advertisement by the sheriff-deput of aberdeen shire, undersubscryveing whereas, by the foresaid proclamation, the lords of their majesties most honorable privy councill, doe strictly require and command obedience to the former proclamation and this, for setling of maintenance for the indigent and necessitous poor, and suppressing of vagabounds and sturdie beggers, ... fraser, andrew, of kinmundie. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing f estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) advertisement by the sheriff-deput of aberdeen shire, undersubscryveing whereas, by the foresaid proclamation, the lords of their majesties most honorable privy councill, doe strictly require and command obedience to the former proclamation and this, for setling of maintenance for the indigent and necessitous poor, and suppressing of vagabounds and sturdie beggers, ... fraser, andrew, of kinmundie. sheet ([ ] p.) forbes]printed at edinburgh, and re-printed at aberdeen by command of authority, [aberdeen : anno dom. . at head of title: printed at edinburgh, and re-printed at aberdeen by command of authority, anno dom. . printer's name from wing. signed and dated at end: given at aberdeen the twentyseventh [sic] day of september, one thousand six hundred and nintie three years. by me andrew fraser. reproduction of the original in the aberdeen city charter room. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng poor -- england -- early works to . vagrancy -- england -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion printed at edinburgh , and re-printed at aberdeen by command of authority , anno dom. . advertisement by the sheriff-deput of aberdeen shire , undersubscryveing . vvhereas , by the foresaid proclamation , the lords of their majesties most honorable privy councill , doe strictly require and command obedience to the former proclamation and this , for setling of maintenance for the indigent and necessitous poor , and suppressing of vagabounds and sturdie-beggers , in manner therein prescryved : and requireing the sheriff of each shire , to call and fine any delinquents who are negligent or refuse to contribute as is thereby expressed ; and these being acts so necessary to be performed , for the good of the countrey , and i being unwilling that any should be cited as delinquents without just evident grounds , ( albeit there hath been sundry complaints against whole paroches , alse well as persons who have hitherto been deficient in the said matter ) doe therefore hereby advertise and require , that the heretors inhabiting in the respective paroches or chamberlains in their absence , with the minister and elders thereof , or session clerk ; where there is no minister , doe forthwith conveen and set down such rules as is ordained for setling of the poor , and supperssing of vagabounds , as is mentioned by the said proclamations , and that betwixt the date hereof , and the first of november next , they send in to me an authentick double in writing of the rules and methods they have taken thereanent , and a list of recus●nts if any be , certifying such paroches as shall not send such duplicats , the heretors alse well as minister and elders will be esteemed negligent and deficient , and persued as contumacious according to law. and that none pretend ignorance . thir presents are ordaind to be printed and published with the foresaid proclamation by the reader at each parish kirk from the l●tron , immediatly after divine service , for which this is warrand . given at aberdeen the twentyseventh day of september , one thousand six hundred and nintie three years . by me andrew fraser . by the king. a proclamation for the ease of the citty of oxford, and suburbs, and of the county of oxford, of unnecessary persons lodging or abiding there proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing c ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing c estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king. a proclamation for the ease of the citty of oxford, and suburbs, and of the county of oxford, of unnecessary persons lodging or abiding there proclamations. - - england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles i) charles i, king of england, - . sheet ([ ] p.) printed by l. lichfield, [oxford : ] dated at end: "given at our court at oxford, the seventeenth day of january, in the eighteenth yeare of our reigne." imprint from madan and wing (cd-rom edition). reproduction of original in the bodleian library. eng england and wales. -- army -- barracks and quarters -- early works to . vagrancy -- england -- early works to . oxford (england) -- history -- early works to . broadsides -- england a r (wing c ). civilwar no by the king. a proclamation for the ease of the citty of oxford, and suburbs, and of the county of oxford, of unnecessary persons lodging or england and wales. sovereign a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion c r honi soit qvi mal y pense royal blazon or coat of arms by the king . ¶ a proclamation for the ease of the citty of oxford , and suburbs , and of the county of oxford , of unnecessary persons lodging or abiding there . his maiesty being inforced to draw into these parts and places diverse regiments of souldiers , who want fit places to billet them in , by reason ( as he is informed ) there are many women and children as well as men , who have no necessary employment either about his majesties person , or court , or army , and yet have thrust themselves into houses and lodgings in these places , from whence they keep out others , which must be placed here , and are but a burthen in the consuming those provisions which are and must be made for those , whose attendance and service is necessary , hath therefore , by the advice of the lords and others his highnesse commissioners , of his princely care , thought fit to publish and declare his royall pleasure and command as followeth . . that all such as have houses , or parts of houses , or other roomes , sit for the entertaining , lodging , or disposing of any souldiers , or others , doe truly deliver the number of roomes they have , the number of bedds , the true number of persons there lodged , entertained or receaved , and their names , as neere as they can , and to whom they doe belong , or under whose command they are . . that all such as are so lodged or entertained doe truly deliver what their qualities are , under whose command , or upon what attendance , either to the court or army , what their names are , and doe truly set downe what bedds they have to receave them , and where . . that if any doe refuse to give such true information , or doe mis-informe in any thing , or doe colour any others to lodge there which ought not so to be , that he or shee shall be subject to that punishment which the offence deserveth . . that if any person shall not immediatly , or within twenty foure houres after the publishing of this proclamation , depart from this citty and suburbs thereof , and county aforesaid , who cannot justify their abiding here as aforesaid , they shall be sent away by the officers of the army , or ministers of iustice , as the case shall require , with such disgrace as they deserve for such their fault herein . . that if in this county there be any women or children lodged or entertained under pretence of attending the army , or any souldiers therein , that the commanders in that place shall examine and certify to the kings commissioners , what they conceave to be fit , according to whose certificate , that shall be done which shall be just in such case . . that if any have houses of abiding in this county , or neere thereunto , that they remove thereunto speedily , where they shall have the kings protection for their safety . . that if any shall in any of these things offend , they are hereby to know , that they shall not only incurre the danger of contempt to his majesty for such their offence , but also such other punishment as the nature of their offences shall deserve . . that if any person come into the citty or suburbes thereof , he shall that night , or before , discover unto st iacob ashley the governour of the citty , his owne name , and the names of his servants , or company , and the place from whence he came , and the occasion of his comming . and that the master of the house shall , before any new commer shall lodge in any house , deliver the name of such person and his company to the governour of the citty , upon the like pain as aforesaid . ¶ given at our court at oxford , the seventeenth day of ianuary , in the eighteenth yeare of our reigne . god save the king . the poor mans friend, or a narrative of what progresse many worthy citi- [sic] of london have made in that godly work of providing for the poor with an ordinance of parliament for the better carrying on of the work. published for the information and encouragement of those, both in city and countrey, that wish well to so pious a work. bush, rice. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing b a). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing b a estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) the poor mans friend, or a narrative of what progresse many worthy citi- [sic] of london have made in that godly work of providing for the poor with an ordinance of parliament for the better carrying on of the work. published for the information and encouragement of those, both in city and countrey, that wish well to so pious a work. bush, rice. england and wales. parliament. proceedings. - - . [ ], , [ ] p. printed by a.m. for tho. underhill at the bible in woodstreet, london : . [i.e. ] dedication on a v signed: rice bush. year given according to lady day dating. the ordinance is dated dec. , and has caption title: an ordinance for the relief and imployment of the poor, and the punishment of vagrants and other disorderly persons. reproduction of the original in the guildhall library, london. eng poor laws. vagrancy -- england -- early works to . a r (wing b a). civilwar no the poor mans friend, or a narrative of what progresse many worthy citi- [sic] of london have made in that godly work of providing for the p bush, rice b the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the b category of texts with fewer than defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - jason colman sampled and proofread - jason colman text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the poor mans friend , or a narrative of what progresse many worthy citi of london have made in that godly work of providing for the poor . with an ordinance of parliament for the better carrying on of the work . published for the information and encouragement of those , both in city and countrey , that wish well to so pious a work . matth. . . blessed are the mercifull , for they shall obtain mercy . london , printed by ▪ a.m. for tho. vnderhill at the bible in woodstreet . . to the worshipfvll alderman andrewes , alderman witham , lieut coll. lee , mr rich. floyd , capt. coish , dr odeling , mr loaues , mr hartlipp , mr fisher , mr jenner , mr edmonds , and the rest of the active gentlemen , whose endeavours in behalf of the poor , have been sufficiently manifested for these five years last past . gentlemen , your labour of love to the poor is had in remembrance before god , and ought not to be forgotten with men . i make bold to mention your names , minding you of what you have well begun , beseeching you to go on ti'l you have perfected the work ; else this will stand as a blot upon your names . not having time and opportunity to prosecute the businesse as formerly , i held it convenient to publish what is done , that some of those now acting may reap the benefit thereof . your friend , r.b. to my loving brethren henry hurle , william legg , and rich ▪ millard , gent. sirs , a short epistle best sutes a short discourse , you may remember i gave to you a hint formerly , that some citizens were endeavouring a reformation of and provision for the necessitous poor in our city , which would be an example and inducement to all the kingdom to doe the like . it is now in some probability of effecting : an ordinance is past both houses , creating a corporation for that purpose , which ordinance being ( as is conceived ) not full enough , some additions thereto are by the corporation desired , which is the present obstruction , and will doubtlesse be removed as soon as the emergent businesse of state will admit . in the meantime i thought good to give you this account , it being one of the most probable waies to promote it with you in my own native county , and after through the whole kingdom : and being effectually and conscionably performed , will , doubtlesse , remove from us many evils , disorders , clamours and tumults , and procure upon us the blessings promised to them that consider the poor , the lord will deliver them in the day of trouble . despair not because it hath been long preparing : great bodies move slowly , and good designes take not effect as could be desired . i had thought to have given you the summe of the discourse , but on second thoughts , i conceived it better to refer you to the relation at large , the which , if you shall approve , doe your endeavour to doe your county that service to promote so good a work , which will be a blessing to the poor , and a comfort to the rich . the lord direct and assist you. so praieth , your loving brother rich bush . london , march , . to the reader . reader , this account was intended long since to be published , but for some reasons that then offered themselves to consideration , it was forborn then to be printed , but is now thought convenient and usefull to be communicated to others , not only for the ends herein mentioned , and much lesse for any worth or excellency that is in it self , save only that it may fitly serve to revive and stir up the corporation already appointed , who might long since have set this work on foot in this county , yea ( i am confident ) have setled it to the relief of the poor in generall , house-keeper or other , had not some few men judged a lion to be in their way , who i hope will be convinced , either by this plain method chalked out to them , or by the multitude of petitioners their way , and propositions pressing the necessity to undertake it , with the facility of the work if once begun , and of what consequence it will be to poor and rich , tending to peace and prosperity in this nation , particularly and especially the proposals drawn up by that ingenuous lover of his country dr chamberlain , both excellent and methodicall , with sound reason to convince the doubtfull and satisfie the ingenuous lovers of their country : so also it may fitly serve to unite the severall streams that run this way , bringing them all into one channell , for the more effectuall carrying on this pious , just and honourable design : all which , with such other helps as are hinted in this discourse , with their authors here mentioned , conjoined and committed to honest , active men , who affect this businesse , it may through gods blessing make this flourish with outward prosperity , and may be a means to draw down a blessing upon all our affairs , considering that promise , if our waies please god , he will make our enemies to be at peace with us . for which blessing praieth , yours , r.b. march . . the poor mans friend , or a narrative of what progresse many worthy citizens of london have made in that godly work of providing for the poor . the great god that in his wisdom made all things very good , did so order all things by his all-seeing providence , that every creature hath some quality and property to defend it self from injury , and preserve its well being , and likewise did provide in a most excellent manner all things fit and necessary for the well being of those creatures he hath created : but to man in particular god had more respect then to any other of his creatures , for he made him after his own image , and next to himself , indued him with reason and understanding , and made him lord over the rest of his creatures that he might be more servisable to his creator , and provided all things for the being and well being of man ( before he was made ) viz. a paradise to dwell in , fruit for food , and all other things that might conduce to mans happinesse ; and put him in possession of that which he had thus prepared for him , and gave him laws to try whether he would obey , serve and honour his creator . but man being in honour continued not , but was like the beast that perisheth , for man transgressed the command of his maker , and by his sin cast himself at once out of gods favour , and of that paradise wherein he was placed , and brought himself and his posterity under that curse , viz. gen. . . cursed is the earth for thy sake , and cursed art thou , in the sweat of thy brows shalt thou eat thy bread : so that man is appointed to labour , and he that will not work , neither shall he eat ( saith the apostle ) but god in judgement remembring mercy , provided for man a saviour , with laws and rules by which the well being of man might be preserved and maintained : and injoins us to shew mercy and doe good to all men , and not to hide our selves from our own flesh , and condemns cain for killing his brother , not accepting of his excuse ( am i my brothers keeper ? ) to shew to us that god requires us to take care of others as well as of our selves : and to this end the lord gives us command , that we become eies to the blinde , ears to the deaf , and that we cloath the naked , feed the hungry , and bring the stranger to our house , and threatens judgements to such as doe or shall neglect the same . upon consideration whereof , and the great neglect of this so weighty a duty , that is both commanded and commended by god ( as a great work of charity ) to whom an account must one day be given whether we have fed the hungry , cloathed the naked , visited the sick and imprisoned , &c. and according to our doings herein shall we be rewarded or condemned at that day , when that sentence of christ shall be pronounced , matth. . . depart ye cursed into everlasting fire , prepared for the devil and his angels . and also observing those many good laws formerly made in this kingdom , and of how little use they have been to this day , hath moved me , with others , to search out the cause thereof , and to endeavour to put life into those laws ( which i had almost said were dying . ) an account whereof i shall briefly give unto you . brother , it is not my purpose here to look so far back as to make mention of what others have long since done , nor to insist at all upon that book set forth by king charles , wherein are many excellent orders and directions , the which might seem to be sufficient to doe the work in hand , viz. the regulating and relieving the poor , but is found by experience to miss of its desired end , namely , the putting life into laws formerly made concerning the poor , as aforesaid : but my purpose is here to set forth the late endeavours of divers well affected men within this city and the suburbs , and that in brief thus . about five years since a gentleman having observed the good government of the poor in other kingdoms , and the ill government of them in this , being grieved in minde to observe the aged , blinde , lame , and sick , neglected , with many poor families almost starved , little children lie in the streets under stals and such like places , uneducated ; being stirred with zeale , addresses himself to many knights and burgesses of the house , as also to the l. major of london and many of his brethren the aldermen , with divers other well affected citizens , as also many justices of the peace , and others of the out parts of the said city , did endeavour to possesse them with the goodnesse , necessity , and consequence of relieving and setting the poor to work , and likewise did procure divers meetings within the city , of men affecting this pious design , where the undertaking was generally liked and commended by all , and many sad reports and complaints were then and there made of the miseries that many poor families did endure ( which the present experience of these times proves to be true ) and of the wickednesse and vile abuses committed by vagrants and counterfiets , and of the great neglect of our laws in that particular , and also of the great wast and losse of