B06166	----	A table of the equation of days, shewing how much a good pendulum watch ought to be faster or slower than a true sun-dial, every day of the year. Tompion, Thomas, 1639-1713. 1683 Approx. 17 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 1 1-bit group-IV TIFF page image. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2009-10 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). B06166 Wing T1862A ESTC R185376 53299330 ocm 53299330 180055 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. B06166) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 180055) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English Books, 1641-1700 ; 2811:22) A table of the equation of days, shewing how much a good pendulum watch ought to be faster or slower than a true sun-dial, every day of the year. Tompion, Thomas, 1639-1713. 1 sheet ([1] p.) Printed for Tho. Tompion, clockmaker ..., London : 1683. Caption title. Reproduction of original in: National Library of Scotland. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO. EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Clocks and watches -- Calibration -- Early works to 1800. Time, Equation of -- Early works to 1800. Sundials -- Early works to 1800. Broadsides -- England -- 17th century. 2008-01 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2008-07 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2008-09 Megan Marion Sampled and proofread 2008-09 Megan Marion Text and markup reviewed and edited 2009-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion A TABLE OF THE Equation of Days , SHEWING How much a good Pendulum Watch ought to be faster or slower than a true Sun-Dial , every Day in the Year . Days . Januar. Februa . March April . May. June . July . Aug. Sept. Octob. Nov. Dec. Mi.   Sec. Mi.   Sec. M.   Sec. M.   Sec. M.   Sec. M.   Sec. M.   Sec. M.   Sec. Mi.   Sec. Mi.   Sec. Mi.   Sec. M.   Sec. 1 8 Watch too fast . 52 14 Watch too fast . 46 10 Watch too fast . 08 0 W. too f. * 46 4 Watch too slow . 12 1 W. too slow . * 02 4 Watch too fast . 52 4 Watch too fast . * 42 3 Watch too slow . 40 13 Watch too slow . 15 15 Watch too slow . 29 5 Watch too slow . * 53 2 9 14 14 45 9 51 0 30 4 14 0 49 4 59 4 32 4 00 13 28 15 21 5 25 3 9 36 14 43 9 34 0 14 4 14 0 36 5 06 4 21 4 21 13 42 15 12 4 57 4 9 58 14 40 9 17 0 * W. too slow . 01 4 14 0 24 5 13 4 11 4 42 13 55 15 02 4 27 5 10 19 14 36 9 00 0 17 4 14 0 12 5 20 4 00 5 03 14 08 14 51 3 57 6 10 38 14 32 8 42 0 32 4 13 0 * Watch too fast . 01 5 27 3 48 5 24 14 20 14 40 3 28 7 10 58 14 27 8 24 0 46 4 12 0 14 5 33 3 36 5 45 14 32 14 27 2 59 8 11 17 14 21 8 06 1 00 4 10 0 27 5 37 3 23 6 06 14 43 14 14 2 30 9 11 35 14 14 7 47 1 14 4 08 0 40 5 41 3 10 6 26 14 53 14 00 2 00 10 11 52 14 07 7 28 1 28 4 05 0 53 5 44 2 56 6 47 15 03 13 46 1 29 11 12 09 14 00 7 09 1 40 4 02 1 07 5 48 2 42 7 08 15 12 13 30 0 59 12 12 26 13 52 6 50 1 52 3 58 1 20 5 51 2 27 7 28 15 21 13 13 0 28 13 12 40 13 43 6 32 2 04 3 54 1 33 5 54 2 12 7 49 15 29 12 56 0 * Watch too fast . 02 14 12 53 13 33 6 13 2 16 3 48 1 46 5 55 1 56 8 09 15 36 12 38 0 32 15 13 06 13 23 5 54 2 27 3 43 1 58 5 56 1 40 8 29 15 42 12 18 1 02 16 13 18 13 12 5 36 2 37 3 37 2 11 5 56 1 23 8 49 15 48 11 59 1 32 17 13 30 13 01 5 17 2 47 3 30 2 23 5 56 1 07 9 09 15 53 11 39 2 01 18 13 42 12 49 4 58 2 57 3 23 2 36 5 55 0 50 9 29 15 57 11 18 2 31 19 13 51 12 36 4 38 3 06 3 15 2 49 5 54 0 33 9 49 16 00 10 56 3 00 20 13 59 12 23 4 19 3 15 3 07 3 01 5 52 0 15 10 08 16 02 10 34 3 29 21 14 08 12 10 4 01 3 23 2 59 3 12 5 50 0 * Watch too slow . 03 10 26 16 04 10 11 3 57 22 14 16 11 56 3 42 3 30 2 51 3 23 5 47 0 22 10 44 16 05 9 48 4 25 23 14 23 11 42 3 23 3 37 2 43 3 34 5 43 0 41 11 02 16 05 9 24 4 53 24 14 29 11 28 3 05 3 43 2 33 3 45 5 39 1 00 11 20 16 05 8 59 5 20 25 14 33 11 13 2 46 3 49 2 22 3 55 5 34 1 19 11 37 16 04 8 34 5 48 26 14 37 10 57 2 28 3 54 2 10 4 06 5 28 1 38 11 54 16 01 8 08 6 15 27 14 41 10 41 2 11 3 58 1 58 4 16 5 22 1 58 12 11 15 58 7 42 6 41 28 14 44 10 25 1 53 4 02 1 46 4 25 5 15 2 18 12 28 15 54 7 14 7 07 29 14 45     1 36 4 06 1 34 4 34 5 07 2 39 12 44 15 49 6 47 7 33 30 14 46     1 19 4 08 1 24 4 43 4 59 2 59 13 00 15 43 6 20 7 58 31 14 46     1 02     1 13     4 51 3 19     15 36     8 22 SET the Watch so much faster or slower than the time by the Sun , according to the Table for the Day of the Month , when you set it ; and if the Watch go true , the difference of it from the Sun any Day afterward will be the same with the Table . LONDON , Printed for Tho. Tompion , Clockmaker , at the Three Crowns in Fleet-street , at Water-lane end . 1683. 
A60473	----	Horological disquisitions concerning the nature of time, and the reasons why all days, from noon to noon, are not alike twenty four hours long in which appears the impossibility of a clock's being always kept exactly true to the sun : with tables of equation, and newer and better rules ... how thereby precisely to adjust royal pendulums ... : with a table of pendulums, shewing the beats that any length makes in an hour ... / by John Smith ... ; to which is added The best rules for the ordering and use both of the quick-silver and spirit weather-glasses, and Mr. S. Watson's rules for adjusting a clock by the fixed stars. Smith, John, fl. 1673-1680. 1694 Approx. 123 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 55 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-12 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A60473 Wing S4106 ESTC R17047 12727289 ocm 12727289 66373 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A60473) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 66373) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 369:3) Horological disquisitions concerning the nature of time, and the reasons why all days, from noon to noon, are not alike twenty four hours long in which appears the impossibility of a clock's being always kept exactly true to the sun : with tables of equation, and newer and better rules ... how thereby precisely to adjust royal pendulums ... : with a table of pendulums, shewing the beats that any length makes in an hour ... / by John Smith ... ; to which is added The best rules for the ordering and use both of the quick-silver and spirit weather-glasses, and Mr. S. Watson's rules for adjusting a clock by the fixed stars. Smith, John, fl. 1673-1680. [4], 92 p. Printed for Richard Cumberland ..., London : 1694. Includes one folded table of equations. "Licensed, January 17, 1693/4, D. Poplar"--P. 2. Reproduction of original in British Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO. EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Time, Equation of -- Early works to 1800. Horology -- Early works to 1800. 2005-04 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-04 Apex CoVantage Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-05 Judith Siefring Sampled and proofread 2005-05 Judith Siefring Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion Horological Disquisitions Concerning the NATURE of TIME , AND THE Reasons why all Days , from Noon to Noon , are not alike Twenty Four Hours long . In which appears the Impossibility of a Clock's being always kept exactly true to the Sun. With TABLES of EQUATION , and Newer and Better RULES than any yet extant , how thereby precisely to adjust ROYAL PENDULUMS , and keep them afterwards , as near as possible to the apparent Time. With a TABLE of PENDULUMS , shewing the BEATS that any Length makes in an Hour . A Work very necessay for all that would understand the true way of rightly managing Clocks and Watches . By JOHN SMITH , C. M. To which is added , The best Rules for the Ordering and Use both of the Quick-Silver and Spirit Weather-Glasses : And Mr. S. Watson's Rules for adjusting a Clock by the Fixed Stars . LONDON : Printed for Richard Cumberland at the Angel in S. Paul ' s Church-Yard . 1694. Licensed , January 17. 1693 / 4. D. Poplar . TO THE READER . THE Design of these Papers is not to cover the Clock-Makers Imperfections , as some have suggested , but plainly to demonstrate thetrue Reason of those unavoidable Variations between the Time given by the Sun and that of a good and well-adjusted Clock ; and to give such Directions as may yet reduce them to a nearer Agreement in Time : In doing of which I have endeavoured to express my self in such Words as I thought most proper to inform the Reader 's Understanding . What is here exposed to publick View is not the Result of mere Speculation , but of Skill and Practice , for as it has been my Profession , so it has been my Care and Concern also to understand exactly not only the Nature of a Clock , but that also of its Motion , and the Result of my Discoveries : As to the latter , you have very briefly laid down in the following Discourse ; and I assure you that I have not spoken any thing of the Truth of which I was not first well satisfied . The Style indeed is purely Mechanick , but this is no Argument against its usefulness , since in Books Men ought not so much to heed who 't is that speaks as what is spoken . He always writes best that from his own Knowledge and Experience can inform the World of something that 's advantagious to Human Life , which was not known to Mankind in the Times before . Farewel . A Table of Equations , Shewing the true Length of every Natural-Day , or the Seconds of Time that they are either Longer or shorter than XXIV . Hours . By JOHN SMITH C. M.   Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Octo. Nov. Dec.   ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ 1   22 D 24   17   17   3   11   7   9   20   14   9   20 2   23   2   17   16   3   11   7   9   20   14   10   30 3   23   2   18   16   1   12   7   9   21   13   10   30 4   24   4   18   15 D 24   12   6   11   21   13   10   30 5   2●   4   18   15 D 24   12   6   12   21   13   11   30 6   2●   4   18   14   1   13   6   13   21   13   12   30 7   19   5   18   14   2   13   6   13   22   13   12   30 8   18   5   18   14   2   13   5   14   22   11   13   30 9   17   6   18   14   3   13   4   14   22   10   15   30 10   16   8   18   13   3   13   4   15   21   9   17   30 11   16   8   18   13   3   13   3   15   21   8   17   33 12   16   9   18   12   4   13   2   15   20   7   18   30 13   16   9   19   12   4   13   2   16   20   7   18   30 14   16   10   19   11   5   13   1   16   20   6   19   31 15   15   10   20   11   5   13 D 24   17   20   6   20   31 16   1●   11   20   10   6   12 D 24   17   20   5   21   31 17   13   12   20   10   6   12   1   17   20   4   22   31 18   12   13   20   10   6   11   2   18   20   3   23   30 19   11   13   20   10   6   11   3   18   19   3   23   30 20   11   13   19   10   7   11   4   19   19   2   24   30 21   10   14   19   9   8   11   4   19   19   1   24   30 22   9   14   19   7   8   11   4   19   19 D 24   24   30 23   8   15   19   7   9   10   4   19   19 D 24   25   30 24   ●   15   19   7   10   10   5   19   18   1   25   30 25   5   15   19   6   10   10   5   19   17   2   25   28 26   4   15   19   5   11   10   5   20   17   2   25   23 29   ●   16   19   5   11   10   5   20   16   3   26   23 28   ●   17   19   5   11   9   6   20   16   4   26   27 29   ●       18   4   11   9   7   20   16   6   27   27 30   1       17   4   11   8   8   20   15   7   28   25 31 D 24                       9           8       24 The Character D 24 , shews what Days are truly 24 Hours long , the Red Figures shew the Seconds of Time , that those Days on which they are plac'd are longer than 24 Hours , and the Black Ones shew how many Seconds those Days are shorter than 24 Hours : And here you are to note , That in those parts of the Year where days are above 24 Hours long , there a well adjusted Clock will gain , because the Pendulum-Day , which is the 24 Hours , of its own Motion will be finish'd before the Natural-Day is ended . On the contrary , Where the Days are less in length than 24 Hours , there the Clock will lose , or go too slow , because the Pendulum-Day will not be ended so soon as the Natural one . London : Printed for R. Cumberland , at the Angel in S. Paul's Church-Yard . A Second Table of Equations , Shewing how to order a well-adjusted Clock , so as that the whole Year round it shall not differ above the Sixteenth Part of an Hour from the Sun , or 3′ 45″ . By JOHN SMITH . C. M.   Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Octo. Nov. Dec.   ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ ′ ″ 1 7 ♁ 8 2 49 1 40 3 28 1 48   59 1 34 1 28   20 2 5   34 2 43 2 3 21 2 49 1 57 3 11 1 51 1 00 1 41 1 19   00 2 19   43 3 12 3 2 58 2 47 2 14 2 55 1 54 1 11 1 48 1 10   20 2 33   53 7 ♁ 28 4 2 35 2 45 2 32 2 39 1 55 5 ♁ 8 1 55 1 1   41 2 46 1 3 3 15 5 2 13 2 41 2 50 2 24 1 55 3 33 2 1   50 1 2 2 59 1 13 2 45 6 1 52 2 37 3 8 2 9 1 55 3 11 2 7   38 1 23 3 12 1 24 2 15 7 1 32 2 33 3 26 1 55 1 54 2 58 2 13   25 1 44 3 25 1 36 1 45 8 1 13 2 28 7 ♁ 29 1 41 1 52 2 45 2 19   12 2 6 5 ♁ 10 1 48 1 15 9   55 2 23 3 27 1 27 1 50 2 32 2 24   2 2 28 1 11 2 1   45 10   38 2 17 3 9 1 13 1 47 2 19 2 28   16 2 50 1 1 2 16   15 11   22 2 9 2 51 1 0 1 44 2 6 2 32   31 3 11   52 2 33   15 12   6 2 1 2 33   47 1 41 1 53 2 35   46 7 ♁ 17   44 2 50   45 13   10 1 52 2 15   35 1 37 1 40 2 37 1 1 3 25   37 3 8 1 15 14   26 1 43 1 56   28 1 33 1 27 2 39 1 17 3 5   30 3 26 1 45 15   42 1 33 1 37   12 1 28 1 14 ● 40 1 33 2 45   24 7 ♁ 20 2 16 16   57 1 23 1 1 17   1 1 23 1 1 2 40 1 50 2 25   18 3 25 2 47 17 1 1 1 12   57   9 1 17   49 2 40 2 7 2 5   13 3 4 7 ♁ 3 18 1 24 1 00   37   19 1 11   37 2 39 2 24 1 45   9 2 42 3 14 19 1 36   47   17   29 1 5   26 2 37 2 42 1 25   6 2 19 2 44 20 1 47   34   3   39   59   15 2 34 3 00 1 9   3 1 56 2 14 21 1 58   21   22   49   52   4 2 30 3 19   47   1 1 32 1 44 22 2 8   7   41   58   44   7 2 26 7 ♁ 23   28   1 1 8 1 14 23 2 17   7 1 00 1 5   36   18 2 22 3 26   9   1   44   44 24 2 25   22 1 19 1 12   27   28 2 18 3 7   10   1   19   14 25 2 31   37 1 38 1 19   17   38 2 13 2 48   28       6   16 26 2 36   52 1 57 1 25   7   48 2 8 2 29   45   4   31   41 27 2 40 1 7 2 16 1 30   4   38 2 3 2 9 1 2   6   56 1 12 28 2 43 1 23 2 35 1 35   16 1 8 1 58 1 44 1 18   9 1 22 1 40 29 2 46     2 54 1 40   26 1 17 1 52 1 29 1 34   13 1 48 2 7 30 2 48     3 13 1 44   37 1 26 1 45 1 00 1 50   19 2 15 2 34 31 2 49     7 ♁ 16       48     1 37   40       26     2 59 Note , the Day on which this Mark ♁ is plac'd , are Rectifying Days ; on any Day then that is not a Rectifying-Day , let the Clock be Set so much too Slow as the Black , or so much too Fast as the Red Figures express , and so let him go on till a Rectifying-Day , on which let Him be Set backward if the Figures on the Rectifying-Day are Black , or forward if the Figures are Red ; just so many Minutes and Seconds as the sum of Figures are on the Rectifying-Day , and continue so to do each Rectifying-Day following ; and then the Clock in the Intermediate Spaces between will agree with the Sun , as the Figures in the Table express , that is will be either so must too Fast , or so much too slow . London , Printed for Richard Cumberland at the Angel in S. Paul ' s Church-Yard , 1694. of use no longer than the Sun shines : The next to this , of any value and Esteem , was that of the Hour-Glass ; an excellent Contrivance , if its Usefulness at all Times be considered ; but the Care required to keep it in continual Motion did still excite the Ingenious to endeavour the Discovery of something else that might not only be yet more exact , but free too from the continual Toil , as I may call it , and Trouble of Attendance . In process of Time this came to be performed in part , by the way of Clock-Work ; a Device first of all started among the Germans , from whom the Art of making Clocks dispersed it self over other Parts of Europe , but as yet Defective as to its exact and steady keeping of Time : At length , in Holland , an Ingenious and Learned Gentleman , Mr. Christian Hugens , by Name , found out the Way to regulate the uncertainty of its Motion by the Vibration of a Pendulum . From Holland , the fame of this Invention soon past over into England , where several eminent and ingenious Workmen applyed themselves to rectify some Defects which as yet was found therein ; among which that eminent and well-known Artist Mr. William Clement , had at last the good Fortune to give it the finishing Stroke , he being indeed the real Contriver of that curious kind of long Pendulum , which is at this Day so universally in use among us . An Invention that exceeds all others yet known , as to the Exactness and Steadiness of its Motion , which proceeds from Two Properties , peculiar to this Pendulum : The one is the weightiness of its Bob , and the other the little Compass in which it plays : The first of these makes it less apt to be commanded by those accidental differences of Strength that may sometimes happen in the Draught of the Wheels , and the other renders the Vibrations more equal and exact , as not being capable of altering so much in the distance of its Swinge , as those other kind of Pendulums are , who fetch a larger , and , by consequence , a less constant Compass . For Pendulums that swing or vibrate very far out , as all Crown-Wheel Pendulums do , are apt , by reason of many Accidents that happen to vary much in the Distance , they swing , and that 's the reason they do not always go or move the same Pace , a larger Vibration taking up more Time to be performed in , than lesser ones do : But the Vibrations of this Pendulum of Mr. Clement's contrivance is so very exact and steady , that , when 't is well in Order , and the Air of the same Consistence , it shall in Five hundred or a Thousand Revolutions of its Index , keep so equal a Time , that no Human Art can discover the least considerable Difference in any of its Revolutions , an excellence to which no other known Motion can as yet pretend , and for which I think it will not be improper now , at last , to call it the Royal Pendulum . But although the Motion thereof be so very curiously exact and equal , yet 't will not for all that regulate the Motion of a Clock in such a manner as that the Index or Hand shall continually agree with that Time which the Sun gives ; for by constant Experience we find , that the best of Clocks , when exactly adjusted , will yet be found in some considerable Time of going to be either too fast or too flow for the Sun , although it was at the first set right therewith . Now this Disagreement cannot be occasioned by any Defect proper to the Motion of the Pendulum , each Twenty Four Hours ; of which , when well rectified , being the same for length of Time , but it does proceed from an irregularity in the Sun 's apparent Motion , which does occasion great diversity in the Lengths of Natural Days . 'T is generally believed indeed that the natural Day , or the Time between 12. and 12. a Clock , is always in length just 24. Hours : But this is a great Mistake , for it will appear by the following Accounts of it , that it is but in some Parts of the Year that the Days are so ; in all the other Parts , between these , they are found continually to differ , being sometimes above 24. Hours long , and sometimes less than 24. Hours ; and though the Differences may seem but a small matter to some , the greatest excess being not above half a Minute , yet if these , seemingly but little Differences , be added together for the space of a Month or Two together , they will amount to a very considerable Sum of Time. Now , to make the reason of this irregular Length of Days as plain as I can , be pleased to take notice , That as Natural Days are that space of Time in which the Sun ( or , as others think , the Earth ) by the Motion of those Orbs , that divide Time into Days , is moved round just one whole diurnal Revolution , or passes from the Meridian , or Twelve a Clock Point of one Day to that of the next ; so it must follow that all such natural Days cannot be of a true and equal Length , unlese the Sun , in that space of Time does also move in such a manner in his annual Orb , as that the Equinoctial may be always divided into equal Parts by those Meridians , on which the Sun is upon each particular Day : But that this is not done , is plain to all that are verst in Astronomy , and rightly understands the Use of the Globe . This , an exact Table of the Sun 's Right Ascensions does demonstrate , for by that 't will be found that the Meridian Sun of each Day doth not divide the Equinoctial into equal parts , their Differences not being equal , but more on some Days than they are on others ; and these their Differences will appear yet more plain and visible , if you will be but at the Pains to compute what the Right Ascensions amount to in to or 20 Days Time , in some parts of the Year , and compare that with those of the like Number of Days in some other part . So also , if on the Globe you mark out on the Ecliptick 10 or 20 Days Motion of the Sun , as 't is found set down in an exact Ephemeris or Almanack , that shews the Sun 's true Place ; and passing this under the brazen Meridian , note what number of Degrees on the Equinoctial are included in that Space , the which compare with those of the like number of Days Motion in some other part of the Ecliptick , and the Degrees so compared will be found to differ , or be more in Number in some Places than they are in others ; which plainly demonstrates the Thing asserted . Now the Reason of these Differences in the Right Ascensions , and , by consequence in the different Lengths of Days proceeds , in the First Place , from the cross Position of the Zodiack and the Equinoctial , which on Globes do represent the Circles of the Sun 's yearly and dayly Motion ; for the Course of the Sun 's daily Motion being directly from East to West , and the Circle of his yearly Motion being in position Cross-ways thereunto from the almost South West to the North East , as by the Globe is apparent , it follows that the Right Ascension will be still unequal ; for 't is impossible that the Sun , in his Motion , near Aries and Libra , where the Zodiack lyes cross the Equinoctial , should in any certain number of Days make the same Number of Degrees in Right Ascension , as he will do near the two Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn , where the Ecliptick runs in a manner parallel to the Equinoctial Circle . And accordingly 't is sound by the best Tables of Right Ascension , that the Right Ascensions belonging to 10 Days Motion of the Sun , near the Tropick of Capricorn , amounts to about 11 Degrees 30 Minutes , whereas that of the same Number of Days , near the Equinoctial Points of Aries or Libra will be found to be hardly 9 Degrees . And as the Right Ascensions of the Tropicks differ from those of the Equinoctial Parts of the Ecliptick , so the Right Ascensions of one Tropick differs from that of the other : Now the Cause of this differs from the Cause of the former unequalities , for this proceeds from the excentricity of the Centre of the Earth and the Centre of the Sun 's yearly Orb ; for the Centre of the Earth , on which we live , not being the same with the Centre of the Ecliptick , in which the Sun moves , but distant from it , as some Astronomers affirm , about 316000 Miles , it follows that there must be a greater part of the Sun's Orb on one Side of the Centre of the Earth than there is on the other ; for which Reason , though the Sun moves equally each Day in the Circle of his yearly Course , yet to us he seems to move faster in some Parts thereof than he does in others , and that makes the Right Ascensions greater near one Tropick than they are near the other . And accordingly , by the Tables of the Sun's Motion 't is found that he takes up but about 179 Days in passing that part of the Ecliptick between Libra and Aries , whereas between the Two Points of Aries and Libra he spends above 186 , so that he is almost 7 Days more in passing the Summer half of the Ecliptick than he is in passing that of the Winter , and this seemingly swift and slow Motion of the Sun is the Cause that the Right Ascensions of 10 Days Motion near the Winter Tropick are 60 Minutes , or a whole Degree more than those of the same Number of Days near that of the Summer one . The Right Ascensions of 10 Days Time near the 2 Equinoctial Points do also differ somewhat ; for those of 10 Days Time , near Aries , are less by 30 Minutes than those near Libra ; the Reason of which is from hence , in that the Suns greatest and nearest Distance to the Earth , happens now in our Times to be about 8 Degrees and something more from the Tropick Points , whereas had it fallen out exactly in the 2 Tropicks , then the Right Ascensions near the Two Equinoctials would have been both alike . Now , by what has been said , I hope the true Reason of the unequal Lengths of Natural Days will plainly appear , and by consequence Men will not hereafter be so unreasonably nice and curious , as some have heretofore been to expect always an exact Agreement between their Clocks and the Sun , for if there be from the Nature of the Fabrick of the World , and the Celestial Orbs above us , a necessity for those Differences , as are found in the Sun 's Right Ascensions , and there being for that Reason a Necessity also that the Days bounded thereby should be unequal in proportion to those Differences . T is then plainly impossible that a Royal Pendulum ( whose diurnal Revolutions are always equal , and , if well adjusted , gives you the true Time of 24 Hours ) should agree with the Sun , which makes the length of Days almost continually to differ , and to be sometimes more than 24 Hours , and sometimes less . For , in the first Place , this makes it impossible to adjust a Clock well , barely by the Sun : For suppose one should attempt to adjust a Clock when the Natural Days are not fully 24 Hours long , as about the middle of March , where , as appears by the first annexed Table , the Day wants 20″ of 24 Hours long , this Clock brought to go correspondent to the Days in March , shall in June finish his Pendulum Day or his two 12 Hours Revolutions before the Sun shall compleatly pass between one Meridian and another , that is , before the Sun shall pass from the Hour of 12 one Day , to that of the Hour of 12 on the next , because now the Natural Day is longer than 24 Hours by 13″ , whereas the Day to which it was before adjusted was 20″ shorter than 24 Hours , and by consequence the Pendulum Day of the Clock must be finished sooner in June by 33″ than the Natural Day , and gain each Day 33 Seconds . On the contrary , if a Clock could be adjusted to the Sun in the Month of December , at which Time the Natural Day is longest , being then 31″ , or half a Minute above 24 Hours in length , this Clock , when Natural Days are shortest , as in March , where they want 20″ of 24 Hours , this Clock , I say , shall not then finish his diurnal Revolutions in so little a Time as those Days shall be accomplished , and by consequence shall go each Day 50″ too slow , because those Days in March are shorter by 50″ than those in December , to which your Clock is supposed to be adjusted . Supposed to be adjusted , I say , for to do it exactly by the Sun , we affirm to be impossible , for the Length of Days continually altering , he that would adjust a Clock to the Sun must be always altering of it accordingly ; and if he should accidentally bring it to go slow enough , as he thinks , for some Days , such as those long ones in December are , the length of the Day soon altering , and becoming shorter , he must again alter the Length of his Pendulum , to make it go equal to Days that are now shorter , and so not understanding the Nature of Time truly , nor of what Length a mean or middle Day is , he will , in Hopes of making it go always true , be continually altering of it , as he sees it vary , and that without ever being so happy as to make it keep the Time desired ; for 't is impossible a Motion that keeps always the same Time that its particular Length or pitch of Pendulum does admit of , can be so adjusted by the bare Sun , as to accord therewith in all those various lengths of Days , which are made by its either slow or swift Motion . Since then things are thus , it remains that we shew , How by Art that may be done which by meer Natural Observation can never be effected ; that is , by what means a Clock , regulated by a Royal Pendulum , may be adjusted to such a middle Pitch of Motion as to make in a compleat Year just 365 equal Revolutions , or so that each of its 24 Hours may be the same for Length , as the 365th part of a Year is , which is indeed the true Time of a 24 Hour Day , and that 's the nearest and the most exact pitch to which 't is possible to adjust the best of Pendulums . Now this is only to be done by the help of an exact Table of Equations , which shall as nearly as 't is possible give you the true Length of every Day , so that knowing by this means not only which Days are truly 24 Hours long , but also which are shorter and which are longer , 't will be easy then to know what must be taken from some or added unto others , to make them equal to them that are truly 24 Hours , which in short is the true Business of the Equation of Time : And though this cannot be done in the Natural Day it self , yet knowing how much all Days do differ from 24 Hours , the Motion of a Clock may yet be adjusted thereby to a true Pendulum or 24 Hour Day , by making it either lose or gain so much as the Days do exceed or fall short of 24 Hours . And this may well enough be performed by the Tables of Signs and Tangents , for by these you may readily frame a Table of the Sun 's natural right Ascensions ; and this shall shew you what Degrees of the Equinoctial are each Day upon the true Meridian , when the Sun comes to it . Now these being in their measure of Degrees and Minutes sometimes more , and sometimes less , you must next find out what a mean or equal right Ascension will amount to by dividing the 360 Degrees of the Equinoctial into 365 Parts , agreeable to the number of Days contained in a Year ; then compare each natural right Ascension with the mean ones , and by substracting the lesser from the greater , you will by turning the differences between them into Time , come to know their true Equation , that is , how much each Day is longer or shorter than 24 Hours ; for so much as the natural right Ascension is more than the Mean in Time , so much is that Day longer than 24 Hours ; and so much as the Natural is less than the Mean , so much is that Day wanting of 24 Hours long . But Men may now well spare themselves the trouble of doing this , in regard that Tables of this nature are already published by divers excellent and learned Men : As first , by Mr. Hugens , Printed Novem. 29. Of the Philosophical Transactions : Secondly , by Mr. Flamsteed , commonly made use of by Mr. Tompion , Printed also in Parker's Almanack . Thirdly , by Mr. Molyneux in his Sciothericum Telescopicum , or ingenious Tract of the Telescope Dial. Fourthly , by the learned Dr. William Salmon , in his Almanack for this Year 1694. And fifthly , by Mr. Samuel Watson , the curious Contriver of that rare Celestial Orbitery , now in the present Queen Mary's possession ; in each of which the Equations are nearly enough the same for substance , as you will soon find by substracting any of their Numbers from the greater next it ; and 't is not material which you choose , provided you understand them rightly ; but for my part I believe , from good Experience , there are not many that truly do this ; and therefore having for some Reasons which I shall not now mention , made choice of Mr. Hugens's Equations , for the Uses intended in this Work ; I have thought fit to cast them into such peculiar Forms of my own , as I judge more plain and natural than they are in the Form in which I find them published in the Philosophical Transactions ; and I believe will , by the generality of them that are possest of Royal Pendulums , be better understood too . Now in order to understand rightly the first Equation Table for length of Days ; take notice , that the first Colume contains the Days common to every Month , the other 12 Columes belong to the Months whose Names are set over them ; in the which , D 24. denotes which Days in the Year are just 24 Hours long ; and where you find red Figures , there the Days are so many Seconds of Time above 24 Hours long , as the Figures express ; and where-ever the Figures are black , there the Days want so much of being 24 Hours , as those Figures in Seconds of Time do amount to ; so that by the Colour of the Figures , you may discern at what times the Clock will naturally gain or lose , and by the sum thereof , you will know the time so lost or got each Day . The Table being thus briefly explained , I shall now shew , how thereby to adjust a Royal Pendulum so exactly , as that its Diurnal , or Daily Revolutions , which is that of its twice 12 Hours going , may be equal to the true 24 Hour-Day : To do this , let the Clock be set right to the Sun , and note the Day on which 't is so set ; then let it continue going till you find the Time given by the Sun , and that which the Clock shews , visibly to disagree ; observe then how much the difference is ; that is , how much 't is either too fast , or too slow ; then count how much the whole number of Seconds amounts to , included between the two Days of your first setting and last observing , save one , by allowing 60 Seconds to one Minute of Time , and if the difference between the Clock and the Sun be equal to what the sum of Equations so cast up amounts to , then is the Pendulum very well and truly ajusted . But in doing this , that is , in summing up the Equations contain'd in the Table , you must be sure to observe , as I said , to take in the Equation of the Day on which you set it , and leave out that which belongs to the Day of your last observing ; for should the last be taken in , they would make the sum of Seconds lost or got to be so much more than the truth , and if it hath both got or lost during the time it has gone , as it sometimes may happen , when the Sun appears not of a long time , to make an Observation , then you must substract the lesser sum of Equations from the greater , and the Remainder shall shew the true time lost or got ; as if the gaining Numbers be 20 , and the losing 15 , then the true time it should have got , is just 5 Minutes . But if the Clock have gone more too fast or too slow , than the sum of the Equations in the Table amounts to , then must the Motion of it be altered accordingly , by screwing up the Bob , or making the Pendulum shorter , in case it has gone too slow , or by letting the Bob down longer , in case it has gone 100 fast ; and then having set it true to the Sun a second time , try it again , as you were before directed , and if its disagreement with the Sun be not yet answerable to the sum of the Equations belonging to the time it has gone in , let the Bob be rectified a second time , and let the Clock be set a new ; and thus continue to do , till you find its difference with the Sun to be nearly equal to the sum of Equations contain'd in the Table . Now when the Clock is by this means adjusted right , its Daily Revolutions , or each 24 Hours time of its going will be equal to the true 24 Hour-day , or the just 365th part of a Year ; for if a Year be exactly divided into 365 parts , each of these parts will be equal in length to the 24 Hours motion of a welladjusted Pendulum , and the Motion of a Pendulum so exactly regulated , will be such , that if it be at any time set right , and so let go the whole Year about , it will the same Day Twelve-month agree nearly with the Dial to which it was set a Year before . But yet in its Course of thus going a whole Year round , 't will sometimes be found to differ very much from the same Dial 't was at first set to ; and these various Differences which its Motion will be subject to , will still be agreeable to what the nature of the time was 't was set in : For set at one time of the Year , t' will be always more or less too slow , till the time of its coming right the same Day Twelve month : Set at another time 't will go always too fast till just the same Day Twelve month : Set at some other time , 't will go sometimes too fast , and sometimes too slow ; the Reason of which is plain and evident by the Table of Equations that gives the length of natural Days . For it appears by that , that in all that Space where black Figures are found , there the Clock will still go too slow , because the Pendulum Day is longer than the Natural Day : On the contrary , where the red Figures are found , there a well adjusted Clock will go always too fast , because there the Pendulum Day is shorter than the Natural Day , and by consequence is finish'd before it . Now 't is plain , that if a Clock be set right to the Sun the First of February , it must go all the Year after too slow , because the losing between that and the Fourth of May , is so much , that it never gains it up till the very last part of its Years going : On the contrary , if it be set right the Twenty third of October , it will gain so much by the last of January , as no Loss shall afterwards countervail ; but that in the very last part of its Years going between the Sixteenth of July , and the Twenty first of October . 