid , and the money from them defaulked as before , fully satisfied . v. that the said auditors shall state the accompts of the victuallers from the said fourteénth day of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the day of the several ships discharge , for as many as are out of employment as before ; and to the twenty fourth day of june , for the remaining part of the navy now in his majesties service in the winter guard , and assign them payment in course on the treasurers before-mentioned , to be paid out of the money remaining in their hands , out of the six moneths assessment , or any other money heretofore appointed for the paying or disbanding of the army and navy , next after the sums formerly ordered are paid . vi. that the auditors shall from the said fourteenth of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , state the accompts of all men that shall or may justly claim any money for quarters , and cures of the sick , and wounded seamen ser a shore out of his majesties ships in any town or corporation in this kingdom ; and for the quarters and cures of the sick and wounded soldiers sent over from flanders ; which being so stated , the said commissioners shall assign them their money by warrant on the treasurers , to be paid in course next after the commanders , officers , and marriners aforesaid , and the officers and ship-keépers aforesaid , are paid and satisfied . vii . that if in case any commanders , officers , or marriners , shall have died or beén discharged by ticket out of any the said ships , and their arrears of pay not satisfied : in such case the auditors shall state the accompts of the persons so dead or discharged from the said fourteénth day of march , one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the day of their death or discharge , according to their several capacities ; and the commissioners shall thereupon give warrants upon the treasurers , by this act appointed for the payment of the sums to them , or their assigns in course , when the commanders and officers of the several ships , to which they did belong at the time of their death or discharge , and the debts for curing the sick and wounded , are satisfied . viii . that the said auditors shall also state the several accompts of all other persons , which can or may justly claim any debt to be due unto him or them , for any provision , maintenance of prisoners , goods , wares , merchandises , stores , ammunition , and other necessaries sold and delivered to any publick minister , to and for the use of the navy aforesaid , from the fourtéenth of march one thousand six hundred fifty eight , to the twenty fourth of iune one thousand six hundred and sixty , and order them payment in course , after the before mentioned sums are paid by assignation on the treasurers to be paid out of the money remaining in their hands , out of the six moneths assessment , or any other mo●eys heretofore appointed for paying or disbanding of the army and navy . ix . that for the better stating the accompts of the commanders , officers , and mariners of the said navy , and the several other accompts before recited , and hereafter mentioned , arthur sprey , william iessop , ralph darnal , samuel atkins , richard kingdon , and bartholomew fillingham esquires , and iohn walker gentleman , shall be and are hereby appointed , constituted , and authorized to audite , and cast up the accompts of the aforesaid commanders , officers , mariners , and all other mens accompts relating to the debt of the said navy as before , and shall respectively before they enter thereon , take an oath in these words following . i do swear , that to the best of my skill and judgment , i shall examine , and truly state all such accompts as shall be committed to my care and trust by the commissioners , for disbanding the army , and discharging the navy , or any three , or more of them ; and shall and will to the best of my knowledge , make true certificates of all such accompts to the said commissioners , or any three of them . so help me god. which said oath , the said commissioners , or any three of them as aforesaid , are hereby authorized to administer accordingly . which accompts so certified by the said auditors , or any two of them , then the said commissioners , or any three of them , shall have power and authority , and are nee●by authorized and impowered to issue out warrants from time to time , to the respective treasurers aforesaid , for the payment of the several sums so audited , and due as aforesaid : which warrants , together with the acquittance of the persons to whom the same is payable thereupon , shall be to the said treasurers respectively a sufficient warrant and discharge . x. that the chief officers of his majesties navy do with all convenient speed deliver unto the commissioners appointed by this act , a perfect list of the names of all the aforesaid ships that are to be discharged , and the places in which they lie ; and the names and sirnames of the commanders , officers , marriners , and common seamen to each ship belonging ; and a particular accompt of the time that every person hath served , and what money or goods every or any one of them hath received . xi . that the pursers and checks of the several ships of the navy , do from time to time when they shall be required thereunto , attend the auditors aforesaid , and deliver unto them a true and perfect accompt of all the commanders , officers , marriners , and seamen belonging to the said ships , and shall produce the original muster-book and pay-books , wherein the names of the said commanders , officers , and sea-men were entered , and give an exact accompt of what arrears is due unto them , and how and in what manner the same becomes due ; the which books and accompts , shall by the said pursers and checks be delivered upon oath , which said oath the commissioners aforesaid , or any thrée of them , are hereby ordered to administer accordingly . xii . that in case any purser shall be found to make any false muster , or shall muster any captain , officer , or mariner by a false name , or make any false ticket , such purser shall forfeit his or their respective wages , and be imprisoned the space of six moneths , and in such case the commissioners appointed by this act , or any two of them , are hereby impowred to commit them to prison accordingly . xiii . that upon discharge of any of the commanders , officers , and mariners of the navy aforesaid ; all the said commanders , officers , and mariners , shall deliver up all their respective ships , guns , masts , sayles , yards , anchors , cables , tackle , apparrel , provisions , ammunition and stores , which are in their possessions , for his majesties use , unto such person or persons , as his majesty , or the lord high admiral of england , shall appoint to receive the same ; and if any commanders , officers , or sea-men , shall refuse to be discharged , or to deliver up the stores aforesaid , or shall be found , upon due proof , to have embezled any part thereof , or do disswade others from being discharged , he or they so offending , shall forfeit all his and their arrears , and be further proceeded against , according to their demerit . xiiii . that the said commissioners , or any thrée of them as aforesaid , shall have power to nominate , appoint , and imploy such clerks , agents , messengers and servants , as shall be necessary for the said work , and to make and give to them such reasonable sallaryes , allowances and satisfactions as they shall think fit ; and also to provide all other necessaries , and to defray all other charges relating to the fame . xv. that the commissioners formerly nominated by the house of commons , and by this act continued and appointed for this service , shall have and receive for their charge and pains in and about this service , one penny in the pound , and no more , out of all such monies as shall be issued by vertue of this act ; and each of the auditors aforesaid shall receive for his pains and charges , in and about this service , the sum of twenty shillings per diem , during the continuance of this service , which the treasurers of the aforesaid monies , are hereby enabled and required to issue and pay accordingly . xvi . that the commissioners shall direct the said treasurers from time to time to grant assignations ( who are hereby required to observe the same ) for such and so many sums of money on the respective receivers or treasurers for raising money by the act aforesaid in the several counties , cities , or places , where they understand any of the said money lies , as the commissioners for disbanding the army and navy , or any threé or more of them as aforesaid , shall direct and appoint to such persons , and in such manner as the said commissioners , or any threé or more of them as aforesaid , shall direct and appoint . xvii . that the commissioners herein named , or any thrée of them , shall and are hereby authorized to call to accompt the present treasurers in this act named : and iames nelthorpe , and iohn lawson esquires , late treasurers at wars , or any other former treasurers , or commissioners of the army , or navy ; for all such sums of money , as they or any of them stand accomptable for , and to certifie the same accompts into his majesties exchequer . anno regni caroli ij. regis angliae , scotiae , franciae , & hiberniae , duo decimo . at the parliament begun at westminster the five and twentieth day of april , an. dom. . in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles , by the grace of god , of england , scotland , france , and ireland , king , defender of the faith , &c. london , printed by iohn bill , printer to the kings most excellent majesty , . cum privilegio . anno xii . caroli . ii. regis . an act for further supplying and explaining certain defects in an act , intituled , an act for the speedy provision of money for disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom , both by land and sea. whereas through some doubts arising upon or by negligence in the execution of one act of this present parliament , intituled , an act for the speedy provision of money for the disbanding and paying off the forces of this kingdom both by land and sea : and also of one other act , intituled , an act for supplying and explaining certain defects in the aforesaid act : the same acts do not answer the ends aforesaid , in such measure as was expected , without some further explanation of the sence thereof , and a review of the several assessments made thereby , so that some persons may not escape without payment at all , or go away at very small proportions , whilst others pay their just and full due . it is therefore enacted and declared by the kings most excellent majesty , by , and with the consent and advice of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by the authority of the ●ame , that all and every person and persons of the several ranks , degrées , and qualifications in the said act or acts mentioned , shall contribute and pay the several and respective sums of money therein appointed to be paid ( any pretence of e●emption , being the kings majesties servants , to the contrary notwithstanding : ) and also that every person and persons , ecclesiastical and temporal , bodies politick and corporate , shall pay for their estates , both real and personal , the sum of forty shillings for one hundred pounds per annum , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser estate , and for every hundred pounds personal estate , after the rate of five pounds per annum ; provided it extend not to estates under five pounds per annum . and to the intent the same may be equally and indifferently assessed and taxed , be it further enacted and declared by the authority aforesaid , that the several commissioners in the said act named , or any three of them , within their several and respective counties , limits and precincts , shall have power to nominate and appoint two or more of the most able and discréet persons in every parish , villa● or hamlet , to review the several rates 〈◊〉 ass●ssments that have been made in their several and respective parishes , villages and hamlets . and where they shall finde that by the negligence , or default of any former assessors , any persons or estates have béen under rated , or omitted to be rated , that then they shall rate and assess all such persons and estates , so under-rated or omitted , to the full value they are to be rated and assessed at , either for their degrées , persons , or estates , by this or the former acts to that purpose made in this present parliament , or shall by the appointment at the discretion of the said commissioners make new assessments or rates , and shall return the same or their said additional rates at such places and times as the said commissioners ; or any thrée of them shall appoint . and it is further enacted and declared by the authority aforesaid , that every sworn attorney , or clerk in the office of the clerk of the pipe in the exchequer ; and euery attorney belonging to the office of the lord treas●rers remembrancer , shall pay twenty nobles apéece . and be it further enacted and declared , that every barrester at law , and every other person or persons that hath or have subscribed to any deed or writing wherein he or they have béen written or entituled esquire , or that hath or have acted by vertue of any commission or pretended commission , act , or pretended acts of parliament , wherein they have before the sitting of this parliament , béen written or entituled esquire , shall pay as reputed esquires within the said acts. and to the intent that none that have or shall pay his or their due proportions . that he or they ought to pay in respect of his or their quality or degrée , may be doubly charged , every person that hath or shall pay his full proportion for his or her degrée , and quality , the same excéeding the proportion of his or her estate , real and personal , shall by certificate under the hands and seals of 〈◊〉 or more of the commissioners within the same county or precinets where such sum hath o● shall be paid , be discharged from further payment for his or her estate , so that it be particularly expressed in every such certificates where such estate lieth , and the several and respective values thereof ; so that it may appear , that his or her proportion for his or her degrée or quality doth exceed that of his or her estate ; and also where any person or persons , bodies politick or corporate , have paid , or shall pay for his , her , or their estate , in one or more counties , he or they shall by like certificate or certificates be discharged in other places for so much and such values specially mentioned to be paid in the said certificates , and no more . and be it enacted and declared by the authority aforesaid , that the said commissioners or any threé or more of them within their several precincts , shall and may have power to inquire of , hear and determine all abuses , neglects , and misdoings of all and every the assessors and collectors to be imployed by vertue of this or the said precedent acts ; and shall have power to impose any fine or fines upon them or any of them , whom they shall be well informed ( by the oath of two or more credible witnesses , which oath they or any two of them are hereby impowred to administer ) to offend from and after the twentieth day of december , one thousand six hundred and sixty , in not performing their duties in their respective employments . provided , that no such fine shall excéed the sum of five pounds for one offence ; and that such commissioners who shall set or impose such ●ine or ●ines , shall have full power by warrant under their hands and seals , to command the several constables or tythingmen , which in the several and respective places where such person or persons have their habitation or above , upon whom such fine or fines is or are imposed , to levy the same by distress upon the goods of such person or persons refusing to pay the same , and to return the overplus thereof ( if any be ) deducting also reasonable charges for taking such distress , to the owner or owners of such goods ; and every such fine shall be imployed to the same purposes as the moneys raised by the said former acts are appointed : and also in case no distress can be found or had for satisfying such fine , and in case no distress can be taken by the collectors or other officers appointed to distrain , for the taxes or assessments by vertue of the said former act or acts , that in every such default , upon complaint to the said commissioners , or any threé of them , within their several and respective limits , the said commissioners , or any thrée of them , shall have full power and authority to cause every such person from whom no distress can be had , to be committed to the next common gaol , there to remain until he hath fully satisfied and paid such sum or sums of money , which ought to be charged upon him , by vertue of this and the said former acts , without bail or main-prize . and be it further enacted and declared , that the commissioners of every county and place respectively shall make up a true accompt of the sums onely of every hundred , lath , wapentake or ward , rated and assessed by the said former acts , together with the additional sums that shall be rated by vertue of this present act severally within their several counties , limits , and precincts , without naming the particular persons or estates , and shall shew what hath been paid thereof , and to what person and persons and what hath been discharged by such certificates as are appointed by this act , and what is in arrear and upaid , and shall return the same unto his majesties court of exchequer , before the second day of march next ; and in so doing they shall not be compelled to make or return any other accompt , duplicate , or certificate . and it is further enacted and declared . that the true and full yearly value of all lands , tenements , rents , tithes , and other hereditaments , shall be rated and assessed in manner aforesaid , in the several parishes , villages , or hamlets , where the same are scituate , lying , or arising . and be it further declared , that every sum charged upon , and paid by any person , by vertue of the said former acts or either of them , by reason of estate , degrée , or quality , shall be allowed and deducted out of such further charge , as shall be imposed upon him or her , by vertue of this present act. lastly , it is enacted and declared , that whosoever is sued at law for any act done , or to be done in the due execution of this or either of the said former acts , he may plead the general issue , and give the special matter in evidence : and if the plaintiff be nonsuit , or a verdict pass against any such plaintiff or plaintiffs in any such action , the defendant shall and may recover his double costs . provided always , and be it enacted , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to any peer of this realm , in point of assessment imprisonment , distress , or otherwise , provision being made in the said first recited act , for the assessing of the said péers , by certain péers , who are therein named and appointed in that behalf . and be it further enacted , that the lord chancellor , the lord treasurer , the lord steward of his majesties houshold , lord chamberlain of his majesties houshold , the earl of northampton , lord howard of charleton , the lord roberts , the lord grey of wark , the lord craven , the lord mohun , and the lord hatton , be added to the péers named in the said first recited act for the assessing of the péers , according to the said recited act : which said lords commissioners , or any five of them , in this and the former act named , shall have power to assess , levy , and collect ; and shall assess , levy , and collect , all such sums of money as shall be assessed according to the tenor of this and the former act , upon such péers who have not paid proportionably to their estates . and be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid , that these persons hereafter named , shall be added commissioners for their several counties , places , and precincts respectively , and shall exercise the same power as if they had béen named in the said former acts , or either of them . berks. for the county of berks , perigrine hobby , richard harrison esqs . iohn fettiplace , of fernhamesq . burrough of new windsor . andrew plumton gent. richard fishborne gent. bucks . for the county of bucks , sir thomas hampson baronet , sir phillip palmer baronet , anthony ra●cliffe esq . cambridge . for the county of cambridge , sir thomas dayrell , iohn bennet esq . sir anthony cage , levinus bennett . for the isle of ely. for the isle of ely , roger jennings , esq . chester . for the county of chester , sir george warberton baronet , edward warren esq . jeffery shakerly esq . henry lee esq ; city of chester . for the city and county of the city of chester , the major for the time being . cornwall . for the county of cornwall , robert roberts , esq . sir william thredinham , jo●eph tredinham , thomas penhallow , the knights and burgesses that serve for the said county , and iames eirsey gent. cumberland . for the county of cumberland , anthony bouch , richard ●urial , thomas croswhat , robert vvebster . devon. for the county of devon , nicholas daviesdoctor of physick , vvilliam jennins gent. edmond tremaine , vvilliam putt , iohn kellond , vvilliam bogan , george howard , iohn kelley , vvilliam kelley , iames rodd esqs . york . for the west riding in the county of york , vvestbury norcon esq . robert vvivell esq . richard roundhill gent. vvilliam hamond esq . vvalter hawkesworth , esq . cutbert vvade . iohn ●reston gent. arthur ingram esq , edward atkin●● , vvilliam vvitham gent. samuel sonder●●nd , esq . thomas vvard gent. sir william ●●gram knight . york northriding . for the northriding in the county of york , sir william caley , arthur caley esq . william wivell esq . sir tho. gower baronet , thomas vvorsley esq . charles tankred , sir william francklyn baronet , the bailiffs of scarborough for the time being , tristram fish , robert belt , esquires , thomas robinson , thomas scudamore esquires . york . for the city and county of the city of york , all the aldermen of the city of york . for the town of kingston upon hull , george crowle . essex . for the county of essex , mr. edward glascock , mr. miles hubbert , mr. iohn smart , capt. hunter , dean tindal esq . isaac wincoll , thomas clapton , thomas peek , peter iohnson , thomas manby esqs . gloucester . for the county of gloucester , thomas freame , tho. floyde , samuel shepard , phillip shepard , vvilliam morgan , richard daston , iohn took●esqs . robert lord tracy . hereford . for the county of hereford , sir herbert parretknight , john barnaby of brookehampton esq . thomas baskervile of collington gent. john boothof hereford esq . city of hereford . for the city of hereford , thomas davies esq . major , james lawrence gent. tho. clerk gent. hertford . for the county of hertford , marmaduke rawden , iames willimott iunior gent. arras dr. of physick , richard combes esq . st. albans . for the borrough of st. albans , william foxwistesq . recorder , mr. iohn new , mr. edward eames , mr. thomas cowley senior , mr. william marston , henry conningsby , edmond smith , alban cox , richard combes esq . kent . for the county of kent , sir william mann , sir edward masters , thomas peake esq . sir tho. godfrey , the major of maydston for the time being , sir william merideth baronet , sir thomas peirce baronet , mr. richard manley , mr. thomas manley . sandwich . for sandwich , iohn verrier , peter peake gent. lancaster . for the county of lancaster , henry banister esq . ieoffry rushton gent. richard fleetwood gent. iohn molineux esq . vvilliam fife esq . sir george middleton knight and baronet , mathew richardson esq . robert heywood esq . roger stoughton of the city of london , alderman . lincoln . for the parts of linsey in the county of lincolne , edward turney , william lister , esqs , sir robert dallison baronet , sir charles dallison knight . great grimsby . for great grim●by , william draper , samuel proctor . for the parts of kestivan , william thompson , humphrey walcot . london . for the city of london , nicholas delves esq . middlesex . for the county of middlesex , sir iohn robinsonbaronet , lieutenant of the tower , sir richard browne , thomas bide , thomas harrisonof south-mims , sir vvilliam bateman , lieut. col. powel , charles pitfield esq . robert peyton , iohn iones , iohn limbrey , edward chard , richard shelton esqs . vvilliam page esq . roger genningsesq . richard meney . westminster . for the city of vvestminster , and liberties thereof , gabriel beck esq . mr. graham , peter maplesden , george plunknet , thomas ki●ke , william greene , george farewell , ralph darnell . northampton . for the county of northampton edward onely , iohn thornton , iohn vvilloughby esqs . norfolk . for the county of norfolk , george windham , robert doughty of hanworth , robert legar , esquires , henry scarborough gent. mr. john ripps , mr. thomas talbot , mr. henry black-borne , gent. borough of lyn regis . for the borough of lyn regis , john bassetmajor , robert steward esq ; recorder , thomas greene , william wharton , henry bell. great yarmouth . for the town of great yarmouth , nicholas cutting , james simonds bailiff there , sir john potts knight and baronet , sir william doyleyknight , sir thomas medow knight , thomas gooch , george england , john carter , nathaniel ashby , thomas lucas , iohn woodroff , iames iohnson esquires , george tilyard gent. thetford . for the whole borough and corporation of thetford , the major for the time being , john kendal gent. mr. bourage martin , maurice shelton , esquires , mr. robert keddington gent. mr. nicholas rookwood , mr. robert wright of kilveston . newcastle upon tine . for the town and county of newcastle upon tine , sir iohn marley . nottingham . for the town of nottingham , francis sandisesq ; thomas bristow , william newton , gentlemen . east-retford . for the borrough of east-retford , the bailiffs for the time being . oxon. for the county of oxon , william glyn , john west , esquires , iohn coker gent. iames herbertesq ; sir thomas tippin . university of oxford . mr. robert withers , mr. edward master , mr. david thomas , mr. gregory ballard , mr. timothy horton . the city of oxford . for the city of oxford , francis holloway , william cornish . salop. for the county of salop , charles baldwin , samuel baldwin , esquires , mr. moore of middleton , mr. bishop of the moore , benjamin buckley . stafford . for the county of stafford , thomas rudiardesq ; iohn colclough , timothy edge , gentlemen . somerset . for the county of somerset , william orangeesq ; vvilliam bacon senior , gent. iohn cridlandgent . mawdley samborne , iohn carew , roger newborough , iames haise , esquires . the city of bristol . for the city and county of the city of bristol , the major and sheriffs for the time being , iohn knight the elder , vvilliam coulston , iohn bradway , vvilliam cole . for the city of bathe , iohn vane , iohn masters , aldermen . southampton . for the county of southampton , with the town and county , mr. essex powlet , richard lucy , gabriel vvhistler , esqs ; isle of wight . for the isle of vvight , thomas bowreman esq ; iohn oglander of newport gentleman . suffolk . for the county of suffolk , george vviniffe , william blumfield , esquires . surrey . for the county of surrey , edward evelin , iohn yates , richard knipe , esquires , mr. iohn parker , sir purbeck temple knight , earle of ancram , henry capel . dalinahey esq . iohn farewell , doctor windebanck . for the town of rye . samuel bembrigg , iames vvelsh , thomas osmonton . coventry . for the city and county of the city of coventry , sir arthur caley knight , the major of coventry for the time being , henry smith alderman . town of warwick . for the town of warwick , sir henry puckeringbaronet , sir clement throckmortonknight , iohn rouse , nathaniel stoughton , iohn stanton esquires . wilts . for the county of wilts , waltor buckland , thomas mompesson , william caley esqs . m●tthew rayman gent. tho. hunt gent. robert challoner , robert nicholas of alcainings , william broomwichgent . samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurstesq . christopher gardiner gent. sarum . for the city of new sarum , samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurst esq . christopher gardiner esq . anglesey . for the isle of anglesey , robert , lord viscount bulkley . cardigan . for the county of cardigan , iames phillips , morgan herbert , thomas ienkins , erasmus lloyde , thomas evans , henry vaughan , thomas price the elder , esquires ; thomas lloyde of ymshen , maurice vaughan , iohn price gentmen . carnarvan . for the county of carnarvan , griffith bodurda , john lloyde of na●gwnnadale , robert wynn of conway , william vvynn of pengwoone , vvilliam thomas of carnarvan , ionathan lloyde , vvalter lloyde , vvalter mansell . denbigh . for the county of denbigh , francis weanly esq ; flint . for the county of flint , kenrick eaton , esq ; mountgomery . for the county of mountgomery , haverford-west . for the town and county of haverford-west , sir herbert perrot , knight , vvilliam browne , alderman . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the raising of seventy thousand pounds for the further supply of his majesty . the commons assembled in parliament do give and grant unto your most excellent majesty , the sum of seventy thousand pounds to be raised and levyed in manner following , and do pray your majesty , that it may be enacted , & be it enacted by your most excellent majesty , by & with the advice & consent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , that the sum of threescore and ten thousand pounds , for one month only , beginning from the first day of iuly , one thousand six hundred sixty and one , shall be assessed , taxed , collected , levied and paid in the several counties , cities , burroughs , towns , and places within england and wales , and the town of berwick upon tweede , according to the several rates , rules , and proportions , and in such manner and form , and by the same commissioners , as in and by a certain other act , passed this parliament , for raising the like sum of seventy thonsand pounds for one month only , beginning from the twenty ninth of september , one thousand six hundred and sixty , entituled an act for the speedy raising of seventy thousand pounds for the present supply of his majesty , are mentioned or referred unto and intended , which commissioners shall meet-upon or before the fifth day of iuly , one thousand six hundred sixty and one , and are hereby enabled and required to use and execute all and every the like powers and authorities , as in and by the said act are mentioned , or referred to , and intended as fully and amply , as if the same rates , rules , proportions , powers and authorities had been particularly inserted in this present act. and be it further enacted , by the authority aforesaid , that all and every the sums of money charged by this act , upon the several counties , cities , towns , burroughs and places aforesaid , shall be raised , levied , and paid into his majesties receipt of the exchequer , upon or before the first day of august , one thousand six hundred sixty one , by the several receive general , who shall be appointed by the said commissioners ; provided always , and it is hereby declared , that no mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , which were formerly assessed and taxed for and towards former assessments , and land-taxes , and are now in the possession or holding of his majesty , or of the queens highness , or of any ecclesiastical person or persons , or his , or their farmers and tenants , shall be exempted from the payment of the several sums of money in this act comprized , but that the said mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , shall be rated , assessed , and taxed for and towards the said several sums of money in this act comprized , in such manner and form as they were of late rated , taxed , and assessed for and toward the said former land-rates , any law , statute or custome to the contrary thereof , in any wise notwithstanding . provided always , that neither this act , nor any thing therein-contained , shall be drawn into example to the prejudice of the antient rights belonging to the peers of this realm . and be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid , that these persons hereafter named , shall be added commissioners for their several counties , places and precincts respectvely , and shall exercise the same powers as the other commissioners intended by this act , are authorized and impowred to do ; that is to say , berks. for the county of berks , peregrine hobby , richard harrison , esqs ; john fettiplace of ferne●amesq ; and samuel woodcox . borrough of new windsor . for the borrough of new windsor , andrew plumpton , richard firshburne , gent. bucks . for the county of bucks , william tirringham esq ; sir thomas hampson baronet , sir philip palmer baronet , thomas ratcliff esq ; cambridge . for the county of cambridge , sir thomas dayrell , john bennet esq ; sir anthony cage , levinus benner . isle of ely. for the isle of ely , roger jennings esq ; chester . for the county of chester , sir george warburton baronet , edward warren , jeffery shakerley , henry leigh , esqs ; city of chester . for the city and county of the city of chester , the major for the time being . cornwal . for the county of cornwal , robert roberts esq ; sir william tredinham , joseph tredinham , thomas penhallow , the knights and burgesses that serve for the said county , and iames eirsey gent. the major of lostwithel for the time being , iohn mollesworth esq william williams of trenythen . cumberland . for the county of cumberland , mr. anthony bouch , mr. richard uriell , mr. thomas croswhat , mr. robert webster . devon. for the county of devon , nicholas daviesdoctor of physick , william jennens gent. edmond tremayne , william putt , john kellond , william bogan , george howard , iohn kelly , iames rodd esquires , walter jago , francis drew , esq ; william walrond esq ; john blagdon gent. iohn hamm gent. henry newte . york . for the west-riding in the county of york , welbury norton , robert wivell esquires , richard roundhil gent. william hamond , walter hawksworth esquires , cuthbert wade , iohn preston gent. arthur ingram esq ; edward atkinson , william witham gent. samuel sunderlandesq ; thomas ward gent. sir william ingram knight , sir john goodrick baronet , sir tho. wentworth , sir edward rodes , knights , godfrey copley of ●p●otsbrough , john clayton , ioshua horton , thomas stringer esqs . the alderman of leedes for the time being . york northriding . for the northriding in the county of york , sir william caley , arthur caley esq . william wivell esq . sir tho. gower baronet , thomas vvorsley , charles tankred csqs . sir william francklyn baronet , the bailiffs of scarboroughfor the time being , tristram fish , robert belt , esqs . tho. robinson , thomas scudamore esqs . york city . for the city and county of the city of york , all the aldermen of the city of york . kingston upon hull . for the town of kingston upon hull , mr. george crowle . essex . for the county of essex , mr. edward glascock , mr. miles hubbert , mr. iohn smart , capt. hunter , dean tindal esq . isaac wincall , thomas clopton , thomas peek , peter iohnson , thomas manby esqs . glocester . for the county of glocester , thomas freame , tho. floyde , samuel sheppard , phillip sheppard , vvilliam morgan , richard daston , iohn tookeesqs . robert lord tracy , thomas morgan esq . sir nicholas throckmorton knight , vvilliam bromage gent. vvilliam vvinter of dimmockgent . richard matchen gent. iohn winnyatgent . thomas aylway gent. hereford . for the county of hereford , sir herbert parretknight , john barnaby of brookehampton esq . thomas baskervile of collington gent. john boothof hereford esq . city of hereford . for the city of hereford , thomas davies esq . major , james lawrence gent. tho. clerk gent. hertford . for the county of hertford , marmaduke rawden , iames willimott iunior gent. thomas a●asdr . of physick , richard combes esq . sir robert io●lyn knight , thomas coppin , edward briscoe , iohn halsie esqs . mr. fetherston of blackeswere , edward brograve , ralph gore , thomas brograve , edward cason , thomas bonest , henry becher , henry chancey , george bromley , alexander meade , iohn crouch , iames willimott iunior , george poyner gent. iohn iesson esq . sir edward alston knight . st. albans . for the borrough of st. albans , william foxwistesq . recorder , mr. iohn new , mr. edward eames , mr. thomas cowley senior , mr. william marston , sir henry conningsby , edmond smith , alban cox , richard combes esq . thom. marsto●gent . kent . for the county of kent , sir willi●m mann , sir edward masters , thomas peake esq . sir tho. god●rey , the major of maydston for the time being , sir william merideth baronet , sir thomas peirse baronet , mr. richard manley , mr. thomas manley . sandwich . for the town of sandwich , iohn verrier , peter peke gent. lancaster . for the county of lancaster , henry banisteresq . ieoffry rushton gent. richard fleetwoodgent . iohn molineux esq . vvilliam fife esq . sir george middleton knight and baronet , mathew richardson esq . robert heywood esq . roger stowton of the city of london , thomas butler , richard farrington , vvilliam vvall , william turner , henry brabin , vvilliam hodgkensongent . lincoln . for the county of lincoln , and city and county of the same , edward turney , william lister , esqs , sir robert dallison baronet , sir charles dallison knight , william draper , samuel proctor , william thompson , humphrey walcot , thomas mills , michael dalton , iohn watson , william willoughby , henry heron , marmaduke darrel , iohn ogle , anthony treadway , william skipwith , thomas browne of eastkirby , iohn almore , mr. skinner of thornton colledge , tho. harrington , william whichcot , charles pelhamiunior , roger pelham , mr. iohn lockton , mr. iohn hobson iunior , mr. henry hall. mr. charles pawdes , mr. iohn colthurst , mr. william bishop , and mr. edward blaw , aldermen , mr. william perkins , mr. thomas mills , mr. peregrine buck , mr. william dowman , mr. thomas dickenson , mr. iohn thornton , and richard wetherel , aldermen . london . for the city of london , nicholas delves esq . benjamin albin , richard spencer . middlesex . for the county of middlesex , sir iohn robinsonbaronet , lieutenant of the tower , sir richard browne , thomas bide , thomas harrisonof south-mins , sir vvilliam bateman , lieut. col. powel , charles pitfield esq . robert peyton , iohn iones , iohn limbrey , edward chard , richard shelton esqs . vvilliam page esq . roger iennynsesq . sir heneage finch baronet , his majesties sollicitor general , cheney of hackneyesq . lieut. col. powel , charles cheney of chelsey , christopher abdy esq . sir allen broadricke , iohn barton esq . westminster . for the city of vvestminster , and liberties thereof , gabriel beck esq . mr. glaham , peter maplesden , george plunknet , thomas kirke , vvill. greene , george farewell , ralph darnell . monmouth . for the county of monmouth , vvilliam ionesof frowen esq . iames proger , charles proger . northampton . for the county of northampton , edward onely , iohn thorton , iohn vvilloughby esqs . norfolk . for the county of norfolk , george windham , robert doug●ty of hanworth , robert legat , esquires , henry scarborough gent. mr. john kepps , mr. thomas talbot , mr. henry blackborne , gent. borough of lyn regis . for the borough of lyn regis , john bassetmajor , robert steward esq ; recorder , thomas greene , william wharton , henry bell , robert thorowgood , alderman holley . great yarmouth . for the town of great yarmouth , nicholas cutting , james simonds bailiff there , sir john potts knight and baronet , sir william doyley knight , sir thomas me●ow knight , thomas gooch , george england , john carter , nathaniel ashby , thomas lucas , iohn woodroff , iames iohnson esquires , george tilyard gent. theftford . for the whole borough and corporation of theftford , the major for the time being , john kendal gent. mr. bourage m●rtin , maurice helton , esquires , robert keddington gent. mr. nicholas rookwood , mr. robert wright of kilveston . newcastle upon tine . for the town and county of newcastle upon tine , sir iohn marley , sir nicholas cole knight , and baronet , sir francis bows knight , sir francis anderson knight . nottingham . for the county of nottingham , francis sandisesq ; thomas bristow , william newton , gentlemen . east-retford . for the borrough of east-retford , the bailiffs for the time being . oxon. for the county of oxon , william glyn , john west , esquires , iohn coker gent. iames herbert esq ; sir thomas tippin . university of oxford . mr. robert withers , mr. edward master , mr. david thomas , mr. gregory ballard , mr. timothy horton . the city of oxford . for the city of oxford , francis holloway , william cornish . salop. for the county of salop , charles baldwin , samuel baldwin , esquires , mr. moore of middleton , mr. bishop of the moore , benjamin buckley . stafford . for the county of stafford , thomas rudiardesq ; iohn colclough , timothy edge , gentlemen . somerset . for the county of somerset , william orangeesq ; vvilliam bacon senior , gent. iohn oridland gent. mawdley samborne , iohn c●rew , roger newborough , iames haise , esquires . for the city of bristol . for the city and county of the city of bristol , the major and sheriffs for the time being , iohn knight the elder , vvilliam coulston , iohn bradway , vvilliam coles . for the city of bathe . for the city of bathe , iohn peirce , iohn masters , aldermen . southampton . for the county of southampton , with the town and county , mr. essex powlet , richard lucy , gabriel vvhistler , ess isle of wight . for the isle of vvight , thomas bowremanesq ; iohn oglander of newport gentleman . suffolk . for the county of suffolk , george vviniffe , william blumfield , esquires , mr. iohn brooke , mr. milton of ipswich , mr. edmond bedingfield , mr. francis langley , mr. thomas read , mr. rabbit of bramfield , isaac motham esquire , gardiner web gent. st. edmonds bury . for st. edmonds bury , francis smith , robert sharpe , samuel hustler . surrey . for the county of surrey , edward evelin , iohn yates , richard knipe , esquires , mr. iohn parker , sir purbeck temple , sir thomas bludworth , knights , thomas rogers , charles good-harman-atwood , esquires , iohn parker of rigate . rye in the county of sussex . for the town of rye , samuel bembrigg , iames vvelsh , thomas osmonton . worcester . for the county of worcester , sir iohn packingtonbaronet , sir rowland berkley knight , sir iohn winford knight , samuel sandys , henry townsend , iohn bearcroft , esquires , sir ralph clare , knight of the bath . worcester city . for the city and county of the city of worcestor , edward soley alderman , samuel smith , thomas twitty , gentlemen , henry townsendesq ; sir william mooreton knight , humphrey tyrer , richard heming , stephen richardson , gentlemen , sir iohn packington , sir rowland berkley , sir ralph clare , sir iohn winford , samuel sandys esq ; warwick . for the county of vvarwick , listerof alveston esq . richard bishop of stratford esq . coventry . for the city and county of the city of coventry , sir arthur caley knight , the major of coventry for the tune being , henry smith alderman , sir richard hopkins knight , william iesson , thomas norton esqs . mr. thomas love , mathew smith , samuel snell , william ielliffe , robert beak , iames nailer aldermen . town of warwick . for the town of warwick , sir henry puckeringbaronet , sir clement throckmortonknight , iohn rouse , nathaniel stoughton , iohn stanton esqs . lister of alveston esq . richard bishop of stratford . wilts . for the county of wilts , walter buckland , thomas mompesson , william caley esqs . mathew rayman gent. tho. hunt gent. robert chandler , robert nicholas of alcainings , william broomewichgent . samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurstesq . christopher gardiner gent. mr. francis parry . sarum . for the city of new sarum , samuel eyre gent. simon spatchhurst esq . christopher gardiner gent. anglesey . for the isle of anglesey , robert lord viscount bulkley . cardigan . for the county of cardigan , iames phillips , morgan herbert , thomas ienkins , erasmus lloyde , thomas evans , henry vaughan , thomas price the elder , esquires ; thomas lloyde of yinshen , morris vaughan , iohn price gentmen , tho parry , reighnold ienkins , iohn bowin , thomas lewis , hector phillips , nicholas lewis , vvilliam iones , abel griffin , esqs , vvactkin lloyde , iohn 〈◊〉 of noyadd , gentlemen ; the major of cardiganfor the time being , rees gwin , david morgan , aldermen . carmarthen . for the county of carmarthen , jonathan lloyde , walter lloyde , walter mansell . carnarvon . for the county of carnarvon , griffith bodurda , john lloyde of nangwimadale , robert wynn of conway , william vvynn of pengwoone , vvilliam thomas of carnarvon , ionathan lloyde , vvalter lloyde , vvalter mansell . denbigh . for the county of denbigh , francis manlyesq ; flint . for the county of flint , kenrick eaton , esq ; glamorgan . for the county of glamorgan , iohn price , of courtcarne , morgan morgan , esq ; mountgomery . for the county of mountgomery , vvilliam oakely , edmond vvareing , david morrice , esqs ; iohn matthews , henry pursel , iohn kiffin , vvilliam price of lanligan , iohn lloyd of conway . haverford-west . for the town and county of haverford-west , sir herbert perrot , knight , vvilliam browne , alderman . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for the attainder of several persons guilty of the horrid murther of his late sacred majestie king charles the first . in all humble manner shew unto your most excellent majestie , your majesties most dutifull and loyall subjects the lords and commons in parliament assembled , that the horrid and execrable murther of your majesties royal father , our late most gracious soveraign charles the first , of ever blessed and glorious memory , hath been committed by a party of wretched men , desperately wicked , and hardened in their impiety , who having first plotted and contrived the ruine and destruction of this excellent monarchy , and with it of the true , reformed protestant religion which had been so long protected by it and flourished under it , found it necessary in order to the carrying on of their pernicious and traiterous designs , to throw down all the bullwarks and fences of law , and to subvert the very being and constitution of parliament , that so they might at last make their way open for any further attempts upon the sacred person of his majesty himself ; and that for the more easie effecting thereof , they did first seduce some part of the then army into a compliance , and then kept the rest in subjection to them , partly for hopes of preferment , and chiefly for fear of losing their imployments and arrears ; until by these , and other more odious arts and devices , they had fully strengthened themselves , both in power and faction ; which being done , they did declare against all manner of treaties with the person of the king , even then while a treaty by advice of both houses of parliament was in being , remonstrate against the houses of parliament for such proceedings , seize upon his royal person while the commissioners were returned to the house of parliament with his answer , and when his concessions had been voted a ground for ●eace , seize upon the house of commons , seclude and imprison some members , force out others , and there being left but a small remnant of their own creatures ( not a tenth part of the whole ) did seek to shelter themselves by this weak pretence , under the name and authority of a parliament , and in that name labo●red to prosecute what was yet behinde and unfinished of their long intended treason and con●piracy ; 〈…〉 p●●pose they prepared an ordinance for erecting la w●d●gious and unheard of tribunal , which they called an high court of justices , for t●yal of his majesty ; and having easi● procur●● it to pass in their house of commons , as it then stood moulded , ventured to send it up from thence to the peers then sitting , who totally rejected it ; whereupon their rage and fury increasing , they presume to pass it alone as an act of the commons , and in the name of the commons of england ; and having gained the pretence of law , made by a power of their own making , pursue it with all possible force and cruelty , until at last , upon the thirtieth day of january , one thousand six hundred forty and eight , his sacred majesty was brought unto a scaffold , and there publickly murthered before the gates of his own royal palace ; and because by this horrid action the protestant religion hath received the greatest wound and reproach , and the people of england the most insupportable shame and infamy that it was possible for the enemies of god and the king to bring upon uswhilst the fanatick rage of a few miscreants ( who were as far from being true protestants , as they were from being true subjects ) stands imputed by our adversaries to the whole nation : we therefore your majesties said dutiful and loyal subjects , the lords and commons in parliament assembled , do hereby renounce , abominate , and protest against that impious fact , the execrable murther , and most unparallel● treason committed against the sacred person and life of our said late soveraign , your majesties most royal father , and all proceedings tending thereunto : and do beseech your most excellent majesty that it may be declared , and be it hereby declared , that by the undoubted and fundamental laws of this kingdom , neither the peers of this realm , nor the commons , nor both together in parliament , or out of parliament , nor the people collectively or presentatively , nor any other persons whatsoever ever had , have , hath , or ought to have any coercive power over the persons of the kings of this realm ; and for the better vindication of our selves to posterity , and as a lasting monument of our otherwise inexpressible detestation and abhorrency of this vilanous and abominable fact , we do further beseech your most excellent majesty , that it may be enacted , and be it hereby enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , by and with the advice and consent of the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , that every thirtieth day of january , unless it falls out to be upon the lords day , and then the day next following , shall be for ever hereafter set apart to be kept and observed in all the churches and chappels of these your majesties kingdoms of england and ireland , dominion of wales , and town of berwick upon twede , and the iues of jersey and guernsey , and all other your majesties dominions , as an anniversary day of fasting and humiliation , to implore the mercy of god , that neither the guilt of that sacred and innocent ●●oud , one those other sins by which god was provoked to deliver up both us and our king into the hands of cruel and unreasonable men , may at any time hereafter be visited upon us or our posterity . and whereas oliver cromwel deceased , henry ireton deceased , john bradshaw deceased , and thomas pride deceased , john l●sle , william say , sir hardress waller , valentine wauton , thomas harrison , edward whally , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , john barkstead , gilbert millington , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , adrian scroop , john okey , john h●wson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , john carew , carew , john jones , miles corbet , henry smith , gregory clement , thomas wogan , edmond harvy , thomas scot , william cawley , john downes , nicholas love , vincent potter , augustine garland , john dixwell , george fleetwood , simon meyne , james temple , peter temple , daniel blagrave , thomas waite , john cooke , andrew broughton , edward dendy , william hewlet , hugh peters , francis hacker , daniel axtel , are notoriously known to have been wicked and active instruments in the prosecution and compassing that trayterous murther of his late majesty , for which the said sir hardress waller , thomas harrison , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , gilbert millington , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , adrian scroop , john carew , john jones , henry smith , gregory clement , edmond harvy , thomas scot , john downes , vincent potter , augustine garland , george fleetwood , simon meyne , james temple , peter temple , thomas waite , john cook , william hewlet , hugh peters , francis hacker , and daniel axtell , have already received their tryal at law , and by verdict , or their own confession , have been convicted , and by iudgement of law thereupon had , do now stand duely and legally attainted ; of whom , ten persons , that is to say , thomas harrison , adrian scroop , john carew , john jones , thomas scot , gregory clement , john cook , hugh peters , francis hacker , and daniel axtell , have most deservedly suffered the pains of death , and been executed according to law ; and the said john lisle , william say , valenti●e wauton , edward whally , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , miles corbet , william cawley , nicholas love , john dixwell , daniel blagrave , andrew broughton , and edward dendy , are fled from iustice ; not daring to abide a legal tryal : may it therefore please your maiesty that it may be enacted , and be it enacted by authority of this present parliament , that the said oliver cromwell deceased , henry ireton deceased , john bradshaw deceased , and thomas pride deceased , shall by vertue of this act , be adjudged to be convicted and attainted of high treason , to all intents and purposes , as if they , and every of them respectively had been attainted in their lives : and also that john lisle , william say , valentine wauton , edward whally , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , william cawley , miles corbet , nicholas love , john dixwell , daniel blagrave , andrew broughton , edward dendy , and every of them , stand and be adjudged , and by authority of this present act convicted and attainted of high treason ; and that all and every the mannors , messnages , lands , tenements , rents , reversions , remainders , possessions , rights , conditions , interests , offices , fees , annuities , and all other the hereditaments , leases for years , chattels real , and other things of that nature , whatsoever they be , of them the said oliver cromwell , henry ireton , john bradshaw , thomas pride , john lisle , william say , valentine w●uton , edward whally , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , william cawly , miles corbet , nicholas love , john dixwell , daniel blagrave , andrew broughton , edward dendy , thomas harrison , adrian scroop , john carew , john jones , thomas scot , gregory clement , hugh peters , francis hacker , iohn cook , daniel axtell , sir hardress waller , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , gilbert millington , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , henry smith , edmond harvy , iohn downs ▪ vincent potter , augustine garland , george fleetwood , simon meyne , iames temple , peter temple , thomas wayte , which they , or any of them , or any other person or persons , to their or any of their uses , or in trust for them , or any of them , had the five and twentieth day of march , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty and six , or at any time since , shall stand and be forfeited unto your majesty , your heirs and successors , and shall be deemed , vested , and adjudged to be in the actual and real possession of your majesty , without any office or inquisition thereof hereafter to be taken or found : and also , that all and every the goods , debts , and other the chattels personal whatsoever , of them the said oliver cromwell , henry ireton , iohn bradshaw , thomas pride , whereof at the time of their respective deaths , they , or any of them , or any other in trust for them or any of them , stood possessed in law or equity , and all the goods , debts , and other the chattels personal whatsoever of them the said iohn lisle , william say , valentine wauton , edward whalley , john barkstead , edmond ludlow , sir michael livesey , john okey , john hewson , william goffe , cornelius holland , thomas challoner , william cawly , miles corbet , nicholas love , john dixwell , andrew broughton , edward dendy , thomas harrison , adrian scroope , john carew , john jones , thomas scot , gregory clement , hugh peters , francis hacker , iohn cook , daniel axtell , sir hardress waller , william heveningham , isaac pennington , henry martin , gilbert millington , robert tichborne , owen rowe , robert lilborne , henry smith , edmond harvy , iohn downs , vincent potter , augustine garland , george fleetwood , simon meyne , iames temple , peter temple , thomas wayte , whereof upon the eleventh day of february , one thousand six hundred fifty nine , they or any of them , or any other in trust for them or any of them , stood possessed either in law or equity , shall be deemed and adjudged to be forfeited unto , and are hereby vested , and put into the actual and real possession of your majesty , without any further office or inquisition thereof hereafter to be taken or found . provided always , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no conveyance , assurance , grant , bargain , sale , charge , lease , assignment of lease , grants and surrenders by copy of court-roll , estate , interest , trust , or limitation of any vse or vses of or out of any manors , lands , tenements , or hereditaments , not being the lands nor hereditaments of the late king , queen or prince , or of any archbishops , bishops , deans , deans and chapters , nor being lands or hereditaments sold or given for the delinquency , or pretended delinquency of any person or persons whatsoever , by vertue or pretext of any act , order , ordinance , or reputed act , order or ordinance since the first day of ianuary , one thousand six hundred forty and one , nor any statute , iudgement or recognizance , had , made , acknowledged or suffered to any person or persons , bodies politick or corporate , before the twenty ninth day of september , one thousand six hundred fifty nine , by any of the offenders before in this act ▪ mentioned , or their heirs , or by any other person or persons claiming by , from , or under them or any of them , other then the wife or wives , childe or children , heir or heirs of such person or persons , or any of them , for money bona fide , to them or any of them paid or lent , nor any conveyance , assurance , grant or estate made before the twenty fifth of april one thousand six hundred and sixty , by any person or persons to any of the offenders aforesaid in trust ; and for the benefit of any other person or persons not being any of the offenders aforesaid , or in trust for any bodies politick or corporate , shall be impeached , defeated , made void or frustrated hereby , or by any of the convictions and attainders aforesaid ; but that the same shall be held and enjoyed by the purchasers , grantees , lessees , assigns , cestuy que usu , cestuy que trust , and every of them , their heirs , executors , administrators and assigns respectively , as if this act had not been made , and as if the said offenders had not been by this act , or by any other course or proceedings of law convicted or attainted ; so as the said conveyances , and all and every the grants and assurances which by vertue of this act , are , and ought to be held and enjoyed as aforesaid , shall before the first of ianuary , which shall be in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred sixty and two , be entred and enrolled of record in his majesties court of exchequer , and not otherwise ; any thing in this act herein before contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . provided always , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all and singular the mannors , lands , tenements and hereditaments , which at any time heretofore were the lands and possessions of henry late marquess of worcester , and edward now marquess of worcester , and henry lord herbert , son and heir apparent of the said edward marquess of worcester , or any of them ; whereof or wherein the said oliver cromwell , or any other person or persons in trust for him , or to his use , or any other the persons attainted by this act , or otherwise , or any person or persons in trust for them or any of them , had or claimed , or pretended to have any estate , right , title , possession or interest , at any time before or since the decease of the said oliver cromwell , shall be , and hereby are vested and setled in , and shall be held and enjoyed by the said marquess of vvorcester , and the said henry lord herbert , in such manner and form , and for such estate and estates , with such powers and priviledges as they formerly had in the same respectively ; any thing in this present act contained , or any act , conveyance or assurance heretofore made or acknowledged by the said edward marquess of vvorcester , and henry lord herbert or either of them , unto the said oliver cromwell , or any other person or persons in trust for , or to the use of the said oliver cromwell , or any act or conveyance made or done by the said oliver cromwell , or by any in trust for him , to any person whatsoever , to the contrary notwithstanding . saving always to all and every person and persons , bodies politick and others , their respective heirs , successors , executors and administrators , all such right , title and interest in law and equity , which they or any of them have or ought to have , of , into , or out of any the premisses , not being in trust for any the said offenders , nor derived by , from or under the said offenders , since the twenty fifth day of march , which was in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty six ; and that they the said person and persons , bodies politick , and other their respective heirs , successors , executors and administrators , and every of them , in all and every such case where his and their entry was lawful , upon such offender or offenders , or the heirs or assigns of such offender or offenders , in or upon the said twenty fifth day of march , one thousand six hundred forty and six , or at any time since , may without petition , monstrans de droyt , onster le maine , or other suit to his majesty , enter on the premisses in his majesties possession , or in the possession of his successors and patentees , their heirs or assigns , in such manner to all intents , as he or they might have done on the possession of the said offenders , their heirs or assigns , in or upon the said twenty fifth day of march , or at any time since ; any thing in this act to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding . provided also , that all and every person and persons which have received any of the rents or mean profits , of , in , or out of any the lands , tenements and hereditaments , chattels real , or possessions of any the offender or offenders in this act mentioned , before the eleventh day of february , one thousand six hundred fifty and nine , and have paid or accounted for the same before the said eleventh day of february , one thousand six hundred fifty and nine , unto the said offender or offenders , or their assigns , or to any claiming from or under them , shall be clearly and for ever acquitted and discharged of and from the same , against the kings majesty , his heirs and successors , any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided always , that it shall and may be lawful to and for richard ingoldsby to retain and keep , or otherwise to sell and dispose all and singular the goods and chattels formerly belonging to sir hardress waller , in the kingdom of ireland , until two thousand pounds , for which the said richard ingoldsby in the year one thousand six hundred fifty eight , stood joyntly bound with the said six hardress waller , unto iames brooks of the city of york , alderman , and was then counter-secured by a iudgement upon his lands , and since by a deed of bargain and sale of the said goods and chattels in ireland , be fully paid , together with the interest thereof ; he the said richard ingoldsby accounting for , and paying the full overplus thereof , if any shall be , unto our soveraign lord the king ; any thing herein before contained to the contrary notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for confirmation of leases and grants from colledges and hospitals . whereas since the beginning of the late troubles , divers masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governours , rectors , principals , and other heads , fellows , and scholars of colledges , halls , or houses of learning , in either of the vniversities of oxford and cambridge , and the dean , canons and prevends of the cathedral or collegiat church or colledge of christ-church in the vniversity of oxford , and provest , warden , or other head-officer , and fellows or scholars of the ●olledges of eaton and winchester , and masters and governors , brethren , brothers and sisters of divers hospitals have been amoved ejected or sequestred by the lords and commons assem●led in parliament , or by certain visitors by them appointed , or by some conventions sitting at westminster under the name or stile of a parliament , or by some authority or pretence of authority derived from them or the late pretended and usurped powers , stiled keepers of the liberty of e●gland by authority of parliament , or protectors of the common-wealth of england scotland , and ireland , and the dominion or dominions and territories thereunto belonging . and whereas also after these amotions , ejections or sequestrations , several other persons have been either by election of the said colledges , halls , houses of learning , church or hospitals , or by some of the powers or pretended powers above mentioned placed and substituted in these masterships , headships , fellowships deanary , canories , prebendaries , governorships and other places aforesaid , who have actually exercised the same places and been de facto masters , provosts presidents , wardens , governours , rectors , principals and other heads , fellows , scholars , brethren , brothers and sisters , dean canons or prebends of such respective colledges , halls houses of learning , hospitals , cathedrall church or places , and have made divers grants by copy of court-roll , and leases and licences to let or assign grants and presentations to , and elections of divers persons , re-entries for non-payment of rent or breach of conditions , whereupon divers questions may in time to come arise . for prevention whereof , it is enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , with the advice and assent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by authority of the same , that all grants by copy of court-roll , and leases and licences of setting and assigning grants and presentations ; and all elections of heads , masters , fellows , scholars , students and officers of the said ●olledges , halls , church , & houses of learning and hospitals aforesaid , into dead or other places then or since vacant , receipts and acquittances of rents incurred , entries for forfeitures or conditions broken , had made or given since the five and twentieth day of march in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred forty two , and before the five and twentieth day of july in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred and sixty , by any such masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governors , rectors , principalls and other heads de facto of the said colledges , halls and houses of learning , and fellows , and scholars de facto of the same respectively in either of the said vniversities , or dean and canons or prebends de facto of christ church aforesaid , or master , provost or warden and fellows de facto of the colledges of eaton or winchester , or by such master , warden or governors de facto , or master , warden or governors , brethren brothers or sisters de facto of any hospital , by whatsoever particular name or stile of foundation the said colledges , church , hospitals , masters , governors , fellows , deans and canons , or prebends are stiled , founded , known or incorporated , and all leases granted by the master , warden , brethren , brothers or sisters of any hospitals of the patronage of any bishop , dean , or dean and chapter , and all surrenders to them made to inable such leases , grants and presentations , shall stand and be of the same and no other force and effect , as if the said masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governors , rectors , principals , heads , fellows , scholars , dean , canons , prebends , brethren , brothers or sisters had been such de jure , and duly and de jure intituled in and to the said colledges , halls , houses of learning , church , hospitals , offices or places respectively , and as if such leases granted by the master & brethren of any hospital of the patronage of any bishop , dean or chapter had been confirmed by the said bishop , dean or chapter ; and that notwithstanding such defect in the said lessors or grantors , & notwithstanding the restitution of any of the persons so ejected , the rents , covenants and conditions contained in such leases and grants shall go in succession , as if such lessors or grantors had been de jure masters , provosts , presidents , wardens , governors , reetors , principals , heads , fellows , scholars , dean , canons , prebends , brethren , brothers and sisters of such colledges , halls , houses of learning , church , hospitals and places respectively ; any former law , custome or statute to the contrary notwithstanding . provided alwayes and be it enacted , that nothing in this acc contained do or shall extend to the confirming or making good of any lease or leases of any parcel or parcels of lands , tenements , pastures , houses , orchards , gardens or barns , or any of the possessions of or belonging to the hospitall of saint john baptist and the evangelist in the town of northhampton , made between the first day of september in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred fifty & five , and the five and twentieth day of july in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred fifty and eight , by the pretended master george g●odman and his co-brethren of the aforesaid hospital , by colour of any pretended grant or patent whatsoever , or notwithstanding the seal of the said hospital or corporation was to them or any of them set or affixed . provided alwayes , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to make good in law or equity any lease or leases made by simon moore clerk , late master or pretended master of the hospitall of saint oswald in the county of worcester , of any the lands , tenements and hereditaments of or belonging to the said hospital , to richard moore son of the said simon moore , or to any of the children or grand children of the said simon moore , or to any other person or persons in trust or for the use or uses of the said simon moore , or his wife , children or grandchildren , or any or either of them . provided alwayes , that no person or persons shall be confirmed in any mastership , provostship , headship , fellowship , or chaplains place in any colledge or hall in either of the vniversities of oxford or cambridge , or in the colledges of eaton and winchester , that is not ordained minister by bishops or presbyters ( or being ordained , hath since renounced his ordination ) where by the local statutes of the said respective colledges or halls ordination is required . provided alwayes , and be it enacted , that this act shall not extend to confirm any lease or leases of the rectories and parsonages of randall and littlecoates in the county of lincolne , which have long since been in the tenure or occupation of john lord culpeper , as by several leases under the seal of the master and fellows of the colledge of the holy and undivided trinity within the town and vniversity of cambridge of king henry the eights foundation may appear , and are now leased over the head of the said john lord culpeper the antient tenant , to one john west , though according to usage he claimed to renew his lease three years before the expiration thereof at the usual fines or more . but that the said john lord culpeper , his executors or administrators , reimbursing the said new tenant or lessee so much money as hath been really paid to the said colledge for the fine for such lease , they shall be admitted to renew the said lease for the said fine . provided alwayes , that whereas doctor owen late reputed dean , and the chapter of the cathedral church of christ in oxon of the foundation of king henry the eight , by their indenture dated the seventh day of august , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred fifty seven , did lease and demise unto john arthur clerk , thomas bromefield of london esquire , and laurence marsh of darking in the county of surry esquire , certain tyths and lands parcel of the mannor and parsonage of kirkham in the county of lancast●r , and by several other indentures did lease and demise unto several other persons many other parts and portions of the said parsonage of kirkham ( which had long been in the tenure or occupation of thomas clifton esquire and his ancestors , by severall successive leases under the abbot and covent of vale royal , and the colledge of christ church aforesaid respectively ) for severall terms of years yet unexpired : be it enacted and ordained , that thomas clifton now of litham in the county of lancaster esquire , his executors and administrators , ( paying the several and respective rents reserved unto the said colledge , and securing unto the said john arthur , thomas bromefield , and laurence marsh , or the survivors or survivor of them , or the executors or executor of the survivor of them , for the uses in the said lease expressed and not otherwise , out of the premisses , the yearly summ of four hundred pounds , to be paid half yearly by equall portions , for the terme of eleven years next ensuing , and reimbursing unto the said several other lessees respectively or their respective assigns so much money as was by them respectively and truly paid for their respective fines , ) shall have and enjoy the said several demised premisses for the residue of the said several termes of years yet to come , as if the said several leases made unto them the said john arthur , thomas bromfeild , and laurence marsh , and unto the said severall other persons as aforesaid , had been legally made unto the said thomas clifton by a lawfull deane and chapter , this act or any other thing to the contrary notwithstanding . provided alwayes , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm the election of any head , fellow , scholar or chaplain of any colledge or hall in either of the vniversities , that upon any other ground besides the want of episcopal ordination , is or was not capable of being elected into such place or places by the statures of the said colledge or hall , into which he or they were chosen . provided also , that this act or any thing therein contained , shal not extend to prejudice the title of any person or persons , who by letters patents under the great seal since the first day of may , and before the twenty sixth of august one thousand six hundred and sixty , have obtained from his majesty any grant of any deanery , headship of any house , rectorshiy of any colledge , canons place , prebendary , fellowship or scholarship within either of the vniversities , or the colledges of eaton , westminster , or winchester ; but that all and every the said grants and letters patents shall be of such , and no other force and effect , as the same should have been if this act had not been made , any thing in this act contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also , that this act or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm any lease or estate made by john tombes clerk , of any lands , tenements , or hereditaments , belonging to the hospital of saint katharines in ledbury in the county of hereford , to any of the children of him the said john tombs , or to any other person or persons in trust for him or them , or any of them . provided alwayes , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that neither this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall in any wise extend to confirm , or make good , any lease or leases made by vvilliam lenthal , pretended warden of the house of converts , belonging to the master of the rolls , since the thirtieth day of january , one thousand six hundred forty and two , of any houses or tenements thereto belonging , to the prejudice of john lord culpeper , his successors , lessees , or assigns , the said lord culpeper paying or reimbursing unto the said lessee or lessees of such houses or tenements , such monies as they or any of them have paid , with interest for the same , he or they discounting for the mean profits thereof . provided alwayes , that neither this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall extend to confirm vvilliam hook in the mastership of the kings majesties hospital of the savoy , nor to confirm or make good any lease of any lands or tenements belonging to the said hospital , made between the thirtieth day of january , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred forty eight , and the first day of june , one thousand six hundred and sixty ; the master of the said hospital for the time being , allowing and reimbursing to all such lessees all such summ or summs of money , as they or any of them paid to the then master of the said hospitall by way of fine , at the time of such lease making , and interest for the same , and the said lessees and every of them disc●unting for the mean profits of the same . provided alwayes , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that this act , or any thing herein contained , shall not extend to confirm or make good any lease or grant made , or mentioned to be made to any person or persons by john owen late dean , and others , canons , or pretended dean and canons of the colledge of christ church in the vniversity of oxford , or by any of them , of any the rectories , tythes , or gleab lands of hampton , wickenford , badsey , aldington , uffenha● , south-littleton , north littleton , and middle littleton , in the county of worcester , heretofore the possessions of henry late marquess of worcester , and dame anne his wife , or either of them , and whereo the said henry was dispossest for his allegiance and loyalty to his late majesty of blessed memory ; but that the executor or administrator of the said henry , shall and may be admitted to renew the leases of the said tythes , for such terme or terms , as the said dean and chapter of christ church are by law enabled to grant the same , the said executors or administrators satisfying and reimbursing to such person or persons , all such summ or summs of money , as he or they have payd for the said lease or leases , by way of fine , with interest for the same , the said person or persons discounting to the said executors or administrators , for the mean profits received thereupon . provided also , that this act , or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm or make good any lease , leases , or estate made by any pretended dean and chapter , master or head of any colledge or hall in either of the vniversities , or of any pretended master or governors of any hospital , which said lease , leases or estate had not been good or effectual in law , had they been made by a lawful dean & chapter , master , head or governor of any colledge , hall or hospital aforesaid ; this act , or any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . provided also that this act , or any thing therein contained , shall not extend to confirm or make good any leafe or leases of the rectory or parsonage of arrington in the county of cambridge , which hath long been in the tenure and occupation of thomas ●hicheley esq ; and his ancestors , by several successive leases from the master and fellows of trinity colledge in cambridge ; nor shall confirm or make good any lease or leases of the rectory or parsonage of soham in the said county of cambridge , which hath likewise been , and still is in the occupation and possession of the said thomas chicheley , by lease from the master and fellows of pembroke hall in cambridge , but that the said thomas chicheley ( paying and reimbursing the several and respective tenants or lessees , the several and respective sums of money by them severally and respectively paid to the said colledge and hall , for or in the name of any fine or fines , for the making or granting such new lease or leases , with interest , discounting such rents and profits as by them respectively have been taken or received out of the premisses ) shall be restored to his said ancient possessions . and the said colledge and hall respectively shall be enabled to lease the said several rectories and parsonages , with their respective appurtenances , unto the said thomas chicheley ; this act , or any thing herein contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided alwayes , that neither this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall extend to restore any person or persons to any headship , fellowship , or scholarship of any colledge or hall , or to any chaplains or 〈◊〉 place , in any colledge or hall , in 〈…〉 the vniversities , or to any lecture or readers place , that is or shall be before the first day of january , one thousand six hundred and sixty , eiected out of their respective headship , fellowship , scholarship , chaplain or clerks-place , or out of any lecture in the said vniversities , by his majesties commissioners under the great seal , for not having been legally and according to the severall statutes of the said respective severall places nominated , elected or admitted in or to the same ; any thing in this act contained to the contrary notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for prohibiting the exportation of wooll , woolfels , fullers earth , or any kind of scouring earth . for the better preventing and avoiding of such losses and inconveniencies as have happened , and daily do and may happen to the kingdome of england , and dominion of wales , and to the kingdome of ireland by and through the secret and subtile exportation and transportation , and by and through the secret and subtle carrying and conveighing away of wooll , woolfells , mortlings , sherlings , yarn made of wooll , woolflocks , fullers earth , and fulling clay , out of and from the kingdome and dominion aforesaid , and for the better setting on work the poor people and inhabitants of the kingdomes and dominion aforesaid . and to the intent that the full and best use and benefit of the principal native commodities of the same kingdomes and dominion may come , redound , and be unto and amongst the subjects and inhabitants of the same , and not unto or amongst the subjects and inhabitants of the realm of scotland , or of any foreign realms or states , as the same now of late in some great measure hath done , and is further likely to do , if some severer punishment then heretofore be not speedily inflicted upon such offenders , as shall be actors or assistants in and to such exportation and transportation , and in and to such carrying and conveying away thereof as aforesaid ; be it enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that no person or persons whatsoever , from and after the fourteenth day of january one thousand six hundred and threescore , shall directly or indirectly , export , transport , carry or convey , or cause or procure to be exported , transported , carried or conveyed out of , or from the kingdome of england , or dominion of wales , or town of barwick upon ●wede , or out of or from the isles of jersey or guernzey , with sarke and alderney , being under the government of guernzey aforesaid , or out of or from any of them , or out of , or from the kingdome of ireland aforesaid , into any parts or places out of the kingdomes , isles or dominion aforesaid , any sheep or wooll whatsoever , of the breed or growth of the kingdomes of england or ireland , or isles or dominion aforesaid ; or any wooll fells , mortlings or shorlings , or any yarn made of wooll , or any woolflocks , or any fullers earth , or any fulling clay whatsoever ; nor shall directly or indirectly pack or load , or cause to be packed or loaded upon any horse , cart , or other carriage , or load , or lay on board , or cause to be loaden or laid on board in any ship or other vessel , in any place or port within the kingdomes of england or ireland , or town of berwick , or isles , or dominion aforesaid , any such sheep , wooll , woolfells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll or woollflocks , or any fullers earth or fulling clay , to the intent or purpose to export , transport , carry or convey the same , or to cause the same to be exported , transported , carryed or conveyed out of the kingdomes of england or ireland , town of berwick , isles or dominion aforesaid , or with intent or purpose , that any other person or persons should so export , transport , carry or convey the same into any parts or places out of the kingdomes of england and ireland , town of berwick , isles or dominion aforesaid , into the kingdome of scotland , or any foreign parts . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no wooll , woolfells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , woollflocks , or any fullers earth , or fulling clay , shall be from and after the fourteenth day of january , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred and threescore , exported , transported , carried or conveyed out of the kingdome of england and dominion of wales , or town of berwick , or kingdome of ireland , or out of any port or place of the said kingdomes respectively unto the isles of jersey or guernzey , or to sarke or alderney , except as in this act shall be hereafter limited or appointed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all and every the offender & offenders , offence and offences aforesaid , shall be subject and lyable to the respective pains , penalties and forfeitures hereafter following , that is to say , the said sheep , woolls , woolfels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , woolflocks , fullers earth , and fulling clay , so exported , transported , carryed , conveyed , packed or loaden contrary to the true intent of this act , shall be forfeited , and that every offender and offenders therein shall forfeit twenty shillings for every such sheep , and three shillings for every pound weight of such wooll , woolfels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wool , wool-flocks , fullers earth , or fulling clay . and also the owners of the said ships or vessels knowing such offence , shall forfeit all their interest in the said ships or vessels , with all their apparel and furniture to them and every of them belonging . and that the master and mariners thereof , knowing such offence , and wittingly and willingly aiding and assisting thereunto , shall forfeit all their goods and chattels , and have imprisonment for the space of three moneths without bail or main-prise ; the one moiety of which said penalties and forfeitures shall be to the kings majesty , his heirs and successors ; and the other moiety to him that will sue for the same by action of debt , bill , plaint or information in any of his majesties courts of record , or before the iustices of assize , or in the general quarter sessions of the peace : in which suit , no essoyn , protection or wager of law shall be allowed . and be it further enacted , that if any merchant or other person or persons shall after the said fourteenth day of january transport or cause to be transported , any sheep , wool , wool-fels mortlings , shorlings , woollen-yarn , wool-flocks , fullers-earth or fulling-clay , contrary to the true intent of this act , and be thereof lawfully convicted , that then he shall be disabled to require any debt or accompt of any factor or others for or concerning any debt or estate properly belonging to such offendor . provided alwaies and it is nevertheless declared , that this act or any thing therein contained shall not be construed to take away any greater pains or penalties inflicted or to be inflicted for any the offences aforesaid by vertue of any former act of parliament now in force . and be it also further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that every offence that shall be done or committed contrary to this act , shall and may be inquired of and heard , examined , tryed and determined in the county where such sheep , wooll , wool-fels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , wool-flocks , fullers-earth , or fulling-clay respectively shall be so packed , loaden , or laid aboard as aforesaid contrary to this act , or else in the county where such offenders shall happen to be apprehended , or arrested for such offence , in such manner and form , and to such effect to all intents and purposes as if the same offence had been wholly and altogether done and committed at and in such county . provided alwaies and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no person or persons whatsoever shall at any time hereafter be impeached for any offence aforesaid , unless such person or persons shall be prosecuted within the space of one year next ensuing such offence committed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall and may be lawfull to and for any person or persons to seize , take and challenge to his or their own use and behoof , and to the use of the king , his heirs and successors , all and all manner such sheep , wool , woolfels , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wool , wool-flocks , fullers-earth and fulling clay , as he or they shall happen to see , finde , know or discover to be laid aboard in any ship or other vessel or boat , or to be brought , carried or laid on shore at or near the sea or any navigable river or water , to the intent or purpose to be exported , transported or conveyed out of the kingdoms of england , or ireland , town of berwick , isles or dominion aforesaid contrary to the true meaning of this act , or to be packed or loaden upon any ●●orse , cart or other carriage , to the intent or purpose to be conveyed or carried into the kingdome of scotland aforesaid ; and that such person or persons as shall happen so to seize , take or challenge any such sheep , wooll , wool-fells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , woolflocks , fullers earth or fulling clay as aforesaid , shall have the full moiety thereof , to all intents and purposes . provided alwayes , that such person or persons as shall make any such seizure or challenge as aforesaid to his or their own use , shall not be admitted or allowed to give in evidence upon his or their oath or oathes against any person or persons , which shall happen to be indicted , accused or questioned by vertue of this act , or any thing therein contained . and furthermore be it enacted by the authority aforesaid . that all and every ship , vessel , hulke , barge or boat , of what kinde soever , whereof any alien born , or whereof any naturall born subjects not inhabiting within the realm of england , shall be owner or part owner , and wherein any sheep , wooll , wool-fells , mortlings , shorlings , yarn made of wooll , wooll-flocks , fullers earth , or fulling clay shall happen to be shipped , put or laid aboard contrary to the true meaning of this act , shall be forfeited to the kings majestie , his heirs and successors . provided alwayes , that this act shall not extend to any lamd skin ready drest , and prepared fit and usefull for furr or lynings . provided also , that this act shall not in any wise extend to the transporting , carrying or conveying away of any such wool-fells or pelts , with such vvooll upon them , or to any beds stuffed with flocks , which shall be carryed or imployed in any ship or other vessel for necessary use onely , of and about the ordnance or other thing in or concerning such ship or vessel , or onely for the necessary use of any the persons in such ship or vessell , passing or being , and which shall not be sold or uttered in any foreign parts , out of the kingdomes of england or ireland , or town of berwick , istes or dominion aforesaid ; nor to the exporting , transporting , carrying or conveying of any weather-sheep , or of the vvooll growing upon any such vveather-sheep , to be carryed alive in any ship or other vessell , for and towards the onely necessary food or diet , of or for the company or passengers or other persons therein , and for and towards none other purpose . provided alwayes , and be it further enacted , that this act or any thing therein contained shall not extend to any such wooll to be exported or transported out of or from the port of southampton , onely unto the aforesaid isles of jersey and guernzey , by , or for the onely use or behoof of any the inhabitants of the said isles of jersey and guernzey , or either of them , or to any such vvooll to be shipped or loaden aboard in any ship or other vessel , by , or for the only use or behoof of any the inhabitants of the said isles of jersey or guernsey , or either of them in the port aforesaid , to be exported and transported into the said isles of jersey or guernzey or either of them ; so as such person and persons that shall so ship or lay aboard such wooll into any ship or other vessel , do before the shipping or laying aboard such vvooll , deliver unto the customer , comptroller , surveyor or searcher of the port of southampton aforesaid ( out of which the same vvooll is to be exported ) a writing under the seal or seals of the respective governors of the same isles of jersey and guernzey , unto which the said wool is to be transported , or of his or their deputy or deputies respectively , the which writing shall purport and express that the party named in such writing is authorised and appointed to export or to cause to be exported out of the port aforesaid so much wooll , expressing the number of the tods , to the same isle , to be used or manufactured in one of the same isles , or in some of the members or parts of the same , and that such party so authorised and appointed to export or cause to be exported that wool , hath before the making and sealing of that writing , entred sufficient bond to his majesties use for the landing of the said wool in that isle . and to the intent that the quantity of wooll to be exported out of the port of southampton aforesaid into the said isles or either of them in any one year , accompting the year to begin from the first day of january next ensuing , and so yearly from the first day of january , may not exceed the quantity hereunder specified ; that is tosay , unto the isle of jer●ey two thousand tods and no more of unkeamed wool , and unto guernzey one thousand tods and no more of unkeamed wool , and unto alderny two hundred tods and no more of unkeamed wool , and unto sarke one hundred tods of unkeamed wool and no more , every tod not exceeding thirty two pounds . and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the governor of the said isle of jersey or his deputy for whom he will answer , shall not make to any person or persons any writing or writings such as is above specified , to authorise or appoint such person or persons as aforesaid , to fetch , e●port , or transport out of the port of southampton aforesaid unto the said isle of jersey in one year , accompting the year from the first day of january , one thousand six hundred and sixty aforesaid , any greater quantity of vvool then two thousand tods in any one year ; and that the governor of the said isle of guernzey , or his deputy for whom he will answer , shall not make to any person or persons any writing or writings , such as is above specified , to authorise and appoint such person or persons as aforesaid , to fetch , export , or transport out of the port above specified unto the said isles of guernzey , with alderny and sarke , in any one year , accepting the year from the first day of january aforesaid , any greater quantity of vvooll then one thousand tods for guernzey , two hundred todds for alderney , and one hundred todds for sarke in any one year ; and that the customer of the port of southampton aforesaid , shall keep a true accompt of all the said quantity of woolls so by him permitted to be loaden by vertue of this act , and shall not permit any greater quantity of vvoolls to be loaden then by this act is prescribed in any one year to either of the said islands respectively under any pretence whatsoever , upon the penalty of the forfeiture of his place , and the summe of one hundred pounds in money , one moyety whereof to the kings majesty , his heirs and successors , and the other moyety to him or them that will sue for the same in any court of record , wherein no essoyne , protection or wager of law shall be allowed . and if any of the governors aforesaid , or any their or either of their deputy or deputies of the said isles , or either of them , shall give , grant , or make any licence or licences for exporting from southampton aforesaid , into the said isles respectively , of any greater quantity of such vvooll , then is before by the true meaning of this act limitted and appointed in that behalf ; that then the respective governor or governors of such of the said isles , shall forfeit and pay to the kings majesty , his heirs or successors , the summ of twenty pounds of lawful money of ●ngland , for every todd of vvooll which shall be so licenced to be exported , over and above the rate or proportion of vvooll in and by this act , or the true meaning thereof limited or appointed . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the respective governors aforesaid , or their respective deputies , or any their clerks , officers or servants , for the granting , making , or sealing of every such writing of licence as is aforesaid , and for the entring a remembrance of the same into some book , which they shall have and keep for that purpose , may have and take the summ of twelve pence , and no more , upon pain of forfeiting to be partie grieved the summ of five shillings for every penny which shall be taken over and above the said summ of twelve pence , in and by this act allowed to be taken , and so after that proportion , the said penalty or forfeiture for the taking above twelve pence as aforesaid , to be recovered by bill , plaint or information in any court of record at westminster or elsewhere , wherein no injunction , protection , priviledge , essoyne or wager of law shall be admitted or allowed . anno regni caroli ij. regis angliae , scotiae , franciae , & hiberniae , duodecimo . at the parliament begun at westminster the five and twentieth day or april , an. dom. . in the twelfth year of the reign of our most gracious soveraign lord charles , by the grace of god , of england , scotland , france , and ireland , king , defender of the faith , &c. london , printed by john bill , printer to the kings most excellent majesty , . cum privilegio . anno xii . caroli . ii. regis . an act for confirmation of marriages . whereas by vertue or colour of certain ordinances , or certain pretended acts or ordinances , divers marriages since the beginning of the late troubles , have bee● had and solemnized in some other manner then hath been formerly used and accustomed : now for the preventing and avoyding of all doubts and questions touching the same , it is enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , with the advice and assent of the lords and commons in parliament assembled , and by authority of the ●ame , that all marriages had or solemnized in any of his majesties dominions since the first day of may , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty and two , before any iustice of peace , or reputed iustice of peace , of england or wales , or other his majesties dominions , and by such iustice or reputed iustice , so pronounced or declared . and all marriages within any of his majesties dominions , since the same first day of may , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred forty two , had or solemnized according to the direction or true intent of any act or ordinance , or reputed act or ordinance , of one or both houses of parliament , or of any convention sitting at westminster ; under the name stile or title of a parliament , or assuming that name , stile or title , shall be , and shall be adjudged , esteemed , and taken to be , and to have been of the same and no other force and effect , as if such marriages had been had and solemnized according to the rites and ceremonies established , or used in the church or kingdom of england , any law , custome , or vsage to the contrary thereof notwithstanding . and be it further enacted , that where in any suite commenced or to be commenced in any of the courts of the common law , any issue hath beén joyned , and not already tryed or determined , or shall be joyne● upon the point of bastardy , or lawfulness of marriage , for or concerning the marriages had and solemnized as aforesaid , the same issues shall be tryed by iury of twelve men according to the course of tryal of other issues tryable by iury at the common law , and not otherwise , any law , statute , or vsage to the contrary thereof , in any wise notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli . ii. regis . an act for prohibiting the planting , setting , or sowing of tobacco in england and ireland . your majesties loyal and obedient subjects , the lords and commo●s in this present parliament assembled considering of how great concern and importance it is , that the columes and plantations of this kingdom in america , be defended , protected , maintained , and kept up , and that all due and possible encouragement be given unto them ; and that not onely in regard great and considerable dominions , and countries , have been thereby gained , and added to the imperial crown of this realm ; but for that the strength and welfare of this kingdom do very much depend upon them , in regard of the employment of a very considerable part of its shipping and seamen , and of the vent of very great quantities of its native commodities and manufactures , as also of its supply with several considerable commodities which it was wont formerly to have onely from forraigners , and at far dearer rates : and forasmuch as tobacco is one of the main products of several of those plantations , and upon which their welfare , and subsistence , and the navigation of this kingdom , and vent of its commodities thither , do much depend ; and in regard it is found by experience , that the tobaccoes planted in these parts are not so good , and wholsome for the takers thereof ; and that by the planting thereof your majesty is deprived of a considerable part of your revenue arising by customes upon imported tobacco ; do most humbly pray that it may be enacted by your majesty : and it is hereby enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , and the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same : that no person or persons whatsoever shall , or do from and after the first day of january , in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred and sixty , set , plant , improve to grow , make or cure any tobacco either in seed , plant , or otherwise , in or upon any ground , earth , field , or place , within the kingdom of england , dominion of wales , islands of guernsey or jersey , or town of berwick upon tweed , or in the kingdom of ireland , under the penalty of the forfeiture of all such tobacco , or the value thereof , and of the sum of forty shillings for every , rod or pole of ground to planted , set , or sowen as aforesaid ; and so portionablely for a greater or 〈◊〉 quantity of ground , one moyety thereof to his majesty , his heirs and successors : and the other moyety to him or them that shall sue for the same , to be recovered by bill , plaint , or information in any court of record , wherein no essoign , protection , or wager in law shall be allowed . and it is hereby further enacted , that all sheriffs , iustices of the peace , maiors bailiffs , contrables , and every of them , upon information or complaint made unto them , or any of them , by any the officers of the customes , or by any other person , or persons whatsoever , that there is any tobacco set , sowen , planted , or growing within their iurisdictions , or precincts , contrary to this act , shall within ten days after such information or complaint , cause to be burnt , plucked up , consumed , or utterly destroyed , all such tobacco so set , sowen , planted or growing . and it is hereby further enacted , that in case any person or persons shall resist , or make forcible opposition against any person or persons in the due and through execution of this act , that every such person or persons for every such offence , shall forfeit the sum of five pounds to be divided and recovered in manner aforesaid . and in case any person or persons shall not pay the sums of money , by them to be paid , by vertue of this act , that in every such case , destress shall be made and sale thereof , returning the over-plus to the owners ; and in case no destress be to be found , that then every such party shall be committed to the common gaol in the county where such offence shall be committed , there to remain for the space of two moneths , without bail or main-prize . provided always , and it is hereby enacted , that this act , nor any thing therein contained , shall extend to the hindring of the planting of tobacco in any physick garden of either university , or in any other private garden for physick or chirurgery , onely so as the quantity so planted exceed not one half of one pole in any one place or garden . anno xii . caroli ii. regis . an act for erecting and establishing a post-office . whereas for the maintenance of mutual correspondencies , and prevention of many inconveniences happening by private posts , severall publique post-offices have been heretofore erected for carrying , and recarrying of letters by posts , to , and from all parts and places within england , scotland , and ireland , and severall parts beyond the seas ; the well-ordering whereof , is a matter of general concernment , and of great advantage , as well for preservation of trade and commerce , as otherwise : to the end therefore that the same may be managed so , that speedy and safe dispatches may be had , which is most likely to be effected , by ere●ting one general post-office for that purpose ; be it therefore enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that there be from henceforth one general letter-office erected and established in some convenient place within the city of lond●n , from whence all letters and pacquets whatsoever may be with speed and expedition sent unto any part of the kingdomes of england , scotland , and ireland , or any other of his majesties dominions , or unto any kingdome or countrey beyond the seas , at which said office all returns and answers may be likewise received ; and that one master of the said general letter-office shall be from time to time appointed by the kings majesty , his heirs , and successors , to be made or constituted by letters patents under the great seal of england , by the name and style of his majesties post-master generall ; which said master of the said office , and his deputy , and deputies by him thereunto sufficiently authorised , and his and their servants , and agents ; and no other person or persons whatsoever , shall from time to time have the receiving , taking up , ordering , dispatching , sending post or with speed , and delivering of all letters & pacquets whatsoever , which shall from time to time be sent to and from all and every the parts and places of england , scotland , and ireland , and other his majesties dominions , and to and from all and every the kingdomes and countreys beyond the seas , where he shall settle or cause to be setled posts or running messengers for that purpose . except such letters as shall be sent by coaches , common known carryers of goods by carts , waggons , or packhorses , and shall be carried along with their carts , waggons , and packhorses respectively ; and except letters of merchants and masters which shall be sent by any masters of any ships , barques , or other vessel of merchandize , or by any other person imployed by them for the carriage of such letters aforesaid , according to the respective directions ; and also except letters to be sent by any private friend or friends in their wayes of journey or travel , or by any messenger or messengers sent on purpose , for or concerning the private affairs of any person or persons : and also except messengers who carry and recarry commissions or the return thereof , affidavits , writs , process , or proceedings , or the returnes thereof , issuing out of any court. and be it furtther enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such postmaster generall for the time being , as shall from time to time be made and constituted by his majesty , his heirs and successors , and the respective deputies , or substitutes of such post-master general , and no other person or persons whatsoever , shall prepare , and provide horses and furniture to let to hire unto all through-posts , and persons riding in post by commission , or without , to and from all and every the parts and places of england , scotland and ireland , where any post-roads are , or shall be setled and established . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that it shall and may be lawful to and for such post-master general to be constituted and appointed as aforesaid , and his deputy or deputies by him thereunto sufficiently authorized , to demand , have , receive and take for the portage and conveyance of all such letters which he shall so convey , carry , or send post as aforesaid , and for the providing and furnishing horses for through-posts , or persons riding in post as aforesaid , according to the several rates and summs of lawful english money hereafter mentioned , not to exceed the same ( that is to say ) for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet , to or from any place not exceeding fourscore english miles distant from the place where such letter shall be received , two pence ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets , four pence ; and for the like port of every pacquet of letters proportionably unto the said rates ; and for the like port of every pa●quet of writs , deeds , and other things after the rate of eight pence for every ounce weight ; and for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet , above the distance of fourscore english miles from the place where the same shall be received , three pence ; and for the like port of a letter , not exceeding two sheets , six pence ; and proportionably to the same rates , for the like port of all pacquets of letters , and for the like port of every other pacquet of writs , deeds , or other things , after the rate of twelve pence of english money for every ounce weight ; and for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet , from london unto the town of berwick , or from thence to the city of london , three pence of english money ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets , sir pence ; and proportionably unto the same rates , for every pacquet of letters , and for every other pacquet of greater bulk , one shilling and six pence for every ounce weight ; and for the port of such letters and pacquets as shall be conveyed or carried from the town of berwick unto any place or places within forty english miles distance from berwick , or any other place where such letter shall be received , two pence ; and for every letter not exceeding two sheets , four pence ; and proportionably to the same rates for every pacquet of letters , and for every other pacquet or parcel , eight pence for every ounce weight ; and for every letter not exceeding one sheet to be conveyed or carryed a further distance then forty english miles , four pence ; and for the like port of every double letter , eight pence : and proportionably unto the same rates for the like port of every pacquet of letters , and for the like port of every other pacquet , one shilling for every ounce weight ; and for the port of every letter not exceeding one sheet from england unto the city of dublin in ireland , or from the city of dublin in ireland unto england , six pence of english money ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets one shilling , and proportionably to the same rates for every pacquet of letters ; and for the port of every other pacquet of any kind of greater bulk , two shillings for every ounce weight ; and for the port of such letters or pacquets as shall be conveyed or carryed from the city of dublin , unto any other place or places within the kingdme of ireland , or from any other place unto the said city , or to , or from any other place within the said kingdome , according to the rates , and summs of english money hereafter following , viz. for every letter not exceeding one sheet , to or from any place within forty english miles distance from dublin , or any other place where such letter shall be received , two pence ; and for every letter not exceeding two sheets , four pence , and proportionably to the same rates for every pacquet of letters , and for every other pacquet of greater bulk , eight pence for every ounce weight ; and for every letter not exceeding one sheet to be carryed or conveyed a further distance then forty english miles , four pence ; and for the like port of every letter not exceeding two sheets , eight pence ; and proportionably unto the same rates for the like port of every pacquets of letters , and for the like port of every other pacquets of greater bulk , one shilling for every ounce weight ; and for all and every the letters , pacquets , & parcels of goods that shall be carried or conveyed to , or from any of his majesties said dominious , to or from any other parts or places beyond the seas , according to the severall and respective rates , that now are , and have been taken for letters , pacquets , and parcels so conveyed , being rated either by the letter , or by the ounce weight , that is to say ,     d morlaix , saint maloes , caen , newhaven , and places of like distance , port paid to roan is for single vi double xii treble xviii ounce xviii     d hamburgh , cullen , frankfort , port paid to antwerp is single viii double xvi treble xxiv ounce xxiv     s d venice , geneva , legorne , rome , naples , messina , and all other parts of italy , by way of venice , franct pro mantua single o ix double i vi treble ii iii ounce ii viii     s d marcelia , smerna , constantinople , aleppo , and all parts of turkie , port paid to marcelia single i o double ii o . q ●● . of an ounce ii ix ounce iii ix     s d genoua , legorn , rome , and other parts of italy , by way of lyons , franct pro lyons single i o double ii o q ●● . of an ounce ii ix ounce iii ix and of letters sent outwards ,     s d to bourdeux , rochel , nantes , orleans , byon , towers , and places of like distance , port paid to paris single o ix double i vi treble ii iii ounce ii o     s d and for letters brought from the same places into england single i o double ii o . q ●● . of an ounce iii o ounce iv o also letters sent outwards ,     s d to norembergh , bremen , dantswick , lubeck , lipswick , and other places of like distance , post paid to hamburgh single i o double ii o . q ●● . of an ounce iii o ounce iv o     s d and for letters brought from the said places to england single o viii double . i iv treble ii o ounce ii o and for the port of letters brought into england from     s d calais , diepe , bulloigne , abbeville , amiens , saint omers , montrell single o iv double o viii treble i o ounce i o     s d rouen single o vi double i o treble i vi ounce i vi     s d paris single o ix double i vi treble i iii ounce i o     s d dunkirk , ostend , lille , ipte , courtrey , gheandt , bruxells , bridges , antwerp , & all other parts of flanders single o viii double i iv treble ii o ounce ii o     s d sluis , flushing , middleburgh , amsterdā , roterdam , delph , hagh , and from all other parts of holland & zealand single o viii double i iv treble ii o ounce ii o provided alwayes , that all mercha●●●● accompts not exceeding one sheet of paper , and all bills of exchange , invoyces , and bills of lading , are , and shall hereby be understood to be allowed without rate in the price of the letters , and likewise the covers of letters not exceeding one fourth part of a sheet of paper sent to marseilles , venice or ligorne , to be sent forward to turky , shall be understood to be allowed to pass without rate or payment for the same ; and according to the same rates and proportions for the port of letters , packquets & parcels to or from any of the parts or places beyond the seas , where posts have not been heretofore setled , and may hereafter be setled by the said post-master general for the time being , his executors or assignes : and it shall and may be lawful to and for such post-master general , & his deputy and deputies , to ask , demand , take and receive of every person that he or they shall furnish and provide with horses , furniture and guide to ride , ost in any of the post-roardes as aforesaid , three pence of english money for each horses hire or postage for every english mile , and foure pence for the guide for every stage . and whereas upon the arrival of ships from parts beyond the seas into several ports within his majesties dominions , many letters directed to several merchants and others , have been detained long to the great damage of the merchants , in want of that speedy advice and intelligence which they might have had if the same had been forthwith dispatched by the s●●●d posts , and sometimes such letters have been delivered by the masters or passengers of s●●h ships to ignorant and loose hands , that understand not the way and means of speedy conveyance and delivery of letters , whereby great prejudice hath accrued to the affairs of merchants and others , as well by the miscarryage of many letters so brought , as oftentimes by the opening of the same to the discovery of the correspondencies and secrets of the merchant . be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all letters and pacquets that by any master of any ship or vessel , or any of his company , or any passengers therein shall or may be brought to any port-town within his majesties dominions , or any of the members thereof , other then such letters as are before excepted , or may be sent by common known carriers in manner aforesaid , or by a friend as aforesaid ; shall by such master , passenger , or other person be forthwith delivered unto the deputy or deputies only of the said post-master general for the time being by him appointed for the said port-town , and by him or them to be sent post unto the said general post-office to be delivered according to the several and respective directions of the same . and be it further enacted by the aforesaid authority , that no person or persons whatsoever , or body politick or corporate other then such post-master general , as shall from time to time be nominated and appointed by his majesty , his heires or successors , and constituted by letters patents under the great seal of england as aforesaid , and his deputy and deputies or affignes , shall presume to carry , recarry & deliver letters for hi●e , other then as before excepted , or to set up or imploy any foot-post , horse-post , coach-post , or pacquet-boat whatsoever for the conveyance , carrying , and recarrying of any letters or pacquets by sea or land within his majesties dominions , or shall provide and maintaine horses and furniture for the horsing of any thorow-posts , or persons riding in post with a guide and horne , as usuall for hire , upon paine of forfeiting the summe of five pounds of english money for every severall offence against the tenor of this present act , and also of the forfeiture of the summe of one hundred pounds of like english money for every weeks time that any offender against this act shall imploy , maintaine , and continue any such foot-post , horse-post , coach-post or pacquet-boat as aforesaid : which said several and respective forfeitures , shall , and may be sued for , and recovered by action or actions of debt , plaint , or information in any of his majesties courts of record , wherein no essoigne , priviledge , protection , or wager of law shall be admitted ; and the said several and respective forfeitures that shall happen from time to time to be recovered , shall be and remaine the one moiety thereof to his majestie , & his heires and successors , and the other moiety thereof to such person or persons , who shall or will inform against the offender or offenders against this present act , and shall or will sue for the said forfeitures upon the same . provided alwayes , that if any post-master of any respective place , doth not , or cannot not furnish any person or persons riding in post with sufficient horses within the space of one half hour after demand , that then such person or persons are hereby understood to be left at liberty to provide themselves , as conveniently they can ; and the persons who shall furnish such horses , shall not therefore be liable to any penalties or forfeitures contained in this act. provided alwayes , that if through default or neglect of the post-master generall aforesaid , any person or persons riding in post shall fail as aforesaid of being furnished with a sufficient horse or horses , for his or their use , after demand as aforesaid ; that in every such case , the said post-master generall shall forfeit the summ of five pounds sterling , the one moiety to his majesty , his heirs and successors , and the other moiety to him or them who shall sue for the same in any court of record , to be recovered by bill , plaint , or other information , wherein no essoigne , protection or other wager in law shall be admitted . provided alwayes , and be it enacted , that nothing herein contained shall be understood to prohibit the carrying or recarrying of any letters or pacquets , to or from any town or place , to or from the next respective post-road , or stage appointed for that purpose ; but that every person shall have free liberty to send and imploy such persons as they shall think fit , for to carry the said letters or pacquets as aforesaid without any forfeiture or penalty therefore , any thing contained in this act to the contrary notwithstanding . provided alwayes , that if the pacquet or maile shall be carried out of england into any part beyond the seas in any ship or vessel which is not of english built , and navigated with english seamen , that in every such case , the said post-master general shall forfeit the summ of one hnndred pounds sterling ; the one moiety to his majestie , his heirs and successors , and the other moiety to him or them , who shall sue for the same , in any court of record , to be recovered by bill , plaint or other information , wherein no essoign , protection , or other wager in law shall be allowed . provided also , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no person or persons shall be capable of having , using , or exercising the office of post-master general , or any other imployment relating to the said office , unless he or they shall first take the oathes of allegiance and supremacy , before any two iustices of the peace of the respective counties wherein such person or persons are or shall be resident , which said iustices are hereby authorized to administer the said oathes accordingly . provided also , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that a letter or pacquet-post shall twice every week come by the way of trurow and penrin to the town of ma●ketiew alias marhasion in the county of cornwall ; and once a week to kendal by the way of lancaster , and to the town of penrith in cumberland by the way of newcastle and carssile ; and to the city of lincoln , and the burrough of grimoby in the county of lincolne , any thing in this act contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided also and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that such post-master generall to be from time to time appointed by his majesty , his heirs and successors as aforesaid , shall continue constant posts for carriage of letters to all places , though they lie out of the post-roads , as hath been used for the space of three years last past , at the rates herein before mentioned , under pain of forfeiture for every omission five pounds , to be recovered by action , suite , or plaint , in any his majesties courts of record , the one moiety to the use of his majesty , the other moeity to the use of the informer . and for the better management of the said post-office , and that the people of these kingdomes may have their intercourse of commerce and trade the better maintained , and their letters and advises conveyed , carried & recarried with the greatest speed , security , and convenience that may be ; be it further enacted , that the said post-master general so nominated , appointed and constituted as aforesaid , and his deputies , shall from time to time observe and follow such orders , rules , directions and instructions for and concerning the settlement of convenient posts and stages upon the several roads in england , scotland and ireland , and other his majesties dominions , and the providing and keeping of a sufficient number of horses at the said several stages , as well for the carrying and conveying of the said letters and pacquets , as for the horsing of all thorow-posts and persons riding in post by warrant or otherwise as aforesaid , as his majestie , his heires and successors shall from time to time in that behalf make , and ordaine ; and that his majesty , his heires and successors may grant the said office of post-master general , together with the powers and authorities thereunto belonging , & the several rates of portage above mentioned , and all profits , priviledges , fees , perquisites & emoluments thereunto belonging , or to belong , either for life or term of years , not exceeding one and twenty years , to such person or persons , and under such covenants , conditions and yearly rents to his said majesty , his heires and successors reserved , as his said majesty , his heirs and successors shall from time to time think fit for the best advantage and benefit of the kingdome . provided alwayes , and be it enacted by the athority aforesaid , that no person shall have power to take , use , or seize any horses for the service mentioned in this act , without the consent of the owners thereof ; any usage or pretence , or any thing in this act contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding . provided always , and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all inland letters sent by any packet-post established by this act as aforesaid , do and shall pay the rates and prices before mentioned , at such stage where they are last delivered only , unless the party that delivers the letters desireth to pay elswhere ; any thing in this act to the contrary notwithstanding . provided always , that all letters , and other things , may be sent or conveyed to or from the two vniversities in manner as heretofore hath been used ; any thing herein to the contrary notwithstanding . anno xii . caroli . ij. regis . an act impowering the master of the rolls for the time being , to make leases for years , in order to new build the old houses belonging to the rolls . whereas the mansion-house , ground , and tenements , with the appurtenances belonging to the master of the rolls , as master of the rolls , are much out of repair , and not capable of improvement , in regard the former masters of the rolls were not enabled to grant such leases , and for such terms as might encourage tenants to build and to repair : be it therefore enacted by the kings most excellent majesty , and the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled ; and it is hereby enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the master of the rolls for the time being , and his successors , masters of the rolls , shall have good right , full power , and lawful authority , during the time he or they shall continue master of the rolls , by writing indented , under hand and seal , to grant and make leases for one and forty years , or for any lesser term , to commence from the making of any such leases , of all and singular the premisses , or any part thereof , the chappel of the rolls with a convenient mansion-house , court , yard , garden , stable , coach-house , and other our-houses and buildings , fit for the use and habitation of the master of the rolles , onely excepted ; which lease and leases , so to be made , shall be good and effectuall in law to all intents and purposes , as if such master of the rolls for the time being , as shall so make the same , had beén seized of the premisses of a good estate in feé simple . provided , that in leases where provision is made for new building of houses or tenements , that the yearly rent of twenty shillings at the least shall be reserved upon every lease of such a quantity of the said premisses , as shall be set out and assigned by the master of the rolls for the time being for any one house or tenement to be built upon ; and that in leases where there is no provision for new building , the like usual rent that hath beén paid or reserved for the greater part of seven years now last past , or more , shall be yearly reserved . provided also , that the master of the rolls for the time being , or any succeéding master of the rolls , after the prenusses have beén once letten , according to the power given as abovesaid , shall not grant or make any new or concurrent lease untill within seven years of the expiration of the lease then in being , nor for any lesser rent then was reserved upon the former lease , nor for any longer term , then for the term of one and twenty years from the making of such new lease . jo : browne cleric . parliamentorum . . an act for the restoring of henry lord arundel of warder to the possession of his estate . . an act for restitution of thomas earl of arundel , surrey and norfolk , to the dignity and title of duke of norfolk . . an act to restore to wentworth earl of roscomon , of the kingdom of ireland , all the honors , castles , lordships , lands , tenements and hereditaments in ireland , whereof james earl of roscomon his great-grand father , or iames earl of roscomon his father , &c. . an act for restoring of sir george hamilton unto his lands and estate in ireland . . an act for maintenance of the vicar for the time being of the vicaridge of royston in the counties of hertford and cambridge , and of his successors , vicars of the said vicaridge . . an act for enabling sir william vvray to sell lands for payment of his debts , and raising of portions for his younger children . . an act for naturalizing of gerrard vanheuthusen , daniel demetrius , and others . . an act for enabling of iohn newton the younger , and william oakeley , to make sale of lands for payment of debts , and raising of portions , &c. . an act for the levying of certain moneys due upon the collection for the protestants of piedmont . . an act for the naturalization of john boreell esq ; eldest son of sir william borreell knight and baronet . . an act for the naturalization of abraham watchtor born beyond the seas . . an act for restoring of sir thomas crimes baronet , to his estate . . an act for enabling george fawnt of foston in the county of leicester esq ; to sell and conveigh part of his lands , for payment of several debts and legacies charged upon his estate by sir william fawnt knight deceased , aud for the raising of portions for his younger children , and making his wife a joynture . . an act for naturalizing francis hide , and others . . an act to enable joseph micklethwaite an infant , and his trustees , to sell lands for payment of his fathers debts . . an act for raising portions , and making provision for maintenance for the younger children of sir edward gostwicke . . an act for confirming the sale of the mannor of hitcham , sold to charles doe , by sir iohn clarke knight and baronet , and for setling and disposing other the lands of the said sir iohn clarke and dame philadelphia his wife . . an act for the setling of some of the mannors and lands of the earl of cleaveland in trustees , to be sold for the satisfying of the debts of the said earl , and of thomas lord vventworth his son. . an act for the disappropriating of the rectory appropriate of preston , & uniting and consolidating of the said rectory , and of the vicaridge of the church of preston ; and for assuring of the advowson , and right of patronage of the same unto the master , fellows , and scholars of emanuel colledge in cambridge , and their successors . . an act for making the precinct of covent garden parochial . london , printed by john bill , printer to the king ' s most excellent majesty . . at the king's printing-house in black-fryars . <?xml-stylesheet href='xml htm.xsl' type='text/xsl'?> <?xml version=' . 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">this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text s in the <ref target="http://estc.bl.uk">english short title catalog</ref> (stc ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with <ref target="http://morphadorner.northwestern.edu/morphadorner/">morphadorner</ref>. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.</edition> <editor>martin mueller</editor> <respstmt> <resp>incompletely or incorrectly transcribed words were reviewed and in many cases fixed by</resp> <name>melina yeh</name> </respstmt> <respstmt> <resp>this text has not been fully proofread</resp> <name/> </respstmt> </editionstmt> <publicationstmt> <publisher>earlyprint project</publisher> <pubplace>evanston il, notre dame in, st.louis, washington mo</pubplace> <date> </date> <availability> <licence target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ . /deed.en_us">distributed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . unported license</licence> </availability> <idno type="shc">a .xml</idno> </publicationstmt> <sourcedesc> <biblfull n="tcp source"> <titlestmt> <title type="_ ">vvine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority. a dialogue.</title> <author>gallobelgicus.</author> </titlestmt> <extent> dpi tiff g page images</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>university of michigan, digital library production service</publisher> <pubplace>ann arbor, michigan</pubplace> <date> march (tcp phase )</date> <idno type="marc"> </idno> <idno type="stc">stc ( nd ed.) .</idno> <idno type="stc">greg, ii, (b).</idno> <idno type="vid"> </idno> <idno type="dlps">a </idno> <availability> <p>this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. searching, reading, printing, or downloading eebo-tcp texts is reserved for the authorized users of these project partner institutions. permission must be granted for subsequent distribution, in print or electronically, of this text, in whole or in part. please contact project staff at eebotcp-info@umich.edu for further information or permissions.</p> </availability> </publicationstmt> </biblfull> <biblfull n="printed source"> <titlestmt> <title type="_ ">vvine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority. a dialogue.</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, ale, and tobacco</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, and ale, together by the eares</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority.</title> <author>gallobelgicus.</author> </titlestmt> <editionstmt> <edition>this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text s in the <ref target="http://estc.bl.uk">english short title catalog</ref> (stc ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with <ref target="http://morphadorner.northwestern.edu/morphadorner/">morphadorner</ref>. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.</edition> <respstmt> <resp>this text has not been fully proofread</resp> <name/> </respstmt> </editionstmt> <extent>[ ] p.</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>by t[homas] c[otes] for iohn groue, and are to be sold at his shop at furniuals inne gate in holborne,</publisher> <pubplace>printed at london :</pubplace> <date type="publication_date"> .</date> <date type="creation_date"> </date> </publicationstmt> <notesstmt> <note> <p>a revision of "wine, beere, and ale, together by the eares", which was attributed to gallobelgicus.</p> </note> <note> <p>printer's name from stc.</p> </note> <note> <p>signatures: a-c d .</p> </note> <note> <p>the first leaf is blank.</p> </note> <note> <p>reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery.</p> </note> </notesstmt> </biblfull> </sourcedesc> </filedesc> <profiledesc> <textclass> <keywords scheme="lcsh"> <term>wine -- early works to .</term> <term>beer -- early works to .</term> <term>ale -- early works to .</term> <term>tobacco -- early works to .</term> <term>smoking -- great britain -- early works to .</term> </keywords> </textclass> </profiledesc> <xenodata 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-a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>no</seg> <corr>,</corr> <seg>tis your old acquaintance sugar .</seg> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>would bring whole sheets for me to lie in</seg> <corr>.</corr> <seg/> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>by the gallants , kist by the gentlewomen</seg> <corr>:</corr> <seg>i am their life , their genius , the poeticall</seg> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>ale</seg> <corr>.</corr> <seg/> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>repuration</sic> <seg>carry it away , i will not loose a drop of my</seg> <corr>reputation</corr> <seg>, and by your fauour , if you stand so much</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>suaile</sic> <seg>purpose retirement and grauitie , that with the</seg> <corr>snaile</corr> <seg>carries the cares of a house and family</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>gine</sic> <seg>vnderstanding is not sufficiently lighted yet</seg> <corr>giue</corr> <seg>him leaue i pray .</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>solidier</sic> <seg>, i remember i haue heard him reported a</seg> <corr>soldier</corr> <seg>, and once being in company with a knap-sack</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>knap-iack</sic> <seg>soldier , and once being in company with a</seg> <corr>knap-sack</corr> <seg>man a companion of his , i obtained a coppy</seg> </note> </div> </back> </text> </tei> octob: . . prizes of wines set and appointed by the vice-chancellor of the university of oxford, according to which they are to be sold rateably in all measures. ... university of oxford. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing o a estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) octob: . . prizes of wines set and appointed by the vice-chancellor of the university of oxford, according to which they are to be sold rateably in all measures. ... university of oxford. fell, john, - . sheet ([ ] p.) by william hall, [oxford : ] title from heading and first lines of text. imprint from madan. at foot: john fell vicechan:. reproduction of the original in the bodleian library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine -- prices -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - andrew kuster sampled and proofread - andrew kuster text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion octob : . . prizes of wines set and appointed by the vice-chancellor of the university of oxford , according to which they are to be sold rateably in all measures . . canary wines , allegant , and muscadels , one shilling eight pence the quart , and no more . . sack and mallagoes , one shilling sixpence the quart , and no more . . french wines nine pence the quart and no more . . rhenish wines , one shilling two pence the quart , and no more . john fell vicechan : the bacchanalian sessions, or, the contention of liquors with a farewel to wine / by the author of the search after claret, &c. ; to which is added, a satyrical poem on one who had injur'd his memory, by a friend. ames, richard, d. . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing a estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the bacchanalian sessions, or, the contention of liquors with a farewel to wine / by the author of the search after claret, &c. ; to which is added, a satyrical poem on one who had injur'd his memory, by a friend. ames, richard, d. . [ ], p. printed for e. hawkins, london : . attributed to richard ames. cf. bm. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine and wine making -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the bacchanalian sessions ; or the contention of liquors : with a farewel to wine . by the author of the search after claret , &c. to which is added , a satyrical poem on one who had injur'd his memory . by a friend . london , printed for e. hawkins . . to the memory of mr. richard ames : being a satyr on a bookseller , who injur'd him after his death . tho nothing else these lines can recommend , they 'll show i 'm not asham'd to own my friend : who e're upon his ashes rudely tread , living i lov'd , and will revenge him dead ; accept these grateful exquies , dear shade ! those rites to thy much injur'd manes paid : thus dies the wretch who dar'd blaspheme thy name , thus o're thy tomb i sacrifice his fame . baser than — or that traytrous crew , who would the work of heaven itself undo ; say , monster ! what foul lust of gain possest , what fury seiz'd thy sacrilegious breast ? that no less wickedness cou'd thee content , than madly tearing up a monument ? what wolf begat thee ? manhood ne're pretend ! not any beast beside : the dead would rend . no bookseller but h — e're cantriv'd , to plague an author longer than he liv'd . this thy indictment is , the proofs are clear , and now thy sentence , wretch , prepare to hear . in the same road of dullness still trot on , till to the end of those vast realms thou 'st gone . print ten times weaker , sillier stuff than he , that mauls us with the city mercury . fleckno and bu●ian call from lethe lake , more ballads and more godly books to make . nothing but these e're print , or what 's as well , if a good copy ; may it never sell. such weighty profe as k — or n — indite , such humble rymes as i or g — n write ; or some dull treason for the jacobite . th' impression seiz'd , e're thou of one dispose , and when 't is burnt just underneath thy nose , may'st thou sev'n years the crowded street survay , thro wooden-ring-enchanted , twice a day . this pennace past , if this thou shouldst out-live , perhaps on due contrition , i 'll forgive . epitaph . here lies one who liv'd free from ill nature and pride , he liv'd but too fast , and too quickly he dy'd . he lasht all the vintners , whom he knew but too well , and the ghost of tom saffold rejoyc'd when he fell . light lie the soft dust , untrod let it be , as far from constraint , and as easy as he . the bacchanalian sessions : or the contention of liquors . since to drive away cares , or the plague of dull thinking , all men more or less give themselves to good drinking , to refresh their tir'd senses , and chase away sorrow , grief , pain , and the troublesom thoughts of to morrow : yet in the choice of the liquors disputes have arisen , what to one palate's grateful , to others is poison ; for one man shall swoon at the sight of good claret , while another , tho rack't with the gout , can't forbear it . at the sight of a punch bowl will some men look pale , yet lay all their senses a soaking in ale. six men in a tavern dispor'd to be merry , shall drink six sorts of wine ; the first he drinks sherry ; the second to clares , makes only pretension , and the third treats his palace with white wine and gentian ; and pale rhenish the fourth before all other wine chuses , and the fifth thinks good tent is the best of all juices ; while the sixth men from all their opinions does vary , pleas'd only with mixture of hock and canary . to the ears of god bacchus , that heathen old toper , the patron of drunkards , and foe to the sober , the news soon arriv'd , as his godship was making a jol●s full bo●l or some gr●●● undertaking . so throwing by sugar , toast , nutmeg and lemons ; call'd a council , and presently order'd a summons , commanding all liquors , small , strong , mild and stale , from the juice of the grape , up to adams plain ale , to repair to the hal● of the vintners ●errestrial , where his godship bestriding a hogshead celestial , would sit umpire , and judge in the mighty convention , and hear every liquors complaint and pretension . the summons receiv'd , each and every liquor , strove who in obedience should be the quicker . when strait from vaults , stare-houses , cellars and arches , each liquid in haste to the grand meeting m●rches , in overgrown tuns , pipes , 〈◊〉 , hogsheads and barrels , puncheons , kilderkins , firkins , gallons , quarts , or what e're else does good moisture contain , rolling through streets and allies with a motion like ships between dover and calais . till they came to the court of the vintners hall stately , where all in good order to hear the debate lye . by a double huzzah from the court of assistants , ( which as authors relate , was heard twenty miles distance ) timely notice was given , mars , bacchus , apollo , and some other brisk gods who their footsteps did follow , were descended in shape of some mortal virorum , to hear the disputes which were ready before ' em . but 'fore tryal began , as our histories tell us , god bacchus and all his celestial fellows , took a gentle carouse at the head of the but , their judgments to clear when the case should be put . proclamation for silence first made by the cryer , who by birth was a german , or fame is a lyar , the god ( with a rosie wreath circling his forehead ) in a short pithy speech but sententious and florid : told 'em he for his part , was most heartily sorry , that mortals so strangely 'bout liquors should vary , and that his sole errand , as boldly he would say , was only to judge of what ev'ry one could say ; and by weighing what arguments each one pretended , give his sentence that so all disputes might be ended . upon this a loud uproar was heard in the hall , and each for preheminence loudly did bawl , with such clamors the noise you might hear it a mile hence , but orders were instantly given for silence : when from 〈…〉 old fellow , with a hoarse broken voice 〈…〉 for to tell how , that above all the rest he was heir to the crown , as being the liquor to th' world first was known . for i am , mighty sir , without mincing the matter , the primitive liquor the learned call'd water , which the patriarchs 〈◊〉 and then 't was not wondred , that some men attain'd to the age of nine hundred ; whereas now by made liquors of humane contriving , men at forty or fifty go out from the living ; or else — hold your prating ( says bacchus in fury ) i my self in this case will be hath judge and jury ; and amaz'd as i am at thy fancy presumption , with thy looks pan and man like a generous is consumption , to contend for the palm with these generous juices , what man in his wits e're for pleasure thee chuses ? to thy cistern return , and i charge by strict rules , that none ever drink thee but madmen and fools . the court all approv'd what his godship had utter'd , and element vanisht , tho he frown'd stampt and mutter'd ; when canary starts up , and in florid oration , gave himself very ample and large commendation : how he cherisht the blood and enliven'd the spirits , no other wines having the half of his merits ; nay more , that of all the rich wines in the hall , his was the most catholic grape of them all but bacchus not pleased with this hussing bravado ▪ with a frown quickly silenc'd this rhotomantado , tent and muskadine next gan to open their throats , and each loudly bawl'd for major'ty of votes nor was alicant wanting to joyn in the chorus , and of his great vertues told many odd stories , but bacchus well knowing 't was not very fit , that a meal should be made of a relishing bit , quickly told 'em that he in his judgment did think , cordials ne're were intended for man's common drink . the next that stood up with a countenance merry , was a pert sort of wine which the moderns call sherry . who told all the gods that their votes he not doubted , since of late so belov'd scarce a tavern without it . hah , says bacchus , as sure as discharge of a pistol , this dapper young spark is but knew come from bristol : and told him his juice , tho the most vintners did buy , it was never esteemed as a liquor to sit by ; but assur'd him when e're he to bristol came down , he 'd take care to create him the mayor of the town . skipping over the heads of tuns , hogsheads , and barrels , ( on which there had like to have hapned some quarrels ) a red wine appears , and in language most pretty , told bacchus , and all the assembled committee , his vertues ( says bacchus ) but pray sir what are you , i am , mighty sirs , a new wine call'd red sherry , redsherry ? quoth bacchus , and pray master sheeps-head where live you ? — why , sir , at the shepherd in cheapside . after which the god took off a large brimming taster , and bid him commend his kind love to his master , but told him such precedents never had knowledge , that a fresh-man was e're chose the head of his colledge . the red wines were next to have spoken in order , but by bawling and yelping they made such disorder , that 't was presently told by the great god of wine , they all should give place to the grape of the rhine ; upon which , in clean vessel , not tatter●d and shagrag , appears rhenish , hock , old and young , moselle , and backrag ; but knowing their interest-grew weaker and weaker , they the great tun at heidelburg chose for their speaker . being chosen ( says he ) mighty sir , to say truly , some palates judicious have own'd or they do lie , no wines do the stomach so highly replenish , as a brimmer of hock , or a bumper of rhenish . if your godships can then but approve of the rhine tiff , your verdict we hope you 'll give in for the plaintiff . brother guts , then quoth bacchus , methinks you 're too quick sir , to bespeak our good word for your german elixar : i 'le tell you before the cause come to an end on 't , if we 've ears for the plaintiff , we 've for the defendant ; besides i must tell you , ye sons of the rhine , you 'r at best but a kind of hermophradite wine ; for those who of late have carous'd a good drench , do say your part german , part dutch , and part french. till then , by the force of arms powerful and strong , i shall be known to what prince all your vineyards belong ; to your several quarters you all may return , and so for this time the debate we adjourn . the white wines were next to the bar closely pressing , and trusty langoon to god bacchus addressing , told his godship what mighty and great reputation , his liquor had gained in the english nation . that of him ev'ry morning each thirsty poor sinner , took a pint for a whet , to prepare him for dinner ; and therefore it must be a truth very lasting , the wine must be best which the mortals drink fasting . in vain then , quoth bacchus , we make drinking laws , when you are the wine which still ruins our cause . the whets you pretend i can never think well of , you whet , but pray what ? don't you whet all the steel of the stomack , and then a man 's ready for drinking , as much as a man in a storm is for thinking ; for he in my books is the only good fellow , in the morning who 's sober , in the evening who 's mellow . therefore mr. langoon pray desist from your prating , and talk no more nonsence in praise of your whetting : for ten mornings draught men , and whetting young blades , have for one evenings toper gone down to the shades . the red wines together march decently all , like a call of new serjeants which go by whitehall in coats party-colour'd , so these by extraction , were half of them spanish , and half the french faction . but in this they agreed all , that since the word claret , was so dangerous that vintners to name scarcely dare it , to be freely content to have names full as many , as sharping young bullies , or city puncks any , made use to bilk an old lodging or manage a raw country cully as yet in his non-age . hah , says bacchus , these look like true lads of brisk mettle , but from whence pray you came all this drove of red cattle ; down the gulph , cross the alps , or the mediterranean ; for ev'ry one looks like a jolly companion ? we are mighty sir , ( the reply'd they ) poor strangers , who passing through infinite hazards and dangers of pyrates by sea , and of robbers by land , came to wait on your highness , and hear your command ; we are call'd syracuse , barcelona , navarre , and what other hard names our new masters prepare , but let 's be of any kind , species , or sort , we would all be thought claret , but nam'd the red port. ah , says bacchus , how e're you pretend all to flatter , i doubt there 's some roguery , at th' bottom o' th' matter ; had you been what you 'r not , i protest by this barrel , to you , and you only , i 'de given the lawrel : for gods all above , well as mortals below , th' effects of good claret too sensibly know . for there once was a time , but alas the time 's fled , when a punch bowl gave place to a bottle of red ; when no other name ran throw jove's olympic great hall , but for claret did gods and their goddesses call ; but since civil wars have in europe arose , what 's become of the rich burdeau● claret who knows ? to our hands came a letter from mortals judicious , humbly shewing that claret was now grown so vicious , so counterfeit , poor , pall'd , dull , flat , and insipid , that scarcely 't is fitting for man to lay lip at , unless by strong faith between sleeping and waking , they would drink a damn'd wine of the vintners own making ; for i 'll hear you no more , till it happen that one day , the hogshead i stride in fill'd with burgundy . if such a kind present your master can raise , 't is forty to one i present you the bays . the red wines went mumbling , and grumbling away , and a jolly full punch bowl came next into play , when a hollow voice spoke from the bottom o' th' bowl , mighty god of strong liquors , which cherish the soul , since that wines are so bad as old mortals complain , make me king of good company once more again , renew my old charter and settle my reign . yes , my merry old friend , said the god , 't must be own'd , that thou of all liquors deserv'st to be crown'd , but the mortals for thee who their reason would barter , must now be contented to quit their old charter . they who once on thy liquors did greedily fall on , must now pine , since good nants is twelve shillings the gallon . an argument which all our reasons convinces , thou' rt a juice only fit now for gods and for princes , and mortals for want of thee must be contented , till brandy is cheaper , or else the wars ended . the punch bowl no sooner retir'd or did vanish , but with grave sober pace and a look aldermanish , having first made a rev'rence , to bar there does come , from brunswick , a fat swinging barrel of mum , and in stile grave and modest to audience in part does , relate his good qualifications and vertues : but bacchus considering that that kind of liquor made twenty heads dull , for one head it made quicker ; and when men with that liquor began to be bowzy , they always inclin'd to be sleepy and drowzy , refus'd him his praises , and what ever might hap , thought the lawrel lookt scurvily over a night-cap . the mum-cask thus silenc'd , the next that pretended , were cyder call'd redstreak with perry attended . hah ! hah ! hah ! quoth god bacchus what fellows are these ? we are , answer'd they , if your godship it please , the old britains liquors call'd cyder and perry , which chears up the spirits , and makes the heart merry ; and we once in our lustre and glory did shine , till our credit was ruin'd by foreigners wine . those villanous juices — hold , hold , ye slaves hold , with the blood of the grape e're you make but too bold . cry'd bacchus in passion , how dare you compare your balderdash , crabbed , adulterate ware with the generous grape , who has vertues such odds , it can equalize mortals almost with the gods ? u●●●●●y passion no further , but hence get ye skipping , ye squeezings of pears and the juices of pippin . no sooner had these slily sneakt out of court , but mead and metheglin strait made their report . but bacchus to make all his fellow gods merry , made 'em perfectly dumb just like cyder and perry . not bawds drunk at a christning , fish-wives a scolding , or rabble the tricks of a jugler beholding , could make half such a clamour or lowder could bawl , than the noise which was suddenly heard in the hall ; occasioned by crowding , and heaving , and thrusting , of a hundred brew'd liquors with anger half bursting . about the first place and precedence , priority , each of them pretending an equal authority , having first given large testimonials of praise to deprive all the rest of the honor of bays . god bacchus red-hot now with anger was grown , to hear such a clamor so near to his throne . by the stars which adorn my great fathers high way , what mean you ? whence come you ? what are you i say ? at which they all open , and each did not fail to cry out , we are beer , we are beer , we are ale. this clamor his godship incensed more and more , and by styx and by cerberus loudly he swore ; that if each of them did not leave off these disorders , for pluto's black warrant he 'd quickly send orders , then as mute as dumb fishes , they all ceas'd their bawling , and each in submission low , prostrate and falling , for offending his godship their sorrow exprest , and the tumult now over in bacchus his breast , he then order'd that two should declare for the rest . then beer'gan to speak . may 't with reverence be spoke , my self and my brethren most humbly invoke , your own , and your fellow gods kind approbation of us the best liquors i' th' english nation . a drink much applauded , and thought very good , not by english alone , but by nations abroad ; for 't is plain that the french and the dutch do prefer , before their rich wines , the bon beer d' angleterre ; and both monsieur and hans will leave bourdeaux and rhenish , that their gats with good beer they may fully replenish . 't is the staff of the aged , and life of the young ; make weak men grow vigorous , and lusty more strong . 't is — hold , hold , says bacchus , no more of your talking , for 't is — nay it shall be the thing of your making . it shall be what you please , like a juglers paper , first a horse , then a fish , then a boar , then a taper : but since ale and your self in the cause are concern'd , 't were but fit that both pleadings were rightly discern'd ; therefore speak to the ale there , your twin brother muddy , that himself he recover from out his brown study . with a countenance foggy , dull ale does appear , and bowing his dropsical corps to the bar ; says i , come mighty sir , in the name of the rest , of my fellow collegiates to stand to the test , by what names or titles so ever we 're known by , or else by what age or complexion we 're shown by ; whether york , hull , or lincoln , as parents we own , or else brew'd in darby , and nottingham ●own : whether scurvy-grass , daucus , gill , butler , or broom , or from london , or southwark , or lambeth we come ; we humbly implore since the wine in the nation , has of late so much lost its once great reputation ; that such liquor as ours which is genuine and true , and which all our masters so carefully brew , which all men approve of , tho ' many drink wine , yet the good oly of barly there 's none will decline : that we as a body call'd corp'rate may stand , and a patent procure from your seal and your hand , that none without licence , call'd special , shall fail , to drink any thing else , but strong nappy brown ale. at this started beer , and soon made some objections , to 's brother , not wanting some sawcy reflections . but bacchus by order soon parted the fray , and askt 'em if any thing else they could say ; they reply'd that at present they 'd utter no more , but humbly his favor and grace did implore . then ye sons of thin element , barly and dry hops . how hapned your thoughts thus to mount on the high ropes ? ( says bacchus ) to fancy i e're should ever afford . you my favor , who scarcely deserve a good word ; ye dull , foggy , muddy , flat , spiritless liquors , fit only for plowmen , or dull country vicars . get you gone to your cellars , to vaults hence away , if a crown 't is you want , 't shall be one made of clay . for did ever a poet in writing excel , who with dull beer and ale made his heavy panch swell ? what fancy , what muse , did you ever inspite , you are sons of the earth , not the offspring of fire . when statesmen have held a committee , or council , durst either of you but tread over the groundsel good wine has been suffre'd bear the debate ; which without it had been unactive and flat . but why on such vermin my breath do i spend , who dare with the juice of the grape to contend ▪ when carmen and porters are judges of sence , perhaps i may bear you , till when get you hence ▪ at command , the last liquors in droves went away , and none but cock ale did behind the rest stay : the court at his impudence gun for to scoff , and askt why he staid , when the rest were troopt off ? the i am not so vain to pretend to the bans , ( answer'd he ) yet i will not be robb'd of my praise . for 't is but a truth , which is very well known , how much i 'm belov'd by the sparks of the town , and their mistresses too , who 'fore wine me prefer , when they meet at a hoarse very near temple ban what precious intre●gues could 〈◊〉 pimpship discover , between a town jilt , and a 〈◊〉 young lover . but mum — you may call me a saw●y young prig , if i can't have the bays , i 'll at least have a sprig , then bacchus confidering 't would be very ●ard , if boldness like his should not meet with reward fearing impudence would 〈◊〉 last bring hi● to th' gallows , made him page of the back stairs to his drunken palace . small beer whilst the others so loudly did bawl , went sneaking and santring all over the hall ; and to speak for his goodness was very unwilling , since the cloths on his back were but all worth