food made within the city , sufficient to maintain one half of the indigent poor therein ( as is probably conceived ) together with the not improvement of our native commodities , abuses in trade , increase of ale houses , with many other things not yet sufficiently provided for , by any law or statute within the kingdome , or these laws or statutes not now put in execution , and therefore fit to be considered of , and remedied at this time of reformation , for the generall good of the poor : many moneths were spent in meetings in this way of complaining , and the gentlemens good resolutions commonly ended with the meeting , till at last it was moved that there might be a time and place appointed for a constant meeting , and that some way might be thought on effectually to prosecute those good thoughts and endeavours , and to procure the removall of all those evils . at our meeting we took into our consideration , that beyond the sea , viz the lowcountries , by setting their poor on work , most of those evils are removed and remedied , and those places blessed of god and inriched : and likewise that in some towns in this our kingdom , is not a begger or idle person to be seen , as norwich , ipswich , dorchester and other places , to their great honour , and that in this city is nothing wanting which those other parts and places doe enjoy , that might conduce to the regulating and effectuall relieving of the poor : yet that we might the better herewith possesse our selves , and be the better able to possesse and perswade others , we did desire every man to deliver in writing , his thoughts , which way it were best , and might be done with most advantage ; the which was performed , and those propositions brought in , were by mr steel counsellour at law , abbreviated , and the substance of the whole was by him drawn into three heads , viz. first , of government . secondly , stock . thirdly , account . and upon each head divers particulars , such as were conceived most necessary to carry on the work , when a committee of aldermen and common counsell should be procured and appointed for that end and purpose . which to procure , octob. . . we with many others , both ministers and citizens , petitioned the then l. major and common counsell , desiring them to take into their consideration , the multitude of poor , in and about the city , their misery , necessity , disorder , and increase , and what remedies were fit to be applied thereto , with such propositions as we should tender to them , tending to the relief of the said poor . the common counsell granted what we desired , and withall ordered that committee to consider of an act made six or eight years before , with an intent to create a corporation that should take care to see the laws and statutes concerning the poor , put in execution : the said committee after many meetings and much debate , did agree that it was necessary that there should be a corporation made consisting of eight aldermen , and thirty two commoners , freemen of the city , chosen out of each ward respectively , and to that end drew a draught , which being agreed upon , after many alterations by councell , is by m. maynard and m. hayle , counsellors at law , in a short draught perfected and approved as fit to passe the house , and to establish a corporation , who might afterwards gain an enlargement of power , as occasion should require . but after much attendance and many obstructions , and other new alterations , a long draught for an ordinance was agreed upon and committed to coll. veun a member of parliament , to obtain the power of the parliament to confirm it . but through the multitude of their affairs , and length of the ordinance , we could not in six moneths procure it to be read and committed , whereupon by advise we drew up a short petition and representation of our complaints and desires to the house of lords . the lords readily embrace this pious and charitable work , and to their great honours within fourteen daies caused an ordinance to be drawn up , and the same soon after concluded , and sent down unto the commons , which was likewise by them committed and perfected : and sent down to the right honourable john warner , then lord major of london , and the corporation appointed for that purpose , to put in execution the afore-mentioned ordinance , which ordinance i have here inserted . die veneris . decemb. . an ordinance for the relief and imployment of the poor , and the punishment of vagrants and other disorderly persons . vvhereas the necessity , number and increase of the poor is very great within the city of london and liberties thereof , for want of the due execution of such wholesome laws and statutes as have been formerly made . for remedy thereof , and for other the purposes herein after specified : be it , and it is ordained by the lords and commons in this present parliament assembled , that from henceforth there be , and shall be a corporation within the said city of london and liberties thereof , consisting of a president , deputy to the president , a treasurer , and fourty assistants , whereof the lord major of the said city for the time being to be the president , eight of the said assistants to be of the aldermen of the said city for the time being ; and the other thirty and two to be free-men of , and inhabitants in the said city , chosen out of the severall wards of the said city equally , and that john warner , sir george clarke , john foulke , william gibbs , samuel avery , john bide , george witham , thomas viner , aldermen of the said city , shall be the first eight aldermen of the present assistants ; and that francis waterhouse shall be the present deputy to the said president : and that maurice gething shall be the present treasurer ; and that john offeild , richard morrall , james russell , walter pell , ralph hough , robert mainwaring , anthony webster , william adams , richard glide , william jesson , tempest milner , thomas arnold , william kendall , toby lisle , nathaniel hall , humphrey hawley , william antrobus , john green , edmund whitwell , john cooke , robert meade , robert dallison , william bromewich , john everet , thomas clowes , john jones , john bellamy , abraham chamberlaine , john babbington , richard garsorth , john perryn , and stafford clare shall be the other thirty two assistants : and that the deputy and treasurer from henceforth shall be eligible by the common councell of the said city yearly on the th of june , or at the next common councell following , or within twenty eight daies next after the said th of june ; and that such two of the eight aldermen , being assistants , and eight of the other thirty two assistants as the said common councell shall think fit , shall fall off , or be amoved yearly at the said day and time of election ; and that two other aldermen and eight other commoners , citizens of and inhabitants in the said city , shall be yearly elected by the said common councell on the day and time aforesaid to be assistant in the place of such as shall so fall off , or be amoved . and it is further ordained , that the said president , deputy , treasurer and assistants for the time being , shall for ever hereafter in name and fact be one body politique and corporate in law to all intents and purposes , and shall have a perpetuall succession , and shall be called by the name of , the president and governours for the poor of the city of london and liberties thereof : and by that name shall and may without licence in mortmeine purchase , or receive any lands , tenements , or hereditaments , not exceeding the yearly value of two thousand pounds , of the gift , alienation or devise of any person or persons , who are hereby without further licence enabled to give the same , and any goods , chattels or summes of money whatsoever , to the use , intent and purpose hereafter limited and appointed : and sue or plead , and be sued or impleaded by the name aforesaid in all courts and places of judicature within this realm . and the said corporation , or any nine of them , whereof the said president , or any of the said aldermen , or the deputy to the president , or the said treasurer to be one , shall have hereby power and authority from time to time , to meet and keep court for the ends and purposes herein expressed , at such time and place as the said president or his deputy shall appoint : and shall have hereby authority from time to time to make and appoint a common seal , for the use of the said corporation , and to chuse such officers , and them , or any of them from time to time to remove , as they shall see cause ; and upon the removall or death of them , or any of them , to chuse others in their places for the carrying on of this work ; and to make and give such reasonable allowance to them , or any of them , out of the stock and revenue belonging to the said corporation , as they shall think fit , and shall have hereby full power and authority to doe and execute all such other acts and things as are hereby ordained and appointed for the effecting the work hereby intended to be done and executed . and be it ordained by the authority aforesaid , for the further relief and employing of the said poor within the said city and liberties thereof , that the said corporation or any nine of them , whereof the said president , or any of the said aldermen , or the deputy to the president , or the said treasurer to be one , shall have power to erect one or more work-houses for receiving , relieving , and setting the poor on work , and one or more houses of correction for punishing of rogues , vagabonds , and beggers , as they shall think fit . and be it further ordained by the authority aforesaid , that in regard of the great inequality in the ordering and relieving of the poor through the different abilities of the severall and respective wards in the city of london and liberties thereof , the said corporation , or any nine of them , shall hereby be authorised with consent of the common councell of the said city to divide the severall wards with the poor and stock to them belonging , into four equall parts or proportions for the more effectuall and indifferent relief of the poor , and the avoiding future differences