'T is likewise as plain , that if a Clock be set right the Fourth of May , 't will then in the time of a Years going , be both too fast , and too slow ; for the gaining at first being less than the next losing , it will be too slow by the Twenty first of October , though 't was too fast the Fifteenth of July ; and the like will happen if it be set right the Seventeenth of July ; for the losing that follows being less than the next gaining between October 24 , and January 31. it must by consequence be sometimes too fast , and sometimes too slow . So that as a Clock may happen to be set , it may in some considerable time of going , be almost half an Hour too fast , or half an Hour too slow , though as to its own Motion it go exact and true , as it should do ; and for this there is no help , unless you understand well the nature of Time , and know when and in what manner to set the Clock , so as that for some good length of time after , he may so humour the Sun's motion , as never to be very far distant from it ; but sometimes too fast a little , and in a little time fall back again as it were , and so come to be right therewith , and then in a little time after be a little too slow . Now therefore in order to the reducing of the Motion of a well adjusted Clock much nearer the time given by the Sun , than as yet any known Rule will direct us ; I have with great Care and Pains , Composed a Second Table of Equations , that shews how a good and well adjusted Pendulum may be kept all the Year round within a great deal less for the most part than 3′ 45″ of the time given by the Sun , or the 4th part of a quarter of an Hour , which is so small a matter as not to be perceived in common business : Now in the explanation of the Second Table , note ; That the First Colume contains the Days of every Month , the other Twelve Columes belong to the Twelve Months of the Year , whose Names are plac'd over them ; the Black Figures in any part of the Columes , shew where and how much a Clock in the Natural Course of its Motion , according to the design of the Table , will lose or go too slow ; the Red Figures shew in what parts of the Year , and how much in Minutes and Seconds of Time , the Clock will go too fast : As for the Days on which you find this Character ☉ , those Days I call Rectifying Days , because on them the Clock is still to be new set , in order to keep it the better within the Limits design'd by the Table : The Table thus explain'd , I shall come now to shew you the Uses that may be made thereof . And first , I will shew you how by the Table also , as well as by the first , a Clock maybe adjusted now to do this . Let this Clock be set to the Sun on any Day , that is not a Rectifying Day ; observing this always , to set it so much too fast , as the Red , or too slow , as the Black Figures do express , and then let it go for any considerable time , provided it be not beyond a Rectifying Day ; and note whether its gain or loss be at any time equal to what the Table allows ; if it is , then the Clock is truly adjusted ; but if it have lost , or got more or less than it should do , then rectifie the Bob , by making it shorter , if it have gone too slow , or screwing it down longer , in case it has gone too fast ; then set it anew , and observe it a second time , continuing your altering of the Bob , and new setting , till you have brought it to rights . For example , Suppose you set it the Sixth of January , you must upon this Day set it too slow by one Minute fifty two Seconds , because the time is there set down in black Figures ; let it go till the 11th of February , on which Day if it be well adjusted , it must be 2′ 9″ too fast , because that sum of time is there set down in red Figures ; but if it should happen to be too slow , or too fast for that time , as suppose 10 Minutes too fast , instead of 2′ 9″ , you must then adjust it nearer by screwing the Nut of the Bob down lower , or making it longer , by what means soever the same is to be effected ; then set it anew just so much too fast as the Table for that Day does allow , and so let it go till the 4th or 5th of March , on which Day observe it again , and correct what you find to be amiss in the Motion : Note hear , that in adjusting by this Table , you save your self the labour of casting up the sum of those Equations that belong to the time the Clock has gone in , and by consequence the work of adjusting will be easier done by this , than by the former Table . When the Clock is well adjusted , it may then be kept the whole Year about as near the true time , as the design of the Table allows of , by the following method ; about 12 a Clock on any Day , which is not a Rectifying Day , set it so much too fast or too slow for the Sun , as the Equation in the Table for that Day comes to , that is , too slow if the Figures are black , or too fast if the Figures are red ; then let it go on till a Rectifying Day comes , which is known in the Table by this mark ☉ , upon which Day about Noon , set it backward from the place where the Hand then stood , if the Figures on that Day are black , or forward if they be red , so much in time as the Figures express , and observe to do the same upon every other Rectifying Day , and then if the Clock be well adjusted , it will go in all the intermediate parts , according to the time given by the Table . Take one Example to make this plain , Suppose you have not an Opportunity to set it till the 18th of January , the Equation for that Day is one Minute 24 Seconds too fast ; because the Figures are Red let it therefore be set so much too fast for the Sun , and let it go till the 8th of March , on which Day , about 12 a Clock , set it forward from the Place the Hand is at 7′ 29″ , because the Figures are red , and then instead of being too slow , as it before was , it will be made to be 3′ 45″ too fast ; let it go till the 31st of that Month , and then set it again forward 7′ 16″ ; after which , on the 4th of June , set it back 5′ 8″ , because there you find Black Figures : On the 22d of August set it also forward 7′ 23″ , and on the 12th of September 7′ 17″ ; set it forward likewise on the 8th of October 5′ 20″ , and also on the 15th of November 7′ 20″ ; likewise on the 3d of December let it be set back 7′ 28″ , and on the 18th 7′ 3″ . and on the first Day of the next Year 7′ 8″ : And thus , with a very little Pains and Trouble you may keep a Clock near the true Time of the Day by a more easy Way and Method than has at any Time been practised heretofore . But in case you should miss rectifying your Clock on a rectifying Day , then you must the next , or any other Day following set him by the Sun so much too fast or too slow , as the Nature of the Table requires ; and then he will again go on in that Order which the Design of the Table makes necessary ; that is , he will then be capable of humoring the Suns Motion so far as that ( between being sometimes a little too slow and othertimes a little too fast ) 't will , with a little Rectification be always within less than a fourth Part of a quarter of an Hour of the true Time. In such Clocks as shew not Minutes the Time of setting must be guest at as well as you can . Now the Reason of thus setting a Clock sometimes backward and sometimes forwards , upon the rectifying Days , is this , If a Clock , at the beginning of the Year , be set to the Sun , according to the former Directions , it will be too slow by the 8th of March at Noon , 3′ 44″ : Now the Design of the Table being to keep the Clock so as that it shall at no Time disagree with the Sun above 3′ 45′ , or the fourth part of a quarter of an Hour : I then ( to prevent its being more too slow , as it will , if let go longer ) am necessitated to set it forward 7′ 24″ , and then 't will be too fast for the Sun 3′ 45″ . Now the Clock naturally losing , at this Time of the Year , it will again , by the 31st Day be too slow 3′ 31″ : Now the Clock being still naturally inclined to lose , I therefore , to prevent his being above 3′ 45″ too slow , set him again 7′ 16″ forward from the Place where the Hand then stands , and so he is again too fast for the Sun 3′ 45′ ( which is the most that I suffer him to differ from the apparent Time ) Now , after this , he going on , for about 9 Weeks , will the 4th of June be too fast 1′ 23″ , at which Time I set him back 5′ 8″ , that so he may be now 3′ 45″ too slow , for by thus doing he will continue going the longer , before he will require to be again new set ; which next happens to be August 22d , which is above 11 Weeks Time : Now the like Reason is the Cause of his requiring to be set anew in any other Place or Part of the Year . And here I think fit to add one Caution to those that desire to adjust their Clocks very nicely ; and that is , that among Dials , they make use only of the horizontal or brass Dials , which are fixt on Posts , for no other can possibly give the Time so near the Truth ; neither on that should they make use of above one certain Hour ; and the nearer Noon that is the better , for 't is a difficult thing , even for the best Masters in this Art , to draw a Dial so true as to contain an equal Time between all its Hours ; which though in other Cases it be not very material , yet in this of adjusting a Clock it may cause a considerable Error : Besides , few Dials are fitted truly to the Latitudes in which they stand ; and if we could be certain that all were right , as to these Particulars , yet no Human Art can prevent the Sun's Refractions , which as they make his Body appear much bigger when near the Horizon , so they make him for a good part of the Day to shew to us higher than really he is , and that must cause him to give a false Shadow on the truest Dial ; so that these particulars considered together , 't is plain that there can be no true account taken of the Time till near Noon , or 12 a Clock ; and he that watches for that Moment need not matter the falsness of the Dial , wrong Latitudes , nor Refractions neither , because upon the Meridian let the Sun be higher or lower , yet it still gives you the true 12 a Clock . But in regard 't is so very hard to distinguish to a Minute by the Shadow of the best Dial , small ones not admitting of minute Divisions , and in large ones the Haziness or Faintness of the Shadow renders a minute difficult to be discerned exactly ; 't will therefore be better if instead of a Dial you make use of the following Device , which I call a Meridian Cranny ; Take then Two plain and flat Plates or Boards , about six or eight Inches square , joyn them so close as that an old Groat or a Six Pence at the most may but pass between them , let them be then fixed so as that the Chink or Cranny between them may respect , as near as may be , the Meridian or true South Point , this will plainly give you the Time to half a Minute and less , if you are careful to watch , for the very first Beam , that by the Sun 's coming to the South shall be darted through it , which may be perceived in a Moment by the help of a smooth Board or Plate of Brass , made black , and placed near it , on the North Side , to receive the Light ; by this means the true Time of the Sun 's coming to the very same Point on the Meridian may be more exactly obtained than it can be by the best and truest Dial , except such a one as is described by Mr. Molyneux in his Sciothericum Telescopicum . But now , although the true Time of the Sun 's coming to the South may , by this means be more nearly obtained , yet you will , for all that , find the Work of truly adjusting a Clock to be exceeding difficult , especially to do it precisely , when you have already brought to go prety nearly tru , and this has made some to censure the Equation Tables , as false , because they could never adjust a Clock so as to acord therewith exactly , or come Right the same Day twelve Month with that Dial , to which it was set a Year before . Now , that I may do right to Truth , I affirm that this proceeds not from any material Defect in the Tables , but either from their not rightly understanding which way to perform the Work they took in hand , or from some other unavoidable Accidents , with which Nature too often sportsher self in the Disappointment of Men's Designs : 'T is probable indeed that there may be some Error in the Tables , as suppose a Minute at the most , this signifies little as to the Business in hand , and if it did , yet we ought to value a Guide that will bring us in sight of the thing we aim at , rather than follow an apparent Uncertainty , as I have proved those do that would attempt to adjust a Clock by barely setting of it true to the Sun ; there must be grains of Allowance given for Human Infirmity , for no Man , that understands himself , dares pretend to an infallible certainty in things so much above him as those are about which Astronomy is conversant , there 's no measuring the divisions of the Celestial Spheres with Scale and Compasses , all our Knowledge in things of this nature is derived from Observations made by Instruments , which we know is so difficult to be done exactly , that if ten Men should attempt at the same Time to find out the Sun's Declination ( the Ground - work on which Equations are built ) perhaps they would all differ , as to their Accounts thereof : Now , we know , if the Premises are never so little out , the Conclusions drawn therefrom can never be exactly and critically true . Therefore , granting the Possibility of some inconsiderable Error in the Tables of Equation , yet still we are sure of this , That they come so near the Truth , that perhaps no Man can here after Mend 'em ; and the Work of adjusting a Clock is thereby made a hundred Times more easy than it would be to do it with out them : Besides , we see that the most learned in Astronomy agree all of them as to the mean thing , namely , That there is such a thing as Difference in the length of Natural Days , and their Tables all agree as to the Parts of the Year in which these Differences happen ; they also accord very nearly so as to the Quantity of Time that any natural Day is longer or shorter than 24 Hours , and therefore we may very well rest satisfied that there are no material Errors committed therein ; and perhaps could we demonstrate any Table of Equations to be really exact to a tittle , yet this Work of adjusting a Clock truly would not be found more easy to do then than now it is , for much of this depends not only upon the right understanding which way to perform best the Work we are about , but on the Constant Temper of the Air , as will hereafter appear . But , to the end that we may not be in the dark , as to the true Nature of this Difficulty , I affirm that it chiefly proceeds from the exceeding niceness of rectifying the Bob exactly , when you have already brought the Clock to go pretty near the true Time ; as suppose , for example , that a Royal Pendulum were so well rectified , that being kept going the whole Year round , it should be just at the same Day Twelve Month but 6′ 5″ too slow for the Sun , which some perhaps will account a great matter ; now this turn'd all into Seconds makes just 365 , and by consequence the Clock has gone each Day but a Second of Time too slow . Now , by the following Table of Pendulums , we find that a Royal Pendulum 41 Inches long , each Blow of which is a Second of Time , strikes just 3600 Blows in an Hour : Now this Pendulum will go faster by 45 Blows in an Hour , if screw'd up an Inch shorter , which is faster in a Day near 1080 Seconds ; now if an Inch shorter makes a Pendulum go near 1080 Seconds in a Day faster 't will then require the Bob to be screwed up but the thousand and eigtieth part of an Inch to make it go in a Day but one Second faster , or so much as the Clock is said to have lost ; which is so very small a matter that no Man living can by guess hit it exactly , the least Turn that shall be given it may perhaps make it go ten Times as much too fast as it before went too slow . Now to the end that this may , if possible , be done by some more certain Rule & Method than any yet commonly known , I will here make bold to propose a way by which this may be performed more exactly than heretofore , and by which you may make a near Estimation how much a Royal Pendulum that strikes Seconds ( for this sort only is here intended ) ought to be made shorter or longer , to go faster or slower a Second in a Day , and the same Rule by which you know how to alter it one Second will direct you how to alter it 2 or 3 , or more if occasion require it . By the forementioned Table of Pendulums , we find that a 41 Inch Pendulum goes 45 Blows ( which are all nearly Seconds ) in an Hour faster , if screwed up an Inch higher ; and being let down an inch longer ; it then goes 43 Blows slower , that is , strikes so many Blows less in an Hour ; now if between these 2 Numbers we take a mean one , which is 44 , 't will be suitable to the Lengths near 41 Inches , for so many Blows will a Pendulum 39 and an half strike more than one of 41 Inches and an half long : Now 44 difference in an Hour makes in a Day 1056. divide this number 1056 by the number of Turns which the Screw of your Pendulum makes in an Inch , and the Quotient shall be the Number , into which the Nut of that Screw must be divided ; now one of these Divisions turned about shall alter the Motion of that Pendulum a Second in a Day . But to avoid the Trouble of thus dividing , I have here added a Table , by which , knowing the Turns your Screw makes in an Inch , you may , by Inspection only know how to divide the Nut that belongs thereunto , the Table reaches from 15 Threds or Turns of the Screw in an Inch to 40 , within which Numbers , I suppose , all Screws will be comprehended , that belong to Pendulums that strike Seconds . The Table for dividing the Nut of a Pendulum Screw . Turns Divisions 15 70 16 66 17 62 18 58 19 55 20 52 21 50 22 48 23 45 24 44 25 42 26 40 27 39 28 37 29 36 30 35 31 34 32 33 33 32 34 31 35 30 36 29 37 28 38 27 39 26 40 25 The Uses of the Table for dividing the Nut of a Pendulum Screw . Find out how many Threds or Turns of your Screw are contained in an Inch , by applying the Inch-Division of a Rule thereunto , which number of Turns seek out among the first Row of Figures on the Left Hand , and against it , in the second Row , you have the Number that the Nut must be divided into that belongs to that Screw : Now the Nut , turn'd about but one of these Divisions , will alter the Clocks Motion a Second in a Day ; so that let the Screw be finer or courser , yet by this Table you may readily know into how many Divisions its Nut must be divided . Note , that if the Clock has got or lost in a Day above one Second , then you must turn the Nut about so many Divisions ; as if it have lost in 60 Days 4 Minutes , which is 4 Seconds in a Day , turn it then upwards 4 Divisions , and that will make it go 4 Seconds in a Day faster , or so much Time as it had gone too slow : And the like must be done for any other Number lost or got . Now though this Rule be ten times more exact than any yet known , yet for all that it may be yet found difficult to make a Clock go exact , especially for a long time together ; for though a Royal Pendulum be the most excellent Contrivance in the World for exactness of keeping Time , yet the different degrees of Rarity and Density in the Air , does oftentimes alter the nature of the Pendulums motion , a thick Air not suffering it to vibrate so freely , nor so far as a thin Air does ; the Motion of the Pendulum may be also somewhat altered by the Oyl growing drier and thicker with which the Penets are moistned ; for when a Clock is clean , and the Oyl thin and free from foulness , the Pendulum plays differently from what it does when the Clock is foul , and the Peuets dry and dirty : But here you are to note , That not withstanding the Royal Pendulum is subject to be altered somewhat in its Motion by the aforesaid Causes , that 't is nothing in comparison to what happens in the common Crown-wheel Pendulum , for these are apt to be varied ten times more than the other , which still makes very much for the Reputation of the Royal Pendulum . Since then the Air , and Oyl , and Dust , are apt to cause the best Clock to go less certain , than it otherwise would ; I have thought fit to propose a way by which it may be known when any thing considerable of this nature happens , and that is thus , Screw or fasten to the back of the Case a brass Plate , with 2 sliding Indexes fitted to it , that may be set exactly to the Compass which your Pendulum fetches , and by that you may perceive whether your Pendulum alters in its Compass , for should it do so in the time of your adjusting of it , you will find it a very hard matter to rectifie it well ; and if nothing of this happens till it be brought to go compleatly true , yet if the Compass of your Pendulum does afterwards differ , you will certainly find it not to keep the same time it did when first adjusted , and the best Clocks that are will sometimes be subject to these unavoidable Accidents . But although those little Irregularities in the Motion of a good Pendulum , may sometimes happen and prove some hindrance to the exactness of its Motion , yet when you come to know how much it varies from the truth , you may soon correct it by the foregoing Rules , if you see occasion . Indeed a constant Inclination to go either too fast , or too slow , argues rather a not being well adjusted at first , for if it vary from the Influence of the Air , that aptness to go false will continue no longer when the temper of the Air returns to its former state , and then the Clock will return to its old pitch of Motion ; but if it happen through foulness ( which may be guest at by its having gone true a long time before ) then 't will continue to go Irregular till the Clock be made clean , new oyl'd , and put in order : But when all is said that can be said on this matter , if the Clock be a well made Piece of Work , all these Alterations in the Motions will be so inconsiderable , as not to be worth the noting , if you observe constantly to set it according to the Design of the Second Table , and Correct it once or twice a Year by the Sun. but for base and ill Work , no Art of Man can make that go exactly and well one Quarter of the time that the other will. From all that has been spoken hitherto concerning the Royal Pendulum , we may gather that the same Exactness of keeping Time , is not to be expected in short Crown-wheel Pendulums ; Indeed if fuch are good Work , they may be made to go very well , but yet not so exactly as the Royal Pendulum ; for the shorter the Pendulum is , the more difficult it is to adjust it exactly : And when the adjusting part is done never so true , yet the uncertainty that this kind of Pendulum is subject to in the Compass it fetches , will not suffer it to keep so equal a Time , as the Royal Pendulum ; the different Temper of the Weather will alter it very considerably , if compared with the other ; and 't will also be sooner out of order in the going , from the foulness and thickness of the Oyl that the Penuets are moistned with . The best and easiest way to adjust such a Clock as this , is by a Royal Pendulum already Rectified , for a Standard to Adjust other Clocks by ; for when by that you have brought a short Crown-wheel Pendulum , ( of which sort all Spring-Clocks are for the most part ) pretty near to the Truth , take exact notice how much it differs from it in either one Day or two Days , as you please ; then give the Bob just a whole turn about upward , if it go too slow , or downward if it go too fast ; and see how much that Turn will make it differ from the Standard above what it did before in a Day , or two Days time . Now knowing how many Seconds in a Day a Turn of the Bob will alter , you may soon bring it to keep true time , by turning it so many Turns or parts of a Turn about , as shall answer the Time it has gone too fast , or too slow . As for those Pocket-Watches which are now so improperly called Pendulums , there is less to be expected from them than from a Crown-wheel Pendulum ; for though this delicate Invention of the Ingenious Mr. Robert Hook does strangely Rectifie the Motion of the Balance , yet must it not compare with either of the other , as to the Truth of going , for 't is the hardest thing in the World to make a Watch keep the same Time , when laid on what part or side soever , you will be pleas'd to turn it , which rightly considered , may reasonably obtain for them some grains of allowance : All that I shall add more , is , that if you know but nearly how much the turning of each Division on the Justning Plate will make it go either faster or slower , you may then at any time with greater certainty , adjust it to a Standard Pendulum ; and this any one may attain to with but the trouble of a little Observation ; for if the Watch , for example , have gone too slow two Minutes in a Day , turn the Justning Plate about one Division faster , and if that Division make it go four Minutes too fast , in stead of the two , which before it went too slow , then conclude that that Division has altered it in a Day six Minutes ; and by consequence if you turn it two thirds back , it will make the Watch go right as it ought to do . I shall only add one more Note concerning Spring Clocks , or those that go with Crown-wheel Pendulums ; and that is , that although as yet they have not been capable of keeping so exact a Time as the Royal Pendulum , yet if the Pendulum of a Spring-Clock instead of playing upon an edge , as they now generally do , were hung upon a String , about two Inches long , and that Spring were so filled according to the Rules of Art , as that in the Pendulums vibration , it might bend proportionable to the Cycloid , its Center of Motion would then still shorten , as the way of its vibration grows longer ; and by consequence the farther the Pendulum swings out , the quicker would its return be , and so all its vibrations whether longer or shorter , would be performed in the same equal time , and then its Motion would be much more steady than it is , and be nearly as exact as that of a Royal Pendulum . The manner of Rightly fixing , or Setting up Pendulums to go well . THE Difficulty of setting up Pendulum Clocks rightly in such places where the help of the Clock maker cannot be had , is the Reason that many Gentlemen who live far off from London , are as yet unfurnished with them ; and it also too often happens , that Clocks who at first have been set up well as to matter of going , have by accident been misplac'd or jumbl'd awry , and so are made to stand still and become useless meerly for want of Skill in the Owner to put them again to rights ; in order therefore to Enable all Persons not only to Set a Pendulum Clock up Rightly , but also to Reduce him again to rights , when by accident he is misplac'd , I have here made publick the following Directions . First , Let the Workman , by whose Hands the Clock is made , set him upright at home in his own House , and there having made a through tryal of his going , let him then stop the Pendulum , and when 't is perfectly at rest , let him fix or drive into the back of the Case a strong Stud of Brass or Iron , with the end turn'd a little up , which he must place so as that the Beak that turns up may stand exactly under the lower end of the Pendulum Rod ; and this will sufficiently direct you how to Set him up in any other Place : For when the Clock is to be Set up by him that buys him ; 't is but placing the Case so that the end of the Pendulum Rod may hang just over the Beak of the Stud , and then he will stand upright as he did before in then Workman's Hands . But in case this provision be not made , then the Rule to do it by , is this ; Set the Clock up in the place 't is to stand in , let the Pe●●ulum and the Pulleys which usually are fix'd to the Case be unfastned , hang on the Weights , and set the Pendulum a going , by making of it swing between the Sides of the Case ; now if when the Clock is thus set a going , you find the Pendulum to beat equally , that is , if there be the same Distance of Time between all its Blows , which an attentive Ear will soon discover ; then does the Clock stand well , and you must make him fast to the Place he stands against : But if you find one Blow Beat in less Time than the other , then you must a little incline the Case to that Side which the Pendulum plays to , when he strikes the shortest Blow , and then you will find him to Beat more equal ; and when you have inclin'd the Case so much , that you find exactly the same Distance of Time between the Blows or Vibrations ; then the Clock stands right for Going , and you are to fix Him that He may stand firmly in that Posture . Now the Rule before given , is general to all Pendulums ; for they all must stand so that the Beats of the Pendulum may be equally distant as to length of Time , for otherwise if they stand awry , so that one Blow , or Vibration of the Pendulum is struck in less time than the other , that Pendulum upon the least accident that shall happen , will be apt to stand still ; and therefore great Care ought to be taken , that not only Royal Pendulums , but also Spring Clocks be set up exactly upright in the Places that they are , to stand in , and they never stand upright as they should do , unless the Blows of the Pendulum beat equally . Note , That as a long Swing-Clock ought to stand so as that the Pendulum beat equally , so he must stand so as that the Pendulum play free from the back of the Case , for if it stand right , in this respect the Rod of the Pendulum will all the way up , be parallel or equidistant from the back-part . Moreover , take Care that the Clock be fix'd fast and firm , that no Violence may justle Him out of his Place ; but if by Accident it should so come to pass , you must then set Him again to Rights by the Rule before given from the exact beating of the Pendulum . A Table of Crown-Wheel'd Pendulums , shewing the number of Beats made in an Hour , by any length of Inches and Quarters , from One Inch to Twelve , the Bob about an Ounce in Weight . Inches Beats 1 — 22946 1 20524 2 18735 3 17345 2 — 16225 1 15298 2 18735 3 13837 3 — 13248 1 12732 2 12265 3 11852 4 — 11473 1 11131 2 10817 3 10528 5 — 10262 1 10014 2 9781 3 9569 6 — 9368 1 9178 2 9000 3 8832 7 — 8672 1 8524 2 8381 3 8242 8 — 8107 1 7989 2 7870 3 7764 9 — 7653 1 7544 2 7448 3 7349 10 — 7256 1 7167 2 7081 3 6998 11 — 6919 1 6842 2 6767 3 6694 12 — 6623 1 6565 2 6497 3 6431 The first Row of Figures are Inches , the second are Quarters of Inches ; the Figures against each of these are the Beats that a Pendulum of that length make in an Hour : For example , 2 Inches beats 16225 Blows in an Hour ; and 3 Inches and a half beats 12265 ; and 6 Inches 3 quarters beats 8832 : Divide any of these Numbers by 60 , and it shews you the Beats made in a Minute , multiply any of these by 24 , and it shews you the Beats made in a Day . A Table of Royal Pendulums , shewing what Beats any Length makes in an Hour from 12 to 60 Inches , the Bob 2 Pound Weight or more . Inches Beats 12 6651 13 6393 14 6161 15 5955 16 5765 17 5591 18 5433 19 5288 20 5154 21 5030 22 4915 23 4807 24 4706 25 4610 26 4522 27 4437 28 4356 29 4281 30 4209 31 4141 32 4075 33 4013 34 3953 35 3897 36 3843 37 3790 38 3793 39 3691 40 3645 41 3600 42 3557 43 3515 44 3475 45 3436 46 3399 47 3362 48 3327 49 3293 50 3260 51 3228 52 3196 53 3166 54 3137 55 3108 56 3080 57 3053 58 3027 59 3001 60 2976 61 2951 62 2927 63 2904 64 2880 65 2859 In this Table , the first Row of Figures , in each Colume , are the Inches of a Pendulum's Length : The second Row are the Beats that a Pendulum of that Length makes in an Hour . Thus one of 41 Inches long beats 3600 times , and one of 64 2880. The Table of Royal Pendulums continued , from 3 Foot long to 30 , for the Use of such as make Church and Turret-Clocks . Feet Beats 3 3842 4 3327 5 2976 6 2716 7 2515 8 2353 9 2218 10 2104 11 2006 12 1912 13 1845 14 1778 15 1718 16 1664 17 1614 18 1568 19 1526 20 1488 21 1452 22 1429 23 1387 24 1353 25 1331 26 1305 27 1288 28 1257 29 1235 30 1215 In this Table , the first Row of Figures are the Feet of any Pendulum's Length , the second Row are the Beats that that Length makes in an Hour ; as 10 Foot long beats 2104 in an Hour , so a Pendulum of 20 Foot long beats 1488 Blows in an Hour . The foregoing Table of Pendulums I was , in some measure necessitated to publish , in order to demonstrate why heretofore it has been found so difficult to adjust a Clock to the Table of Equations . But , besides this , I thought it might be of good Use to some , who , in contriving Numbers for new Clocks , or for old Clocks altered into Pendulums , are often at a loss what Length of Pendulum to fit their Number to . Perhaps my so doing may anger some , but the pleasuring of more will countervail that Mischief . The Table of Crown-Wheel'd Pendulums is calculated from a Standard of the same sort , 6 Inches and a half long , that strikes 9000 Blows in an Hour : And that of Royal Pendulums from one of 41 Inches , that strikes Seconds , or 3600 Blows in an Hour . In both the Tables you may perceive , That a Pendulum that strikes but half so many Blows as another is four Times as long : This noted , gives you a true insight into the Nature of the Pendulum . The Tables are exact , as to their whole Numbers , and would always give you the exact length , did not different ways of making Clocks cause an Alteration , insomuch that sometimes a Pendulum that strikes Seconds shall be above a quarter of an Inch longer than another shall ; we must bear with what we cannot avoid . The best Rules for the ORDERING and USE Both of the Quick-silver and Spirit WEATHER-GLASS . SInce 't is so easy to be furnished in London with both these Sorts of Weather-Glasses , I judge it needless , now , to give any Directions about their Making ; only thus much I shall take notice of , That the Goodness of a Baroscope or Quick-silver Weather glass does consist wholly in the Largeness and Depth of the Cestern below , and the Quantity of Quick-silver contained therein . Now , that you may know whether a Cestern be large enough , cause the Workman , that makes it , to fill the Tube about 3 Inches , with part of the Mercury designed for its Use ; fill the Cestern with the best part of the rest that remains , and then clapping across the Brims at the Cestern , a Gage , that shall have a Pin drove into it , reaching just down to the Surface of the Mercury , let the Mercury , which before filled the 3 Inches of the Tube be put therein ; and if you find it not to raise the Mercury in the Cestern above the thickness of a Six Pence , then is the Cestern of a sufficient Capacity . A Cestern of about 2 Inches and a half Diameter , generally , is large enough for any Tube , that has not a Bore above a quarter of an Inch Diameter , which is as large as is needful ; for if it be so large , as that when the Quick-silver in the Glass , by rising and falling , do raise that in the Cestern too considerably , then you will not constantly have that Distance between the Surface of the stagnant Mercury below and the numbred Figures on the Register Plates of the Weather-Glass ; for if the Glass be a good Glass , measure that Distance when you will , and you will always find it just 28 , 30 or 31 Inches from the Divisions so numbred to the Superficies of the Quick-silver , in the Cestern below . Note likewise , That the End of the Tube ought to be emerst at least three quarters of an Inch within the Cestern of Quick-silver , else the Air will be in danger of getting up into the Body of the Tube : For this reason there ought to be at least 28 Inches and 3 quarters Distance between the Figure 28 , on the Register Plate and the Bottom of the Cestern . Now , in order to set the Weather-glass up , let the Frame be first fixed fast to the Place you design for it ; which is done by first driving therein a Nail or Tenter-hook , fitted , for that purpose , upon which the Frame is to be hung or suspended , and , with a Screw , let the Bottom thereof be firmly fastned to the Place , or , in want of a Screw , by somewhat else that may perform the Work well . Then make the in side of the Glass Tube very clean and dry , by means of a bright and clean piece of Wire , made red hot at the End in a Fire , and turned down for about half an Inch , like the Eye of a Needle , through which draw a long slip of fine softLawn Paper , which I find best for this purpose , because 't is not apt to leave any Lint behind it , as Linen Rags will ; which Lint will always cause a small Bleb of Air to remain round it , so that in spite of all your Care and Pains you shall never obtain a perfect fine Cilender of Mercury . With this Paper , in the Eye of the Wire , let the Bore of the Tube be well cleansed , by drawing of it to and fro , from one End to the other , till you are sure that you have not mist any Part thereof : And if you find , when you have drawn it out , that the Paper be any whit soiled , put in a fresh Piece , and after that another , till you find the Paper come out as clean at it went in , for should any Foulness or Moisture be left behind the Mercury will not play freely up and down . When you have cleansed the Tuble very well , then prepare and make the Mercury fit to fill it with , which you are to do in the manner following . Take an earthen Bason or Dish , and put therein half a Sheet of clean white Paper ; then put the whole Quantity of Mercury which the maker of the Baroscope has fitted thereunto , and having put it into a clean linen Cloath , strain out gently so much of it as you judge will fill the Bore of the Tube and no more , for should you twist and wring the Cloath , the Quick silver is in , to strain it all through , you will , in so doing , find much Lint fall off from it , and foul the Surface of the Mercury strain'd out , so that you cannot fill the Tube with it without conveying some of the Lint along with it , which will spoil the perfect smoothness of the Mercurial Cylender within the Glass . When you have purely strained out about one half of the Quick-silver , take the Tube , and resting the closed end in some large wooden or earthen Vessel , to save the Mercury , should any spill in the filling ; then graspe the open end of it between the Root of the Thumb and Fore-finger , somewhat low , that the hollowness between may serve instead of a Tunnel ; then fill the Tube with the pure clean-strain'd Quick-silver , by by taking of it up with the clean Bowle-end of a Tobacco-Pipe , or by putting of it into the Cestern-Glass , first wiped clean , and so pouring of it in till it be full , within a quarter of an Inch of the Top of the Tube . Then , to cleanse it from Air and Wind-Blebs , stop the End with your Finger , and raising the other End up , somewhat above a Level , let the Air , included in the empty Space , at the open End , rise up very gently towards the Top or sealed End , and this will take into it self all the other Blebs of Wind that lye in its Way ; and when this Bubble of Air is risen up quite to the End of the Tube , let it return again , by depressing a little that End which before was uppermost , turning the Tube also , at the same time , that the Buble may take in its way all the Blebs of Wind that may yet remain on the other Sides of the Glass ; and , thus , by turning the Tube a little , and making the Bubble pass and re-pass from one End to the other , the Cylender of Quick-silver , will be at last cleansed from all those little Blebs of Wind that appeared by the Sides of the Glass , any of which , should they remain in , would in Time work themselves up into the Head of the Tube , and be very injurious to the Quick-silvers true Motion . But if , as I noted before , the least Moisture or Lint be left in the Tube , the greatest Care and Skill that can be used will not be able so perfectly to cleanse it from Air , as not to leave the least Speck remaining : In which Case there is no Remedy but to empty the Tube and cleanse it a new , according to the Method before prescribed . Note , when the Tube is perfectly cleansed from Air , then turn the open End up , and fill it quite full with Quick-silver . Then Wipe the Cestern very clean , and set it in its Place , in the Cestern-Box , then put therein all the remaining part of your Mercury , which you need not take care to strain , for Dust or Foulness in the Cestern signifies little ; then take the Glass Tube , filled as before was taught , and stopping the End of it with your Finger , invert it so that you may immerge or put the End , stopt with your Finger , the more easily into the Cestern Mercury , which ought to be done so that both Glass and Finger may touch the Cestern Bottom at the same time , keeping the Tube in the mean while as near an upright as you can , then of a suddain take away the Finger you stopt it with , and as suddainly , at the very same instant of Time raise the Tube just upright , the which , if you perform nimbly and well , will be done before the Mercury in the Tube is all sunk down to its lowest station , and so the Tube will be put up well , without any admittance of outward Air. But in case any Air should get into the Tube , in your attempting to set it up in its Place , as sometimes happens , then you must take it down again , by getting your Finger under the open End , to stop it , before you lift it out of the Cestern Mercury , and so repurge it of the Air got in , according as you were taught in the foregoing Method , and then try again to set it up well ; and if you should miss this second time , then try a third , for Experience will at length make you perfect . When the Tube is put up observe whether it stand well in the Cestern , for some Cesterns are so ill plac'd that the Tube , by reason of its being set too near the Side , cannot be well surrounded by the Cestern Mercury , by which means the Air will be apt to insinuate it self , and get up into the Tube , and spoil the Mercury's true Motion . If the Glass be already adjusted to your Hand by the Workman that made it , you have then no more to do but to put into the Cestern all the Mercury that remains when the Tube is filled ; but in case the Glass be not already adjusted , or that some part of the Quick-silver should be spilled or lost , you must then provide to adjust it , according as the Rules of Art require : Which is done thus , Take a small streight Rod of Wood , of the just length of 28 Inches , this is generally called , An adjusting Gage , put one End of it into the Cestern , and raise the other up till it touch the Division on the Register-Plate numbred with the Figure 28 ; then observe whether the Quick-silver in the Cestern does touch the other End , if it does not , you must put in more Mercury , till it does ; but if the Mercury be already above the lower End of the Gage , then you must , with the clean Bowle-end of a Tobacco-Pipe take out so much of the Quick-silver as that that in the Cestern may but just touch the End of the Gage , and then is the Glass compleatly and well adjusted . In case you have occasion to remove a Baroscope , or Quick silver Weather-Glass , out of one Room into another , you need only loosen the Frame and take it from the Place to which it is fixt , and so , upright , in the same Posture it stood in , let it be carefully conveyed by Hand , so gently , and with a careful Step , that the Quick silver may not surge over the Sides of the Cestern , another Man , in the mean Time , making all things fit to set it up in its new Place , according to the Directions before given for setting of a Weather-glass up . But here note , That if the Baroscope be to be removed from one House to another , it must be quite taken down : In doing which observe , Frst , To incline the Tube so low as it stands in the Cestern , that the Quick-silver may rise up quite to the top , then lift it out of the Cestern and let the Mercury run out , for should you lift the Tube out in the Posture it stands in , when going , the Mercury , by the Force of the Air 's Pressing in at the open End , would fly up to the top with such Violence as to endanger the breaking off of the top of the Glass . Note , That if the Glass Tube be not well purged of Air , the Quick-silver will , by long standing , be apt to move contrary to the true Nature of a Baroscope , by reason that the Air which has been left in the Tube , has by degrees got up into the Head or empty Space of it , where being expanded by any accidental Heat of Air , it occasions the Mercury to sink , though the Weight and Pressure of the Air be no ways altered ; this is observed by Dr. Beale , Phyl. Trans . numb . 