six shilling . tho he took it in dudgeon , and thought it was hard , to be pinch'd and abus'd by th' yeomen o' th' guard. which so often was done that a quarrel arose , and bacchus himself did i' th' fray interpose . but how angry he was when his godship did hear , that the quarrel was only 'bout paltry small beer , so before for himself he could make his report , he was threatned a pumping , and kickt out of court. then the coffee-house liquors began for to swarm , and came up to bar , some cold , and some warm . says bacchus , how happen'd it that in these doors , came this crew of half sober , half drunk sons of whores ? but since they are here let 'em make their report , for perhaps it may give some diversion to th' court. then touching his turbant by way of respect , stood up coffee , and spoke to this kind of effect ; that when men overheated by wine and debauches had gotten their loads , and were drunker than roaches , by his pow'r they their sence would recover again , and no longer be brutes , but approve themselves men. why then mr. coffee , in true sober sadness , says bacchus , you think that all drinking is madness ; but i know and am sure , when men part with their reason , tho nonsence they talk , yet they never think treason ; but in drinking of thee , men too oft frame a plot , which costs them their necks — so be silent you sot. the next that attempted to put in his plea , was a drink much admir'd by the ladies , call'd tea . but the court plainly saw how he trifled and fool'd , so without much debate was his plea over-rul'd . then up to the bar with a countenance bold , came another tea liquor by moderns call'd cold , but bacchus soon found by acquaintance with spirits , he lately had lost very much of his merits . for a man would soon find should he walk the town round , good brandy , like honesty , hard to be found . then the ladies and sparks admir'd drink chocolate , in words very modish began a short prate . how he cherisht the spirits , and tickled the blood , and to make the back strong was undoubtedly good . hah ! says bacchus , what pimp of a liquor is this ? with the cherish and tickle you may if you please , be to streets of st. albans , and bridget be jogging , for if longer you stay have a care of a flogging . he is only my fav'rite , and true bully rock , when he hugs a half flask , crys a fig for the smock , rosa solis spoke next , but he quickly gave o're , by bacchus struck dumb for a son of a whore. all liquors by accident pimp and perswade , but he and some others were pimps by their trade . whue by chreesht my dear joy , by shaint patrick my shoul , usqueb●●gh then set up with an irish howl . pridee bacchush , if that be thy own chreeshen name , for thou hast a swheet fauce , and i poor teague came to make a petishion upon thy sweet grash , that 'mongst other liquors i may ha a plaush : this silly expression made all the court smile , thou hast it ( says bacchus ) and this is thy stile : thou' rt the aetna of juices , a damn'd liquid fire , hence , teaguelander , hence , now thou hast thy desire . the court now began to appear very thin , and nothing like liquor about it was seen , but two or three vessels who speechless did crawl , and at last , like cast clients , crept out of the hall. now all things were silent , the god started up , and taking of nectar celestial a cup , to his fellow gods drank , and concluded the session , with this pithy short speech , and ingenuous confession . you see brother deities , what a contention , there is amongst liquors of humane invention ; that 't is vain should i strive for to end the contest , or nicely determine which liquor is best . let each mortal his skinful most soberly drink of the liquor he likes , or what best he does think ; but yet let him always 〈…〉 to fill what he drinks , and to drink what he fill● . the deities all , by a treble haz●●● , approv'd of the verdict that bacchus did say , and in chariot of clouds they th●n vanisht away . a farewel to wine . by a quondam friend to the bottle . i. tempt me no more , i swear i will not go : as soon you may in winters deepest snow , perswade me tenariff to climb , or into aetna's scorching flame , my mortal carcass throw , as to a tavern go — i hate the name . there was indeed my friend , there was a time , when to avoid the hurry , noise , and strife , with the tumultuous cares of life , we in an evening o're a bottle met , and while the tempting flowing glass , did round about in order pass , conferr'd we notes of pleasure , love and wit , the wine then was — would a dull muse inspire , make blockheads witty , cowards bold ; and in the bloodless , wither'd , old men of threescore blow vp a youthful 〈◊〉 ii. but no● — with what regret the 〈◊〉 name , the wine we drink is now no more the ●●me , in former happy days it was , than can a man of ninety nine be said , with withered limbs and hoary head , to be the self-same creature as , he was at fourteen years of age. no , no , the vigorous heat , the spirit 's gone : the wine with which we now engage , has not that body ; 〈◊〉 or age , it had before the war beg●n , it either chills the blood — or puts it in a flame . iii. what arts my friend you have ? what tricks you use ? my easy temper to seduce . methinks a tavern door i enter in , with such unwillingness as when a maid , by oaths and promises betraid , does venture on the pleasing sin. but here most solemnly i vow , not to exceed a glass or two : no bumpers shall your friendship fill me , one glass , if aqua fortis , would not kill me . iv. some claret boy — indeed sir we have none . claret sir — lord there 's not a drop in town ; but we 've the best red port — what 's that you call red port ? — a wine sir comes from portugal , i 'll fetch a pint sir , — do make haste you slave , in things of sence what mighty faith some have , to give their healths up to a vintners boy , who with one dash perhaps can it destroy ; and when the threatning gout . or fever comes , to quack in velvet coat , who all his learning has by roat , to purchase health again give lib'ral sums . v. pray taste your wine sir , — sir , by your good favor , i 'll view it first , and nose its flavor ; is this the wine you so commend ? pray look upon 't my dearest friend , it looks almost as brown and yellow , as is the face of warlike fellow , who has for seven campaigns in flanders lain , observe , observe it once again ; see how ten thousand attoms dance about the glass , of eggs , and lime , and iseinglass : mark how it smells , methinks a real pain , is by its odor thrown upon my brain . i 've tasted it — 't is spiritless and flat , and has as many different tastes , as can be found in compound pastes , in lumber pye , or soporisrous methridate . vi. sir , if you please , i 'll a fresh hog shead peirce . peirce your own head you dog — which now contains , maggots and lies , instead of brains . what other wines you brewing ass , have you ; you would for clarets pass ? speak quickly come their names rehearse . sir , we defy all london to compare , a glass of wine with our navarre , and then for barcelona , syracuse , or carcavella now so much in use , with rich gallicia wine a mighty store , florence and — hold you prating whelp , no more , but fetch us up a pint of any sort , navarre , galicia , any thing but port. yes sir — these nimble rogues of flippant talk , how merrily their tongues can walk . as sure as moral certainty , the vintners have some needy spark in fee , t' invent hard names for all their wines , that so , they off more quick , and currantly may go . vii . come boy the wine — i hope 't will please you sir , no question on 't — come of all saints to th' mother , a health — pox take it , this is worse than t' other : from this floors center may i never stir , if 't is not sweet , and sowre , and hot , and smells of brimstone , or of something else . wine do you call this poysnous drink , they 'r quite besides their wits i think ; 't is florence , port , navarre , and all together , for bacchus boys , is not this lovely weather ? here , take your money for your ( stuff call'd ) wine , which from this time i utterly decline . viii . you see my friend , these rogues by their pretences , how they impose 〈◊〉 our very sences : and we a price extravagant allow , for that damn'd 〈◊〉 which in their vaults they brew , which mystery 〈…〉 throughly knew , sooner we 'd leap into 〈◊〉 thames or severn , than venture on the 〈◊〉 in any tavern . finis . these following 〈◊〉 were written by the author of this poem . . the folly of love. a new satyr on women , price d . . the plea●●●● of love and marriage ; a poem in praise of the fair sex , in requital for 〈…〉 satyrs on women . d . . the jacobite conventicle a satyrical poem , d . . a. dialogue between 〈…〉 a poem , considered in an accidental conversation between two 〈…〉 . the female fire-ships , a satyr against whoring , in a letter to a friend just come to town , d . . 〈…〉 a poem , d . . the siege 〈…〉 of mons , a tragi-comedy , exposing the villany of the priests , and the intreigues of the french in that affair , d . . islington wells , or the 〈…〉 a satyr on the water-drinkers , d . . the search af●er claret , or a visitation of the vintners , a poem in parts , 〈…〉 . d . by the king, a proclamation for prising wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king, a proclamation for prising wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . broadside. printed by the assigns of john bill and christopher barker ..., london : / [i.e. ] "given at our court at whitehall the tenth day of january / , in the twenty third year of our reign." reproduction of the original in the society of antiquaries library, london. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine and wine making -- law and legislation -- england. great britain -- history -- charles ii, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion c r diev et mon droit honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms by the king. a proclamation for prising wines . charles r. whereas by the statute made in the eight and twentieth year of the reign of king henry the eighth , for prising of wines , it is provided , that the lord chancellour , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings most honourable council , lord privy seal , and the lords chief iustices of either bench , or five , four , or threé of them , shall have power and authority by their discretion to set the prices of all kind of wines , as in the said statute is expressed : by vertue whereof the lord keeper of the great seal , the lord chief iustice of the kings bench , and the lord chief iustice of the common pleas , the one and twentieth day of december last , did order , that canary wines , allecants , and muscadels , be sold in gross at thirty six pounds the pipe or butt , and twelve pence the pint by retail ; sacks and malagaes at thirty two pounds the butt , and eleven pence the pint by retail ; and that french wines be sold at thirty six pounds the tunn , and twelve pence the quart by retail ; and that rhenish wines be sold at tenn pounds the aulm , and eighteen pence the quart by retail ; and according to these rates ( and no higher ) in proportion for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail ; and that none presume to sell at higher prices during the year next ensuing , to be accounted from the first day of february , in the year of our lord . now that all cause of excuse from such as inhabit in remote parts of this realm , and that such as shall be found delinquents therein , may acknowledge their own wilfulness the cause of the danger and penalty they fall into after advertisement , his majesties will and pleasure is , and by the advice of the said lords , and the rest of his privy council , according to one other statute in that behalf made , in the fourth year of the reign of his most nob●e progenitor , king edward the third , by his royal proclamation doth publish and declare , that for one year next following , to be accompted as aforesaid , canary wines , allegants , and muscadels , be not sold in gross at above thirty six pounds the butt or pipe , and twelve pence the pint by retail ; and that sacks and malagaes be not sold in gross at above thirty two pounds the butt , and eleven pence the pint by retail ; and that french wines be not sold at above thirty six pounds the tun , and twelve pence the quart by retail ; and that rhenish wines be not sold in gross at above ten pounds the aulm , and eighteen pence the quart by retail ; and according to these rates ( and no higher ) in proportion for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail . which ●ates and prices his majesties pleasure ●s , shall be duely observed in all his ports , and other places within this realm where wines are landed , and within ten miles of those ports and places . and it is his majesties pleasure . that in those places where wines by land carriage shall be conveyed more then ten miles from the next port , the several sorts of wines aforesaid , shall and may be sold according to the rates aforesaid , with an allowance not exceeding four pounds the tun , and one peny the quart for the carriage thereof upon land every thirty miles , and according to that proportion , and not at greater rates , strictly charging and commanding such of his subjects , and others whom it may concern , that none of them ( during the time aforesaid ) presume to sell any of the said wines in gross or by retail , at higher rates then by this his majesties proclamation are appointed , under the forfeitures and penalties mentioned in the said statute , and other the laws and statutes of this realm ordained in that behalf ; and such further pains and penalties , as by the laws and statutes of this realm can or may be inflicted upon wilful contemners of his majesties royal command and proclamation , requiring and commanding all mayors , sheriffs , iustices of the peace , customers , comptrollers , and other officers of his majesties ports , and all others whom it shall concern , diligently to observe , take notice of , and attend the execution of this his royal pleasure , and to give information to the lords and others of the privy council , of the delinquents , that they be proceeded against , and receive punishment according to their demerits . given at our court at whitehall the tenth day of january / . in the twenty third year of our reign . god save the king. in the savoy , printed by the assigns of john bill and christopher barker , printers to the kings most excellent majesty . / . die martis, . novemb. . an ordinance of the lords and commons assembled in parliament whereby all vintners are required to bring in the money, due for the half excise, of all wines remaining in their hands, at, or before the eleventh of september last, according to two former ordinances of parliament of the eleventh of september, and the first of october. england and wales. parliament. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason .f. [ ]). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing e thomason .f. [ ] estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; : f [ ]) die martis, . novemb. . an ordinance of the lords and commons assembled in parliament whereby all vintners are required to bring in the money, due for the half excise, of all wines remaining in their hands, at, or before the eleventh of september last, according to two former ordinances of parliament of the eleventh of september, and the first of october. england and wales. parliament. sheet ([ ] p.) printed by richard cotes and john raworth, london : . signed: hen. elsynge, cler. parl. d. com. reproduction of the original in the british library. eng wine and wine making -- taxation -- england -- early works to . great britain -- history -- civil war, - -- early works to . a r (thomason .f. [ ]). civilwar no die martis, . novemb. . an ordinance of the lords and commons assembled in parliament; whereby all vintners are required to bring in th england and wales. parliament. c the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the c category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion die martis , . novemb. an ordinance of the lords and commons assembled in parliament ; whereby all vintners are required to bring in the money , due for the half excise , of all wines remaining in their hands , at , or before the eleventh of september last , according to two former ordinances of parliament of the eleventh of september , and the fi●st of october . the lords and commons having been informed , that the vintners of the city of london , and westminster , and ten miles compasse , as also throughout the country , have , notwithstanding the favourable provision made for them , by the severall ordinances of excise , the eleventh of september , and the first of october , delayed to pay the half excise , thereby limited and appointed to be paid by the said vintners , for such wines as were upon their hands , at , or before the eleventh of september last . it is hereby ordained by the said lords and commons assembled in parliament , that if any vintner shall delay or neglect , without further warning , to bring in all such sums of money as shall be due for excise of wines upon their hands , at , or before the eleventh of september last , into such office of excise , under which their habitation is comprehended , within ten dayes after publication hereof , within the respective places ; that then every such vintner shall after expiration of the said ten dayes , be lyable to pay whole excise for all such wines as the merchant and cooper , by the said ordinance is injoyned . and in default thereof , by delay , or not payment of the said whole excise , every such vintner shall be proceeded against , without delay , by distresse , or otherwise , according to the ordinance of excise . hen. elsynge , cler. parl. d. com. london , printed by richard cotes and john raworth . . a proclamation for prizing wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a proclamation for prizing wines england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . leaves. printed by john bill and christopher barker ..., london : . reproduction of original in the university of illinois (urbana-champaign campus). library. imprint from colophon. caption title. at head of title: by the king. at end of text: given at our court at whitehal, the fourth day of february, in the fourteenth year of our reign. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng wine -- prices -- government policy -- great britain -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion cr diev·et mon·droit honi·soit·qvi·mal·y pense· by the king. a proclamation for prizing of wines . charles r. whereas by the statute made in the twenty eighth year of the reign of king henry the eight , for prizing of wines : it is provided , that the lord chancellor , lord treasurer , lord president of the kings most honorable council , lord privy seal , and the lord chief iustices of either bench , or five , four , or three of them , shall have power and authority by their discretion , to set the prices of all kindes of wines , as in the said statute is expressed ; by vertue whereof , the lord chancellor , the lord treasurer , the lord keeper of the privy seal , the lord chief iustice of his majesties bench , and the lord chief iustice of the common pleas , the tenth day of december last , did order , that no canary wines , allegant , muscadels , sacks and malagoes , should be sold in gross for more then twenty nine pounds the butt or pipe , and at eighteen pence the quart by retail . and that no french wines should be sold in gross for more then twenty three pounds the tun , and eight pence the quart by retail . and that no rhenish wines should be sold in gross for more then six pounds the ame , and twelve pence the quart by retail , and so according to these proportions for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail . and that none presume to sell at higher prices during the next year ensuing , to be accompted from the first day of this instant february , whereof the clerk of the crown was to take notice , and to see the same proclaimed the then next term in the chancery , according to the said statute , and accordingly there hath been proclamation made the first day of this present hillary term , being the three and twentieth day of january last . now that all cause of excuse may be removed from such as inhabit in remote parts of this realm , and that such as shall be found delinquents herein , may acknowledge their own wilfulness the cause of the danger and penalty they fall into after double advertisement ; his majesties will and pleasure is , and by the advice of the said lords , and the rest of his privy council , according to one other statute in that behalf , made in the fourth year of the reign of his most noble progenitor , king edward the third , by this his royal proclamation , doth publish and declare , that for one year next following to be accompted as aforesaid , canary wines , allegant , muscadels , sacks and mallagoes , be not sold in gross at above twenty nine pounds the butt or pipe , and at eighteen pence the quart by retail . and that french wines be not sold in gross at above twenty three pound the tun , and eight pence the quart by retail . and that rhenish wines be not sold in gross at above six pound the ame , and twelve pence the quart by retail , and according to these proportions , for greater or lesser quantities , either in gross or by retail ; which rates and prizes his majesties pleasure is shall be duly observed in all his ports , and other places within this realm where wines are landed , and within ten miles of those ports and places . and it is his majesties pleasure , that in places where wines by land-carriage shall be conveyed , more then ten miles from the next port , the several sorts of wines aforesaid , shall , and may be sold according to the rates aforesaid , with an allowance , not exceeding four pounds the tun , and one peny the quart for the carriage thereof upon land every thirty miles , and according to that proportion , and not at greater rates ; straitly charging and commanding such of his subjects , and others , whom it shall concern , that none of them , during the time aforesaid , presume to sell any of any of the said wines in gross or by retail , at higher rates then by this his majesties proclamation are appointed , under the forfeitures and penalties mentioned in the said statute , and other the laws and statutes of this realm , ordained in that behalf ; and such further pains and penalties as by the laws and statutes of this realm , can , or may be inflicted upon wilful contemners of his majesties royal command and proclamation ; requiring and commanding all maiors , sheriffs , iustices of peace , bailiffs , customers , comptrollers , and other officers of his majesties ports , and all others whom it shall concern , diligently to attend the execution of this his royal pleasure , and to give information to the lords , and others of the privy council , of the delinquents , that they may be proceeded against , and receive punishment according to their demerits . given at our court at whitehal , the fourth day of february , in the fourteenth year of our reign . god save the king. london , printed by iohn bill and christopher barker , printers to the kings most excellent majesty . .