and dissentions between the rich and the poor parishes ; provided this division of the said city and liberties thereof , shall not be any prejudice to the relief of those parts of parishes which lie without the liberties of the city , which parishes lie part within the liberties , and part without : but that those parts which lie without the liberties of the city shall and may have such relief from parishes within the city , as formerly they have had . and be it ordained by the authority aforesaid , that for the further relief and imploying of the said poor within the said city and liberties , if the said corporation shall finde that the annuall rates and levies , or other stock , come to their hands , shall not be sufficient for the effecting the purposes aforesaid ; that then and from time to time , it shall and may be lawfull for the said president and governours to certifie such want of stock , and what summe or summes of money they think fit will supply the same , under their common seal , to the common councell of the said city , and the same to be levied by them equally and indifferently upon the severall wards respectively ; and that the said president and governours , or any nine of them , whereof the said president , or any of the said aldermen , or the deputy to the president , or the said treasurer to be one , shall have power from time to time to make and constitute orders and by-laws for the better relieving , regulating , and setting the poor on work , and the apprehending and punishing of rogues , vagabonds and beggers within the said city and liberties , that have not wherewith honestly to maintain themselves ; and for other the matters aforesaid , which said orders and by-laws shall be presented to the lords and commons for confirmation before the end of this session of parliament , and shall have hereby power to put forth , and binde such children apprentices as shall be under their charge . and it is further ordained by the said lords and commons , that the said treasurer to the said corporation for the time being , shall once in every year between the . of june and the . of september , or oftner if need require , give a true and perfect account in writing of all the receits , charges and disbursments in and about the premises , unto the auditors for the time being , appointed for taking the accounts of the chamberlain and bridgmaster of the said city , and the said account to remain in the custody of the chamberlain of the said city . and be it further ordained by the authority aforesaid , for the better effecting the premises : that the president , the eight aldermen , the deputy president , and treasurer for the time being , shall be justices of the peace , and the four eldest aldermen shall be of the quorum . and it is further ordained by the authority aforesaid , that if any action , suite or plaint shall be commenced or prosecuted by any person or persons in any court whatsoever against the said president and governours or any of them , or against any person or persons for doing or executing any thing by their or any of their order , command or direction , or coming into their or any of their aid and assistance , in , about , or concerning the premises ; it shall and may be lawfull to and for the said president and governours , and officers , or any of them , and every person against whom any such action , suit or plaint shall be commenced or prosecuted , to plead thereunto the generall issue , that he or they be not guilty , and to give such speciall matter in evidence to the jury that shall try the same , which matter being pleaded had been sufficient matter in law to have discharged every such person so prosecuted as aforesaid . and be it further ordained by the authority aforesaid , that it shall and may be lawfull to and for any county , corporation , or boroughs in any county of this kingdom , or dominion of wales , to make choise of a fit number of able and sufficient persons for the like effectuall relieving and regulating of the poor in their respective places ; and in like manner to draw up and present orders and by-laws best suiting to those counties and places for confirmation as aforesaid , and for the ends and purposes herein above expressed . and now having done our parts , we must leave the same unto those of whom an account will be required , if they shall not effectually prosecute the same ( a high price being in their hands , and they having no heart to use the same ) which tends so much to the glory of god , the honour of the parliament , and the joy of the city and kingdom . and truly we now thought our ends were answered , and that we might sit down assured that what we had so long laboured for , was now effected , but still we meet with more obstructions in our way , like to the israelites in their journey to canaan , even enough to make us turn back , repent our former pains , and desert all further prosecution : but being yet desirous to see this so pious a work effected and vigorously prosecuted , not only in the city , but also through the kingdom , i thought good to give this brief account of our endeavours . first , to you as one who may in your and my own native countrey promote the like work . secondly , to others who shall desire to doe the like , and that they may hereby save the pains and labour that we have bestowed , and take the benefit of the same , and not to trouble you and them to tred over our steps again , doing what is already done to your hands ; and here i shall impart to you the scope of our desires , and the reasons moving us thus zealously to prosecute this charitable and pious undertaking of regulating and relieving the poor . first , for the things desired by us in generall , they are all summ'd up in a committee or corporation , enabled to remedy all the grievances of the poor that are hinted in this discourse , or at least to be appointed to take all such things into their consideration , with such remedies as to their wisdoms shall seem meet , and the same to report to a common councell of the aforesaid city , that so further power may be procured from the honourable houses of parliament , and given to them , or some others for that purpose , for the better incouragement , ease and indemnity of the said corporation ▪ but more particularly we desire that there may be a view had of all the poor of this city , and a register made of what poor are in each ward , with this distinction following . first , the aged and all children under six years of age , with all such lame , sick and diseased poor . secondly , of all males and females who are of six years age and upwards , fit for work , and this to be done by some who are able to judge of their severall abilities and imployments , to be appointed to that purpose ( and not by the wards themselves ) that so an equall hand may be carried throughout all the wards in the said city . thirdly , that some wast room or house be appointed in each ward for receiving work and food for the poor , and delivering the same to them as occasion shall require , and to give an account thereof to the governours of the said corporation . fourthly , that all such poor as will not work ( though able ) may be sent to bridewell , and there remain for one moneth at the least , and such as are deprived or their senses or limbs , to those other hospitals that are proper for them , untill they have as many as they can conveniently dispose of , and if the said hospitals shall not suffice , that some other places may be provided for present , untill the poor be all disposed and their number be again decreased : and that the sick and visited be sent to the pest-house , the great charge thereof being mitigated for that purpose ; as also for the great ease and benefit of the said city , it now not being of that use it might be , especially to the poor , by season whereof few poor are there , and in infectious times many go with sores on them up and down the city , and beg at our dores , and in our churches to the great danger and unknown detriment of the city and liberties . that some constant course be setled for relief of the poor by way of physick and chirurgery : for its better to cure the sick and same then constantly keep them so , as also to discover counterfeiting of sicknesse , lamenesse , and other pretended griefs , which is a thing too frequently used by those idle kinde of persons . i 'le give you an instance , of which a worthy divine of this city , was not only a spectator but an actor in the work : the manner thus : a counterfeit pretending that his heels grew to his buttocks , lay begging in moorfields ; m. jackson minister , seeing some milk-maids whipping the supposed cripple with nettles , to try if he would finde his legs ( for that some of the maids affirmed that they had seen him go ) yet would he not for all his smart make away from them : the maids being wearied out , and not obtaining their desires , left him : a carre-man coming by and hearing what had been affirmed , lashes him with his whip severall times over the shoulders , in so much that some tender-hearted spectators were much displeased with the carre-man for so abusing the supposed cripple ; whereupon the carre-man willing to work a cure of him , took him up under the armes , and offered to put him into a ditch near at hand , which he did accordingly , and somewhat wet his breech , but all this nothing prevailed ; untill the aforesaid divine having observed the former passages , and what was the relation of the maids , tried his experiment upon him , which was thus , caused him to be laid upon his back , and kneeled upon his brest , with one of his knees , causing one of his legs to be drawn forth ( if possible ) which was accordingly done , and so the other ; having both his legs thus suddenly straitned ( without any miracle ) he was lifted up upon his feet , to try if he could or would go , which presently he did in the sight of them all ( though seemingly very feeble ) the divine having so discovered him , sends hastily for a constable to send him to the house of correction , and in the mean while the fellow desired the people to stand further off him , and he would try his utmost to mend his pace , which the people