9. p. 157. That a Baroscope ascended higher in the cold Mornings and Evenings than at Mid-day ; which doubtless proceeded from the aforesaid Cause ; for if you leave , for tryal-sake , a little Bubble of Air in the Head of the Glass when you set it up , you will find the same Defect , as Dr. Beale has observ'd . Wherefore 't is necessary if you are doubtful of the like , to Rectifie your Weather-Glass , when it has been set up about a Twelve Month ; which is done by taking of the Tube down , and repurging of it of Air , as you were taught in first setting of it up : but that you may not be put to more trouble than needs , you ought to be first certain that your Weather-Glass does want Rectifying , which you may know thus ; Let the Tube as it stands in the Cestern be stoop'd down so low , till the Mercury rise quite up to the Head , and if you perceive a Bubble of Wind at the top above the Quicksilver , that is the certain sign of its wanting to be new Rectified ; clap then your Finger under the open end in the Cestern , and take it out and purge out the Air , as before was directed , at its first setting up . Of the Uses of the Baroscope , or Quick-silver Weather-Glass . AND here it may not be amiss in the first place , to shew you my Opinion concerning the Reasons of that different weight of Air which is now generally believ'd , ( and that with good Reason too ) to be the cause of the Quicksilvers rising against fair , and falling against foul Weather : Now the Reasons or Causes of this , I take to be principally two ; the one is the Dilating and Contracting of the Air ; and the other is the Airs being empty of light Vapours , and sometimes filled with them . That the Air is capable of Contraction and Expansion , is plainly apparent by its dilating with Heat , and contracting by Cold in the Bolt-head of a Thermoscope , or Water Weather-Glass . Now if the Air be Contracted into a less room , by what cause it will , the Adjacent Air flows in to make good the Level of the Atmosphere , and so by the Addition of more Air , the Cylender which bouys up the Mercury in the Weather-Glass becomes heavier , and by consequence makes the Quicksilver rise ; and though in Summer-time it may be thought that the Heat we feel should rather Expand than Contract , yet in this we may be deceived ; for though the Air be Hot just at the Earth by the Sun's Reflection , yet the upper Regions are still as Cold as ever , witness the Snow which continues all the Year round on the Tops of some very high Mountains , and so the Air may very well be accidentally contracted in the hottest time of Summer , as well as in the coldest Winter , and be one occasion of the Airs being then as heavy in dry Weather , as in the fairest time of Winter . And as the Air is made heavier by Contraction , so 't is made lighter by Expansion ; for when its Body is rarified from what Cause soever , the Swelling thereof causes the highest part to flow off ; or , as I may say , run down on those Parts of the Atmosphere that are below it , by which means the Cylender , or Pillar of it that presses on any Place becomes lighter , and so the Mercury in the Baroscope is suffered to sink down or descend . And that the Airs being sometimes full of watry Vapours , and sometimes empty , is another and the chief Reason too of the Quicksilvers rising and falling , is manifest from this Principle in Philosophy , That what-ever Rises up and Swims in any Medium , must Bulk for Bulk be lighter than the Medium by which it is sustained : Hence it follows , that all kinds of watry Vapours must be lighter than the Air , else they could never rise up therein , nor be suspended there , till by another Principle in Nature they are made to descend in Rain or Snow . Now if Water thus Rarified be specifically lighter than Air , then 't is plain , that when the Air is filled therewith , it must become less weighty than it was before : As a Glass filled with half Water and half rectified Spirit of Wine , a much lighter substance , shall not weigh so much as when fill'd with all Water ; so the Air is always lightest in wet Weather , because the Spaces above us are then full of Vapours , much lighter than the Air is , and by consequence the Body of Air and watry Particles mixt together , must weigh less than if the whole were only an unmixt and pure Air. On the contrary , when the Air is dry and free from being thus fill'd with watry Vapours , it must then be most heavy at such times : Indeed we may perceive many large white and curled Clouds sailing aloft over us , but these are only a Collection of some few Vapours in the very upper Region of the Air , the Spaces below being in the mean time very little , or not at all filled therewith ; whereas in very wet Weather , when the Glass is low , and the Air very light , we see not only the upper Region full of compacted Vapours , but find also the whole Atmosphere even down to the Surface of the Earth filled therewith ; as is manifest by the Sweating of Stones , and other tokens of the Airs extream Humidity , and by consequence the fuller of light matter , the Spaces above us are , the less will the Weight be that presses downward ; and for that Reason the Glass in the wettest Weather always sinks lowest . This being premised , I come to the more particular Uses of the Glass ; and first , you may perceive by what has been said , That the Glass gives a very good account of the Temper of the Air as to its Moisture or Driness , the Moisture thereof , or its Fulness of watry Vapours , being always proportionable to the lowness of the Quicksilver , and every Degree of Sinking is an argument of the Airs being filled more and more with Moisture , and the lower its Station , the more full of Moisture the Air still is ; and you shall always observe , That the lower the Quicksilver descends , the more listless and out of order Men's Bodies are , because the Air is then full of that which is disagreeable to the Nature of Man , who was not made to live in a Watry Element : and therefore the more Watry the Medium is in which he lives , the more is his Nature disturbed at it . On the contrary , The higher the Quicksilver is , the drier still is the Air ; and by consequence Men's Bodies are then found to be more Brisk and Lively , because the Medium in which they live and move , is free from what their Nature abhors ; so that by the Weather-Glass may be known in great part , whether the Disorder and Melancholy , or the Periodical Pains and Aches to which we are sometimes unavoidably subject , is really occasioned by a new bodily Distemper or not ; for this happening when the Quicksilver is low , may be judg'd to be occasioned rather by the Air , and by consequence will go off naturally of it self when the Quicksilver rises ; a too moist Air has stranger Effects on Men's Bodies , than is generally taken notice of by them that understand not the Reason from whence it proceeds . In the next place observe , That as the Baroscope Predicts only fair and foul Weather , so that you may be the better directed which of these to expect ; you must still note the rising and falling of the Mercury ; for its rising in any part of the Glass , betokens a tendency to fair , as its falling down foreshews an inclination to Rain and Wet : As for the Words engraven on the upper part of the Register Plats , they are then only to be noted when the Mercury removes from Changeable upwards , and those on the lower part are to be noted only when the Quicksilver falls from Changeable downward . In other Cases the Words are of no Use ; for if it is Rising in any part , foreshews a Tendency to be Fair , and its Falling in any part , a Tendency to foul Weather ; then it follows , that if it fall from settled Fair to Fair , it may yet Rain a little , though the Quicksilver still stands as high as Fair ; the like may be said , if it rise from the Word , much Rain to Rain ; for though its Rising betoken a Tendency to Fair , yet since 't is still so low as the Word Rain , there may be yet be some Wet Weather , though not so much as there was before the Quick-silver began to rise . But if the Mercury mount upwards from Changeable , then will the Weather for the most part be such as the Words in the upper part of the Register Plates Import ; and if from Changeable it falls down , the Weather likewise will be much the same , as the Words found in that Part do express ; but in the Mercuries rising up to Changeable when 't is below it , or falling when 't is above it , the Words as I said before , signifie nothing . If the Mercury rises very high , the Weather will continue Fair , so long as it stands at that pitch , and you will not find the Weather change much , till the Mercury falls down a good Space lower : So likewise when 't is fallen down very low , you must expect Wet Weather during all the time of its so continuing ; in both these Particulars you will be certain , provided the Wind and the Moon Concur . For both the Wind and the Changes of the Moon are to be well observed in order to make the truer Prediction : And first , for the Wind ; this is found to be of very great Moment ; for if the Glass fall , and the Wind sit in those Quarters , from whence much Rain is observed usually to come ; as with us about London are the South and Southwest , then 't is not to be doubted but Wet will follow . On the contrary , if the Glass rise when the Wind blows from a dry Quarter of the Heavens ; as with us are the North and East , then 't is a hundred to one but the Weather will be Fair ; but if the Glass rises , and the Wind be South , the Case is doubtful : So also if it falls , and the Wind be North , for then it often happens that the Weather does not prove always such as the Rising and Falling of the Glass Predicts . As to the Moon , 't is well observed , That the Weather is generally inclinable to Moisture , about three Days before , and three Days after , both the New and Full Moon ; if therefore the Glass Falls , the Wind be South , and the Moon near the New or Full , the certainty of Rain is still much the greater . If the Mercury be high in the Summer-time when the Weather is hot , and does of a suddain fall down a pretty considerable Distance , then certainly expect great and sudden Storms of Rain and Thunder to follow soon after . VVhen the Glass is Risen very high in Winter , and the Wind sits then North and East , it certainly presages Frost to ensue , and the same will continue as long as the Mercury stands thus High ; but when you see it begin to sink somewhat considerably , then be assured a Thaw will quickly follow . If in a Frost the Air becomes Overcast , and the Quicksilver Rises of a suddain yet higher , when it had stood high for a time before , then look for Snow , for the Cold above , which is the Cause of Snow , causes also the Air to become more heavy by Condensatition . If the Glass Rise and Fall but a little , or it be unsettled in its Motion , it then argues an unconstant Season , and the Weather will not then long continue in one state ; the like happens when it is about the Word Changeable , or Uncertain , for then no true Guess can be made what the VVeather will be . The Mercury is always observed to be lowest in extream high and strong Winds , that happen when the Air is full of Moisture ; but the Glass does no way predict Winds before-hand , for the extreme lowness of the Quick-silver happens only at the very Time the Wind Blows , and as soon as the Wind Ceases the Mercury is then found to rise apace , but such a Rise that immediately follows Storms , are no signs of fair Weather , except it rises much higher than it was at the Time of the Wind 's beginning to blow . Note , That when Wet is predicted by the Glass , or by any other Sign or Token , it generally begins to rain either when the Moon is due South , or else when the Sun comes to be upon the same Quarter from whence the Wind blows ; and if it rains not at the Time of the Moon 's Southing or Northing , nor when the Sun and the Wind comes together , then 't will hardly rain till the same Times do again return ; which is a good Note in time of Harvest , and very seldom fails , though it sometimes may . Note also , that most great Changes of the Weather happen with us , either at the New full Moon ; and if the Weather change not then , 't will hold on as it is till the next New or Full Moon comes : Frost generally breaks at the Changes , when it does break , and 't is commonly at the Change or Full that Rain comes , after a dry Season has long continued . An Addition of some Natural Predictions of Fair and Foul Weather : And first of Fair Weather . THe much hooping of Owls , after Sun-set , in the Summer-time , and in the Night also , foreshews a fair Day to follow . Swarms of little Gnats and Flies , sporting themselves together , in the Evening , is a certain token that the Day following will be fair . If the Sun set red in the Evening , and the Place be free from Clouds , and the next Morning rises clear and bright ; these are good tokens that the Day will be fair . The Soaring of Kites aloft in the Air , is a Sign of dry and hot Weather . When the Bat Mice are seen to fly to and fro , in the Evening , it shews that the next will be a fair Day . If , in the Morning , Mists descend from the Hills , and settle in the Vallies , 't is a Sign that the Day will be fair . If it rain in the Summer , and Horses and Kine do thereupon leave off Feeding , 't is a certain Sign the Rain will not continue long . Crows , if they caw or cry early in the Morning , with a loud and clear Voice , it shews that the Day will be fair . Signs of Rain and Wet Weather . IF , in the Evening , the Sun set behind a dark black Cloud , and her Body appear also greater at that Time than usual , it certainly betokens Wet the next Day . If Water-fowl wash themselves much and dive more than usual under Water , and also flutter and clap their Wings , and oil their Feathers more than usual , 't is a Sign of Rain . If Toads are , in the Evening , found leaping in the Paths or High Ways , or if the great black Houseless Snails are found creeping about more than usual , it foreshews Rain . An unusual Circle of Light about the Moon or Stars , when no Mist or Fog appears below , is a Sign of Rain soon to follow . If the Sun , at her first rising , or some Time after , shine waterish , that is , paler than ordinary , 't is a Sign of a wet Day , especially if the Air be soon after obscured with thick Clouds . If , in the Summer , in a fair clear Day , you perceive the Clouds to gather of a suddain on all Sides , and appear black and curled , then prepare your self for Storms of Rain and Thunder soon after . Hoggs crying in an unusual manner , and running unquietly up and down , with Litter in their Mouths , foreshews Rain and Storms at Hand . If Crows cry much in the Evening , 't is a Sign of Rain the next Day . Any of these , or the like Signs , happening in the Summer time , will , if the Baroscope concur , help you to make the more certain Guess at what Weather will after ensue , especially if the Glass be at Changeable and Uncertain , for then , by these you may the better guess at what Weather will follow . Some particular Places have also Signs of Rain and fair Weather , which others have not , which observed , together with the Glass , may make your Guess more certain than they can otherwise be ; the Nature of Countries also differ , for whereas in England , especially near London and the Southern Parts , a South Wind always brings most Rain , and a North or East Wind dry Weather ; on the contrary , at Edenburgh it Scotland a South Wind brings the fairest Weather , and a North or North East the greatest Wet ; these things considered , every Man that lives in Countries which differ in Temper from that for which these Rules serve , ought to frame Rules to himself , by observing the Changes that follow the Glass's Rising and Falling , the Change of the Wind , and the Southing of the Moon . Note , If the latter End of February and the Beginning of March be constantly Dry , it betokens a very Dry Summer . Also a hard Frostly and Snowy Winter makes the Year following to be very Plentiful and Healthy , but a Warm and Moist Winter makes the Summer after to be very sickly . Some Uses of the Spirit Weather-Glass . THE suddain Rising of the Spirit in the Day , in Summer , foreshews an immediate Approach of Thunder and Storms of Rain , and in Winter Snow . If it rises much in the Day and falls but little in the Night , then expect , the Day following , excessive Heat , if not Thunder and Storms . If it rises never so little in the Night-time , expect next Day either Rain or Snow , as the Season is . If it rises no more in the Day than it falls in the Night , 't is a Token that the Air is Temperate , as to the Heat and Cold. If it falls in the Day-time , and the Weather be fair , expect a Frost the next Night . The like happens also generally when the Liquor is very low . The more it rises or falls at any Time the more remarkable will that Change of Weather be which follows . All the other Uses of it are only to shew the present Temper of the Air , as to Heat and Cold , and farther than this my Experience has not as yet led me , neither by Enquiry do I find any other useful Observations made on them . I shall only add , That these Glasses might be made as strong as the Tube of a Quick-silver Weather glass , provided the Ball be proportionable to the Bore only . It may be , if the Glass were thicker , they would not move so nicely ; but this would not signify much , because little Judgment can be made from small and little Alterations . JUst when the last Sheet was ready to be printed off , that which follows was communicated to me by Mr Watson , the Person before-mentioned in this Work , which in respect of its Nature , being not only plain and useful , but also free from all Objections that Tables may be liable to , I have thought fit to add it hereunto , upon his Recommendation , and in the Words penn'd by himself . SIR I Rather communicate this to you , because many Gentlemen have the Convenience of Places fit for this way of Observation , which I take to be the most exact Way yet found to adjust a Pendulum Clock well . If you think it may be serviceable to those that are the most exact and curious in Time-keeping , you may do well to insert it in that laborious and curious Tract of the Equation of Natural Days , that you are now publishing . I am , Your real Friend and humble Servant , S. W. The Way of finding how much a Pendulum Clock has gained or lost in a Day , Week or a Month , to the nicity of Two or Three Seconds , &c. N. h. ′ ″ 1 0 3 56 2 0 7 52 3 0 11 48 4 0 15 44 5 0 19 39 6 0 23 35 7 0 27 31 8 0 31 27 9 0 35 23 10 0 39 19 11 0 43 15 12 0 47 11 13 0 51 7 14 0 55 2 15 0 58 58 16 1 2 54 17 1 6 50 18 1 10 46 19 1 14 42 20 1 18 38 21 1 22 34 22 1 26 30 23 1 30 25 24 1 34 21 25 1 38 17 26 1 42 13 27 1 46 9 28 1 50 5 29 1 54 1 30 1 57 57 31 2 1 53 TAke a Piece of thin Brass , and file therein a Slit or Notch , about half a quarter of an Inch deep , but somewhat wider at the Top than at the Bottom , as thus 〈◊〉 , knock the End of it into some Post in your Back-side , or else in some Window , that ye think convenient ; then look through the Notch at any Star of the first or second Magnitude , and wait till the Star comes to the Edge of any Chimney , or the Side of any House , and you will see the Star vanish in a Moment ; then mark what your Clock is at when the Star vanishes : Then at any other Night afterwards ( as the next Night , or a Week or a Month afterwards ) wait for the same Star again till it vanish behind the Chimney or House , as before , and then observe what your Clock is at , then your Clock should shew the second Time of vanishing so much sooner than the first , as this Table shews ; now the farther off the Chimney or Wall is the more exact will the Observation be . Let the Distance be Ten Yards at least , let the Observation be made in any part of the East , South or West , but little towards the North Pole , because the Polar Stars are not so fit for this Purpose . EXAMPLE . Suppose a Star vanishes this Night at Nine Hours , Three Minutes and Four Seconds , by my Clock , and Eight Nights after I observe it again , and it then vanishes at Eight Hours , Thirty four Minutes and Forty two Seconds ; by my Clock , against Eight Nights , in the Table , I find Thirty one Minutes Twenty seven Seconds ; that is , so much sooner should the Star vanish at the second Observation than it did at the first ; therefore substracting 31′ 27″ from the first Observation 9h . 3′ 4″ . there 's left 8h . 31′ 37″ , the true Time that the Clock should have been at in the second Observation ; therefore seeing the Clock was then at 8h 24′ 32″ , it has gained 2′ 55. FINIS . 
A60472	----	Horological dialogves in three parts shewing the nature, use, and right managing of clocks and watches : with an appendix containing Mr. Ovghtred's method for calculating of numbers : the whole being a work very necessary for all that make use of these kind of movements / by J. S. ... Smith, John, fl. 1673-1680. 1675 Approx. 117 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 69 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-12 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A60472 Wing S4105 ESTC R10982 13115357 ocm 13115357 97744 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A60472) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 97744) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 548:12) Horological dialogves in three parts shewing the nature, use, and right managing of clocks and watches : with an appendix containing Mr. Ovghtred's method for calculating of numbers : the whole being a work very necessary for all that make use of these kind of movements / by J. S. ... Smith, John, fl. 1673-1680. Oughtred, William, 1575-1660. Appendix wherein is contained a method of calculating all numbers for watches. [16], 120 p. Printed for Jonathan Edwin ..., London : 1675. "An appendix" has special t.p. Reproduction of original in Cambridge University Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. 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Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Horology -- Early works to 1800. Time measurements. 2005-04 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2005-07 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-08 Emma (Leeson) Huber Sampled and proofread 2005-08 Emma (Leeson) Huber Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-10 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion HOROLOGICAL DIALOGVES . In Three Parts . SHEWING The Nature , Use , and right Managing of CLOCKS AND WATCHES : WITH AN APPENDIX Containing Mr. OVGHTRED's Method for Calculating of Numbers . The whole being a work very necessary for all that make use of these kind of Movements . By J. S. Clock-maker . London , Printed for Jonathan Edwin at the Three Roses in Ludgate-street , 1675. TO THE READER . CLocks being things in themselves so useful and excellent , that no production of Art whatsoever doth surpass them ( especially those that are truly and well made ) yet are extraordinarily subject to give dissatisfaction to those that own them , which happeneth from two Causes ; the one from the Workman's unskilfulness and unfaithfulness in making them , and the other is from the Owner's unskilfulness in keeping and managing them . To remove the latter of these Causes hath engaged me to endeavour ( in the following Tract ) to reveal ( to th●se that are ignorant ) some of those secrets that are necessary to be known by those that would rightly manage them : in doing which , I have been as plain as possible , considering the brevity of it , and I doubt not but it will give sufficient light to any understanding man whatsoever , and though it come forth into the world but in a plain Country dress , yet I can assure you it hath a good design , and will deliver those things that are of use and profit to all that have occasion to make use of it , from whom I hope to gain a friendly acceptance , which if I find sufficient for further encouragement , then this shall not be the last of my endeavours to serve you , J. S. A TABLE Of the Contents OF THE Several PARTS . Of Part I. Dialogue 1. THe definition of Clocks : the reason of their several distinctions , with an account of the most common kinds now in use . Dialogue 2. The manner how all Clocks naturally perform their offices . Dialogue 3. Wherein the go●dness and excellence of a Clock chiefly consists . Dialogue 4. Of the several conclusions that have been , are , and may be , wrought by the motion of Clock-work . Dialogue 5. Some few Rules how a man may furnish himself with either Clocks for Watches that are really good and substantial . Dialogue 6. The way and manner of packing up and conveying all manner of Clo●ks from one place to another , as occasion shall require ; as also rules to be observed in setting them up , and fixing them in the places they are designed to stand in . Of Part II. Dialogue 1. OF Pocket Watche , Watch and Larrums , and Clocks ; their use , right ▪ managing , and true adjusting . Dialogue 2 , Of ordinary Domestick ballance Watches , Watch and Larrums , and Clocks ; their use , right managing , and true adjusting . Dialogue 3. Of Pendulum Clocks , their use , right managing , and true adjusting . Dialogue 4. Of quarter , repeating , and Chime Clocks , their use and management . Dialogue 5. Certain cases to be observed in all Clocks generally . Of Part III. Dialogue 1. OF the inequality of time in respect of artificial motions , the nature of it ; their time● of erring and quantity of their error ; from whence several Conclusions are drawn in reference to Clocks . Dialogue 2. Of refractions what it is , and when it happeneth , with several Conclusions drawn from it in reference to Clocks . Dialogue 3. Of the spring , its definition , nature , and defects , with the effects thereof in Clocks and Watches . Dialogue 4. Some Enquiries into the Nature of the Pendulum , with the method of finding their several lengths . Dialogue 5. Of the Clock-bell , the cause of its sounding , with the nature thereof , proved by reason and experience . In the Appendix . I. OF Movements or Automata . II. Of finding out fit numbers for the wheels and pinions . III. Of effecting particular motions required . IV. A motion to shew the age of the Moon . V. A Motion to shew the day of the year , or the degree of the Sun in the Ecliptick , or the time of the Suns rising or setting , &c. VI. To shew the hour of full tide in any Port. HOROLOGICAL DIALOGVES . The First Part. DIALOGVE 1. The definition of Clocks : the reason of their Several distinctions , with an account of the most common kinds now in use . Chi BEing desirous to furnish my self with sufficient knowledg in things of either use or profit to man , I considered the safest Inquiry would be of persons whose knowledge was compleat in those things which I purposed to inquire after , to which end , being desirous , among other things , to understand as much of the nature , use , and right managing of Clocks as was possible for one that was not a workman , in that kind , I thought it best to apply my self to you ; who , being an able Artist in that profession , may therefore be the more likely to satisfie my curiosity in this particular , provided you are as willing , as God and education hath made you able . Articus , Sir , the most noble and ingenious productions of Nature and Art ( I have observed ) are alwaies of more value and esteem among men , when their vertues and qualities are throughly understood and truly discovered , then they are so long as the same lyeth hidden and concealed ; which Consideration is to me a sufficient motive to ingage my self to serve you in this your request as far as my weak capacity will permit me , especially in those things that are absolutely necessary to be known by those that intend to make use of any sort of Clocks whatsoever , hoping thereby to whet the edge of your esteem of so ingenious an art . Propound therefore those things you would be satisfied in and I shall indeavour to give you an answer . Chiv. In the first place let me understand what you define a Clock to be . Art. A Clock is a certain instrument invented and contrived , to give the true hour , either of the day or night , ( by the Circuler moving or certain wheels and pinions artificially disposed within the Body of the Instrument ) without the help of either Sun , Moon , or Stars , or any other of those elemental assistances , which the Antients did in former ages make use of to divide their time by . Chiv. Are Clocks more useful for finding the hour , then any other Instrument heretofore made use of . Art. Clocks in that perfection , in which this age enjoys them , excel all other instruments in its officiousness at all times , and in all places , as well in the nights , as in the day , as well in cloudy skies as in clear weather , as well in close roomes as in the open Air , which no other Horological Instrument besides this is able to perform , many being defective , where the Sun giveth a perpendicular shaddow , and in cloudy weather , in close roomes , and in the night , most are likewise of no use ; whereas on the contrary , let the time be when it will , the weather what it will , or the place where it will , all is one to a Clock , it shall give the time as certain in one as in another , provided it be in perfect order , and well adjusted . Chiv. From whence are all those various names , and denominations of Clocks derived . Art. They are derived , first , from that which is the principal and prime cause of their motion , being either weight or Spring . Secondly , from that , which retards and regulates the violent motion of the wheels , being either , ballance or pendulum . Thirdly , from the time they continue in motion at once winding up , some going 16 houres , some 30 hours , some 8 days , some 5 weeks , some 3 moneths , some 6 moneths , and some a year . Fourthly , from the offices which they perform , some giving the hour onely by the pointing of the needle , others express the same by the sound of a bell . Some strike quarters , some repeat the hour , and some chime tunes . So that from the permiscuous intermixtures , of these four foregoing heads , are derived all these various and manifold distinctions , and denominations , under which they have been exhibited unto the world , of which be pleased in the following Scheam to take a view of . A Scheam of the names and titles of Clocks . 1. Spring Ballance Watches Weight Pendulum 2. Spring Ballance Watch and Larrums Weight Pendulum 3. Spring Ballance Clocks Weight Pendulum 4. Spring Ballance Quarter Clocks Weight Pendulum 5. Spring Ballance Repeating Clocks Weight Pendulum 6. Spring Ballance Quarter Repeating Clocks Weight Pendulum 7. Spring Ballance Chime Clocks Weight Pendulum 8. Spring Ballance Quarter chime Clocks Weight Pendulum 9 : Spring Ballance Repeating Chime Clocks Weight Pendulum 10. Spring Ballance Quart. Repeating Ch. Clock . Weight Pendulum To all which , if you adde that space of time , they continue in motion at once winding up , you have the names of 40. Of the chief and most common kinds now in use among us , the reason why I have omited the mentioning of some which have been formerly , and are still made use of , which differ from these aforementioned both in name and nature , is , because they are but the productions of meet whimseys , not at all answering the expectations of those that composed them , or have made use of them , upon which account t is Judged , their memory may perish with their dissolution , for want of the same kind to succeed them , when they are decayed , and therefore since there is uo likelyhood , of their being much or long in use , I have forborn to speak any thing of them . DIALOGVE II. The manner how all Clocks naturally perform their Offices . Chi. BY what you have delivered in the foregoing discourse , among other particulars therein mentioned , I find that Clocks perform their offices by wheel-work , but in what manner they move , or act , I am still ignorant , and therefore would be gladly informed somewhat thereof . Art. All Clocks , consist of one or more parts , or sets of wheels and pinions , ( a set consisting commonly , of so many wheels and pinions , as are moved by the draught , or poysute , of one Weight or Spring . ) Of those that consist but of one part , or set of wheels , are pocket Watches , and all other moments of what form or fashion soever , that strike not on a Bell ; these having their Wheels and pinions differently indented in their perypheris ( according to the judgment of him that composeth it . ) do by vertue received from either Weights or Springs , successively move each other in a circular manner , having the rapidity of their motion , so retarded and regulated , by either Ballance or Pendulum , that the needle , who also is moved with the rest of the work performs its revolution in twelve hours ( or parts of time ) thereby dividing at twice going round , the day and night into twenty four equal parts , which are commonly expressed by the pointing of the needle to a Circle equally divided into twelve parts , which are called hours , whereunto are annexed figures , sufficient to distinguish the successive divisions thereof , so that by the pointing of the needle , to any of those divisions , or their intermediate parts , you have the true hour given , whensoever you make inspection thereon . Those that consist of more sets of Wheels then one , are all those movements that strike on bells , of which the Clock is one , being composed of two parts , a watch part , and a striking part , the watch being the same as was spoken of before , I shall pass here : as for the strikeing part , it is that whereby the Clock is made by art to give intelligence of its divisions of time , by strikeing several successive blows on a bell , sufficient to express the number of hours , that have passed , since the last meridian altitude , or depression of the Sun , which is thus performed . The wheels contained in the striking part being at the end of every hour unlocked by certain detents for that purpose appointed , continue the rapidity of their motion which is the cause of the hammers striking until the locking detent , which is appointed to stop them , fall into the next successive notch of a moving wheel , called the count wheel , for that purpose indented concentrick at severall distances according to the number of strokes at each time to be strucken . Chi. By the description here given I am much satisfied , concerning the natural motion of wheels in a Clock , but if you have any thing further to declare I shall be very desirous to hear it . Art. There is nothing more to be spoken concerning this matter that will be worthy your attention ; what hath already been delivered is sufficient , for there in not any part of Clock work whatsoever which moveth not according to the order here before described , so that if they contain quarter repeating or Chime parts , yet their order in motion is the same in effect with what hath been before delivered . DIALOGVE III. Wherein the goodness and excellency of a Clock chiefly consisteth . CHi . That little knowledg which I have gained by our former discourses makes me , still the more desirous to be informed further concerning these motions of returns , whereof in the next place I shall desire some account wherein the chief goodness of a Clock consists that I may ( at least in discourse ) be able to difference those that are good from them that are bad . Art. The chief goodness of a Clock consists chiefly in these two things ; first in its dureableness ; secondly in its officiousness ; and that it may be either durable or officious several things are required . First for its durableness the first thing required is that the chief parts of which it is composed , be of metal answerable in hardness to the extremity of its performance . And Secondly that true proportion and uniforme figure be observed in all its parts . Chi. You speak well in my opinion as to the first of these , for I am certainly perswaded that those german movements and others , formerly made , were far more lasting and dureable then those which these latter ages have produced for certainly , them whose wheels and other parts were made of the purest steel must needs outlast those who are made in brass , it being a much softer metal and so consequently more subject to decay . Art. Your not right understanding the first thing required in my first propostion hath been the cause of this your great mistake . I confess indeed that some part of those antient movements you speak of do in our days seem many of them to be very little worn : Yet I will prove to you by plain and evident reasons , that those Clocks and Watches , which we make now a dayes ( though the wheels and other parts are composed of brass the softer metal ) shall in the general out last all others whatsoever , provided it be truly and religiously wrought : to prove which consider first that the service of all pinions are in such proportion to the wheels that moveth them ( or are moved by them ) as their numbers are one to another so that if a wheel contain sixty teeth and the pinion which it moveth about contain but six , the service of this pinion must needs be ten times as much as the service of that wheel , because it maketh ten revolutions to the wheeles one , and so by consequence every tooth ( or leaf ) of that pinion must be worn ten times as much as every tooth in that wheel , to make therefore these wheels and pinions to wear a like , and continue the one as long as the other , t is requisite that the substance of the pinion should be so many degrees more hard and durable ( as its proportion of wearing is ) then the substance of the wheel which moveth it , by which means they will wear better and continue longer without reparation then otherwise t is possible for them to do ; for if you observe those german movements you speak of ( whose wheels and pinions and other parts are all of steel ) you shall find the pinions irrepairably decaied , when the wheels are never the worse , for since that almost all the wearing to which those parts are liable be laid one the pinions , we may reasonably conclude that they are sooner worn out ( by just halfe the time ) then they otherwise would have been , if the wheel had been made of such a metal , whose proportion of hardness or softness would have admitted an equal share of wearing with it , which ill conveniencies are all avoyded by that method of working now a days used in framing of these movements : there fore in this sort of work take this for a general rule ( where there is no exception ) that what proportion of wearing one part beareth unto another such a proportion of hardness should the metal of the one have above the other to make them wear equal , and Continue long in that placide estate of motion which is requisite in things of this nature . Chi I am now in part convinced of my error , but yet , I think , your general rule holds not good in all parts of a Clock , for then how comes it to pass that in Clocks , you make their pevets which are of steel , to move in frames of brass this according to your general rule cannot wear equally , because they are substances of unequal hardness , yet perform both the same taske ; whence we may conclude that the more soft must needs be more sensiable of the wearing then that which is more hard , therfore how can your method of working , be good in these parts . Art. The rule and method holds good still ( with our exception ) for though it be an ill convenience in other parts , yet in pevets and their receptacles it is not so , for reason requires if ' twear possible , that all the wearing to which those parts are subject should be in the pevet holes , and not in the pevets themselves ; for when pevets , are worn and decayed there 's no repairing them without new pinions ( which is exceeding chargeable ) whereas pevet-holes are more easily reduced and with far smaller cost , thus of two evils we have chosen the least . Chi. Why are true proportion and uniform figure required to make the movement of a Clock more lasting and durable . Art. True proportion and uniform figure are required , because without it , movements of this Nature cannot perform , and we count a Clock to be worn or ( which is all one ) to be of no value , when he ceaseth to perform that office for which he is designed : if therefore the teeth of the pinions are not proportional to the teeth of the wheels , or the teeth of both to themselves , if the pevets are too big or too little , if the wheels are too large , or the generality of the work too heavy and cumbersom , 't is certain this Clock is not of the number of those that are accounted the best . Chi. What is required in its officiousness to make it good or excellent ? Art. In its officiousness two things are required , first continuance in motion ; secondly regularity in the same : as to the first of these 't is certain , that those Clocks , that have true proportion in their parts and uniformity of figure also , must needs 〈◊〉 a Clock of continuance in motion , according to the best kind ? provided it be well defended , by case or otherwise , from air and dust ; the one being subject to rust the steel work , which may happen to put a stop to its motion , and the other , by clogging the teeth , and choaking the pevets , will be apt to produce the same effect . As to their regularity I shall say only thus much , that those Clocks , who have their motion regulated by a Pendulum , are more excellent then those who are regulated by a Ballance , and those , that are regulated by a long Pendulum , are far more excellent than those that are regulated by a short one ; to all which I shall add this one general rule , that those Clocks are to be accounted best , that perform most with least work . DIALOGUE IV. Of the several conclusions that have been , are , and may be wrought by the motion of Clockwork . CHi . Is it possible by the moving of Clockwork to represent or work any other motion or conclusion then that of the hour . Art. Of those several motions and conclusions that may be wrought by Clock-work I will give you an account as far as my knowledge or inquiry will permit me : the first thing I shall deliver as possible to be effected by their motion , is that first they may be made to show the month of the year , the days of the moneth , the the hours of the day , the minutes of an hour , and the secants of a minute . 2 , They may ( besides the hour in any particuler place ) be made to shew the hour in any place of the known World ; so that , by inspection thereon , you may have readily given you the hour at that time , as it is naturally , in any particuler known Region , Kingdome , or Principal City in the Universe . 3. They may be made to shew the Suns place in the twelve signs of the Zodiack , his declination from the equinoctial , his right and oblick ascention , his amplitude , rising and setting , length of the day and night , with the beginning and ending of twilight , throughout the whole year . 4. They may shew the moons age , time of her new , full , and quarters , her rising , and setting , and southing , her time of shining , and motion through the twelve signs of the Zodiack . 5. They may shew the rising , setting , and southing of any fixed Stars . 6. They may shew the time of the tide or full sea in any Port or Harbour whatsoever . 7. Besides the hour , they have been made to strike the minutes , and quarters , repeat the hour , Chime Tunes on Bells , play on the Organ , Harpsecal , or Virginal . 8. Besides the lively and delightful motion that hath thereby been given to Artificial Creatures , such as dogs , mice , flyes , fouls of the air , and figures of men , women , and the like . Besides all which it hath been reported , by one of the Ancients , that a Prince in his time was ( by a German ) presented with a Clock , which , besides the hower , did also represent the moving of the seven planets in their direct retrograde and stationary motions : which if true was a work worthy admiration . DIALOGVE V. Some few rules how a man may furnish himself with either Clocks or Watches that are really good and substantial . CHi . The time that hath been spent in giving and receiving these first Rudiments of knowledge in this kind , hath in my opinion been somthing larger then necessity seems to require , Considering that what hath been delivered has rather been to satisfie an inquisitive curiosity then for any great use or profit contained therein ; therefore since I have gained sufficient knowledge in these lesser matters let us proceed to those of more importance , and herein I shall desire you to give some few directions what course is safest to be taken in furnishing my self with a good Clock . Art. If you intend to furnish your self with Clocks that are really good and substantial you must observe these three rules . First that you apply your self to a work-man who is of reputed ability : he that is master of his Art is the only person in nature from whom you can in reason expect either Clocks or any other movements whatsoever that are perfect , sound , and good work . Chi. You say well , but I have observed , that same or repute is many times the product of some particular affections , and too often is conferred one those that least deserve it , therefore that I may not be deceived in the repute of a work-mans ability what rule shall I walk by . Art. Not by the populer applause of light and vain petsons : but by the commendation of the more sober and soled sort of men . Not by the fame of unexperienced relations ; as by the testimony of his own labours . Not by his fair and beautiful expressions but by his plain downright and solid reasons . So that if his reputation be derived from gravity : if his work have performed according to the expectaion of those that have used it : and he be able to give a reason of any thing that falls in his business , you may in a large manner put confidence in his ability . Chi. But some Clocks that have been made by persons of good repute have failed exceedingly in their performance ( as might be instanced in several ) though they indeed at last were perfected , but it was with a great deal of trouble . Art. This might be for several other reasons , and not from any deficience in the work-man ; as first , it might be some accidental injury in the conveiance from one place to another , as sometimes happens by jogs or Squats which loosen either pins , wedges or screws which many waies may impede its motion . Secondly there may be some small matter not freed in the finishing , which many times escapes the care of the best work-man , and may happen not to discover it self till sold , all which may occasion some defect in its performance , and this defect may occasion some trouble to find its cause , for if the cause be once found t is then easily cured , only the hardest thing is to find the cause , but however the work of a reputed Artist , may thus fail by chance , yet this can be no cause for you to distrust his ability , for the best work-man being but a man may be subject to error , and if in the general he prove a sound work-man once failing is not to be taken notice of . Chi. What is the second rule I am to take notice of . Art. My second rule is that your work-man be not onely a person of reputed ability , but also of known integrity , for though a found work-man be able to furnish you with good work ; yet the safest dealing will be with him that is both able and honest , an able work-man can furnish you with good work , if he will , and an honest man will furnish you with good work , therefore he that is both able and honest , both can and will furnish you with good work if you observe . My third rule , that you resolve to give a price valuable to the work you purchase , there is a saying which among Clock-makers is aparently true , that he that sels a Clock for a small price cheats either himself or his customer , for if he sels good work at a low rate , he cheats himself ; but if he sels bad work at a low value then he cheats his Customer , who expects ( commonly ) that it should be good though he buy it at an inconsiderable price ; therefore if you are minded to furnish your self with a good Clock be as willing to give a good price as you are to have good work . Chi. But suppose that I should apply my self to such a person you speak of that is both of repute , ability , and known integrity , and one that for a good price hath made good work ; yet , I fear , I may here be cheated , for when I come into his shop with a resolution to give a good price for that which is good ; I may have chance to pitch upon one that is not of his own make , for I have observed that they all keep servants , who seldome prove so careful as they ought , especially if their masters eye is not alwaies one them . Art. He that is honest and faithful in his dealing will certainly inform you of the difference if he finds you thus resolved valuably to purchase the best , but however considering temptations your best way not to be deceived is to be speak it a fore hand agreeing with the work-man both for price , time of going , performance , and shape ; this is the surest way , for a work man that knoweth his price knows also what time he can afford to spend in makeing it good . Chi. But is it not possible for a man that is not an Artist , to be capable of knowing good work . Art. T is very hard , yet to satisfie your desire I will give you two or three rules that may possibly stand you in some stead . First be satisfied if possibly , whether the teeth of the wheels be cut down by an ingine or not , for there is no man can cut them down by hand so true and equal as an ingine doth , Secondly let the vibrative traine of the Pendulum or Ballance be brisk and lively , continuing its motion some time after the tooth hath ingaged with its pallets , and not check or return so soon as they have beaten thereon , t is alwaies commendable to to see Clock or Watch-work , move thus brisk and lively , and a great sign it hath passed a good hand . Thirdly , Observe whether every particular part of it be true and square whether it be clean , smooth , and well polished , whether the needle or hand be true siled , and of a neat order whether the hammer strike one the Bell so true as may cause it to give its sound clear and ful without intermixture of harshness and Jurgelling , and whether the work be generally in all its actions lively , brisk and pleasant , if you find all these in a Clock you may conclude it was made by the hand of a good work-man , and consequently that it is good work , which is alwaies best cheap though it cost dear . DIALOGVE VI. The way and manner of packing up and conveying all manner of Clocks from one place to another , as occasion shall require , as also rules to be observed in setting them up and fixing them in the places they are designed to stand in . CHi . In removing of Clocks , as occasion may happen , how shall I do it without prejudice . Art. If you have occasion to convey any Clock of worth from one place to another you must do thus : provide for it a coffin or box of deal boards or other wood , let it be strong enough , provided it be not too heavy and cumbersome , let this box be of bigness sufficient to contain your Clock ( with case or without ) having besides space enough left both at bottom , top , and sides , to thrust in Straw , or Hay , ( or any other matter that is soft and yeilding ) in such quantity as may be sufficient to keep it free from the sides of the coffin : when you have thus provided your coffin or box let your Clock ( whether in case or otherwise ) be carefully wraped up in paper or Cloths ( according to its bigness ) to keep it from dust and fowlness having before fastened every thing in it that may receive prejudice by being loose as the pendent of a Clock , or a Clock in the case , or the like : when you have thus wraped it up safe , then in the bottom of the coffin or box , place a lay of Straw , upon which lay in your Clock , then with Straw or Hay let it be so close packed up both at bottom , top , and sides , as the Clock may not-be able to stir therein ( alwaies observeing to be careful of glases or ornaments that they be free from compression ) then fasten on the cover by nailing or Cording it ; so is your Clock sufficiently packed up , and may he safely conveyed to any place whatsoever without harm or prejudice . Chi. When I have thus safely conveyed it to any place , how then shall I deal with it to set it up rightly . Art. When you have gotten it home , the first thing you have to do is gently to open the box , pull out the packing and take out the Clock then take off that with which it is covered , loosen those things that are fastened in it , so is it ready to set up for going . If it be a Ballance Clock of the ordinary sort , the trouble is not much but onely to drive in an hook into either post or brickwork , so that it may be fast , indriving of which observe not to drive it too far at first , till you have tried with your Clock whether it hang up right from the wall , if it be not enough you may drive it further till you find it enough , then hang thereon your Clock ( by that provision which is made in it ) as upright as your eye can Judge it will do well enough for these sorts ; when you have hung it up , then hang on the weights , where note that they are , commonly marked , ( or should be ) the one with a W. , the other with an S. let that weight that is marked with the S. be hung o● that line which is next the wall , and let that which is marked with the W. be hung on the out most line , sometimes there are quarter Clocks which have more weights then two ; in this case , it is convenient to fasten to the lines pieces of paper marked with the same marke that the weight is to be hung on it . Chi. In what manner shall I set up a pendulum Clock . Art. If your pendulum Clock be of the ordinary sort the trouble and manner of hanging it up is the same with the Ballance Clock , viz. to drive an hook for it to hang on , which when you have done you may hang on the weight without any difficulty , because they commonly go but with one , which you cannot well miss in hanging ; the greatest difficulty is to hang those Clocks upright , for if they are not placed exact , they will not go , the onely rule to know when a Pendulum Clock hangs exactly is by the beating of the pendulum , for if it strike not equal , that is , if there be longer time between beating of one blow , then there is between the beating of another , be sure it stands not upright ; to remedy which you must elevate either one side of the Clock or the other , till you find it to vibrate equally , in doing of which observe , that if , when you have elevated one side of your Clock , it beats more unequal than before , then be sure you have elevated the wrong● side , therefore proceed to the elevation of the other , till you find it to vibrate equally . Chi. What rules must be observed in setting up the long-swing weekly Pendulums , or others of the like nature . Art. In setting up long-swing Pendulums , after you have taken them from the coffin , open it , and make free all things that are fastened , as before was taught , then in the room it is designed to stand in , seek for some post if possible near the place you desire it should stand at , to which proster the Clock and case together as it is , which done fasten the back part of the Case with a nail or screw to the post , then hang on the weight according to the marks by the work-man given , and set the Pendulum on vibrating , and according to the beating of it you will understand which way to elevate or depress the same to make it beat equal and swing clear of the case : then when you have found it to stand in its true position , fasten it with another nail or two , that it may stand firm and not shake : the same rule that is given for this serves for all other trunck-cases whatsoever . Chi. What rules have you for placing Spring ( or table Clock . ) The difficulty of placing these is not great , for after you have loosed whatsoever was fastened for conveniency of carriage , you have no more to do but to set it on a Table , Cabinet , or other place convenient for it to stand on ( which most commonly stand up right ) but after you have placed your Clock thereon , if it be a pendulum and you find it not to beat right , you may remedy it by putting under that part of the Table , Cabinet , &c. that is too low , a smal wedg , till you find it to stand right and vibrate equal . HOROLOGICAL DIALOGVES . The Second Part. DIALOGVE I. Of pocket Watches ; Watch and Larrums ; and Clocks ; their use right managing and true adjusting . CHi . What is the chief use of watches , watch and larrums , and Clocks . Art. The chief use of the pocket watch is , with the pointing of the needle to the circle of hours , to give the true hour of the day or night ; the watch and Larrum not only giveth the hour by the pointing of the needle , but is also by Art contrived to ring on a bell , at any certain hour you shall appoint , being chiefly designed to awaken people at any certain hour of the night , according as they shall have occasion to raise themselves ; the Clock not onely giveth the hour by the direction of the hand to the Dial figures , but doth also ( as I have said before ) give intelligence of its divisions of time , by the sound of a Bell , strikeing thereon so many stroaks as are sufficient to give an account of the hour it expresseth . Chi. What is to be learnt as necessary to the right managing of these movements . Art. In the managing of the pocket watch , you must first wind it up rightly ; which you must do by turning the Key of it contrary to the motion of the Sun , or from your right hand upwards ( or from you ) towards your self , which ought also to be done not too hastily , least you force the stop , and break the string ; and commonly those , that strive to wind them up the contrary way , bow either the teeth , or break the pinions ; like unto this is the manner of winding up either Watch and Larrum , or Clock ; but the Watch and Larrum , being appointed to ring at any certain hour must thus be set to perform its task ; they have commonly two circles wheron , are ingraven the twelve hours , one in large or capital figures , the other in small figures , which are appointed to set the Larrum by , within which is a small hand ; now , what hour soever you would have your Larrums to ring at , to that figure , i● the innermost circle , set your Larrum hand ; as if you would have it ring at five in the Morning , then set the little hand within the small circle ( which I call the Larrum hand ) to the figure of five contained in that small circle ; then winde up the Larrum , and the next morning you willl see the effects . Chi. How is the Clock to be ordered . Art. The Clock , in the winding up of its several parts , must be ordered as the watch , but in other respects requireth a different ordering , for if the hand be not at the true hour , it must be set thereunto gradually from one hour to an other , letting the Clock strike out betwixt each hour , for if you should turn the hand forward hastily two or three figures together , you will indanger the breaking of the detents , if they should happen to rise against the warning pin . If the hand and the striking are not together , that is , if it strikes more or less then the figure , which the hand points at , you must bring them together thus , by lifting up continually the locking detent , so often as occasion serves , till by striking of it round you bring it to strike so many as the figure signifies , to which the needle points . Chi. How are these movements to be adjusted and brought truly to the hour . Art In adjusting of these movements what is necessary in one , is sufficient for all , being all rectified in their going by the same rule , if therefore a Watch go too fast , the spring must be let down to make it go slower , if it go too slow the spring must be taken up to make it go faster . Chi. How shall this be performed . Art. By turning the endless screw , that the figures moved by it may increase or diminish : as if you would make it go faster , turn it that the figures may pass from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3 &c. but if you would have it go slower turn them from 4 to 3 and from 3 to 2 &c. and thus you may bring the most common pocket work to the true time or motion in which it should move . Chi. It hath been observed , that some Watches go too slow when they are first wound up , and too fast when they are almost down , and some go too fast , when they are first wound up , and too slow when they are almost down ; which all the leting down or taking up of the Spring would not remedy . Art. This proceeds from a fuzey not truly adjusted to the draught of the Spring , and must be rectified by a work-man , being one of the hardest knacks that belong to a Watch-maker to perform exactly . DIALOGUE II. Of ordinary domestick Ballance Watches , Watch and Larrums , and Clocks , their use , right manageing , and true adjusting . CHi . what is the chief use of these movements . Art. The use of these is the same with those in the former discourse , ( onely their use is more manual then these , and the use of these more domestick then they ) but their manner of ordering differ something , for these are drawn up by the lines themselves , and the Larrum is set by turning the Circle of small figures , till the figure , representing the hour you would have it ring at , be set under the back end of the hand ; as if you would have it ring at 4 of the Clock in the morning , turn the Circle about till you set the figure of 4 thereon just under the back ( or shorter end of the hand , ) so shall you have its desired effects , if you draw the weight of it up . For the ordering the Clock , in reference to the makeing it strike true with the hand , t is the same before delivered concerning the pocket Clock ; whether I refer you . Chi. When these movements go too fast or too slow , how shall they be rectified and adjusted . Art. These movements going with weights must be brought to keep true time by adding to or diminishing from them : if they go too slow you must add thin shifts of lead to the weights to make it go faster , but if it go too fast then you must diminish the weight to make it go slower , so that , whensoever you find it either to gain or loose , you must thus , by adding or diminishing , rectifie its motion : note that these Ballance movements are exceedingly subject to be altered by the change of weather , and therefore are most commonly very trou●lsome to keep to a true time , except they are your pocket watches , which by reason of their being alwaies kept near the heat of a mans body , are less sensible of the alteration of Air , and so less subject to be varied by it . DIALOGVE III. Of Pendulum Clocks , their use , right managing , and true adjusting . CHi . What rules give you for the right ordering of the pendulum Clock . Art. The Pendulum Clock being the most perfect , we shall deliver the full order and manner of true keeping it ; first , after you have fixed it to the place where it is to stand , you must give motion to the Pendulum by a touch of your finger , for it will not move of it self , but must be set one vibrating by manual operation , when the Pendulum is in motion it must not be touch't , for that will settle it still , and keep it from going . It must be pulled up by the hind-most line of the counter weight . It must by no means be Jogged out of its place , or beaten a wrye , for that will put a stop to the motion . Chi. How must it be ordered as to its striking ? Art. The same way that the other Clocks were by continual lifting up of the locking detent , till you have brought the striking and the hour together , did it either strike too much or too little ; here take notice that the locking detent is on the right side of the Clock , if it go with one weight , but if it go with two weights then the locking detent is commonly on the left side of it , as it is in ordinary Ballance Clocks ; for the Justening of the Pendulum , it is done by altering the Radius thereof , either longer or shorter , as occasion serveth , so that if a Pendulum go too slow you must , by screwing the bob from you , shorten its Radius , which makes it vibrate oftner and go faster , but if it goes too fast then you must screw the bob lower , by turning the bob towards you , which makes its Radius longer , and by consequence obligeth it to go slower . Chi ▪ When a Pendulum is once rectified will it not alter like the Ballance Clock ? Art. The short Pendulum is subject to some alteration , but not so often nor Considerable as the Ballance : upon extream foulness they have been observed to go too fast ( contrary to the custome of ●allance work ▪ who is th●n subject to go too slow ) the reason of its thus going too fast when foul , is the choaking of the pevets with dust , which hinder the motion of the Pendulum , and restraineth it from fetching its wonted compass , so that the Arch of its recursion being shortened it must needs pass it in lesser time , and so by consequence gain as to its wonted course ; of which more may be understood when the Pendulum is treated of . Chi. Have you nothing more to deliver concerning Pendulums ? Art. Nothing more concerning these ordinary ones , I confess , somthing more might be delivered concerning the more richer kinds , but it being so hard to teach by precept without example , that I shall forbear . However what hath before been delivered is of good use in their managment , as to the matter of adjusting and setting them . Chi. Is the long pendulum subject to variation as the short one is ? Art. No ; being once brought to a true time it alwaies keeps it , for it moveth in so small an arch , that t is unpossible for it to move less without standing , and more it cannot being impeded by the work ; so that being confined that it cannot remove more or less from its center of gravity , it must needs keep a certain motion as to it self . Chi. But t is observed that they vary many times from the Sun , how can this be but from the Pendulum ? Art. I confess there is some small difference many times between them and the sun , but this is not from the Pemdulum but from other causes which shall be treated of when I shall discourse the inequality of time and refractions . DIALOGVE IV. Of Quarter Repeating , and Chime Clocks , their use and management . CHi . May there be any rules given for the setting , and keeping in order these motions , or may their use be known without experience ? Art. The use of Quarter Clocks is , not onely to strike the full hour on a bell , but also to strike at the end of every Quarter of an hour , so many blows on a smaller bell as are sufficient to express the number of Quarters that have passed since the hour last struck . Chi. Do they strike on one bell onely or on more ? Art. They are made many times to strike the Quarters on more bells then one , as many times on 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , or 6. but let them strike on never so many they must strike them over as many times each quarter , as there are quarters passed since the striking of the last hour . Chi. How doth the repeating Clock strike ? Art. They not only strike the hour and quarter , but also , immediately after the striking of each quarter , it repeats or strikes over again , on a different bell , the last hour that was strucken , by which you are given to understand , that it is 1 , 2 , or 3 quarters past that hour which was repeated ; this Clock is of excellent use for the night . There is another sort of repeating Clocks , which differs much from this before spoken of , the quarters and repeating , being both performed at the same time , and on the same bells ; it strikes the quarters on three bells , and the hour bell never strikes above six : to understand the striking of this Clock you must observe this rule . Look on how many quarter bells it strikes whether on 1 , 2 , or 3 , for so many quarters are passed since the strikeing of the last hour , as if it strike on one bell , then one quarter is passed ; if on two bells , then two quarters are passed , if on three bells , three quarters are passed : then again , look how many times it strikes on any number of the aforesaid three bells , that is the hour that was strucken last ; as suppose it strike five times on two bells , this signifies its two quarters past five or eleven as the time is , again suppose it strike six times one three bells , this signifies its three quarters past fix or twelve , according to the time . Chi. I understand not the meaning of its striking six or twelve , or eleven or five . Art. The meaning is this , the Clock never striking but six , is the cause that at seven of the Clock in the morning it strikes but one ; at eight , two ; and at nine three ; at ten , four ; at eleven , five ; and at twelve , six ; which every one that hath common sence cannot imagine to be six at morning , or six at evening , and therefore must needs be the next extream from six , viz , twelve . Chi. How are these quarter and repeating Clocks to be managed in their setting ? Art. Only by the successive striking them round by lifting up their locking detents so often , till each part agreeth with the other in the performance of its office . Chi. By what means may these detents be known , or how shall we find them , when there may be occasion to make use of them ? Art. To write of these things is but in vain , for 't is unpossible ( where there is such variety ) to give certain and general directions your , best knowledg herein will be from experience and the assistance of one well instructed therein . DIALOGUE V. Certain cases to be observed in all Clocks generally . CHi . How often do Clocks require to be cleansed ? Art. All Clocks ought once every year to be cleansed from the filth and dirt they have contracted : they ought likewise to be once or twice oyled between each cleansing , for when the pevets are once grown dry they wear four times as fast as otherwise they would do , if they were kept moist with a little clean oyle , and are likewise then most subject to standing still . Chi. Is not air and dust very Injurious to a Clock ? Art. Yes , and therefore all Clocks in the time of their going , ought to be kept as free as possible from both , the one will be apt to canker and rust it , the other will exceedingly clog and soul it , therefore to avoid one ill convenience in part , let those Clocks that move with lines , be sure to be alwaies sitted with those that are sound and good , for when once the lines of a Clock begin to grow any whit worn they foul a Clock exceedingly . Chi. 