having done , he as hastily runs away , leapt over a gate and escaped them all . that some way be setled , that the food of the city of london that would be given in the wards of the same , may be conveniently gathered , improved and disposed to the most necessitous poor of the city , and not to idle counterfeits or such who are other waies provided for . that consideration be had of grievances in the common trade of this city and kingdom , especially such as tends to the destruction of commerce and trade , both here and beyond the seas , the which is , if not the sole ( yet a most considerable cause of poverty in this city ) and being removed by the prudent care of the corporation , will doubtlesse cure many of our other evils . that the acts and statutes for sowing of hemp and flax be put in execution , and enlarged if need shall require , which will much conduce to the good of the poor , and the raising of stock for the ease of the kingdome . that granting of licenses to ale-houses thought good to be licensed , be conferred upon the corporation to dispose thereof to the aged and decaied for their better livelihood , according to the statute , and that part of the profit thereof may come to the other poor in the said ward , according to the discretion of the corporation . that some definitions or positive signes be set down to discover a drunkard by , that any man may have power to atach him for it , and charge a constable or the like officer with him , and the said officers be required to execute the law upon him , unlesse he shall lay down his fine in the hands of the said officers or others to be appointed for that purpose , and some rule likewise set down to evince an equivocating swearer ; for by this means much sin will be prevented , and revenue brought to the poor , as a present raising of stock , till further course be had , and besides much trouble , suits and disputes avoided , that may or shall happen to the officers or others appointed as aforesaid . that the constable or other officer for the said purpose , be enjoined every moneth , to cause to be entred the fines received of such offenders , in a book kept by the corporation , and in case he fail , that then the said officer be liable to pay the like summe to the corporation , which he received for the poor , that so the poor may not be wronged , and also to restore the fine he received and detained unto the party that paid him the same , or to him that shall inform against him . that in such cases the corporation may have power to give an oath and to impannell a jury for the tryall of causes belonging to them , that the corporation may be saved harmlesse thereby . that the corporation may have power to appoint officers that may have free accesse without trouble or charge to search for donations , which as yet lie undiscovered , or are misimployed or not improved to the best advantage . that all poor people not esteemed worth lb be not suffered to go to law for words and trifles untill the elders or such like in authority appointed by parliament in each parish or parishes have heard the same , and if not ended by them , it may be heard by the corporation , and if not determined by them , to be then left unto the law . that provision be made for the education of poor children in religion , arts and mysteries , to fit them the better for severall imployments , by which means they may be placed and disposed of severall waies , with far lesse charge then now they are . that same way of relief be setled for poor house-keepers , who suffer great necessi●ies ( not known to all ) some for want of work , others for want of stock , some having no utterance for their work , and others unable to work , all of them complaining they want food in their severall families . the motives , grounds and considerations that moved us hereto are these , first , the glory of god in the suppressing of sin and wickednesse , the which may hereby be in part effected . secondly , the honour of this city , which for neglect of this so pious and necessary a duty , is evil spoken of , both abroad and at home , many jeering and deriding , some pitying and petitioning , as was long since represented to the magistrates of this city by a godly minister , as is found in his book intituled , great cries turned into great joies : but now these great joies are turned into great cries , and as bad or worse then ever they were , as was delivered by mr harris in a sermon at the spittle , of late years . the great good and benefit of the city , which by the labours of the poor might be inriched and blest of god for having compassion on the needy , according to the many promises made in that behalf . the miseries of the poor which appear by multitude of daily complaints from divers sorts of indigent people , as first , children destitute of nourishment and education , being constrained to spend their golden age in idlenesse , misery , shame and beggety , with all the evil effects thereof , to the great dishonour of god , the shame of so honourable a city , they being altogether unfit for any art or imployment whatsoever , or to live in any well governd family , in city or countrey . secondly , the complaints of widdows , whose husbands lost their lives in the states service , and have left them destitute of maintenance . the complaints of wounded souldiers , having lost their limbs in the service of the kingdom , and are disinabled to get their living , not having a competent maintenance , doe beg in the streets and at church doors ( who ) had they imploiment according to their severall abilites , might comfortably live with the allowance of the state . the cries of the poor creatures for bread in our gates as we passe in or out , with the secret mournings of poor families , to the heart-breaking of the truly pitifull and compassionate christians . the complaints of wives , of many spend thrifts disolute husbands , who not only neglect all endeavours to maintain their own families , but prodigally pawn and spend what the industrious wife hath earned and provided , and so unnecessarily and inevitably bring misery upon themselves , and a charge unto the parish in which they inhabit , besides the many sad accidents that fall out by means of distracting cares and extream necessities , as people making away themselves and their children , because they have not to answer their cries , as by a sad experience is two well known of a woman that dwelt in hounsditch about three years since being in childebed , she ripped her belly while she lay in , and it was credibly reported , poverty occasioned her to doe it : a chirurgion was sent for to put in her guts and sow up her belly , but requiring a summe of money to doe it , which she was not able to procure through her poverty , he would doe nothing for her , yet he would be paid for his coming , which the poor wounded woman was not able to doe , but her neighbours and friends with her were foreced to gather five shillings , to satisfie that mercilesse and uncharitable chirurgion , before he would depart the house , and so left he this miserable woman in her extremity . the unexpressible and irreparable prejudice to this city and kingdome , in respect of honour and estate : first , in honour , as is already set forth : secondly , for estate , by maintaining a very great number of able persons in idlenesse , as appears by the calculation of m. stanley and other judicious men , that there is at the least fourscore thousand poor within this kingdom , the which at a small rate ( viz three pence per diem to every person ) amounts to a thousand pounds a day , which in the year comes to three hundred sixty five thousand pounds , all which monies , besides the great gain which might be made by working , our own manifactures ( which is utterly lost , viz. by some commodities ; nineteen pound in twenty , in the not making thereof ) which by the hands of our own idle poor might be saved with notable advantage to the whole kingdom . the great abuse of the good creatures of god through the excesse of all sorts , especially by drinking , partly occasioned by the neglect of the execution of the statutes in force , as also the great increase of ale-houses , victualing houses , and taverns , with many evil effects , vix . poverty , theft , languishing , imprisonment of hundreds of able bodies , whose labours might maintain themselves and others , their triall and sentence , some to be burnt in the hand , and so marked out for theeves , and others executed , and so gradually such drinking brings destruction . for this see more in m. cooks poor mans case : besides the releasing out of prison such as have no place to go to , but the streets and fields , no imployment to take to , but beg , steal , whore , cheat , playing the counterfeits , and abusing good peoples charity . the misery that attends the truly poor , that is , the lame , sick and distressed house-keeper , who is enforced at unconscionable interest , to pawn his cloathes , to pay the doctor , chirurgion , apothecary and nurse , and when that fails , through want of these , they pine , languish , and almost , if not altogether starve themselves and theirs . give me leave here to give you a sad instance ( omitting many other that might be mentioned ) not long since there was a poor woman carried home her work to her work-master , who when he had received it , tould her , he could give her no more , by reason the times were so bad he could not fell off his commodities , the poor woman departed full of grief and distraction , and meeting with her brother , he asked her how she did and her children , she answered never worse , why ? said he , she answered , my master refuseth to give me more work , and i have no bread at home , nor know i what to do , her brother bid her go to his wife , and take three picks of wheat , and tell her that he was paid ; the which the woman did , but her sister in law would not believe her relation nor answer her expectation . the poor womans misery hereby augmented , and satan setting strongly upon her , caused her to go home to her children , and there first kild her two babes , and after her self . her brother returning home , asked his wife if his sister had been