'T is certain I have known Clocks that for two or three years have gone well without either cleaning or lining . Art. This is likewise my experience , having know● the like both in Clocks and Watches , but this was commonly the event , that when they were forced to make them clean they never went well after , for going dry so long without oyl , they were so extreamly worne , that t was unpossible they should go longer . This I fear will be the fate of those long swing eight day Pendulums , so much at this day celebrated , for so long as they keep going well other things are not considered , nor no regard is had to those things that should continue them in that placide estate of motion . Chi. Which way must the hand be turned when we set either Clock or watch ? Art. When you set your pocket watches to the hour your best way is to move your hand backward ( or contrary to the succession of the figures ) but if your movement be a Clock then you must not turn it thus backward as you do a watch , because it will indanger the spoiling of it , but strike it forward from hour to hour , till you come to the time you would set it at , then when you have so done put it som●thing past the time you would set it to , and then bring it back again to the true time : as if your Clock were down , and your and stood at eight , and you were to set it at a quarter past eleven ; to do this strike your Clock gradually from eight to nine , and from nine to ten , and from ten to eleven ; then , to set it at a quarter past eleven , turn it to half an hour past , and then bring it back to a quarter or the true time . The reason of this advise is , because , if you put it forward when you set the hand , it will stand still , for as long time as the shaking or playing thereof contains in time on the dial ring . I have known the hand of some Clocks and Watches , that have played forward and backward above a quarter of an hour , and so long will they stand still , and not move the needle , when they are newly set , by turning the hand forward , whereas , if according to this direction , you put it backward , it will move immediately with the rest of the work : the not understanding of this hath bread great mistakes between many a gentleman and his Watch. Observe also to set your Watch continually by one Sun-dial , because 't is seldome known that two Sun-dials go true together ; so that , if you set it sometimes by one , and sometimes by another , you will never know when your Watch or Clock goeth right . Also observe further to set it ( if possible ) always to one hour on the same dial ; because many times the hour-lines give not true time alike , which , if it should thus happen , yet setting it always at one hour , will prevent all mistakes , or at least all those that are sensible . Chi. What must be observed when Clocks or Watches want cleansing or repairing ? Art. They must observe and be careful to send it to a workman , and not bring the Workman to it : many Gentlemen are of this humour , that when they have a Clock or such like that wants cleaning or mending , the workman must come to their houses to do it , which is a great mistake , for t is impossible for a workman when he is from his tools to perform his business so exquisitly as otherwise he might , so that they that desire this are certain to have their business never well done . I would also advise all persons whatsoever whose Clocks or Watches want reparations , that they give sufficient time after they are cleansed or mended , for the work-man truly to adjust them , for there is no man that can say , when he hath mended either Clock or Watch , that it ▪ shall go true , and perform well , till he have by sufficient tryal proved it and adjusted it . Chi. Is it considerable whether or no we keep a true time in winding up Watches or Clock● ? Art. Not at all ▪ you may wind them up at what time you please , or as often as you please , it matters not ; only observe in Watches , and other spring movements to wind them till they stop , and not give over till you wi●d them wholly up ; for if you do , you may chance to find alteration in their motion ; for the spring , when first wound up , draws harder then be doth when he is somewhat settled , and if this happen in any place of the fuzey , that is not diminished proportionable to this impetuous , it must needs cause variation in the motion . These are the most necessary , and chief directions , that can be given in writing , or that can be apprehended without example ; nevertheless , whosoever is Master of either Clocks or Watches , shall certainly find great benefit by what hath been here delivered , if he be careful to observe them . And though the rules , here delivered in this second part , are not so full and general as might be expected , yet they are as full as I thought convenient ; for I did consider that every one , that make use of Clocks or Watches , knows also how to manage them , as to the common rules thereunto belonging , and therefore I did think it needless to insert those things that are already so commonly known , only I did give a little touch of some of them ( that are most material ) for m●thods sake : for the First and Third parts , and the Appendix , was that which I chiefly designed , and may be worth the reading , if it be done with consideration ; for they contain those things that are known , but to a very few , and perhaps not rightly understood by some of them , so as to apply them to use and benefit . The End of the Second Part. HOROLOGICAL DIALOGVES . The Third Part. DIALOGVE 1. Of the inequality of time in respect of Artificial motions : the mature of it , their times of erring with the quantity of their error , from whence several conclusions are drawn in reference to Clocks CHi . What is the inequality of time and wherin doth it consist ? Art. The inequality of time consisteth not in the unequal length of days natural but in the unequal length of hours , as given on a Sun-dial which is a thing little sought after , and less understood by those whom it most nearly concerns . Chi. This is a thing I never before heard of , nor can at present understand , how the hours given can be one longer then another , that is how the shadow on a Sundial can be longer time in passing from one hour to another at one time of the year , then it is at another , for my part I never observed it , nor cannot imagine which way to do it . Art. There is no way possible to observe it , but by an exact Clock , that is regulated by a large Pendulum . Chi. What is the reason of this inequality of time ? Art. In giving the reason or cause there is great difference , some make the reason of it to be the obliquity of the Zodiack , wherein the Sun moveth ; others make the difference between the Suns true longitude , and his right ascention to be the absolute cause , others make the unequal motion of the Sun in the Zodiack to be the cause ( which I incline to ) but the cause of this cause , I suppose , all are ignorant of , because God in his word never revealed it , and for any other way of knowing it , I suppose , 't is so far from our attainment that the wisdome of the best Astronomer will in this prove but foolishness , however they may otherwise pretend . Chi. What reason have you to believe the Suns unequal Course to be the cause ? Art. Because the Sun in its motion through the Zodiack passeth equal arches in unequal times , by reason of its swift and slow motion whereby he fulfilleth his course from Libra to Aries in 178 days ( which is the winter half-year ) but in passing from Aries to Libra he takes up 187 days ( which is the summer half-year ) being nine dayes longer in passing through the semi●cliptick of the summer , than she is through that of the winter , now the Sun being thus swift and slow in motion cannot give a true and constant hour by its shadow one a Sundial for the motion of the primum Mobil finisheth its course in exact times , i. e. in twenty four hours which well agrees with the Suns mean motion near the equinoctial , but when the Sun is in its swift motion , as it happeneth when inclining to the winter Tropick , then there is more time contained in twenty four hours , as given on a dial , then there was in the equinoctial , and so by consequence every perticular hour in the twenty four must be somewhat longer then those in the Aequator : but when she happeneth to have slow motion as from Aries to Libra then there is not so much time contained in twenty four hours as there is in the Aequator , and so by consequence every hour must also be shorter . Chi. How this swift and slow motion of the Sun should c●use this inequality in time I cannot well understand . Suppose there were on an instrument two circles drawn concentrick , and the outmost Circle should be graduated into 360 degrees , and every degree into sixty minuts , and suppose that upon this circle thus graduated , there should some certain figure move , as it were naturally from West to East , which in Twenty four hours should move almost Fifty nine minutes of a degree ; suppose likewise that in this time of moving Fifty nine minutes , the innermost circle should compleatly the same way make one revolution , and should continue so to do ; that is , should always compleat its revolution , within it self in Twenty four hours , in which time the other moves fifty nine minutes of a degree ; then suppose this figure on the graduated circle should increase its motion , and should move Sixty one minutes of a degree , in the same time as it before moved but Fifty nine ; this must needs cause the innermost circle ( who before in twenty four hours finished its course from one conjunction to another , when the figure moved but fifty nine in twenty four hours ) to be longer time now , then twenty four hours , in passing from one conjunction to another , because the figure moveth faster , and so by consequence , requires more time to be overtaken then it did in its mean motion , the same reason is also for its slow motion ; for if the figure move less then fifty nine ( as suppose fifty eight or fifty seven minutes ) there is less time required for the prymoby like motion of the innermost circle to overtake it , then twenty four hours . Chi. What do you infer from hence ? Art. From hence we may infer , that if the hours given by a Sun-dial , increase or decrease in length , accord ▪ to the slow or swift motion of the Sun , that then t is impossible for the most exact ▪ ●l●ck that ever was made , to keep ●●●e with a Sun-dial , but there will be di●●erence , according to the time of the y●●r ●●d 〈◊〉 of the ●u● . Ch● . How is it then possible to justen a Clock , exactly to the hour . Art. T is possible ( when a man rightly understands the course of the Sun ) to justen it so , as that if it be set to a Sun-dial at any time it may be right with the same dial that time twelve month , but to justen it so as to keep touch with a dial the year round is unpossible . Chi. At what time will they differ ? Art. If a Pendulum truely adjusted ( so as to come right that time twelve month without setting ) be set to the hour in January , it shall in June following be too slow by the same dial ; if it be set in June to the hour , in January following , it shall be too fast , but if it be let go the year round , it shall in one half year gain or lose what it lost or got in the other , and so at the years end come right to the time it was first set at . Chi. What may be the quantity of their error ? A● From June to January ( if it be well adjusted ) twill nevertheless gain about forty four minutes , or almost three quarters of an hour ; from January to June t will lose near the same time ; if set to a dial in March , it may lose by June something above a quarter of an hour , viz , twenty two minutes ; from Iune to September t will gain as much and come right again ; from September to December it will gain about twenty two minutes , but from December to March t will lose it and come right again , Whence observe that Clocks set to the hour , when the Sun is in either of the tropicks , continues gaining and losing the whole year round , and never agree with the same dial , till that time twelve month : but if they are set when the Sun is in either of the equinoctial points , then they may agree with the same dial twice in the same time or year , and their gaining and losing will never be so extream , as when set in the tropicks , for if be set in March ( or the equinoctial of Aries ) it shall have lost in Iune but twenty one or twenty two minutes , and in September following it will agree with the same dial again , from thence to December t will gain as much , and from thence to March it will lose it and come right again ; so that from hence we may likewise conclude that those Clocks , which go to a quarter of an hour or something more in three months , are the nearest that can be brought to keep true time with the Sun , let them be of what form , kind , or price soever . Chi. What is the most true and exact way of justening Clocks by the Sun ? Art. If you would justen a Clock exactly to the Sun , so that a twelve month after it may agree with the same dial ( if set when the Sun is in the tropicks , or agree with the same dial twice in the year , when set in the equinoctials ) do thus , in the equinox of March let it be set to a true dial that sheweth minutes , and when the Sun is in the meridian ; then in Iune following observe the difference between your Clock and dial , which if it be about twenty two minutes too slow then conclude it goeth well ▪ but if it be more then twenty two minutes or less , then you must rectifie it accordingly , as hath been formerly taught , and thus you may rectifie it , according to any other time , if you consider the difference that happeneth after so many months going , from any time of setting . DIALOGVE II. Of Refractions what it is , and when it happeneth , with several conclusions drawn from it , in reference to Clocks . CHi . What is the refraction of the Suns beams , and how is it caused ? Art. Refraction of the Sun is when she appeareth higher in altitude then indeed she is , and is caused by the moist and humid vapours which continually arise from off the earth , which naturally do represent all things , that are seen through them , to be larger in bulk and higher in altitude then indeed they really are , this makes the Sun , Moon , and Stars ▪ when they first arise , to appear so large in magnitude , which continually diminisheth according as they ascend above the horizon , till being elevated above all vap●urs , they are again reduced in our appearance to their natuaral magnitude , and as those vapours make them appear to us of greater bulk and magnitude then otherwise they would , so they cause them also to appear higher in altitude : so that we see the sun visibly risen before she is naturally above the horizon . Chi. How is this proved ? Art. It may be proved thus : take an Horizontal Dial , that is large and truly drawn , place it exactly in its true position , which having done , let a Pendulum Clock , that keepeth true time , be ( about twelve of the Clock ) set exactly to it ; the next morning , if the Sun shine , observe how they agree , and you shall find that at the first rising of the Sun there will be much difference , which will by little and little diminish , according as the Sun gets above the strength of those vapours , till at last they come exactly together , which could not be , if her altitude were not by these refractions , made apparently higher than her true place . Chi. What conclusions may be drawn from hence ? Art. Since it is so that those vapors make the Sun at his rising or setting to appear higher to us than naturally she is , this must by consequence give a false shaddow on all Sun-dials , both at its rising and setting , because the hour lines drawn on Sun-dials , are designed to receive the shaddow of the Sun from its true place , and not from his appatient ; and so by consequence all Dials whatsoever cannot at those times give the true hour , because they receive not their shaddow from the Suns true place , but from his apparient ; therefore if your Watches and Clocks agree not with your Dial , you are not to conclude the fault to be in their motion ( if they have gone well before ) but in the refracted shining of the Sun. Chi. What altitude may the Sun attain before we may put confidence in a Sun-dial ? Art. For this I shall give you a Table made by my observation as near as possible to the truth . A Table of the Suns refraction in time , according to the degrees of Altitude . ☉ Alt. Differ . ☉ Alt. Differ .   ′ ″   ′ ″ 0 18 00 12 04 30 1 14 00 13 04 15 2 11 00 14 04 00 3 09 00 15 03 40 4 08 00 16 03 20 5 07 30 17 03 00 6 07 00 18 02 35 7 06 30 19 02 00 8 06 00 20 01 20 9 05 30 21 01 00 10 05 00 22 00 30 11 04 45 23 00 00 The use of this Table is thus , first find the Suns altitude in the lest hand column , intituled ⊙ altitude , and right against it you have the minutes and s●cants , which those dials vary when the Sun hath such degrees of altitude ; as for example , when the Sun first appeareth , a dial will differ from the true time 18 minutes ; when she hath 3 degrees of altitude , the difference is 9 minutes ; when she hath 9 degrees of altitude , the difference is 5 minutes 30 secants , &c. so that it will not be safe setting either Watch or Clock to the hour given on a Sun-dial , till the Sun have attained 20 degrees of altitude above the Horizon , till which time the refraction is something sensible . Chi. Tell me precisely what hours are fittest for that purpose ? A. The best times for setting either Clock or watch to the time , on a Dial , is in May , Iune , and Iuly , between the hours of 7 in the morning and 5 in the afternoon , in April and August between the hours of 8 in the morning , and 4. in the afternoon ; in February and September , between the hours of 10 and 2 , the other months 't will not be safe setting them till near noon . Chi. Suppose a watch should be set to a Sun-dial betimes in the morning , what then ? Art. Then it will not go right with the same Dial all the prime part of the day after , but will differ as much as the refraction was , when it was set to the same dial . Chi. are not these refractions always equal throughout the year ? Art. No , they are greater in Winter than in the Summer , greater in moist weather than in dry , greater near Seas or large Rivers than on the remoter parts of dry land , and greater in the morning than they are in the evening , all which being duly considered , may prove of good use for the business for which this discourse hath designed it , viz. The true keeping , and right managing of all Clocks and Watches whatsoever ; so that whensoever you shall find your Watches or Clocks differ in the same day from your Dial , you may by knowing the reason of it prevent those mistakes which otherwise might arise ? DIALOGVE III. Of the Spring , its definition , nature and defects , with the effects thereof in Clocks and Watches . CHi . From whence do those Movements that go without weights receive their motion ? Art. From a spring . Chi. What is a spring ? Art. A spring is a certain thin plate of steel , drawn by the hammer to a sufficient length , breadth , and thickness , according as the proportion of draught ( which is designed to it requires ) this being exactly wrought , and artificially tempered , is wound up in the form of a spiral line , not close together , but at a certain distance , after which it is conveyed into its barrel , where it lyeth something closer together in the outward circumference than in the center , having the one end fastened to the barrel , and the other to the arbor whereon the barrel moveth . Chi. When it is thus sitted to its work , how doth it perform or draw , so as to give motion to the wheels after it is wound up ? Art. When it is first wound up , it compresseth it self in the center , ( as ▪ before it did in the circumference ) but being by the temper made as it were free Deniz●n of a certain Orb , it never resteth till by extension it hath a●●ained to its first place , which it doth not in an instant , but by degrees as the motion of the work , which it draws along with it , will suffer it to move round . Chi. Is the draught of a spring equally in a●l places alike , or doth it differ according as it may be str●●ned ? Art. The spring is always strongest when first wound up , and weakest when returned to its natural position ; from whence it happeneth that the fuzey ( by which the spring draweth the work about ) is made commonly in the shape of a Counical screw , by which means this unequal draught is regulated and made alike equal ; for when the spring is first wound up , and its draught strongest , there the fuzey is least , and so as the strength of the spring decreaseth , so the bigness of the fuzey increaseth , by which means the wheels move most commonly with a pretty equal motion . Chi. Is it possible so to adjust a fuzey to the draught of a spring , that there shall be no alteration of time in those Watches which it moveth ? Art. The answer to this your question is a thing of great consequence , and deserves diligently to be enquired into : my opinion is , that the spring like a wise Master-fencer , hath reserved to himself some certain unlucky tricks ( which it's most diligent observers cannot attain to the knowledge of ) that so it may be able on occasion to give a foil to those that think themselves sufficiently able to overcome all its difficulties : Certain it is that those occult defects , which are yet remaining in the spring , are the very scourge and disgrace of Clock-makers , working those effects in the motion of Watches , which the most sound workman is not able to remedy , it being equally as unpossible to make a Watch go always true , as to have light and darkness both in the same place at the same time . Some Watches there are that for 6 or 8 days will go indifferent right , and after that it may be check and go too slow , and another time too fast , and seldom continue in one estate of motion , although it have always one bent offspring ; this is often remedied with a new spring , but never with the same . Others there are that shall never go well 24 hours together , but shall either gain or lose in spite of Art. Springs many times draw well for a time , and then faulter at last , as is seen in many new Watches , who go well when first sold , but afterward upon settling of the spring ; have moved very irregularly , which may be rectified by another new spring ; however the Work-man is commonly on such occasions blamed , though the fault be none of his , but is rather ( if in any ) the fault of the spring-maker . Chi. How is it the Spring-makers fault ? Art. Either he worketh them not truly to an equal thickness , or giveth them not a true temper in all places alike , or it may be leaveth them too high , or taketh them down too low , all which may be the cause of their unplacent motion ; for if they compress themselves more in one place than in another , it cannot in its extension move so free from jerking or twitching , as those that are compressed alike in all its parts , which illconveniencies though they many times are caused through the Spring-makers neglect , yet I date not affirm it to be always his fault ; for I believe , let them take all the care that possibly they can , yet the nature of steel is such , that it will not in all places take temper alike , which how the best work-man in this way will be able to remedy , I know not ; however it is certain , that where a spring is wrought with care , let it be what steel it will , yet it must needs prove better than those that are wrought with neglect . Chi. Are all springs troubled with those defects ? Art. No , all are not , in so high a measure , for then 't were unpossible any Watches should go true . Some are far better than others , and by chance a man may light on some that are purely good , but this is very rare , but for the most part , they are either more or less defective , and so by consequence those Watches that are moved by them , keep either a certain or uncertain time , according as the springs are in goodness that move them , always having consideration to the goodness of the work ; from all which we may conclude that the pains and care of Watch-makers ought to be very great that bring those Movements to any true performance , and if those that buy them , were as careful to pay them for their trouble , it would in this Art produce great effects . Let me advise all Gentlemen ( and others ) whose fortune it hath been to light on those Watches , that by the care of a good Workman , are brought to perform well , that they value them accordingly , and take great care that they do not by violence put them into disorder , it 's possible that a Watch may go near the true time , though not set in many days , this account excellent ; but if it go so well as to require setting but in two or three days , this is very considerable ; and where you have one that goes better you may have two that go worse ; therefore prise these also , and account that work that performs thus ▪ to be good work , and carefully finished . Note , That Pendulum Clocks or Watches which are drawn by springs , are not subject to those irregular motions as ballance movements are . DIALOGVE IV. Some Enquiries into the Nature of the Pendulum , with the method of finding their several lengths . CHi . The Pendulum being one of the most exact means yet discovered for the keeping of true time , it would be time well spent to enquire something into the nature of its motion , both as to its vibrations and terms of suspension . Art. As for the vibration of Pendulums suspended at any length , 't is certain that the times of it , vibrations natural to any Pendulums length , are so limited and prefixed , that it is impossible to make it move under any other period than that only one , which is natural unto it , let any one try all the ways he can to encrease or decrease the frequency of its vibrations , and he shall find his labour all in vain , provided he encrease or decrease not the arch of its recursions ; that is , that he remove it not farther or lesser from its Center of gravity , than such a certain number of degrees . Chi. You need not have made any exception , for t is well demonstrated by one of the Ancients , that if it be removed from the Center of gravity , any number of degrees whatsoever from one to ninety , yet the number of vibrations in the same Pendulum shall not encrease or decrease : His words are these , That the Moveables that should descend along the Cords , that are Subtenses to any Arch , must necessarily pass them all in equal times , as well the subtense under an hundred an eighty degrees ( that is the whole Diameter ) as the subtenses of an hundred , sixty , ten , two , or half a degree , four minutes : still supposing that they all determine in the lowest point touching the Horizontal plain . An effect which hath in it so much of wonder , by how much at the first apprehension one would think the contrary would follow ; for the term of the beginning and end of the motion being common ▪ and the right line being the shortest that can be comprehended between the said terms , it seemeth reasonable that the motion made by it should be finished in the shortest time , which yet is not so , but the shortest time , and consequently the swiftest motion , is that made by the Arch , of which the said right line is Cord. Art. But if this ancient Writer had had the same opportunity of experiencing these things as we have now , he would have been of another opinion : For to confute this , tryal was made by a Pendulum about seven foot long , which vibrated ( by a Clock shewing secants ) 41 times in a minute , at which time it swong or moved in an Arch of four inches , the same Pendulum , at 12 inches Arch vibrated but 40 ¼ the same at 10 foot Arch vibrated but 39 times , the same Pendulum at the whole Semi-arch vibrated but 37 times , so that here was four blows difference in the same Pendulum , when vibrating in different arches , which clearly prove that Pendulums cannot perform all its vibrations great , lesser , and least , under times precisely equal . Besides , 't is clearly apparent that ordinary pendulum Clocks and others , whose pendants are but short , that when through foulness or natural wearing , they fetch not so large a compass as when they are clean , and in order 't is then I say apparent that their motion is swifter than at other times . Chi. It 's probable that your Mechanical observations may be of more weight than the best rules of Art in this kind , for the truth is , if rules of Art will not keep touch with the Mechanicks , 't is not to be regarded ; in the next place let us consider the vibrations of Pendulums of different lengths in the same time , what proportions they beat ? Art. As to the times of the vibrations of pendulums suspended by verges of different lengths , those times are in subduple proportion to the the lengths of their verges , or if you will , the lengths are in duplicate proportion to the times ; that is , are as the squares of the times : so that if for example the time of the vibration of one pendulum is double to the vibration of an other , it followeth that the length of the rod of that is quadruple to the length of the verge of this , and in the time of one vibration of that , another shall make three vibrations when the verge of that shall be nine times as long as the other . From whence doth follow , that the length of the verges have to each other the the same proportion as the squares of the number of vibrations that are made in the same times have . Chi. Then if I have rightly understood you , I may easily know the length of a pendulum hanging at never so great heighth , although the sublime term of suspension were invisible to me , and I only saw the lower extream , for if it should be set on vibrating too and again , and a friend telling some of its recursions , and I at the same time tell the recursions of another pendulum suspended , on a verge precisely a yard long , by the numbers of the vibrations of these pendulums made in the same time : I will find the length of the pendulum whose term of suspension I know not , as for example , suppose in the time that my friend hath counted twenty recursions of the long pendulum , and I had told two hundred and forty of mine that is a yard long : squaring the two numbers of 20 and 240. which are 400 and 57600. I will say that the long string containeth 57600 of those measures of which my string containeth 400. Art. You are in the right , nor will you be mistaken one inch , especially if you take a great number of vibrations : by the same rule also you may ( having the length of any one pendulum from its upmost suspension to the Center of the bob , and the number of its vibrations in a minute ) find out the length of a pendulum that shall vibrate any number of blows in the same time ; suppose I had a pendent three foot long that vibrated 62 times in a minute , and I have occasion for to find out the length of a pendulum that shall vibrate but 20 in a minute . Do thus , square the two numbers 62 and 20 , which produce 3844 and 400 , now divide 3844 by 400 , the quotient is 9 61 / 100 therefore I say that this pendulum to vibrat 20 in one minute , must be 9 61 / 100 times as long as my standard pendulum , which being 3 foot , the other will be 28 foot 8 inches long from the term of suspension to the center of the bob , and thus you may do for any other whatsoever , by observing what hath been here delivered . For so often as the square of any number of vibrations is contained in the square of another made in the same time , so many times must the length of that pendulum ( which made the greatest square ) be contained in the length of the other which made the smaller square . By the same rule inverted , you may , by having the lengths of two pendulums , and the vibrations that one of them makes in a minute , find out also the times that the other shall vibrate in the same time : for if you have a pendulum whose number of vibrations in a minute you know already , and would know the vibrations that another pendulum , which is longer , shall make in the same time : Consider how often the length of your short pendulum is contained in that longer pendulum , and so often shall the squares of that long pendulums vibrations be contained in the squares of those vibrations made by the short pendulum in the same time : So likewise if you have a long pendulum whose vibrations you know , and you would know how many vibrations a pendulum that is shorter , shall make in the same time , look how much your first pendulum is longer than your short one : so many times greater must the square of your short pendulums vibrations be above those made by your longer pendulum in the same time . Note , that great care ought to be had in taking the true length of your pendulum , from the utmost term of suspension to the center of the bob , and likewise that your pendulums bobs be of an equal weight , or reduced thereunto by rules of proportion . DIALOGVE V. Of the Clock-bell , the cause of its sounding , with the nature thereof , proved by reason and experience . CHi . The nature of sounds in my opinion , is one of the most subtle pieces of nature , being equally mysterious with that of light and colours , and a thing that hitherto hath been but superficially observed , and as yet very little minded , and though we cannot expect the true reasons thereof can be soon attained , yet to make some certain enquiry thereinto will not be time mispent ; therefore to come the more close to our intended design , what is your opinion concerning the first creation of sound in a Clock-bell . Art. Air ▪ being the most pure Medium of all sounds , must be wrought upon by such means as are solely necessary for the creation of a sound , which will be effected , if tortured by most quick and subtile motions ; hence it happeneth that Bells , having by means of the percussion of the hammer , a trembling wrought in the minute parts , which by its quick and subtile working upon the air in the concavity of the Bell , produceth a tone or sound . Chi. What is the reason of the trebbleness or baseness of tones , one above another . Art. The trebbleness or baseness of tones in Bells , is from two causes ; First , from the quantity of air that is p●rcused or contained in the concavity of the Ball Secondly , from the quickness or slowness of the percusion . To prove this , take Bells of different greatness , but the same thickness in metal , and you shall find them to produce different tones , according to the quantity of air contained in their concavities Again , take Bells of the same bredth and depth , but differing in their metal , and you shall find that Bell whose metal is thinnest , to give the most base sound , and those that are thickest in metal , shall produce the most treble sound ; for the thicker the Bell is , the more quick and sharp is the percusion of the air within it , which produceth the treble tone , but the thinner the Bell , the more weak and slow is the percusion , which according to its nature , produceth a more base or flat tone . Tones are the same in Bells of several weights , but differently majorated according to the magnitude of their bodies that produce it , for you shall have a Bell of a pound weight carry the same tone as a Bell of two or three hundred , but not in the same strength to be heard so far ; so likewise it 's possible that a Bell of ten pound weight may produce the same tone as a Bell of four or five thousand weight , but yet their different majoration will be according to the proportion of their metals . Chi. May not the sound of two Bells of the same weight be different in majoration , that is to be heard , one farther than another . Art. Yes , 't is certain they may ; for always observe , the sharper the tone is , the farther the sound is heard , being more active and sprightly than those tones that have a more dull and solitary note ; from Bells of the same weight . From what hath been delivered , it will be worth the while to draw some heads of enquity . First , what just proportion of air in the concavity of a Bell , shall be sufficient to produce a whole Musical tone , and what proportion will hold in every tone . Secondly , what diminution of substance in a bell of any weight , will be sufficient to make that Bell a tone more bas● ? or what diminution of depth shall be sufficient to make it a note sharper ? Thirdly , what bore a Bell of any weight requires to majorate the sound thereof to the highest degree possible ? Chi. How do sounds of Bells spread or move in the air ? Art. All sounds of Bells spread themselves into a spherical area , where there is no impediment ; otherwise they move more oval , if carried by the violence of winds , or otherwise obstructed . Though sounds of Bells spread themselves spherically , yet they go farthest in the fore lines from the first local impulsion of the air . All reflections concurrent , make sounds greater ( but if the body that createth the reflection be clean and smooth , it maketh them sweeter ) as is seen in large and stately Halls or Churches , where the least voice is soon heard . Soft and foraminous bodies in the first Creation of the sound of Bells , will dead it , as is apparent where hangings are used , but in passage of sounds , they will admit it better than hard bodies . Querie . Whether the sound of Clock bells may not be majorated by means of its passage through certain trunks on purpose artificially placed for the sound to pass through , that by the penning thereof it may come forth more strong and loud , this would be a thing of excellent use , if it could be effected ? Querie also . What weight of Hammer is best for to make the Bell give forth its true and natural sound ? for 't is observed , that if the Hammer be too heavy or too light for that quantity or quality of metal contained in a Bell , they give not their sound so clear and full as when due proportion is observed . FINIS ▪ AN APPENDIX WHEREIN IS Contained a METHOD OF Calculating all Numbers FOR WATCHES . Written Originally by that famous Mathematician Mr. VVILLIAM OVGHTRED , and now made Publick . By J. S. of London , Clock-maker . LONDON , Printed for Jonathan Edwin at the Three Roses in Ludgate-street , 1675. TO THE READER . THe method following was many years since Compiled by Mr. Oughtred for the use of some Ingenious Gentlemen his friends , who for recreation at the University , studied to find out the reason and knowledge of Watch-work , which seemed also to be a thing with which Mr. Oughtred himself was much affected , as may in part appear by his putting out of his own Son to the same Trade , for whose use ( as I am informed ) he did compile a larger tract , but what became of it cannot be known . As for this work it self , I need not commend it , because it hath in the front Mr. Oughtred's Name , which alone is sufficient to bespeak its worth ; nay , it would in my Judgment be an Injury to the fame of that excellent Author , thus to seem to argue a distrust , as if any thing that were Compiled by him should be in it self so deficient as to borrow a supply of its own praise from another's Pen. It sufficeth me therefore to let you know 't is his , Compiled by himself for the same use for which it is now Published , and is without doubt a work of that worthiness , that whatsoever Artist shall truly and rightly understand it , shall also gain most excellent benefit by it . The Method it self indeed as it is by him delivered , relates only to Watches , which notwithstanding may be as aptly applyed to any other number whatsoever required in the Art of Clock-work , as every ingenuous man will soon find . I have only one word more , and that is , that whosoever hath a desire to attain this Analletical way of Calculation must consult that Book , Intituled Clavis Mathematica , written by the same Author , wherein they may be fully instructed concerning the understanding of it . Thine , J. S. APPENDIX . I. Of Movements or Automata . 1. IN every Movement some of the wheels and pinions effect or incite the motion , and some others do determinate or spectisicate the same . 2. They which effect the Motion are first , the great wheel ( A ) with the fuzey , which moveth ( ● ) the pinion of the second wheel , ( E ) which again moveth ( i ) the pinion of the third or Cantrate wheel , ( J ) which again moveth ( o ) the pinion of the Crown wheel , ( O ) which lastly , moveth the ballance ▪ 3. They which spectificate the Motion , are the pinion ( a ) fixed to the Arbour of the great wheel moving , ( B ) the Dial wheel having its revolution in ( H ) hours or parts of time together with such intermediate wheels and pinions as shall be found necessary . 4. If the number of any be divided by the number of another wheel moving it , or moved by it , the quotient shall show how many revolutions of the Divisor are to one turn of the Dividend , and how much of the Dividend goeth in one turn of the Divisor , as if it shall be A = γ E that is one turn of ( A ) is equal in time to ( 2 ) turns of ( E ) and A / 2 = E that is ( ½ ) part of ( A ) is equal to one turn of ( E ) Again , if B / α = β it shall be B = βα that is one turn of ( B ) is equal to ( β ) turns of ( A ) and B / 3 = A that is ( 1 / 3 ) of ( B ) is equal in time to one turn of ( A & 5. Wherefore in every motion the number of the two wheels do make a Ratio or fraction , whereof the Motrix is the Nrator in those that effect the motion ; as A / e = 2. E / 1 = 8. I / o = 5. But in those that specificate the motion it is the denominator as B / α = β &c. 6. A view of the wheels and pinions . 7. A = ● B = ●8 ● = 285 , O which are so many turns of ( O ) if it be taken for the wheel , or so many notches of the wheel , if it be taken for the number ; which is also to be understood of the rest of the Letters , ●i● . E = A / 2 = 8J = 85,0 J = A / 28 = E / 8 = 5,0 O = A / 285 = E / 85 = J / ● 8. 9. 285 , O = D by which note I signifie the number of the notches of the Crown wheel ( O ) gone in one turn of ( A ) by number 7. wherefore . 10. which is the number of notches of the Crown wheel ( O ) is gone in one hour , or 1 / H for by number 8. H β285 , o ∷ 1. ▪ 11. Out the former propositions , these follow , viz. 12. for if in ( H ) hours are ( β ) turns of ( ● ) or ( β D ) nothes gone ( ꝑ10 ) then in one hour ( β / H ) turns of ( A ) or ( ) nothes gone 8 then also in ( c ) hours ( which is the continuance of the watches going ) are gone ( T ) turns of ( A ) or turns about the fuzey . 13 : Wherefore the lesser ( β ) is taken , the longer shall ( c ) be at an equal ( T ) . II. Of finding out fi● numbers for the wheels and pinions . 14. AN● two fractions , whose terms are proportion●● perform the same motion 9 / 1 or 36 / 4 or 4● / ● the lower of which is for the pinion , and the upper for the wheel 15. The same motion may be performed either by one wheel and one pinion , or else by many wheeles ▪ and many pinions ; so that the product of all the wheels , be to the product of all the pinions , as that one wheel is to that one pinion , as in this example 1440 / 28 = x36 / 2●x8 / 1x● / 1 or 16 / 4x8 / 7x50 / 10 neither is it any matter in what order the wheels and pinions are set , or which pinion standeth under every wheel . 16. And these two factors ( 36x8 being given may be manifestly varied by this rule , if two factors given be divided by any two other numbers , which will measure them , and the quotients be multiplyed by the altern divisions , the product of these two last numbers found shall be equal to the product of the two fractors given Thus for 36x8 you shall have found 9   8 36 x 8   4   1   32   9 32 x 9 for 1x9 . 1x8 ∷ 4x9 . 4x8 17. If fit proportional numbers cannot be had by any of these three last rules , you may seek some Ratio , as near unto it as possible in this manner , say as one of the two numbers given is to the other , so is 360 to a fourth divide that fourth number , as also 360 by 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. 12. 15 or by which of them that bringeth a quotient nearest to an integer ; as if two numbers given be 147 / 170 which are too great to be cut in small wheels , say therefore 170.147 ∷ 360.311 147.170 ∷ 360.416 Wherefore for the two numbers 147 and 170 , you may take 52 and 60 , or 39 and 45 , or 45 and 52 , &c. 18. If two wheels of a motion touch without they move contrariwise , but if they touch within , they move the same way . 19. In lesser Watches D must be at least 8000 , but in greater D may be 4000 , for in lesser pieces a swift train is more commendable , and in greater pieces a slower . 20. To give numbers to a Watch of a swift train about 10000 , for D you must have T 12. and C 16 hours , and O 17. say ( by number 12 ) T. C ∷ D. D. that is , 12. 16 ∷ 10000. 13333 = D. and because ( by number 9 ) D. = 185 , O. 17 ) 13333 ( 784 = 285. which are three quotients for finding the three pinions , seek therefore three numbers , which being multiplyed together , produce 784 , very near let them be 11. 9. 8● the product whereof is 792 = 285. Correct them 792x17 = 13464 = D. Correct and say T. C ∷ D. D. that is , 16 , 12 ∷ 13464. 10098 = D. Correct also say C. T ∷ H. β / α ( by number 12 ) that is , 16. 12 ∷ 12. Then by the 3 quotients assumed 11. 9. 8. find out the 3 wheels ( A. 55 ) E. 45 ) J. 40 ) and the 3 pinions ( ● . 5 ) i. 5 ) o. 5 ) as is done on the side . D , 13464 D , 10098 T , 12. 6. 16 21. To find how long this watch before found , may be made to go by slackening D to 8000 ( by number 12 ) say D. D ∷ H. . B / α ∷ C.T. that is again , ●6 / 5 , ●2 ∷ T 12. C 20 , it may therefore be made to go 20 hours by altering 〈◊〉 36 and α to 5. 22. To give numbers for a Watch of about 5000 for D , that may have T 12 , C 170 , and O 17 ; this work is as in 20 , say therefore 12. 170 ∷ 5000. 70833 = D 17 ) 70833 ( 4167 for 2850 , because three quotients will yield too big a number for wheels let them be 10. 8. 8. 6. ⅖ . which multiplyed continually together with 17 , make 71808 = D Corr. and say 170. 12 ∷ 71808. 5069 = D Corr. also and say or for 144. 170 ∷ 360 ▪ 425 & divid . by 8. 170. 144 ∷ 360. 305 This Watch hath 4 wheels besides the Crown wheel O , which by help of their quotients , are with their pinions found out as here in the side is set down . 23. This Movement being given , viz. wherein are four wheels , besides the Crown wheel , it is demanded how long it may be made to go with a good train of about 9000 for D say 60480. 900 ∷ 12 D , 60480. T , 12. 25 / 14 , B / α ( β And 25 / 14.12 ∷ 12.80 16 / 24 for C. 24. Secondly , if it be demanded whether it may not be made to go 150 hours , with a convenient train say C. T ∷ H. β that is in numbers 150. 12 ∷ 12. 144 / 150 24 / 25 B / α and 150. 12 ∷ 60480. 4838 D which train will be fit enough if the piece be big , but it is too slow for a small Watch. III. Of effecting particular motions required . 25. THe number of a motion is the number of the turns of the wheel ( A ) or pinion ( α ) which are gone in one revolution of that motion , or else it is the proportion of that motion to one turn of the wheel , D = β A = H. 26. A motion to shew the days of the month ; because the greatest number of days in any month is 31 , and in one day B goes about twice the number of a motion shewing the day of the month , shall be or or ( for ( α ) pinion 1 moveth not ) but B / α A are all ready in the Movement , therefore in wheels shall express the motion ; that is on the wheel B fix concentrick a pinion 10 leading a wheel of 40 , which again by a pinion of 4 shall carry about a ring of 62 , divided on the upper side into 31 days . IV. A Motion to shew the age of the Moon . 27. BEcause the number of the Moons revolutions is days 29 ½ or 59 / 2 and in one day B goes twice about , the number of a Motion shewing the age of the Moon , shall be , or 59 / 4 x 4 / 1 x B / α A , or ( for a pinion 1 moveth not ) but are already in the Movement , therefore 59 / 4 x 40 / 10 B in wheels shall express the motion this upon the wheel B fix concentrick a pinion of 10 leading a wheel of 40 , which again by a pinion of 4 shall carry about a ring of 59 divided into days 29½ . V. A Motion to shew the day of the year , or the degree of the Sun in the Ecliptick , or the time of the Suns rising or setting , &c. 28. BEcause the number of days of a common year is 365 , and in one day B goeth about twice , the number of a Motion shewing the day of the year shall be , , or , or , or ( for a pinion 1 moveth not ) but already in the Movement , therefore in wheels , shall express the motion ; that is upon the wheel B fix concentrick a pinion of 4 , leading a wheel of 20 , which again by a pinion of 5 , leadeth a wheel of 50 , which thirdly by a pinion of 4 , shall carry about a wheel of 73 , divided on the upper side into the 12 months , and their days , or into the 12 signs , and their degrees , or into the hours and minutes , of the Suns rising or setting , agreeable to the days of the year , in that Altitude of the Pole , for which you would have the Watch to serve . VI. To shew the hour of full tide at any Port. 29. LEarn in what point the Moon makes full Sea at that place , ( as at London-Bridge on N. E. and S. W. ) convert that point into hours , allowing for every point , N. or S. lost 45′ of an hour , set the hour so found gainst 12 a clock , and beginning at that hour divide a ring in the Dial-plate , close to the Moons ring , into 24 hours , that way the Moons ring moveth ; so shall the day of conjunction or new Moon , with a little stud , shew the hour of full tide in that part or place every day . FINIS , 
A12614	----	The ransome of time being captive Wherein is declared how precious a thing is time, how much he looseth that looseth it, & how it may be redeemed. Written in Spanish, by the R. Father Andreas de Soto, confessor to the most excellent Infanta Clara Eugenia. Translated into English by J.H. Soto, Andrés de, 1553?-1625. 1634 Approx. 180 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 109 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2004-05 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A12614 STC 22937 ESTC S101240 99837056 99837056 1362 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A12614) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 1362) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 976:01) The ransome of time being captive Wherein is declared how precious a thing is time, how much he looseth that looseth it, & how it may be redeemed. Written in Spanish, by the R. Father Andreas de Soto, confessor to the most excellent Infanta Clara Eugenia. Translated into English by J.H. Soto, Andrés de, 1553?-1625. Hawkins, John, fl. 1635. [16], 198 [i.e. 196], [2] p. Printed by Gerard Pinsone att the signe of Coline, At Doway : 1634. Dedication signed: John Hawkins. Spanish original not traced. Page numbers 140-141 omitted in page numbering. With a final errata leaf. Reproduction of the original in the Columbia University. Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO. 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Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Time -- Religious aspects -- Christianity -- Early works to 1800. 2004-01 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2004-01 Aptara Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2004-02 Olivia Bottum Sampled and proofread 2004-02 Olivia Bottum Text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-04 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion THE RANSOME OF TIME BEING CAPTIVE . WHEREIN IS DECLARED how precious à thing is time , how much he looseth that looseth it , & how it may be redeemed . Written in Spanish , by the R. Father ANDREAS DE SOTO , Confessor to the most excellent INFANTA CLARA EVGENIA . Translated into Englich by I. H. AT DOWAY , Printed by GERARD PINSONE att the signe of Coline , 1634. TO THE HIGH , AND MIGHTY PRINCESSE THE LADY KATHERINE DVTCHESSE MARCHIONESSE , AND COVNTESSE OF BVCKINGHAM ▪ COVNTESSE OF COVENTRIE , VICE-COVNTESSE VILLIERS , AND BARRONESSE OF WHADDON ▪ &c. MADAME This peece in its natiue language was happy by the protection of that glorious Princesse , and mirrour of vertuous Ladies , the Lady CLARA EVGENIA of happy memorie . T' is now translated , and vested with an English hew : to whose protection , and tuition , with more conuenience , or more confidence , may this stranger flie , then to your most Gracious Highnesse ? For if it bee the bookes ambition to scorne the publicke view , vnlesse it may hee graced with the sacred patronage of à Dutchesse , of à Noble , and vertuous Ladie ; by ●●ying to the refuge of your Highnesse vnparrelled vertues , it shall onely change , not loose it's mistris . MADAME , yet I most humbly bowe ; craving pardon of your Grace that I present my homage so veiled as in à translation , not in à primary composition , best suting with my duety , and your most eminent worth ; since that your Excellencyes splendor might well enlighten , make acute , giue full vigour , yea and most liuely spirit to each vulgar capacity ; to me especially whose deuotion to your Greatnes and Goodnes well weighed , would be found as verily , it is , truely resigned . Really I would haue attempted the deliverye of some notions wherewith aswell my zeale , as also your Graces singular vertues haue formerly prompted me . But when I ( let not this my Apology , MADAME , not finde grace with your Grace ) perused this treatise ( which I now dedicate to your Excellency ) made English ; and found it consonant to what the height of my imagination could arriue , yea and as well agreeing , aptly according with your Excellencyes example : Then was I acquieted , made no farther search , for that I was euen fully appayed , Alas ! yet MADAME as confiding in your indulgency , your conniuency . The Author most learnedly hath deliuered his charitable minde , in whose worke reading and curious notions are sweetly couched , euidently to bee seene in an appropriate Methode : yea and it is most assuredly embellished and practically confirmed by him , as being fraught vvith many rare patternes , among vvhich MADAME were I not à translator I would herein record , register your Grace , as one deseruedly . Farther what are the particular contents of this piece will cleerly be shewē in the subsequēt preface , compiled by the Author himself ; to which I referre your Excellency wherein may be contemplated à discourse vvhich may well and likely proue à generall benefitt to all Readers by your Grace . MADAME Your Excellencies Most humbly deuoted Seruant IOHN HAWKINS . THE AVTHORS PREFACE TO THE READER . GOOD is not known , yea not even taken notice of ( as a spanish Prouerb deliuereth ) vntill that it be passed by ; yea more , be vtterly lost . Alas ! the trueth hereof I most apparantly perceiue in my self , it aptly agreeth with my state , and my runne course of life , for that I too late tooke notice thereof , too late knew what time is , and of what value it is , and what a precious and inestimable treasure it may be truely found to be . So farre forth that I am much aggreiued that I did not dis●erne it , and well might I , for that I haue lost so great à jewell : and earnestly I desire ( if it were possible ) that I were maister of my yeares already spent , to the end I might well and most solicitously employ them , as I-ought , and my well being requireth , and my duety commandeth , and that I might redeeme them from the Captiuity and enthrallment with which they haue been miserably detained , yea and enchained . Rather might I well say , that he who hath not known , and prized time bath justly deserued , that now he lament aud earnestly vvish for it , and that yet notvvithstanding he faile to possesie that vvhich he disesteemed , that vvhich he , alas ! so slightly regarded . But I take for a singular , a rare grace and mercy of notable value that our Lord ( although at the end of my dayes ) hath giuen me this capacity , this vnderstanding , and feruent desire of à better employing my time , vvhich from hence for vvard his mercy vvill grant me , that I may exhort and giue some counsaile to the remisse ; carelesse and as it vvere altogether negligent . And to give beginning to vvhat is fore deliuered , I haue desired that he please to make me his Attorney or Proctor that I may petitionarily plead for the ransome , the redemption thereof : and that I may instruct them , who haue lost it , hovv they may regaine it , and that I may declare hovv much it importeth them , hovv farr it concerneth them , of vvhat great consequence it is to them , and likevvise further I may earnestly , and vvith fulnes of charity craue of thē and piously , yea euen mooue them that they cast not avvay one hovver : vvhat say I ? no nor moment of time . I vvill be breife , though vvere it I should spend neuer so much time in the account hereof , I should not judge it lost time . I shall not be able to bringe to passe vvhat Pythagoras doth aduise , vvhich is to contract many sentences in fevv vvordes , as good Philosophers ought , and are accustomed to doe . Hence Diogenes to one vvho talking vvith him seemed to taxe some vvhat the breuity of the Philosophers sentences , ansvvered , you say right vvell truely they are in fevv vvords couched indeed , yet deserue not hence reprehension , for vvere it possible , so likevvise should be the syllables . But I vvill doe the fall extent of my povver , contracting this vvhole subject vnder tenne Chapters onely . Herein obserue Gentle Reader that I cast not time avvay neither in the definition or description of Time ( vvhere it might seeme that the Treatise should take his beginning ) for that it is not necessary ( as said Saint Augnstine ) for there is not ought more knovvn , nor more familiar , more frequently spoken of by humane tongue , then is that of time . Let it gratiously please God Almighty our good and glorious Lord through his precious blood ( which vvas the price of our redemption ) that this treatise of the redeeming of lost time may ansvverably profit the Reader . The names of the Authors alleadged & cited in this tractate . SAint Ambrose . F. Alphonso de Castro . Andrew bishop of Cesarea . Aristotle . S. Augustine . B. S. Basil. V. Bede . S. Bernard . S. Bernardino of Siens . S. Bonauenture . C. S. Cassianus . Cesario . D. Dionysius Carthusianus . Dionysius Cassius . E. Elianus . Euthymius . G. S. Gregorie Pope . Gregorius Nissenus . H. Haimon . Horace . I. S. Ierome . S. Iohn Damaseene . S. Iohn Chrysostome . Iohn Stobeus . Don Iohn Orozcory . L. Laërtius . B. Laurentius Iustianus . Ludouicus Blosius . M. F. Maldonato Ies. N. S. Nicolas Diukespu . O Origen . Ovid. P. Plutarch . S. P. Salmeron Ies. Seneca . Simon de Caffia . P. Soarez . Ies. T. Thaulerus . Theodoret. S. Thomas of Aquine . Thomas de Kempis . V. P. Viegas . Ies. Virgil Po. Z. Zedrenus . The Chapters in this treatise contained . Cap. 1. WHAT à pretious iewell Time is ! pag. 1. Cap. 2. That we are Lords of Time , and for what end God bestowed it on vs , and in what manner it should be employed . pag. 28. Cap. 3. How God abbre●iateth , shorteneth , yea taketh away time when there is great want thereof to him who tooke no care thereof when he possessed it , nor sought he ough to make go●● vse thereof according to his duety power . pag. 45. Cap. 4. That even now whilest we have time it concerneth vs , to take paines with feruency , and speed , and that we ought to employ it well . pag. 64. Cap. 5. How iustly the sluggish deserve reprehension , and who so called . pag. 91. Cap. 6. How the body doth captivate that time which is designed for the soule and thereby exalteth it selfe . pag. 101. Cap. 7. That lawfully secular people may vse some entertainements of mirth , solace , and pastime to recreate their spirits . pag. 131. Cap. 8. That it is lawfull also yea even necessary , that spirituall men vse some convenient exercise vvhich may tend for an intermission ; recreation and solace . pag. 148. Cap. 9. Of the meanes to redeeme time , vvhere shal be given to vnderstand more expressely vvho are they , and of vvhat condition they are vvho loose it . pag. 165. Cap. 10. Hovv it is to be vnderstood , that the dayes are bad , and hovv since so it is , that they are to be redeemed . pag. 181. FINIS . THE RANSOME OF TIME BEING CAPTIVE . THE FIRST CHAPTER . What a pretious iewell Time is ? IT is the stile and manner of holy scriptures deliuery ( that whensoever it teacheth or admonisheth 〈◊〉 ought ) which is very notable , 〈◊〉 of great importance , it prepare●● vs with the fore sending of some marvailous and extraordinary vision or figure , which may invite and rayse serious attention , which may awaken and sprightly quicken our mindes , and hold them in suspence and admiration , as ordinarily is read in the kookes of the Prophets , and especially in the Apocalypse of S. Iohn the Euangelist ; where among other admirable visions and figures , that which he writeth in the 10. Chapter is very remarkable , which ( ioyntly with those wordes of the Apostle in the epistle to the Ephesiās Redeeme thy time , for thy daies are euill ) shall be the Theme and groūd of this our treatise and exhortatiō . He then further sayth that he sawan Angell goodly , mighty , and powerfull to apprehēsion , to come dovvne from heaven , environed vvith a Cloud ; vvho brought vvith him on his head in lievv of à Diadem Heavens Rainebow ; his face was resplendant as is the Sunne at full Noone , with his irradiations , his glistering beames : his Feete were like Columnes or great pillars of purely bright-burning fire . In his hand he held a booke opened , and treading on the Sea with his right foote , and on the earth with his left foote , so loudly strained he his voice , and in such à māner , that he seemed not vnlike a Lion , when he roareth : and pointing at Heauē with his fore-finger sware , by him who liveth , and shall live for ever ād ever ; him who created heauen , earth , and sea ād whatsoever is in thē cōtained , that after the dayes of the seavēth Angell , time should cease for ever and ever , that time should haue no being at all . To declare breifly the mysteries which herein are comprised . This Angell according to the exposition of many Authors , is Christ our Lord , the Angell of the great , high and , mighty Counsaile , or is One of the most blessed Angells , who representeth his person who hath from him the office of his Legate or Embassadour ; descended From heaven , for apparantly , most visibly he is to come downe from thence in a resplendent , a cleerly-bright , and most glorious Cloud , with great and mighty power to giue Iudgment on all the world . Yet observe also that his being covered in a cloud doth signifie the confusion , the strange conturbation which in those last daies will appeare , as well in the time of the raigne and fearefull persecution of Antichrist , as also when there shall appeare , such terrible , such horrible , such dreadfull signes which are to fall out , and evidently to be shewen before the vniversall iudgment , the day of doome ; when as the fearful presence of the Iudge is from moment to moment looked for . The Rainebow is the Embleme or signe of peace . The Fire , of Anger , fury , and chastisment . And in the two vttermost boundes of humane body , which are the Feete and heade ( the beginning and ending thereof ) are delineated the two severall commings of Christ to the world , whereof the first was of mercy to make peace betweene God ad Man , and hence is it that for deuise he beareth on his head the Rainebow of Heauen , for signe that the waters of the Deluge , the afflictions and fore-passed chastisements were ceased . And in the other he shall come as a iudge ; and hence is it that he is delineated with Feete of fire , which signifie inflexible , implacable rigour , and terrible anger . Ignis ante ipsum praecedet said David , he shall come casting forth fire abūdantly . The Forme and figure of Colum●es import the mighty povver which hee will extend in the rigid execution of his iudgement and iustice . The Open booke in his hand doth give vs to vnderstand the eternall sapience , eternall wisdome which he hathas God , by vertue whereof the office of a iudge is his proper attribute and the fulnes of science , of knowledge , of wisedome , which he hath as man to discerne and discusse the reall grounds of things , the demeanor and desert of all the sonnes of Adam , and the decreed rate of the Divine law according to the which they are to be adiudged . The placing one foote on the Sea , and the other on the Land is as much as to say that he surroundeth , that he comprehendeth the Sea and land , the land and Sea : and that there is not ought which can be exempt from his hands , nor hide it self from his presence . The roaring not vnlike to that of a Lion , doth declare the strange anger , and inexpressible irefull countenance of the iudge , when he shall pronounce the heauy , and most dolefull , direfull sentence of the condemned . And the so Solemne oath doth expresse the infallible certainty , which shall be in the full accomplishmēt , and cōpleat executiō of that , which hee declareth , he pronoūceth , he preacheth to mākinde : that in the dayes of the seauenth Angell when as that dreadfull trumpet shall be heard , and horridly resound , which shall summon to iudgement all the offspring of Adam , time for euer and euer shall cease , shal be consumed , shall haue its full and vttermost bound and last end , and that eternally , that everlastingly it shall be wanting to them , who oportunely did not benefit themselves by it , but deferred their well doing when as they possessed this Time , vnto the last period , the vttermost day of their lives . And that the Angell published the Edict with so many and such like circumstances and ceremonyes , that time should haue its end once for ever and ever and when this is to take effect , it is for that we be informed , and begiven fully to vnderstand of what price , value , and great esteeme it is , and what greate benefit God imparteth to vs , bestovveth on vs , to make vs Lords thereof , the whole course of our dayes , of our life , and contrary wise what a great punishment it is that he subtract it from any one , as being altogether vnworthy of it , it being ill employed : And to know how precious time is it would suffice to contēplate that in an instant the infinite eternity of Glory may therein be acquired , since that man may gaine it in so litle a space . And hence is it that the Holy Ghost adviseth vs to conserue time , as gold carefully wrapped vp , as the apple of our eye , and that we carefully eschewe vice , yea and with perseverance , successiuely , continually : which is , as if he should say that we spend it in good workes , and that thereof we loose not ought , no not one sole moment . Againe by the selfe same Ecclesiasticus he counsaileth vs , saying ; Consume not , cast not away a good day , not without profit let passe the one onely particle of a good guift . One text readeth Particula bonae diei , and the other which is the vulgar translatiō , Bonidoni : whether the one or other be h●s wordes , his true meaning is , his realle scope is to advertise vs , to give vs counsaile , and to exhort vs earnestly to account of time , to vse time well ; oh ! yea carefully , solicitously , and most tenderly , not onely of a day , but also of each day ; for he who well vnderstādeth and well disposeth of one day , may take patterne there by to square , proportiō , and well dispose of , well order his whole life ; and he cōpleatly is maister thereof , as also maketh thereof right vse , vvho vvorketh his owne proper good and that of his Neighbours to his full povver , employing himselfe , and his time in workes of piety and mercy . King David feared a litle parcell of time of much , and so much desired he to spēd it all well , that he was even agonized in contention , in strugling with the Sunne who should rise soonest to giue laudes to God , to honor and praise God ; & at length the King overcame , got the victory , according to those wordes , by which it is testified , praeuenerūt oculi mei ad te diluculo vtmeditarer eloquia tua : My eyes gott ground of the sunne , fore rāne it to cōt̄eplate , to meditate on thy wordes ; for before it att all appeared , I was all ētertained seriously attētive and earnestly busied thereō , which according to the exposition of S. Ambrose is , as if he should speake more plainly , and more at large : oh , thou who art a Christian rise before the Sunne is vp , before the Sunne appeareth at all . For I cannot but hold it for a great lazines , and a meerly most indefensible and most strangely careles negligence , marvailously blamable , and aboue all discretion , that the beames of the Sunne rising should finde thee idle , thee I say sluggish , and drowsing in thy soft couch . Art thou peradventure so ignorāt , so stupid as that thou apprehendest not , that thou oughtest to offer , and freely give to God each day the first fruits of thy tongue , and heart ? Behold , observe well the guifts bestowed on thee ; thou possessest dayly harvest , and hence each day is fruite . And in an other Psalme Prophet saith Anticipauerunt vigilias oculi mei . My eyes haue anticipated , prevented , and raised themselfes vp , before the sentinells and Citty watch ; which importeth ( according to S. Hierome ) before any was awake , any had opened their eyes , euen then I was with watchfull eyes at Midnight , when each one sweetly slept , and profoundly , then risse I , not onely then , but in the morning , and at midday , also at evening , in a word ; seaven times a day I giue laud and praise to God , and his praise vvas alwaies in my mouth , and at all howers . It was he who knew well to conserue time , he exactly and most prudētly observed & vnderstood what it was , and of what value it was and how to avail himselfe , to make true vse of so precious a gemme vvithout the losse of any one the least either of the good day , or good guift . A precious hazard is tyme Theophrastus said ; and Seneca in his first Epistle ( which he wrote to Lucilius his friend ) delivereth his minde in this follovving manner ; vvhat man will you bring forth , can you produce , who can rightly value time , who knovveth the price of one onely day ? & well cōsidering that wee daylie incline to our end , our death , and that we euer dye ? Herein we extremely deceive our selues that our phantasie , and our eyes make not death our obiect . Much of time tending to our end , is already passed : the rest of our a●e , and life that thou canst expect aftervvards is vvhat death doth chal●enge to it self ; for one foote is then accounted to be in the graue Therefore my good friend ( Lucilius ) be thou even answerably to that vvhich thou writest in thy letter to me thou art , as one who vvell knoweth the price of time . Entertaine , make accoūt , value all howers , and each tēderly , so shall lesse depēd on the howers of to morrow , of the next day , taking strict account and carefull esteeme of the presēt day , not slightly and caresly letting it passe of , for life though never so much prolonged , yet in this his course passeth not withstandnig although at length , yea and swiftly flyeth . And we cānot account ought our proper owne but time ; for that all other thinges are strangers to vs , divers , not agreeing with vs ; alas ! not in our iurisdictiō , ūder our power , our cōmād ; nature hath impatronized vs here with , we are possessed , though of what is nimble , vvhic rūneth , flyeth , and passeth beyond expressiō swiftly frō vs. And is humā kinde so vnwise , so indiscreete that it is appassionated and looketh after meanes , thinges , almost matters of nothing , and likewise recoverable , which lost they miserably lament for ? There is not any bodie to be found who will acknowledg that he is indebted ought for being made Lord of time , although vndoubtedly true it is , that time is of a nature so pretious , that be one never so thankfull , yet is he never able to pay answerably to the greatnes of the due debt ; the price thereof hath so large extent ; no , not the debt of one dayes time . And in his booke of the brevity , the litle extent of life he pursueth further : There is not any bodie living who desireth to consume and cast away his patrimony , his meanes , his goods of fortune , nor to vtterly despoile himself , farre rather to conserve it carefully , yea and more to make encrease thereof ; time and life is easily rendred , giuen over , and cōsumed in many and divers waies . Worldlings are couetous , are marvailous greedy of wealth , and strangely solicitous thereō , and oftentimes immeasurably profuse , wonderfully prodigall , although such is the condition of thinges that coueteousnes , the earnest desire of having , possessing , and compleatly enioying of time , is that vvhich is truely iust and really laudable , vvorthy to be esteemed , and honored vvith praise for truely , as immediately after in the same booke he delivereth , time is the most pretious ievvell of all others , to bee farre preferred before any , vvhat soever is or can bee conceived , yet notvvithstanding it of all other things is least valued , yea and indeed to say more , despised , for it 〈◊〉 reckoned as a thing of nothing , of no vvorth at all . There is not any vvho esteemeth it vvhen hee hath it , if so it occurre that any one be sicke , nay their ●ingers but even ake , you shall see them croutch , cringe , yea even bovv their knees before the Physition ; and be it that he feare the prognostick ; the sentēce , the doome of death , he vvill give the physition his vvaight in gold for his recovery , for ransome of his life . The blessed S. Laurence Iustinian cōsidering vvhat time is , and of vvhat value , breaketh forth into these vvords : Ah! vvho is there , vvho is capable ? vvho is he , vvho can vvith full extent of spirit and vnderstanding apprehend of vvhat price , of vvhat vvorth is time ? Oh! vvhat grace of delivery , vvhat eloquence , what sweetly-spun , or flowing speech of man can declare it , lively and sprightly expresse it ? they who want time , and haue it not at all know it . Then would they trucke all the possessions of the world , honors , dignities , prelacyes , pompes of the age , corporall delights , and all that is vnder the Sunne , wherewith they are taken , entertained , and marvailously pleased with , for one , one-sole houres-time , if possibly they might regaine it , acquire it , possesse it . For in this breife time , in this most short space , they might appease the diuine Iustice , they might reioyce the Angells , they might escape the terrible , dreadfull , most direfull doome of eternall losse , euerlasting damnation , and hence might they merit , and ( without all doubt ) might winne euerliving life , eternall blisse . The carelesse , vnhappy , ah ! vnfortunate are those to whom the sunne of mercy is set . And they are passed of , without hope of any recovery , they are descended to the Lake of misery , vvhere is nothing but confusion and ever lasting horror . And not without all reason pardon is denyed them , for that they misseprised it , when it was offered vnto them , nay they did not once desire either to meditate , to consider , or know what time its worth was , nor the much necessity thereof , and the great want that they vvere to suffer thereby , so living to please their palates , and their appetites , as if they vvere never to dy . Oh! if they to ke●t into consideration , they should vvell apprehend ( they I sav vvho employ their time ill , and liue car●lesly ) hovv they vvithout once reflecting thereō miserably loose it ; for vvhat is there more precious then time ? vvhat is more excellent ? vvhat more deare ? vvhat of greater benefit ? oh ! vvhat is there more beautifull , more to be beloved then time ? More is the pitty , greater is the griefe , that there is not any thing so vilified , so despised , so the least of leasts esteemed of , nor so vnvvorthily possessed , it being that , through vvhich may be heaped treasures , and eternall revvards vvonne in any one part thereof . Hence is that they , vvho well observe ; vvell knovve that , vvhich is vvorth let not the least time passe , be it never so short vvithout fruite , vvithout returne of profit ; and vvhy ? for that they haue to render to God an exact and strict account . And glorious S. Bernard saith that there is not any thing , vvhich is more of value , more pretious then is time ; but novv a daies