for the corn , she said , yea , he demanded if she had any , his wife said , no , her husband in anger hasted to his sister , where he found her and her children dead on the ground , he returned home and kild his wife by a box given her on the ear , and was himself committed to custody , as saith the relator . another sad instance thus , an aged man used to fetch grains from a gentlemans house , who being by the gentleman taken notice of , he sent his man to finde out what he did with them , who found that he used to get bloud at another place , and of the bloud and grains mixt , made he food to eat , the gentleman hearing his mans relation , allowed the poor man a pension ever after . oh that this were seriously considered of in this city , where we throw away better food then bloud and grains , whilst the poor swoon in our streets for want thereof , but of this no more , having occasion to hint it elsewhere in this discourse , and hoping its now upon remedying . as to the fifth head propounded , namely the waies and means to effect the removall of the aforesaid grievances . the first is , in generall , to finde out the causes of the poverty of these parts : ( the disease discovered is half cured , as saith the physitian ) to which answereth most fitly our generall corporation : but more particularly , the causes of our poverty i shall lay down negatively and affirmatively ; first negatively , what is not the cause ; as first , not want of laws : secondly ▪ not want of officer , to put those laws in execution : thirdly , not want of time to take it into consideration : fourthly , not want of advice or incitation thereunto : fiftly , of materials to work on : sixtly , of work and work-houses ( if well considered : ) seventhly , nor yet of stock to perform it . but affirmitively ; in generall for want of an improvement and well ordering laws , officers , time , materials poor , &c. the grievances thus stated , i come to the remedies ; and do conceive ( and it agrees with the sence of those active gentlemen that did use to meet to prosecute this work ) that as the opposite vertues is the best cure for any sin , so is the opposites of all these evils a proper cure for all such maladies ; and for your more ease and satisfaction herein , i will give an instance or two by which you may judge of the rest . the law saith , provide houses and work , apprehend the vagrant , set to work the destitute , and then fine the giver and the constable that admit any to beg : but instead of execution and practic , we say , the cost of building houses will be great , there will be losse by work , let the poor beg , they will get more by their complaint then we can do by cessing ; and infer , why should the giver be fined when the poor is almost starved ? why the constable fine for not apprehending , when there is no work to set the poor unto ? thus inverting the right way of our fathers , we are altogether out of order , and the consequence is to all men evident , that foolish pity spoils a well governed city and kingdom . a second instance ; the poor of this city are all tradesmen , and are poor , because trade failes , and trade fails for want of stock , of utterance , change of fashions , &c. provide stock , utterance , &c. and your poor cease . thirdly , some are poor , not for want of stock or vent , but by reason of ill husbandry ; cure them of that , prevent their lavish expence , and you prevent their poverty . fourthly , some can work but will not ; make them work and their labour will maintain them . fiftly , pride is one chief cause of poverty and theft too ; many servants now adaies exceeds their master and mistresses , and to maintain the same , steal it from them they serve ; and especially maid servants usually spend all they get on fine apparel , and then marry , and having nothing whereby to follow any calling , soon after fall into poverty ; whereas were they prevented of such extravagant expence , they might ( as heretofore was usuall ) in their service , save and lay up something to help them afterwards . sixtly , many are poor by reason of sicknesse , lamenesse , plague or the like , and having by means thereof lost their stock or credit , are never able to recover themselves ; which might be much abated , if not removed , by some setled course for physick , chirurgery , pesthouses , &c. as in other parts it is . but against me i know will be alledged , that i have all this time but brought you into a wood , and there left you ; prescribe a ready way to help all this , and then you do something . for satisfaction hereto , consider the remedies hinted already in this discourse with such as you shall finde in stanley , robinson , lee and others , who in their writings have hinted something this way ; and for your better encouragement i will methodize to you their sense . first , number your poor , by which you shall know two things ; . what poor you have : . whether the poor that oppresse you be your poor . secondly , view your poor , and hereby you shall know how many with work will maintain themselves , and what the charge would be to releeve the rest . thirdly , fill your hospitals that are already furnished with stock and all necessary provisions , and see that the most necessitous be first there provided for . fourthly , keep such as you commit to bridewell in custody , untill it appears they have some place and imployment to go unto , so should not bridewell want company to grinde brasell , or to turne the mill . fiftly , divide your ground so , that the poor be not in one division and their stock in another division , but as equall as may be , that so each division may have encouragement to set their poor on work . sixtly , for this city , 't is needfull to provide four work houses , and them to be distinguished , the east , west , north , and south workhouses , and to divide the city into four parts accordingly , for one or two parishes are not sufficient for a work-house , to build it , to furnish it , to maintain manufactures in it . seventhly , as also to distinguish your poor belonging to each quarter by badges , to prevent straglers . eighthly , it is necessary likewise to appoint a place in each ward , to receive stuffe from their generall store-house , for such as work at home , and to receive in the work so wrought back again , paying for the same according to the worth thereof , for the better ease and accommodation of the said indigent poor and of the corporation ; as also to receive such food as might be frugally saved , and prudently ordered , multiplied and disposed in such sort , as that it may be sufficient to stop the mouths of such as complain , we are almost starved ; and prevent the mention of that sad disease in the weekly bills of mortality . ninethly , for the better effecting of the former rules , its necessary that a register book be kept for the poor in each ward , and each parishes poor be distinctly set down with their charge and abilities , and that they be truly represented by some appointed and sworn for that purpose , and those severely punished if they fail , for their neglect and perjury in a matter of that consequence . tenthly , that certain known rules for relief be set down , the family of four children to be provided for before that of three , so that some receive not all , others none at all , as now it is ; but following the wise counsel of our fore-fathers , discovered by their good laws , donations and foundations , or the laudable practice of other parts of this kingdom and elsewhere . eleventhly , that care be taken , that by releeving one poor we make not another , as is . the very forme of government in bridewell , by multiplying apprentices to the destruction of a trade ; as also through pity to strangers to undoe our own poor , as may and doth appear in the weavers case stated to the committee of parliament . . by allowing multiplicity of ale-houses , to the relief of a few , and the utter undoing of many . . by allowing hucsters , by means whereof our poor house-keepers ( especially ) buy their food at the third or fourth hand ; with costermongers and such like callings , that tend only to the spoil of young fruit , and enhancing the price of old ; the excesse of bruers , and abuse of bakers , which produce the like inconveniences . twelfthly , a consultation with the severall trades of london , what their grievances are , and how they may be remedied ; our fathers have left us foot-steps of their care herein , as appears in the grant to weavers , to regulate disorders in their trade for seven miles round about london , and divers laws and orders tending to uphold the well-being of joyners , carpenters , painters and other trades in and belonging to this city . thirteenthly , a course be taken for removing that sleight or trick in law ( called mistaking the case ) and the trying causes according to the truth of the matter , all circumstances impartially considered . fourteenthly , a course for preventing of cheating by morgages , judgements , &c. by which multitudes of families are undone ; and buying lands in other mens names , and compounding their own debts , making that land not liable to satisfie their creditors ; which things considered and removed , would doubtlesse produce much good to this city and the whole kingdom . but yet sir you say nothing for matter of stock : to which i answer , if you lessen your poor any way it is equivolent to stock ; but in our propositions delivered in to the committee of common counsel , we propounded ten waies to raise a stock , as after followeth . the raising of a stock is done , first , by the parish stocks of monies and lands . secondly , by voluntary contributions in the severall parish churches on the lords day , fast daies , thanksgiving daies , and on extraordinary occasions upon the ministers motion . thirdly , by gift of victuals gathered at every house thrice in the week , by some honest persons appointed for that purpose . fourthly , by loan of monies from some well-affected persons , and to be repaid them at the years end , either in money or such commodities as they shall like of . fiftly , by taking the benefit of some penall statutes . sixthly , by concealed legacies given to charitable uses . seventhly , the goods and money of pentioners that die , at least such as have no children , to go to the common stock ( as it is in holland . ) eighthly , by gifts of old clothes , shooes , boots , hats and the like , gathered quarterly at every house , by some honest person appointed to that purpose . ninethly , by contributions of well-affected persons at the time of their death , being pressed thereto by the ministers that visit them in their sicknesse . tenthly , the assistance of such persons as will take off some considerable number of poor , by imploying them in their severall trades , which will be as effectuall as so much stock . and if all that will not do , it were better sell all the bells in our steeples , then that so good and so great a work should fail ( it were but a little musick lost , and happily many lives saved ) the value of the bells in london , accounting four in a steeple one with another , and those at twenty pound apeece , would in one hundred twenty two parishes , amount unto nine thousand six hundred and sixty pound : or could we but perswade the citizens of london , but one year to forbear altering their apparell into other fantastick fashions , and lay by as much for the poor as they use to spend that way , it is clearly beleeved the same would amount to four times as much as the rates of the poor come to . but what need these shifts ? how or wherewith are the poor now maintained ? few working , most playing , begging , stealing , whoring , cheating and the like ? can these by their shifts now live ? and could they not much better live by honest labour ? especially if work , if stock and other helps were added to them , easie to be procured , if not already in our power to give and grant . i beseech you let this city no longer plead excuse , and live under this sin and shame : leave off preferring your friends to places and priviledges , to gifts and other helps , and let the destitute of friends perish before your eyes , and go effectually about the work , else when i cease further to pleade the cause of the poor , god take the cause into his own hand , and it prove bitternesse in the end . and now to conclude all , as i never intended to satisfie every man that shall reade or hear what is here set forth , so shall i not regard the censures of such who regard their own private interest more then the publike good , and are seldom pleased , save in their own invention . but conceiving this work to be in it self good and a work of charity , and that many godly people throughout the kingdom do daily expect the promotion of it by the power of parliament , i thought this to be one of the likeliest means to satisfie them , promote and make publike to designe in these hard and miserable times , with such as desire the pece and tranquillity of the kingdom , and good of their poor brethre● ; and in regard the work is of great consequence , and the delay at the time extreamly prejudiciall , i therefore resolved upon this boldnesse , to put in print this short account of our endeavours to effect the same , in●ending hereby good to all , hurt to none , nor any just offence to any man , whether concerned or not concerned in any thing exprest or hinted ●erein , but as an incitation and encouragement to all active and able men , to improve their interest for the publike good , that so the example of london may cause the like course to be taken throughout the kingdom ; and we hope the corporation now authorized by parliament , will according to the great trust committed to them , and power put into their hands , without any delay , vigorously and effectually prosecute the premises ; and i doubt not but all such as have been active for promoting the designe , will still to the utmost of their power help forward and promote the same ; and god that enjoynes and commands this as a duty , will doubtlesse reward the faithfull and zealous prosecution hereof , and a blessing shall rest upon their heads , which is the prayer and desire of ▪ your 〈◊〉 friend and servant in behalf of the poor , rice bush . finis . reader , if thou meetest with any omission or mistake , be please 〈◊〉 ●ith thy pen to amend the same . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a e- . a notorious counterfeit cripple . mr harris his printed sermon . a sad relation . cooks poormans case . the broker taking lb interest per year , for lb stock . mr hodges his report of two sad miseries that befell by reason of poverty . fifth particular , how to effect the relief of the poor . . eliz. regis , an act for setting the poor on work , & avoiding of idlenesse . object . answ . object . answ . act appointing the inhabitants within the city of edinburgh to give up lists of all persons lodging within their houses ilk night edinburgh (scotland). town council. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). b wing e e estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. b ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) act appointing the inhabitants within the city of edinburgh to give up lists of all persons lodging within their houses ilk night edinburgh (scotland). town council. sheet ([ ] p.) printed by the heir of andrew anderson ..., edinburgh, : anno dom . caption title. signed at end: extracted by my jo. richardson. reproduction of original in: national library of scotland. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng vagrancy -- law and legislation -- scotland -- edinburgh -- early works to . broadsides -- scotland -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - john pas sampled and proofread - john pas text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion act appointing the inhabitants within the city of edinburgh to give up lists of all persons lodging within their houses ilk night . forasmuch , as the lord provost , bailiffs , council , and deacons of crafts , taking to their consideration , that there are many disorderly and vagrant persons , dissafected to the government , who does constantly haunt and frequent in and about this city , and who can give no good account of themselves ; for remeed whereof , the said lord provost , bailiffs , and council , ordains all the inhabitants within this burgh , to give up lists under their hands ilk night to the main guard , of all and whatsomever persons that lodges within their houses , & that they give up their names and designations : certifying all such as shall neglect , and not give due obedience to this act , that they shall be holden and repute as disloyal persons , and dissaffected to the present government , and shall be proceeded against as such accordingly , and shall be further fined in the sum of five pound sterling for ilk failȝie , toties quoties : and in regard there are many inhabitants who harbours and lodges such vagrant persons , and gives no intimation thereof to the magistrates , and those appointed by them , but conceals the same : therefore the said lord provost , bailiffs , and council , declares , that whatsoever person or persons shall give true information where , and in whose family , any such persons are harboured , that they shall have for their encouragement and pains , the sum of five pound sterling , payed to them by the town council for ilk dissaffected person who shall be found in any house within this burgh : and appoints intimation to be made hereof by tuck of drum , that none pretend ignorance . extracted by me jo. richardson . edinburgh , printed by the heir of andrew anderson , printer to his maiesty , city and colledge , anno dom. . by the mayor, to the alderman of the ward of [blank] whereas divers good laws have been made, and are still in force, for the suppressing and punishing of vagrants, vagabonds, and other idle persons ... city of london (england). lord mayor. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing l j estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the mayor, to the alderman of the ward of [blank] whereas divers good laws have been made, and are still in force, for the suppressing and punishing of vagrants, vagabonds, and other idle persons ... city of london (england). lord mayor. sheet ([ ] p.) printed by samuel roycroft, printer to the honourable city of london, [london] : [ ] form letter. "given this th day of march, / . wagstaffe." reproduction of original in guildhall library (london, england). created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng contraventions (criminal law) -- england -- london. vagrancy -- england -- london. london (england) -- history -- th century. broadsides -- london (england) -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - elspeth healey sampled and proofread - elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion by the mayor . to the alderman of the ward of _____ whereas divers good laws have been made , and are still in force , for the suppressing and punishment of vagrants , vagabonds , and other idle persons , the not executing whereof is the reason that vagrants and beggars do so much swarm in the streets and places of common resort within this city , to the great annoyance and disturbance of the citizens and inhabitants thereof , and all others resorting thereunto , and the great scandal of the government in tolerating so great a mischief : to the end therefore the said laws may be better put in execution for the future , and the streets , common passages , church-doors , and all other places of publick resort be cleared from that living nusance ; these are in his majesties name streightly to charge and require you , that you forthwith call before you all the constables within your ward , and give them your selves strict command , as by the laws in that behalf they are required , to be very careful , diligent and active to observe and apprehend all vagrants and beggars , that shall at any time be found begging in their respective parishes and precincts , and such of them as shall have dwellings or abode within the city , or the liberties thereof , that they carry to bridewell , there to be received and dealt withal according to law ; and all others that ( as the law in that behalf directs ) they punish and pass away from parish to parish , the next strait way to the parish where they were born , if the same may be known by the parties confession , or otherwise ; and if that be not known , then to the parish where they last dwelt , by the space of one whole year before the same punishment ; and if that cannot be well known , then to the parishes through which they last past without punishment . and if through the remissness or negligence of the constable of any precinct to put the said laws in execution , any vagrant shall at any time be found begging in any precinct within your ward , you are desired to cause the constable of the said precinct to be bound over to the sessions , there to answer the same ; the law having provided , that every constable shall in such case forfeit ten shillings for every default : and you are earnestly desired to press ( what in you lies ) all the said constables to a due and careful observance of their duty in this particular ; and also that you will make it your care , that where any constable shall at any time fail herein , he may certainly suffer the penalty of the law for every default . hereof fail not , as you tender the honour of the government , and the publick weal of this city . given this th day of march , / . wagstaffe . printed by samvel rotcroft , printer to the honourable city of london . by the king, a proclamation for the due observation of certain statutes made for the suppressing of rogues, vagabonds, beggers, and other idle disorderly persons and for relief of the poore. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing c estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by the king, a proclamation for the due observation of certain statutes made for the suppressing of rogues, vagabonds, beggers, and other idle disorderly persons and for relief of the poore. england and wales. sovereign ( - : charles ii) charles ii, king of england, - . leaves. printed by john bill and christopher barker ..., london : . "given at our court at whitehall, the ninth day of may, one thousand six hundred sixty one, and in the thirteenth year of his majesties reign." reproduction of original in the harvard library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng vagrancy -- england. begging -- england. great britain -- history -- charles ii, - . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion cr diev·et mon·droit honi·soit·qvi·mal·y·pense· royal blazon or coat of arms by the king. a proclamation , for the due observation of certain statutes made for the suppressing of rogues , vagabonds , beggers , and other idle disorderly persons , and for relief of the poore . charles r. the kings most excellent majesty being watchful for the publick good of his loving subjects , and taking notice of the great and unusual resort of rogues , uagabonds , beggers , and other idle persons of all ages and sexes , from all parts of the nation to the cities of london and westminster and the suburbs of the same , where they make it their trade to beg and live idlely , and to get their living by begging , stealing , and other wicked and lewd practises , to the great offence of almighty god , and to the dishonour of his majesties royal government ; and his majesty taking it into his princely consideration , that this realm is furnished with excellent laws and orders for redress of such enormities , yet through negligence of officers , and presumption of the offenders , the same nevertheless do rather grow then abate . his majesty hath therefore thought fit at this present by advice of his privy councel , to cause some necessary laws formerly made for the reforming the abuses aforesaid , to be duely executed and observed . and for that end , whereas by the laws of this land all uagabonds , beggers , and idle persons are to be sent to the place of their birth , or of their last abode , there to be relieved and kept if they be impotent , or otherwise made to labour : his majestie doth by this proclamation publish and declare his royal pleasure and commands , that all such uagabonds , beggers and idle persons within the cities of london and westminster and the suburbs of the same , which by law are not there to be provided for ( to the wrong of the native poor , and a burden to the several parishes where now they are ) but that they forthwith at their perils depart from the same and speédily resort to the place of their birth or last abode , that they may be there provided for as they ought to be . and if any such uagabonds , beggers , or idle persons shall or may be found within the cities of london and westminster , or in any of the suburbs or precincts of the same , or in the borough of southwark , or in any town near adjoyning , upon the four and twentieth day of this moneth of may , his majesty streightly chargeth and commandeth , as well the lord mayor , recorder , aldermen and sheriffs of the said city of london , and all other officers of the said city , and all other his majesties iustices of the peace , magistrates and officers whatsoever within the city of westminster , borough of southwark , or within the county of middlesex , to cause all such persons to be apprehended , and openly whipped , and sent away ( except such as are willing to go to the english plantations ) and that in all things they do speédily execute , and cause to be put in execution the statute made in the thirty ninth yeare of queéne elizabeth chap. the th concerning the punishment of rogues and uagabonds : and to the end that all such persons may not only be setled and kept from wandring , but also made to labour and so kept from idleness , his majesty doth streightly charge and command all and singular sheriffs , iustices of the peace , and other officers and ministers in the several counties of this realm , and all mayors , sheriffs , bayliffs , aldermen and other magistrates , officers and ministers of all other cities and towns corporate , that they and every of them within their several limits and iurisdictions respectively do carefully and diligently put in due and speedy execution the same statute of the thirty ninth of elizabeth , chapter the fourth , both for erecting houses of correction , and for punishing such uagabonds and idle persons ; as also the statutes of the . jacob. chap. . made for the explanation of the said statute made in the seventh year of king james chapter fourth , for the ordering such houses of correction . and to the end that not onely sturdy rogues and uagabonds may be duely kept from wandering and idleness , and held to labour , but that also poor and fatherless children and widows , the aged and impotent may be also carefully provided for and relieved , and not permitted to wander and lie in the streets begging from door to door ; it is his majesties express charge and command to all mayors , sheriffs , bayliffs , iustices of the peace , magistrates , officers and ministers in the several counties of this realm , and in all cities and towns corporate , that they diligently and carefully put in execution that excellent statute made in the fourty third year of elizabeth , chapter the second , concerning the overseérs of the poor , and their duty for raising a stock for maintenance of the poor , and for binding forth children apprentices , which his majesty commends in an especial manner to their care : their neglecting this so great a work , in not carefully providing for poor fatherless children and infants for their teaching and instructing them , and for fitting them for trades and services , and in not binding them forth apprentices ; all which neglect is a great cause of poor childrens idleness , wandring , and wickedness in the whole course of their lives ; and to the end that convenient stocks may be raised in all parishes , especially for the ends aforesaid , his majesty requireth the several overseérs of the poor to be diligent in raising such stocks according to the power given them . and also his majesty requireth all mayors , bayliffs , iustices of the peace , magistrates and other officers aforesaid , to be careful in putting in speedy and due execution all the statutes concerning tipling and drunkenness , and concerning unlawful or irregular inns or alehouses , and all other statutes , the penalties whereof are disposed to the use of the poor of the several parishes ; and to cause the said several penalties to be delivered to the overseérs of the poor respectively for the increase of the said stock , to buy materials to imploy the said poor , and also to be careful in diligent calling to account the said overseers , and to see the said sums so raised may be carefully imployed for the good education and instruction and binding out of such poor infants and fatherless children , and providing for relief of the poor aforesaid , which may in probability encourage some charitable and well disposed persons voluntarily to contribute and add to such stocks by their free and weekly contributions ( which they dayly bestowed on idle begging poor ) or otherwise . his majesty therefore expects all mayors , iustices , magistrates and other his officers to whom the execution of the law aforesaid is particularly concerned , that they be very careful in the due and speedy execution of every one of them , as they will avoid his majesties just indignation for their neglect of their duties in hindring this so great a national work , and for the contempt of his royal commandment : his majesty being resolved to have an account , both from the said iustices , and the several iudges of assizes in their several circuits , of the due observation hereof , until his majesty shall take a further course by the advice of his parliament , which he determines to do , that no poor shall be permitted to be uagrant or begging , but all such as are impotent and not able to work , may be provided for , so as to live comfortably , and yet be kept from profess'd idleness , and such as are able may have means provided to set them on work . given at our court at whitehall , the ninth day of may , one thousand six hundred sixty one , and in the thirteenth year of his majesties reign . god save the king . london , printed by iohn bill and christopher barker , printers to the king' 's most excellent majesty , . at the kings printing-house in black-friers .