is there foūd ought more despicable , more contemptible ? The day of safety , of vvell being doth like shadovves passe , and there is not any body vvho according to reason doth lament the losse of that , vvhich hath no regresse , no returne . But let men vnderstand that even as no haire of the head shall perish , evē so neither more nor lesse 〈◊〉 any least moment of time , vnlesse there be thereof an account , and reason . None of you bretheren esteeme ought the time you cast avvay in idle and most vaine vvordes ; Wordes irrecouerable fly , yea and time flyeth irremediably , not to be repaired , alas ! not to be helped , and the sottish foole taketh no notice of vvhat he looseth . It is not amisse , nay rather I may vvell say that it is euen lavvfull , vvill some one vrge to chatt , to talke a vvhile , and to continue familiar discourse betvveene man and man , vntill one hower be runn out ; vvhat ! that hovver that God almighty freely and mercifully gave thee to doe pennāce , that hence thou mightest obtaine pardon , hence to vvinne grace , and merit glory ? oh ! vntill time glide away , fully make his flight vntill the houre compleatly be runne ? Time , oh ! that time thou hadst to labour , to procure to vvinne divine mercyes , propiriousnes , favour , indulgency , and vvhē thou oughtest to haue made all hast , vvith fulnes of diligence to come vnto the society of Angells , to sigh , and breath for the eternall inheritance , to suscitate , to avvakē thy luke-vvarme , thy sluggish vvill , and to vveepe bitterly on thy forepassed life , the iniquities thou hast transgressed in . All these are S. Bernards wordes . Oh! if this merchādise ( sayth the blessed S. Bernardin of Siena ) of time could be saleable in hell , there for one halfe hovver what vvould they proffer , nay what would they give ? ah ! alas yes ! they vvould part with a thousand worldes , if they were possessed of them , their state cōsidered , they there knovving hovv it is with such miserably distressed , although they vvere in being againe . Time is of more value then is vvhat soever the vvorld hath , for of such nature is it , that thereby may be acquired , gained merits , through which one may arriue to the possession and enioying eternall be atitude God himself the infinite good and ●●easure . And if the deuill vvere but maister of a litle time , in vvhich he might doe acts of repentance , he vvould saue himselfe , and gaine , that , which vvithout all redemption he hath vtterly lost . The selfe same Saint further delivereth : That thing is of great value , very pretious of vvhich asmall quantity is as much vvorth as is a greater vvaight and quantity of an other . And so it is vvith gold , for that with litle there of is bought great waight of any other thinge or mettall what soever . Then contemplate time , vveigh it vvell , for that there with in an instant , if you were practized in trading , you shall be enabled to get heavē , and life everlasting , as did the good Theife . Well knevv Arsenius the Abbo● , the price of time , for when as he vvas in the hermitage of custome so vvell busied , and vvas so earnestly coveteous of time , that is vvas his wonted saying : An houre of sleepe is enough for a Monke . And vvhen once he found himselfe much incited , marvailously surprised , yea altogether overcome , calling on sleepe vttered these vvordes to him : Come , oh ! come novv thou forcibly oppressing enimy , and even then setting himselfe dovvne , gaue himselfe ouer to repose , slumbred , tooke a nappe . And if so that it may be granted vnto me as lavvfull to the confusion of bad Christiās to recite the Gentiles , the Heathens , Pl●tarch writeth of Marcus Cato Censorius that three thinges he declined , yea exceedingly abhorred ; The first to deliver to the discretion of vvomankinde , what he would not each one should know . The second to make any iourney by water , vvhen commodiously he might goe by Land. And the third was that negligently and through his owne fault any day should passe vvithout having vvell emploied the time thereof . Plinius the elder on a day seeing one of his nephevves to walke vp and dovvne , although seeming by him donne for his recreation , chidd him and sharply reprehended him saying : you might well haue aright known the price of time ; you need not haue lost these howers . Sertorius the Proconsull , and Captaine generall of the Romans when he had bought ad redeemed by money of the Barbarians a passage , and that hence some murmured , and tooke it in ill part , it seeming to them that this act of his was to enslaue the Romanes , as that they should give vnto others tribute , answered : Alas ! what vrge you , what may be called your true meanings herein ? I haue not donne ought else but redeemed and bought time , which is the treasure more pretious then is any thing obiect to the eyes of men , though neuer so covetous , though never so greedy of great matters . Then well may I say , if the Heathens valued time at so high a rate , with what greater reasō should the Christian esteeme of it , compleatly prise it ? since that through it he may acquire , gaine , and winne eternall beatitude , and infinite glory . The end of the first Capter . THE SECOND CHAPTER . That we are Lords of time , and for what end God bestowed it on vs , and in what manner it should be employed . ALL other thinges ( sayth the blessed Laurentius Iustinian and Seneca before delivered the selfe same , are alienes , strangers , not appertaining to vs as our owne , they are not ours , time is that which we challenge as ours , time is that which is our proper owne and we Lords thereof ; for that it lyeth in vs to employ it as we desire , and will our selues . And it is not a small grace , favour , and benefit where with we are endowed , that he giveth vs freely for our owne so pretious a iewell , & especially giving vs so much , that though the greatest extent of time is very short , saith Seneca , it is not a litle which we retaine , possesse ; and without all reason doth human kinde complaine of lifes brevity , its shortnes , it s soonerun race ; they should rather reflect on time lost , what time is carelesly cast away , lamentably consumed ; let here be the ●eate of their vvhisperings , their murmures , their indiscreetly placed Complaints . Ah! life is long enough to operate , to vvo●ke atchieument , prais-vvorthy , and of singular note , if it so bee that it be vvell distributed , vvell dispensed . God almighty yea even vvith the Angells themselues vvas so reserved herein , that he gaue them for their boundes Instants of time , and prefixed times of vvell or ill deserving . He gave them short spaces , and moments vvhich some say vvere tvvo , or three , and those , vvho goe farthest doe assigne but foure ( true it is that it sufficed in respect of their guiftes and perfection of their nature ) but to man who is slow , inconstant , and most variable , God giveth time of life and many yeares , and ages . But he was not endowed , and enlarged there with to live sluggishly , not to runn over it , not to consume it in sports , delights , iests , laughters , pastimes , and corporall entertainments , and much lesse in sinnes ; but it was to be seriously employed in good-workes , in well-doeing , and iust and lawfull exercises , and in taking paine , labouring in his vyneyard , gaining by labour , and sweat of thy browes thy daily pay , which is the wages of the paines-taker and the reward of happines . To the like end the Apostle delivereth : doeing good workes , in thē employing our time : for to such end he gaue it vs ; let vs not faile , let vs not be discouraged , ought dismayed , or weary , for the time will come that we shall reape and get in our harvest , and our fruite . Since so it is whilst we are impatronized of time , let vs doe the vttermost of our power . And Seneca , though a Heathen delivereth thus , time was not bestowed on vs so liberally , so benignely ; that wee might lawfully loose ought thereof . This is the time that is acceptable , the time which will be receiued , and well accounted of , this is the even day of happines , of health , of safety ( my brethrē ) therefore in this worke your salvations by meritorious workes acceptable , and such as may please God. The time of this life is likewise by him called , the time of a faire ; for even as in them there are found , bought commodities at small rates , at litle price ; even so in this life merchandises , and iewells of inestimable and infinit value are bought with small cost ; and yet with a momentary and easy , light tribulation , and small trouble is obteined an eternall weight of glory ( as saith the same Saint Paul ) which shall be possessed , shall be compleatly enioyed in heaven . And by the way it is worth our observation to note how he giveth it the name of waight , for that with its waight and greatnes it easeth and maketh light all the difficulties , greifes , and anxieties of this world , and that which in this world maketh vs waighe most , to suffer , beare , and endure , compared with it , is of no more waight then a straw , is as light as a fly . And even so the waight of reward put in one balance maketh light , lifteth vp to the very height the other scale of tribulations ; even as a great waight put into a scale ouerturneth the other , in which there was one onely straw . Answereable to which the same Apostle hath deliuered in another place , the passions and tribulations of this life , its anxieties are not condigne , not of a like worth , altogether improportionable to the glory to come , which shall be reuealed and manifested in vs , rather ( if you compare them ) they are truely very litle , and of no waight . And to this our purpose which we intend to follow Christ our Lord maketh a like Comparison to that of faires , when he compared the Kingdome of heauen to a man buying and selling , to a Merchant . And whē ( as to men of employment ) he spake to all the faithfull ; Be busy , make your merchādize , and loose no time therein vntill I come , for then all traffique ceaseth , hath it's end , there shall be no more Faire in being . Hence further more the time of this life is called , a time of leisure , a vacation ( free from all other things , free from all other entertainements , other emploiments ) for man to busy and seriously attend the seruice of our Lord : It is likewise called a time of labour , according to those wordes of our Sauiour , by S. Iohn Euangelist his wordes , Now is the time of paines taking whilst day is yet in being , for night will come , in which no body can worke . There is a time enstyled a time of sowing , and a time of reaping , and of carrying in the Corne , the graine , the haruest : for it is the time that one may deserue well , and gather in the fruites of merit , whereby the reward of heauen is to be gained . Hence it is that the Holy Ghost sendeth the idle , careles and sluggish for his shame and confusiō , to the carefull & fully solicitous Ante : goe thou to the Ante ( saith he in the Prouerbs of Salomon ) and obserue well how that in the summer season , he maketh his prouision , for the fall of the leafe , for that time of the yeare , and how he laboureth and gathereth his graine , and how he hoordeth and keepeth it in such places , not vnlike granaries , corne lofts ; and hee maketh his prouision , for that in winter there is no time to gather graine , but to eate , and liue by what is before gotten and conserued . Our Lord bestowed time on vs ( said the blessed Laurentius Iustinianus ) that we should lament , and sigh , and bitterly be waile our trespasses , it was giuen vs for to doe pennance , to acquire vertue , to multiply merits , to obtaine grace , to excuse , hence to defend , and to vindicate our selues from the tormēts of hell , and to acquire the glory of heauen . And such is this truth that time hath been giuen vnto vs to employ in good workes that that onely which we spend on them , and practises of vertue is ours properly , and that onely time is registred in the account of our life , and of our dayes , and of whatsoeuer else is no reckoning made , nor memory in heauen , nor in the booke of life . Although the world numbreth them , and recordeth thē , our Lord knoweth not those dayes ; at the least , to vnderstād him aright , he saith he knovveth them not , as that which neither pleaseth him , nor is ou●ht agreable to him , but rather offendeth him . And in like manner Origenes expounding these wordes of Dauid , our Lord knoweth the dayes of men who are without blott or staine , who are the iust thus deliuereth . It is written in sacred scriptures that God knoweth nothing else but what is good , and that hee knoweth not euill , he forgette●h it , not for that his science , his vnspeakable fulnes of all knowledg doth not reach , apprehendeth not , all what good , or euill is ; the meaning hereof is , for that they are vnworthy of his sight , his taking notice of , his knowledge . I know you not said he to the foolish virgins ; and as much to the workmen of mischeife , of iniquity . Our Lord knoweth the way of the iust , said the kingly Prophet Dauid . And Salomon delivereth that our Lord vnderstandeth the right hand way . And likewise saith Dauid that our Lord knoweth the howers and the daies , and their time who liue without staine of sinne , and knoweth not the dayes of transgressors . Sacred Scripture registreth no more then onely two yeares of Saul his Raigne , although he bore the scepter forty yeares , for that he liued well but two yeares , and vvithout blemish of sinne , all the rest of his dayes vvere inquinated vvith foule and shamefull blotts . Dionysius Cassius vvriteth that in a Citty of Italy vvas found an auncient sepulcher , on the tombe-stone vvhereof vvere insculp't vvere these vvordes vvritten . Here lieth Similus a Roman Captaine , vvhose life although long it vvas , yet he liued not in all this time , but seauen yeares onely , for during that time , he being retired from Court , and freed from the sollicitude , the care , the charges vvhich hee had held , dedicated , and fully deuoted himself to vertue , & to it's schoole , it 's exercise , it 's practise . The glorious Damas. in the history of S. Barlaā and Iosaphat recounteth , that Iosaphat demanding of Barlaam vvhat vvhere his yeares , of vvhat age he vvas , had deliuered to him this answere ; I am ( if I deceiue not my self ) forty and fiue yeares old , to many there are runne , since I vvas borne : What is your ansvvere , I vnderstand you not ( said Iosaphat ) for to my eye , to my coniecture you are aboue seuenty ? if so that you account strictly from the time of my natiuity , you say right vvell , and you erre not ought , for I am aboue seuenty ; but I can no wayes admitt , they be reckoned more , for they seeme not to me at all yeares of life , nor cā the rest which I haue misspent in the vanities of the world be accounted of For as at that time being slaue to sinne , I liuing at pleasure , at full swinge of sensuality of my body , and outward man , I was then vndoubtedly a dead man without life according to the inward mā , so farre forth that I cānot call them , enstile them vnder the title of yeares of life , which were of death , I liued not then : But after that by the grace of our Lord I was crucified and dead to the world , likewise the world to me , and that I haue despoiled my selfe of the old man , and quite cast him of , now I liue no more sensually nor to please the body the spirits enemy , but onely for Iesus Christ , and such my yeares liued in I call yeares of life , of health , safety and saluation . And beleeue it most assuredly that all they who are in sinne , and obey the deuill , and passe away , I say cōsume their liues in delights , and vaine concupiscences , are dead and buried , vtterly lost ; for that sinne is death of the soule as Saint Paul affirmeth . Diuine S. Ierome in his exposition on the third chapter of the Prophet Aggaeus deliuereth . That all the time in which we serue vice , perisheth , becommeth vtterly lost , and so is it reputed , as if it had not beene at all , it is reckoned for a thing of nothing . It is recorded of Titus Vespasian , that being at supper one day , when hee called to minde , that he had donne no good office for any one , that he had not been to any beneficial , to all the standers by , to each one present , with resentment , with sensiblenes , and not vvithout greife he breathed forth these words . O my friends hovv much I am perplexed , and afflicted that I haue passed of this day vnproffitably , that I haue lost this day . Let the Christian obserue vvell , let him knovv that the day vvhich hee hath ill passed , hath ill spent let him account it not his , that in it he hath no propriety at all . And that this is euident Seneca vvitnesseth in these vvordes ; that many there are vvho leaue to liue , before they begin to liue . Time vvas benignely bestovved on vs , saith that famous Doctor Thomas de Kempis , to spēd it well , to employ it well in good workes ; not to let it passe idely nor to heare , nor to tell Fables , and recount vaine entertainements of time . ah ! since so it is , let not passe avvay from you my sonnes ( he deliuereth this to the Nouices of his order ) neither hovvre , nor any instant of time vvithout some fruite , and if so that novv and then there shall be liberty of enterchanging words of discourse , of speaking among your selues or others be giuen , it is not granted vnto you , it is not allowed to you , that any word should be vttered by you , which may not be of good vse , and profit ; for euen as you haue to giue God Almighty an account of each idle world , so likewise you must doe of all the time you haue lost , and ill employed . Ludouicus Blosius among other aduertisements , other counsailes which he deliuereth to him , vvho newly beginneth to practise a spirituall life , saith , that he ought to value , waighe to a graine times worth , and account the losse thereof , be it neuer so litle . And the mysticall Thaulerus among other lessōs , & counsailes which he giueth to religious sayth : Carry your selues in such māner that you haue great care , as of the eschewing of the most pestiferous , most mortall poyson , of the losse of any time . And likewise one of the officers of the exchequer , and of the accusers that the day of Iudgement hath against vs is to be that of time , according to vvhich the vvords of the Prophet Ieremias . are inculcated , gi●●ing vs to vnderstand , in his Lamentations Vocauit aduersum me tempus . My Lord against me called Time for vvitnes . The vvhich place the glorious Doctor S. Thomas shevveth to be at the day of doome , for that among other things that there are to accuse vs , one vvill be found to be that of time . And in that place it is it's office to contest vvith sinners , vvho are insensible , dull , blockish ; and with all the vniuerse , all the vvorld , applying it self , addicting it selfe vvholy and zealously for God his honor , and it 's owne , accusing them , and against them requiring iustice for the heauy offence vvhich they against their Lord , and his creatures haue trespassed in , with abuse of them , vvith iniury donne to them , and disgrace , and for drawing these creatures by force , & whether they vvould or not , to the end they might serue them in their ill courses , misled vvaies , and monstrous vices . The end of the second Chapter . THE THIRD CHAPTER . How God abbr●uiateth , shortneth , yea taketh away time when there is great want thereof to him whosoeuer , who tooke no care thereof when be possessed it , nor sought he ought to make good vse thereof according to his duety and power . ALthough that solemne oath of the Angell , ( of which we haue spoken of in the first Chapter ) that a day will come whē as time shall haue his end , that the day of vniuersall iudgement for all in generall shall be accōplished , shall haue it's cōclusiō , after which there is no time to deserue well or ill , nor to doe pennance which may be of any profit , and for any each man in particular in the last day , last period of his life , in vvhich he vvill hope , and there vvill be his particular iudgement : Not withstanding it is much to be feared , and to be seriously considered that customarily God Almighty vseth , for chastisement , and deserued punishment to bereaue a negligent and altogether carelesse sinner of time , to shorten his life , because he doth not auaile himself of time , as he ought seeing that it is spent ill . So teacheth the glorious S. Bernardine of Siena , and he to proue it citeth that place of the Apocalypse ; Sinon vigilau●ris , V●ian ad te tanquam fur , If thou watch not I will come to thee vnawares like a Theife . Hence is it that God Almighty threatneth a careles sinner , whose manner was to post of his conuersion and pennance from day to day , it seeming to him that he had time , I and euen time more then was sufficient , very aboundant , and he thus deliuereth himselfe : Be not too negligent , be not careles , play not with time , mocke it not , nor value it for thine owne surely , and certainely , nor at thy extent , nor so much at thy command , as thou imaginest , as thou dreamest ; awake , sleepe not I say , stand on thy guard , least death come on thee as a theife is wont to doe when he entendeth to robbe , and that by a suddaine assault it reduce thee into a miserable exigent , and all this without that thou know the houre of its approach . A theife cōmeth to doe mischeife , and taketh the goods which are not well looked vnto , not carefully preserued , and with such diligence which is required , whiche they deserue , and such like is time in the house of a sinner . And hence iustly our Lord abridgeth him thereof , for that he doth not spend it in such sort that thereby he may gaine , and exchange , and make himself very rich and happy . And answerable to this our Lord saith by his Euangelist S. Matthew : To him that hath , more shall be giuen ; from him who hath not , shall be taken away , what he had or seemed to possesse . The iust man esteemeth time his owne , and is thereof Lord , and Maister , for that hee well knoweth the vse thereof ; and to this he who is maister of time , more time shall be afforded him at the period of his life , more space to recollect himselfe , to examine , discusse , and purifie his conscience ; and he shall haue aboundance , he shall be supplied with fulnes , all plenty will be bestowed on him as compleate indulgency , plentifull grace , and infinite glory , and he is not Lord of time , who whilst he liueth doth not vse it carefully and tenderly ; hence when as thus deceiued by the deuill , with his dilation , with his deferring this amendment , he thinketh that yet he hath time , he shall be found by God his iust iudgement to be depriued thereof , space of repentance will be wanting vnto him , either by suddaine death , or by some vnhappy chance , or other : all hitherto are the vvordes of the glorious S. Bernardine . And hence is it that so often our Lord doth admonish vs to watch , to be vigilant , for that vve knovv not the day , the hovver in vvhich our time shall haue it's end . And the holy Church , as a solicitous , carefull and most tender mother doth counsaile vs in a responsory , in ansvvere deliuered in the office of Lent , the self-same saying Let vs amēd that vvherein hitherto ignorantly vve hane trespassed in , Oh! let it not come to that exigent that hereafter vvee seeke for time of pennance , vvhen it is not to be had . And to this purpose that God , cutteth of his thred of life immaturely , vvho auailed not himselfe therof to serue him : the glorious S. Bernardine of Siena recounteth a most fearefull and maruailous accident vvhich happened in his time amongst the Catalonians next neighbours to the Kingdome of Valencia . A youth arriued to eighteene yeares old had beē most disobediēt to his parēts , and altogether disordered , vvho oftētimes bare no reguard of thē , tendred no duety ; for punishment of such his misdemeanour God Almighty subtracting his assistāce from him , he became a great robber , for vvhich he vvas hanged in the same Tovvne vvhere he vvas bred , and being their hung on a gibet , and dead , and in the presēce of all the people there assēbled vvas●●eene his beard to grovv , and that in like manner the haire of his head grevv , that there hee vvas seene to haue a vvrinckled face ; also his head vvas all ouer gray , and in semblance , in countenance , he vvas not vnlike to be of the age of fourescore and tēne yeares , vvhich made them all admire , yea and affrighted them ; the Bishop of the Diocesse being informed hereof , commanded that all the people should poure forth their feruent prayers , he in like manner doeing the same , desiring of God Almighty if it vvere his divine vvill and pleasure to reveale this mystery . A vvhile after he craving silence and audience , and speaking vvith a loud voice deliuered thus much : Novv yee see ( my sonnes ) that this youth died at eighitene yeares old , and here he seemeth in his countenance to be fourescore and tenne yeares old , Hence vnderstād that which God Almighty is pleased to teach vs , vvhich is , that really according to the course of nature he had to liue to the yeares of fourescore & tēne , and so many had he runne , had he been obedient to his parents , but in regard of his sinnes , and disobediēce God Almighty hath permitted him to dye a violent death , cutting of so much time of his life , as is betvveene eighteene years and fourescoure and tenne ; and that all the vvorld might hereof take expresse notice , it vvas his diuine vvill to vvorke this miracle . Sainct Hierome , that rare diuine , vseth these vvordes , that the shortnes of life is a chastisemēt and iudgement of sinnes , and hence is it that our Lord hath abreuiated , and cut of short the life , and yeares of men from the beginning of the world to this day . God decreed that the life of king Ezechias should be lessened fifeteene yeares of vvhat he vvas to haue liued according to the course of nature , and yet againe he gratiously granted him them , through his teares , and hearts sorrow . And to this purport saith Haimon , expounding the wordes of the Prophet Isaias , our Lord hath heard thy prayers , and thy teares obserued indulgētly , is pleased fo adde fifeteene yeares to thy life , that euen as he spake to Adam conditionally that he should be immortall if so that he obeyed his diuine commands , euen so in God his predestination vvere giuen these yeares to king Ezechias so that liuing vvithout sinne he vvere not svvollen , and puft vp vvith pride , and euen those vvho were foretaken vvith pride , vvere mercifully restored through their humility . Viri sanguinum & dolo●i non dimidiabunt dies suos , saith the Prophet Dauid : Bloody men , and men vvho deceiue shall not runne out their race , shall not liue halfe their dayes , vvhich is as much as to say more cleerly , they shall not liue the moity , the halfe of their age , vvhich they should runne out , if so that they had spent their time vvell . Sinners thall not obtaine and enjoy as they designe and think , for euen as o●r Lord said to the Iewes . Auferetur à vobis regnum Dei , &c. The Kingdome of heauen is to be transferred from yee , and it will be bestowed on an other people , who may make vse thereof , and yeild fruite , and may better know , and value it . Euen so God will abridge sinners of time , for that they produce no fruite therein , they doe no good , and he will bestow it on them , to whom it may deseruedly be giuen , and who know to make right good vse thereof . Those words of Dauid the Prophet in his hundred and one Psalme , Ne reuoces me in dimidio dierum meorum , in which he petitioned our Lord , that he might not be taken of , that he might not dye in the midst of his dayes , rather according to the exposition of some , it is as if he should say : My God cut not the thred of my life , let not me dye in the middest of my daies , for this time and age is the dangerousest time , euen the gulph of life , full of idle cares , phantasies , and many vaine and misvnderstood courses , and farre more dangerous is it to dye in these yeares , then in an age compleatly runne , in it is not the same security nor in it the same confidence , alas ! the same trust . Other deliuer the self-same according to what vve discourse in other vvordes : I feare my Lord : I feare my Lord that for my demerits , my sinnes , and for that I haue so ill spent my tyme , that thou vvilst shorten my life , vvhich punishment thou didst therefore inflict on some ; and hence is it that I humbly craue of thee that thou take me not avvay inseasonably , in the middest of my yeares and daies , but that I may runne them out , accomplish them vvhich thou determinedst of , had I been correspondent to my duety . The holy and most patient Iob sayeth in like manner of a sinner : Antequam dies impleatur peribit , &c. Before that his time shall be run , he shall dye , and his hand is to become arid , dry ; to fade , to perish euen as a branch of a vine in his first blooming shall be withered ; which is as much as to say , that in greene yeares before a full age run he shall dye , and that his life shall be shortened and shall be cut of in the midst of his dayes , as the dayes of an vnworthy and vniust possessor . And besides that it is a great punishement here in the world , to come it will be greiueous and of great torment to the condemned the remembrance of the time they had , and let slippe without makeing vse thereof , and to see that they failed thereof which was to be well employed , as for a better time . It is read in the booke of the seauen guifts , that a Mōke of Claraual deuoute , and of a good and tender conscience on a time persisting a lōger time in his prayers then was his custome , heard a dolorous sad yea and most lamentable voice , as euen of one who miserably plained , sighed , and breathed forth grones , and the religious earnestly beseeching God Almighty with feruent teares , that the meaning thereof might be declared vnto him , the voice which he heard answered him : I am the soule of such an one a sinner ( calling himselfe by his owne name ) and I lamēt my misfortune ād condemnation , and among all the torments I poore wretch in this my miserable estate suffer , which doth not torment me alone but also the rest of my company most extremely , and mooueth bitter greifes , woefull weeping and lamentations , is the remembrāce of the grace and mercy , which our Lord the Sauiour of the world hath offered , of which we haue made no account , no reckoning at all ; as also the memory of time which we haue lost , yea and to too ill employed alas ! being made capable to gaine in so short a space so much mercy , and such like rich and innumerable treasures ; and this worme and remorse will alwaies be gnawing their hearts and entrailes . And the glorious S. Bernard in one of his sermōs entitled , of the Fallacyes and wyles of this present life , sheweth , how it ensnareth , entrappeth and deceiueth sinners , one while vnder the persuasion that it is long , that they may a great space run on and deferre their pennance ; in such manner doth it winne them , so ouercome are they by this meanes that they neuer make vse thereof , that they neuer doe pennance ; and otherwhile making the same short , very breife , that they may say , life is short alas ! a breath , a blast , hence let vs hasten to enjoy all the flowers , delights , and pastimes of the world , least that we be depriued of them , before we take notice of thē : He farther among many other remarkeable thinges deliuereth that God Almighty doth shorten their paces , their walkes , their course in the midst of their pleasures , their delights , seeing their shamlesnes in offending him , and he cutteth of both their time and life , for that they who will not leaue to sinne willingly giuing themselues ouer to their disordinate affections , trespasses , and vices he abridgeth them of time , taketh away their longer life , and maketh them to leaue their further practise therein necessarily through death . And hence doe many sinners dye vvhether they vvill or noe , for that the world conceiueth , that it is for accidents or in dispositions occulte , hidden , or for manifest occasions , notwithstanding that those dayes which they passed in sinne , were not ( as we haue already said ) truely good , were not well spent , nor the life candide and sincere , but shadowed , and alas ! painted , I wis . Hence is it that in holy scripture sinners are valued as dead . The vviddow ( sayeth the Apostle . ) who liueth in pleasures , is dead : And our Lord sayth in the Apocalypse to a Bishop vvho liued not answerable to his calling , who lived not according to his duety : Thou art thought to liue ; the opinion of the world is no otherwise , but notwithstanding I knovv , Thou liuest not , I say thou art dead , and so doe I value thee , when thy soule is dead in thy living body ; hence say I , that a sinner is said not to liue but retaineth onely the name of a liuing creature . And if the time which he passeth in vice , he liueth not , to speake properly , and that God Almighty customarily taketh away the halfe , he liueth much lesse time then the world apprehendeth , he shall proue short and scanted of time , of dayes . But what ? the iust farre otherwise liveth a fairer , yea and a longer age then the world imagineth , and full of dayes ; and timely and in his good season his maister will cut him of from the tree . The end of the third Chapter . THE FOVRTH CHAPTER . That euen now whilst we haue time it concerneth vs to take paines with feruency , and speed , and that we ought to employ it well . IF time be so precious , and that it was giuen vs to operate well , and to labour in the vineyard of our Lord all the day to the setting of the Sunne , and that if so that we auaile not our selues thereof , it wil be taken from vs , that we shall be vtterly depriued thereof , and that it so fall out that it will faile vs when we most desire it and haue most neede thereof , it will stand with good reason that we employ it well and that vve be very solicitous thereof , and that we make all hast to labour and to trafficke therein to make right and ready vse thereof : And euen so doth Ecclesiasticus aduise vs , saying : let thy hands labour in their vttermost abilityes , earnestly , diligently , feruently , and speedily . all he deliuereth is as much as to say : let not there be in thee any good thought , which thou canst remember , which thou keepe not , and which thou procurest not to conserue ; nor good word which thou maist come to the hearing of , which thou harken not to , or what in duety and charity thou shouldst say , that thou speake not , nor good worke that thou canst doe , that thou doe not ; without loosing occasion or time . And further he deliuereth , that what thine owne can doe , seeke not a strangers assistance , for thou must by no meanes trust thy saluation on others , nor must thou think or imagine ought that thy seruant , or thy friend , or any whosoeuer in the world is , are to winne heauen for thee thou iocundizing in fulnes of delights : I tell thee plainly and indeed that thy hand , thine arme , thy strēgth , thy vertue are to worke and bring this to passe , & thou must labour with great desir , much earnestnes , and maruailous solicitude , and most vigilant care , yea and with viuacity , euē to all speed , for that life passeth and suddainly flyeth avvay , and vvhen so that thou least thinkest on it , the sunne vv●ll set , and euen then indeed shalt thou be heartily glad , that thou hast taken much paines , for that proportionably so much more vvil● bethy revvard , and thy rest . And the reason vvhich is deliuered by Ecclesiasticus of all vvhich is foresayed is , for that after this life ( vvhich so svviftly runneth his stage , his course ) no vvorke either of reason , or vnderstanding , or the act of vvill , or any such faculty or povver vnder what title soeuer it be , shall be of any validity , any force , of any fruite , any commodity , or benefit whatsoeuer hence to deserue grace or glory . The seauen fruitefull , and most plentifull years ( figured , designed , noted by the seauen fatt kine which Pharoah saw in a dreame ) signified the time of this life , which by weekes ( each weeke cōprising seauen daies ) goe on successiuely , making their returnes and running their course ; but after are to succeed other seauen yeares ( which will be all that other space of time , wherein the other life , which is without end , and so shall endure , shall last , haue being and continuance ) figured , designed by the seauen leane , and euen hunger-starued , kine barrē & without any 〈◊〉 of deserte . Therefore in imitation of the discreete and prudent Ioseph fill thy Granaries ( my Sonne ) thy corne lofts , and make thou prouision for time of want , for time of dearth ; for if so that thou deferrest thy gathering of Manna vntill the Sabbath of the other life , the other world , it will not auaile thee ought , rather it will proue vnto thee wormes , for that there will be in thy soule ( as we before said ) a perpetuall worme , and stinge of conscience . Faire beyond what tongue can expresse was Rachael the most beautifull , but shee was barren , and on the other part Lya was farre from being beautifull , farre otherwise shee was very homely , oh ! farre inferior to such an excellēt cōelines with gratious beauty , yet was this Lya fertill , shee was fruitefull . The life to come is beyond all account most faire , most sweet , most amiable , but it is barren , for alas ! yea euen alas ! there meritorious workes haue no place , haue no being at all ; such like are onely and solely proper to this time , to this present life ; which although in comparison thereof it is duskish , foule , and full of trouble , full of anguish , yet is it notwithstanding fruitefull and hath in it this good , that prepareth and bringeth forth good workes , and meritorious , with which grace is encreased , and glory is acquired , and who so will not regard it and entertaine it's tribulations and it's paines , and will not endure it's mole●●ations , it 's vnquietnes , and will not mortifie himself in the customary waies thereof , shall not here-after enioy the most comely , yea and most beautiful Rachel . Giue thy earnest attention oh Christian , make all the speede thou any waies artable to vndergoe , for hereafter thou wilt be bereaued of all power , for it will be found impossible for thee to auaile thy selfe of ought to thy well being Wee are all of vs worke men , hirelings , and iourney-men , we worke from day to day , so it clearly appeareth to be voide of all reason that we passe ouer our timē of life in idlenes , either in delights , or nicenes , as if we were great Maisters , great Lords , great Potentates . Before Adam sinned God Almighty placed him in a place of delights , it was Paradise , which he wrought and finished with his owne hands , to the end that in this gardē , à place of pleasure , he might entertaine himself , might enioy his time with content , with great delight and singular recreation ; but after his delict , his sinne , expulsing him , yea and banishing him from thence , made him a labourer , a paines-taking man , and a workeman on his owne vine , alas ! contemplate here his estate : Well since so it is , labour , take paines , and be very solicitous , and make all the hast possible ( my good friend ) if so that thou hast a minde to liue without want , and to dye rich in spirituall goods , in heauenly treasures . And for so much as that mē vnderstēd not thus much , ( to speake more plainly ) for that they will not , desire not to apprehend , to weigh and theron consider , they conuerte the vine that is so fruitefull into gardens and places of pleasure , and of ouer-weaning curious and nice solace , alas ! and many are so vainely gilien ouer that their sence must be entertaind with odoriferous smells and curious perfumes ; and many of such appeare to be like to King Achaz of whom it is written , that when as he had veiwed attentiuely the Altar of Damascus , he sent the the modell thereof from that Citty , and draught to Vrias the Preist , who erected an Altar according to to the King's designe , and appointment ; but the Altar of brasse , and of other mettall which was to that very time before our Lord , he caused to be past of , sent avvay , and that it should be no more seen in his temple , nor in his presence . My meaning , my application is , that novv a dayes are many Christians vvho beleiue , and adore a God ; but hovv ? On the Altar of the Gentiles , for their liues are correspondent , answereable to theirs , they liue euen as they were heathens , giuing themselues ouer to as many sumptuous entertainemēts , pleasures , voluptuousnes , & height of delights as they can inuent , any way finde out , and are able to compasse , without taking notice diligently from time to time what are those things vvhich the appetite requireth of them , nor doe they make any resistance , farre othervvise they giue thēselues ouer to sensuality , to that vvhich vtterly destroyes them . Oh Christian ! I say oh Christiā ! tame thou this thy body , bring it vnder , bring it in to true subiection , set it a worke with the paines of a Christian labourer solicitously , most carefully and most serious to make thy vine fruitefull , prune it , breake vp the ground about it , open it at the roote , then trench it , and manure right well thy soules inheritance , and hence will plainely appeare to thee how thy sensuality declineth , yea abandoneth his willfulnes , his folly ; ye● franticknes , and in it there will not be so many bryers , brambles , and thistles of sinne ; euen so to the end that the children of Israël should not encrease , nor become willfull & ●●ubborne , but that they should liue in subiection and slauery , Ph●roah made them worke hard , and assigned them their daily taskes , which were not small ones , but heauy and very toilesome Oh! Christian take notice of this good and happye time , herein take care of thine owne house ; set it in order , that it may not be said to thee as to the Iewes : The Kite , the Storke , and the Swallow know their time , and they well vnderstand how to aduantage themselues , to worke their endes , to winne their benefit , but Israël taketh no notice , enquireth not , hearkneth not after the time of it's visitation , help , and redresse , not taketh it hold , no norknoweth to make his goodvse , opportunity ; and hence he will lament hereafter most bitterly , and will deerely wish for that which now he esteemeth not , he valeweth not , nor indeed knoweth . The people of Israël , the riuer Iordan , d●y and that hence they were well assertained of free and safe passage , least that they might let passe so good an opportunity made all the hast possible to goe over it , vvhich they did most securely ; and had they never so litle delayed likely they vvould vnhappily haue found the passage barred , stopt , by no meanes to be past . To morrovv is never secure , alas ! it is not in our hands , vnder our command and vvill , and if so that vvhat you can doe to day , you practise not , you put not in prosecution , apply your selfe vvholy to God ; it may so fall out that to morrovv you cannot , that to morrovv you be abridged of all meanes therevnto tending . If to day , saith the Prophet Dauid you heare the voice of our Lord , vvho inviteth you , and calleth on you to repentance , and amendmēt of life , deferre it not to the next day , in such māner hardning your hearts . Looke on thy self , behold thy felfe , poore vvr●tch that thou art , alas ! thou art an ignorāt sinner and dimmely sighted , yea blinde , that the devill to deceive thee , saith , allovv me this day to my selfe , and that thou givest to God , offer vp to God the next day , the selfe same vvill he deliver the day follovving , in such sort as that he vvill dravv thee on perverted and lost alas ! to vtter ruine . There hath been obserued ( Saint Basilius reaccounteth ) a marvailous craft of a small bird ( which according to the referēce of Elianus is the Partridge ) vvho seeing à fovvler approach nigh the places vvhere his young one 's were in their nest , fearing least he should approach nigher he vvould discouer , and take them ( for they knew not yet their wing , they vvere vnready in flight ) sprung vp from her nest , and boldly shevved her selfe before the fowler , hence gathered that he would speedily follow ( as thus inuited ) her with all attention , and that by this meanes would forget the nest , and her young birds , her litle ones , taking so tender care of them ; and when as the fowler sought after and prosecuted this partridg , and that hee tooke himselfe most certaine of the taking of her , yea euen so sure , as if so that shee vvere in his hands , shee made à flight with à small turning about , and hence got aduantage , and in this manner flitting and fluttering hence and thence , aud attending to such various motions , at length got the vpper hand ; and in à vvord by these vvayes deceiued the fowler of his expectation , and in such manner perplexed him and kept him busy , vntill that the young partridges by litle , & litle , by short skipps & turnings vvearied , & like ground pines betooke themselues into à lovv and safe place , there hiding themselues very vvell : then their notably subtle damme made à great flight , & deceiued the fowler , yea put him into à great rage , that he could neither catch the damme , nor her young ones This euen selfe same practise is that of the deuill , to deceiue thee , alas ! to cheate thee ( blind and sottishly-ignorant sinner ) and in like manner he detaineth thee , yea and entertaineth thee vvith shadovved , and false pleasures , false delights , yea euē from day to day , and yeare to yeare , yea and alas ! too many , and many , vvith à false glosed hope , sophisticated all ouer that time vvill be sufficiently afforded and supplyed for repentance , yea and vndoubtedly , which if it happē not to day , either it vvill fall out to morrovv , or next day , or some other day , at one time or other ( as if so that dayes and time vvere at thy command vvhich God Almighty hath reserved to himself onely ) to the end that thou casting avvay thy time in such manner , & the present opportunity thereof , that time faile thee altogether , & that thou become in such state that thou haue that for vvhich thou may bevvaile for euer . Grant it good to conuerte one's selfe to God ( deliuereth the glorious Austine ) yet thou sayst , and boldly , I vvill change my life to morrovv , I vvill be another manner of man to morrovv , I vvill serue God to morrovv . Ah! poore vvretch if to morrovv , vvhy not to day ? for there is no trust , alas no certainty of to morrovv , therein is no security at all ; pray speake plaine and vnderstandingly , like à vvise man vvho knovveth the vvorld ; are vve not subiect , and dayly exposed to suddaine death ? tell me farther , doe not many dye vvithout confession , vvithout giuing account penitently of their trespasses ? but you vvill not prosecute your vvay , and vrge that as God shall help you , you take notice of no ill in that you say , that to morrovv shall be the day , vvherein I vvill be an humble penitent , and that I vvill turne à new leafe , and not vnlikely it may be , yea euen this very day ? but as God Almighty shall help me , what haue you to say to me ( ansvvereth Sainct Austine ) vvherein speake I ill , th●t there bee no dilatiō herein , that this euen novv day , be the day ? this being the safest , the most secure , hence the best ? so that obserue thy will I speake with more reason then doe you , for you are not maister of any time but of this present day , vvhat say I ? no , alas no , you are not Lord of all the day , you cōmand onely presents moments , or rather instants of time , and well so . As nigh as thou canst , let all thy life be good ; wherefore desirest thou that it be amended , & become good by peice-meales , and as litle at once as thou canst possible ? Thou desirest that thy fare be all good , that thy vvife be good , thy house likewise , thy garments decent , thy stockins yea ●uen thy shoes ; dost thou make more esteeme of thy shoes , then of thy soule ? art thou so void of consideration and iudg●ment ? hitherto are the vvords of glorious Sainct Austine . Seneca doth distribute the course of our life into three sections , three parts ; into time past , present , and yet to come ; and of these the present is as breife as can be imagined , the time to come is not ours , is doubtfull ; of all these the time passed is certaine and nature hath lost her power thereof , nor is it in any human power , to make it returne , to repossesse it . Since so it is , that we let passe , let glide away that vvhich is present to abide for euer and à day vvithout it , and to be stated in euerlasting damnation , and vtter losse , vtter ruine , by so much the rather ( open thine eyes , and be of my opinion , yea my sentence ) that throughout the whole course of time , euen frō the time of vse of reason , there is all reason , all discretion that thou bring forth fruite , that thou carefully looke aboute thee , that thou be prepared , that thou be not vnready for that time in which thy Lord and Maister is to come , and to call vpon thee , since that there is not à moment ; farre lesse an hower , in which any one can say he may not come , and cite vs to particular doome , wherein revvard is giuen to the vvorkemen of the vineyard , answereable to their labour , and great paines . This is saint Ierome his sentence , and to confirme what he hath deliuered the parable of the figg tree is opposite , and vvell alludeth , to which the planter thereof came nigh being hungry , and entending to satisfie his hunger , and earnest appetite to eate figgs , and found none on the tree , he laid his curse on the tree ; and the sacred Euangelist sayth that he gaue his malediction on the tree , vvhen as it vvas not it's season to beare fruite , the scope of this vvas not much appertaining to the punishment of the tree , but vnder it is meant that men voide of vvorkes are hereby denoted , designed , so much is signified by the figg tree : for that human kinde is seriously to attend , is strictly bound at all time to yeild fruite , and hence is it that our Lord vvhen he commeth with expresse intention to seeke and findeth not , giueth his sentence of eternall malediction , of eternall damnation . All things ( sayeth Salomon ) haue their determinate and precise time , in such like manner , that each time is not time , & season for all things , but that onely which is proper & so appointed for à particular , not for any other whatsoeuer to well being , farre rather for it proueth to it assured hurt , as for example sake vvould it be conuenient to sow , vvhen it is haruest , to grubbe vp rootes , vvhen the fittest time is to plant , to speake , vvhen it is best to be silent , to laugh when it is proper to vveepe ? There is no time lim●ted , there is no precise time to labour in good vvorkes , to toile on the well ordering , vvell cultiuating the vine of our Lord , each time is opportune , it will be euermore seasonable , in whatsoeuer houre it fall , and in whatsoeuer age , forevnderstād , and well know that it is not lawfull to sinne at any time , and that there is not allotted , nor set out any time to sinne in . According to those words of Ecclesi●sti●●s , to none giue God command to doe ill , nor afforded he space of t●me vvherein to sinne , but he counsaileth all the world , and admonisheth each one that they conserue , that they be tender of time , & that they leaue to sinne , that they forsake euill , for that this iewell of time was not benignely bestowed on them to the end they should doe ill , but they should doe well . And the state of an idle man in the person of a worke man and day-labourer is also reprehended by the maister of à family ; much more reprehension might be and iustly laid of him who ' is more aged , who hath runne à longer course of life , alas ! à longer time . And if so that the Kingly Prophet Dauid in the beginning of his Psalmes , compareth the truely iust man , vvith the tree which is planted hard by à current of waters which yeildeth his fruite seasonably , yet doth not he at all imply , he meaneth not that euen ●s the tree yeildeth no fruite but in his proper moneth and destined time of yeare , and not othervvise ; so hath the iust man to tender his one dayes , moneths , and precise times , strictly determined of , and not in any other , but vnderstand aright that euen as that the owner of à tree , vvhich giueth fruite in it's due season , vvould cut it vp , and grubbe it by the roote vvere it not so : euen so man ought to doe his duety , according to his vocatiō , his being and his profession timely , novv man's time runneth the full end , and vvhole course of his life . And so it is aduised , and coūsailed in the name of God , that it is expedient for à man to pray euermore , yea and vvithout ceasing , and to be alvvaies vvatchfull , and avvake vvith à burning candle in hand , for that it is not known at vvhat time his Lord and Maister will come to reckon with him ; and that he be à good accountant of what is laid out , and receiued of those thinges which were comitted to his charge and of the profit of the vineyard which they let and set , and of his traffique and commerce , all which are manifest tokens , that at all times our Lord requireth of vs that we bring fruite and he that so doth is valued to be à true seruant , à true , à prudent , & à most discreet seruant . And the time which man is maister of is the whole time of his life ; vvherefore after it ( as the Angell hath solemnely svvorne ) time hath to haue no more being . The tree vvhich the Euangelist S. Iohn in his Apocalypse did see ( which euer more and at all times bare fruite , & each moneth gaue it mature , ripe , all which was very wholesome , yea and euen to the very leaues of the tree ) is an embleme or figure of the iust man , who alwaies , and in all times beareth fruite , as vvel in each moneth , as also in the vvhole course of his age , and vvhatsoeuer he attendeth to is of great benefit and singular profit , as well his thoughts , as also his workes , and words . The end of the fourth Chapter . THE FIFTH CHAPTER . How iustly the sluggish deserue reprehension , and who are so called . AMong all men ( saith Seneca ) those cheifely yea and onely are to be accounted idle , least busy , though most serious , who employ themselues , giues themselues ouer quite to the practise of piety and wisedome , and these solely and onely liue , for that hence they doe not alone conserue , and well keepe their owne time , but likewise they annexe to their owne dayes , other ages , and other times , for that which they haue gathered and are made Lords of turneth to their vse , their profit , their well being & hereof they auaile themselues , hereof they make singular benefit . This vacancy , this idlenes so well employed is laudable , is worthy of all praise indeed , set this apart thus vnderstood , all other vacancy , all other idlenes which is really such , and so esteemed of , so truely valewed , is right worthy of reprehension euen as the bird was ordained to fly , so is man to labour , to take paines . And of this vacancy , this idlenes speaketh the fame Seneca , that it was the sepulcher of a living man ; in such sort that an idle man , not employed , and one who addicteth himselfe to nothing but idlenes is buried therein , and in extreme danger to fall into many sinnes and greiuous trespasses against God. Hence is that Ecclesiasticus deliuereth that idlenes hath occasioned mach malice , much sinne ; our Seraphick Father S. Francis in one of his rules calleth it the enemy of the soule : and the glorious Augustine sayeth , that it will ne●er come to passe , nor can it be that à Citizen of heauen be freind of idlenes , of sluggishenes . And S. Chrysostome professeth that idlenes is a part of vice , or to say more oppositely is no part , but is the occasion , and peruerse roote , for that it is the teacher of all sinnes and director to them . The great Anthony spake earnestly yea and cryed out with à loud voice in the heremitage , which voice was heard in heauen , and these were his wordes . O my God , and my Lord , true Samaritan , and true wat●h , and protector of soules , and bodyes , resuscitate in me , raise a new in me thy grace newly enable me herewith , and grant vnto thy seruant , so much mercy , that indulgently thou permit not , that I euer be in the desert idle ; to these his feruent acclamations is answered from one of heauē from some one or other appointed messenger of God : Anthony desirest thou indeed , in earnest , really to please God ? then doe thou pray , and vvhen so that thy spirits in prayer are enfeebled are become weake , then labour , let thy hands worke and euermore entertaine thy self in some what or other , doe but thy endeauour , so will the diuine fauour neuer be vvanting vnto thee . It was the sentence , the iudgement of the Fathers , who liued in Egipt , that one Deuill waited to doe mischeife through his temptations to one onely monke employed , but on him who is idle , many attend ; yet for that of this idlenes , of this sluggishnes , of this remissenes much hath been vvritten , and that hereof hath been various disputes on one & the other parte , and that my principall aimeth at the spirituall , against that sluggishnes I will arme my self , I will moore processe against it by making apparant to many ( who in their opinions are well employed ) the deceipt hereof , declaring and sufficiently proouing , that they are no otherwise to be v●●ewed then idle persons , and that they loose their time , and that so it is , and no otherwise with them , alas ! For necessarily you must grant that he is an idle & sluggish man , vvho maketh not the same vse of time which is conformable to it's vse , to it 's end , for vvhich God Almighty bestowed it , yea farre other wise employeth it vnlawfully and vniustly , vvhere appeareth that nothing in such his course goeth , or can any waies tend to God his seruice or to the benefit of his neighbour , nor can they be made good as to any vpright , laudable , and praise worthy end . And euen so as many handy crafts men there are , and labourers , and Merchants , and tradsmen , workemen , and iour neymen ; Kinges , Princes , Counsailors , Aduocats , and Officers , & all and each persō vnder the Sunne loose time , when so that they employ it in workes , practises , actions , and offices vnlawfull and prohibited by the lawes , and diuine decrees , and not with the end and intention for which they ought to be made vse of ; or liue so carelesse that they doe not ought which is good and meritorious , for ( as vve haue said a while since ) that God neither gaue man time to doe ill , no nor be sluggish , and he that employeth his time ill , he in the presence of God is idle . In vaine hath he been endowed with à soule , who with it hath alwaies trespassed against God , and alas ! in vaine hath any sinner what soeuer retained it , all that time in which he hath been in mortall sinne , yea and in vaine I further say haue they it now who are in such state ; and their soules ( ah ! ) haue been idle all this time , for albeit they haue made vse and dayly doe thereof & of its powers for other workes , actions , practises , and seruice , but for this as à principall end vvere they herewith enformed , and hence was it that God gaue it , that they should serue him ( which euē Seneca himsef came to the knowledg of : when he sayd , God Almighty created all exterior thinges of lesser ranke and quality in the world , to serue human body , and the same body he created for the senses , and the senses for the soule ; and the soule , that it might contemplate , and feruently loue the diuine beauty ) all the time which mā passeth in sinne , or employeth not in the seruice of God he is therein idle , yea and most vaine . And although you call your selfe à busied King entertained by your graue and waighty affaires , or à Counsellor , or handy-craftsman , or seruant &c. I will enstile you herein à lazy & lither christian , and à sluggish and idle workeman in the house of God , in what appertaineth to the seruice of God , & for idle & for nought vvorth in this kinde of fluggishnes milliōs of people shall be in hell , vvho according to their hallucination , their misdeeming , their alas ! misseco●ceit , thought that they were not idle , farre other wise that they were alwayes attētiue on affaires . All the howers spēt in vnlawfull games , murmurings , grumblings , detractiōs , and in writing and reading vaine letters and lasciuious bookes , and prophane bookes , which often haue corrupted formerly chast soules , to chāge their such purity to dishonesty ; and they and those houres which are spent in ripping vp and giuing sentence , giueing verdict on the liues of others without giuing reference to the party , & with his being heard , yea without that he hath any the least notice thereof , and euen vvithout that the Iudges be vvell and plainly instructed in the trueth neuer informing them as they ought , & as iustice , & charity exacteth at their hāds , who is there , who will spare to condemne them as idle , as sluggish , as il employed , and hence conuince them of their assured losse of time ? And all those houres which thou hast ill spent ( which are not few , too many alas ! ) Oyee vaine women in the dressings , in your deckings to ensnare , to entrap , to captiuate soules yea and to enthrall them , to subiugate them alas ! to enslaue , occasion free wills to yeild , pray let me knovv from you , can you except against those that range yee vnder the same iudgement , the same censure ? And the time , the howers , that the ambitious who feede themselues ( as like to Efraim , and satisfy themselues with winde , with vanity , spend and consume in designing their towers , their airy fabricks , & in the writing in the aire their dreames , chimeraes and crotchets of their idle braines , talking to themselus & speaking with themselues vvhat the haughty King Cyrus ( figure of proud Lucifer ) said thou shalt see mee in the mountaine of the testament , in the same place of the North side by side with it ! I will so seate my self , and so place my throne , I say so high , so eminent , that I may set my feete on the starres , that I may make themselues my footstoole , who is he who will say that herein is time ill employed , cast away , yea miserably lost ? The time , the houres vvhich the couetous man passeth of , consumeth in his braines , working , and reckoning , how and with what attention , diligence , and intelligence he may aduantage himselfe , that he may gain more by exchange , and returne herein , by vse , or otherwise rum●nating and variously disposing his spirit , solicitous , and againe solicitously serious hereon , hereon making the seate of all his care , and as one resolued , as one decreeing to get by lawfull or vnlawfu●l meanes , by hooke or by crooke , by any vvaies , who is so void of iudgement vvho vvill ascertaine them that they so running ouer their time , vvhen as the moderatest account thereof be made , these things shall passe for good ? my desire is not to goe farther , as to memorate particularly more ran●ks of people , or their natures , qualities , or vvhatsoeuer their conditions are , for to take particular notice to call them to my memory vvould appassionate me , vvould really afflict me , I should herein so doeing notably suffer , and for that the world is not so lost , so dull , so sottish ( alas ! yet well may it be said it is farre gonne herein ) that any Christiā may not hence vnderstand , collect aud gather all whatsoeuer may be farther specified , and condemned , if he please by what hath been deliuered by the bookes vvhich he hath read , and by the inspirations which God hath benignely giuen him , and by that vvhich his conscience ( witnes and loyall freind , so it be beleft ) herein cannot but haue , oftentimes counsailed him and accused him . And that there may be more credit to confirme it vvith holy scripture , Dauid in one of his Psalmes speaketh of the good and iust : Dies pleni inuenientur in eis . That there shall be found in them full dayes , entire , & cōpleate dayes , not empty , and it is à māner of speach frequētly vsed , in the old testamēt , to say , that they died full of yeeres , that they died when they vvere aged , as it is related of Abraham , & of other Saints , freinds , and beloued of God , if this be deliuered of the iust let vs say on the contrary patt that neither dayes , nor yeares of sinners are full , rather they are false , vaine and their houres , houres of deceipt , consequently they shall not dye aged , but empty of dayes . And Dionysius Carthusianus , declaring those words of Saint Iob , Mens●s vacuos enumerau● mihi , Monethes , and empty dayes I haue recounted vvith my selfe , sayth he , so much may the penitent sinner vtter vvho hath spent , and consumed vvithout fruite , vvithout benefit his time , and his daies , hence vvere they empty of good vvorkes and idle , yea and full of vanityes , and indeed of vice , vvhich is nothing . To this purpose saith Saint Ambrose , the life of à iust man is compleatly full and empty are the daies of those vvho are vvicked , and really vaine , and they retaine nothing , but appearance , s●doth the greene reed vvithout pith , or substance . Of the same indgement is the glorious Gregory in his Moralls , in his Exposition on the l●st Chapter of Iob. That all those vvho haue so liued , and spent their times in such manner , are vvorthy of blame , now it appeareth cleerly by the fore deliuered Chapters , that time being so precious à thing , as hath been said in the first Chapter , and it being bestowed vpon vs that we may gaine heauen by our endeauours , our paines , our good vvorkes , ( as is likewise shewen in the second ) and in seeing ( which you may find vvritten in the third ) that who so employeth not time well , God abridgeth him of it , and altogether bereaueth him of it , taketh it ' out of his command , when he thereof least thincketh , not with standing all this they will not take the aduise and counsaile which we haue giuen in the fourth Chapter in the name of the Holy Ghost , but forgetting all , all feare postposed , ●et by , by their depraued tasts , deceiued by outwardly seeming dainties though vgly be they and bitter mo●sells , wast their time ill , & misprise it , value it at naught , yea and vvrong it beyond all measure , & in liew of tendring it good treaty , & of making profitable vse thereof they molest it , they peruert the vse thereof in so much as they are foūd to haue vtterly lost it , nor obserue they what they haue neglected , what they haue passed from , & what they might haue acquired are foūd therein , nor of their duety to God vvho at so great à price redeemed them , & vvhō for so many great and innumerable respects & obligations they should serue both day and night alvvayes , incestantly , they should loue and adore vvith all their hearts , & vvith all their soules . These such like may be aptly compared to men who in the time of traffique , of commerce , of buying and selling of faires making no reckoning of the great gaine that there ( vvell knowing how to trade ) they might hence acquire to themselues are busied , and entertained , all taken vp with m●mick toyes , and iests , & in hearing blind men sing , and seing of stage players , and aftervvards their purse becommeth empty , and opportunity of traffique , and hence gaining by the faire , passed . They may be accounted alike to those vvho cōming a shoare from à shipp or galley , to land , to make prouision of vvhat they vvant to accomplish & bring the●r iourney to à happy end , & the long wished for hauen , keepe themse●ues busied in the gazing on curiosities vvhich occurre in the streetes , or passages , or in vvalking in places of pleasures , as in pleasant gardens , and so time ouerrunneth them vvithout time being obserued in so much as that they forget that principall and cheifest end for vvhich they came , and that the shipp , or vessell vvas to hoyse sailes , and to depart , and euen so they stay behinde , for that they came to late , in à strange countrey , poore disconsolate , and miserable . It seemeth to them vvho vvithout any conturbation loose time that they are possessed of so much as vvill serue for all , and that there is more then time enough to doe pennance , and to amend their liues , and it clearly appeareth that their vnderstandings and vvisedome are faulty , for that Zenon Cl●ticus à faire conditioned , graue and vvise man ( as Laërtiu● reporteth ) sayed , that men failed not so much in any thinge , as in that of time , nor that they haue more neede of ought , then of it , and all this he deliuereth vpon good grounds truely : for that vve possesse not what is passed , nor vvhat is to come , and for the present it followeth so at hand , and so breife , that it runneth it's course in à moment . The Saint Prier Gill brother of our holy order falling into admiration , and compassionating vvith himself vpon contemplation of these idle persons , vvho so much and beyond measure passe their time vvithout fruite and hearts-greife thus deliuereth himselfe . The idle , the sluggish man looseth this , yea and the other vvorld , happy is that man vvho employeth his time , and passeth his life , and his forces , his full strength , his vttermost ability in the seruice of God ; Tell mee if there vvere giuen vnto thee à fountaine which vvere to runne oile or wine one entire day in thy house vvouldst thou consume thy time being à poore man in play , in loitering , or in seeking of barrells , or other neate vessells whatsoeuer wherin to keepe it , thy end , thy scope being to be rich ? vndoubtedly if thou wert not simple yea and sottishly such , thou vvouldst make vse of such like aftervvards soe did the vvise vvidow ( of vvhom is made mentiō in the fourth booke of the Kings ) in carefully taking and reseruing the oyle which the Prophet Elizeus , gaue vnto her miraculously therewith to satisfie for her husbands death , that the creditors might not haue power to leade avv●y and detaine her two sonnes for slaues , vntill that shee should discharge what was due , but true it is ( saith the Saint ) that soe farre forth hath our folly taken hold of vs , and wee entertaine , wee admitt of so little discretion & wisedome , that whereas God Almighty giuing vs time , and present life , that in it's course through his grace , his benignity , and fauour , and the maine , the principall , the stock vvhich he doth enrich vs vvith vvee may make our selues hence rich , and that vvee may satisfie vve may acquit , and pay vvhat vve owe , so farre forth as that vve fall not into the misery of being made slaues of the fiend , the deuill without all peraduenture , vvithout all remedy , and end ; vve consume our time in vanityes , and toyes , and buffoneries , and in meere iest as Iob the most patient sayed in those words , Dedit ei●lo um poenitentiae , &c. God gaue vnto man place of pennance , and time to that end , and he hath changed the good vse thereof into abuse , and into sinnes of pride . The end of the fifth Chapter . THE SIXTH CHAPTER . How the body doth captiuat that time which is designed for the soule , and thereby exalteth it selfe . AFter the sinne of our Auncestors did the bodye rebell against the soule , so much preuailed it as that the body ( as the seruāt or slaue Agar did to her Lady and Mistris ) laid aside all respect and duety , in so much as it might seeme that the body vvas the m●stris , the soule slaue alas ! and that all the course of this life was and is onely for the body , and for it's daintines , it 's nicenes , and it's recreation and to accomplish it's appetits and ouerweaning desires ▪ in so much as that the poore soule takes it as à great fauour , that the body grāts it that time vvhich is required and by her challenged . That to such her miserable state shee hath drawē on her selfe by sinne , disgrace and abasement , in so much as shee may call out to God repeating her tribulations , her miseries in those wordes vvhieh Hierusalem in the Lamentations vsed , Vide Domine & considera , &c. Behold Lord and consider how I haue been come to be abject , since that my seruant , yea my slaue doth so vilify me , & more offereth outrages against mee . And in such māner doth the body draw on great burthē on the soule which it doth extremely wrōg , & doth raise and exalt it selfe with vvhat is not agreable , rather contrary to all reason , and iustice , and it is bound to returne to the soule what properly belongeth vnto it , vnder paine , vnder amerce , that vvhen the soule hath as also the body each of them , both of them may be lost vvithout any redemption or any safety . And to giue life to vvhat hath been deliuered , as also what is to follow what better doctrine can be set downe then that vvhich the glorious Bernard , hath in à sermon of the comming of our Lord , of Aduent , vvhereof I vvill here recite à great part . The time of this life ( sayeth hee ) appertaineth not to the body , it belongeth properly to the soule and for it vvas it appointed , for of much more value is the soule , then the body , and it hath first to repaire and procure remedy vvhich first fell , for it's fall , it 's transgression the body vnderwent , incurred punishment . And if vve desire to liue , and be true members of our head , vho is IESVS CHRIST our Lord , our duety is to imitate him , and to conforme our selues to him ; the way wee must walke , the principall care and sollicitude must be of our soules , for vvhich he cheifly came into the vvorld and suffred the torment of the Crosse , and let vs reserue the care of the body for that day and time vvhen our Lord shall come to reforme them , to change them into à better state , as said the Apostle Saluatorem expectamus nostrum , &c. We looke for our Sauiour ( who is IESVS-CHRIST our Lord ) and his comming to Iudge , vvho will reforme , ( or according to the Greeke text , vvill transforme ) our body meane , abject , and full of imperfections and miseries , and it shall be according to his similitude , vvho is replenished with clearnes and splendour . Hence striue not no attempt not ( oh ! thou body ill to be regarded , ill to bee esteemed of ) to impatronise thy selfe of time by force , and vvith violence , before time , for albeit thou maist occasiō yea hinder safety to thy soule , yet canst thou not vvithout it procure it for they selfe alas ! no. All things haue their time , permit , suffer and consent , that the soule may worke freely , nor be thou any impedimēt vnto it , rather helpe it and labour iointly vvith it ; for if you trauaile together , if you shall suffer with it , you shall raigne vvith it ; and so much as thou troublest and hinderest it's safety , thou troublest and hinderest thine owne , for thou canst not be reformed , vntill that our Lord see in thy soule his image reformed . Oh! body obserue vvell that thou hast vnder thy roofe à most noble guest , à guest of grand rancke and quality , vvhich is the soule , and that thy well being and safety dependeth on it ; Be therefore some what like à Courtier , well mannered , and discreet , and giue vvay , respect , and free entertainement vnto so honorable à guest . Thou thy selfe art in thine owne house , and in thine owne proper soile , for thou art earthly , and of earth , but the soule is but à guest in thy house , euen as à stranger , à trauailer and exiled alas ! banished from his proper place of residence . Let mee freely enterchange à word vvith thee ( oh ! body ) vvhat rusticall & rude lowne , very block head , and course conditioned fellow should bee be valiewed , to vvhose house might happen à Prince or Earle to come to allodge , vvho would not willingly and most readily giue way , and betake himselfe to the worst roome of his house , to present him vvith the best roome and best lodging of his house , yea if it vvere necessary , vvould sleepe on hay , and straw , or by the chimnyes harth & cinders . Let this be thy way , forsake thy meate , sleepe litle if so it be expedient and necessary for the good of thy soule , and for the loue of it let passe thy pleasures , thy entertainements , and passetimes , fast and be regular , sober and temperate in thy diet , to the end that it may be in good time and perfect health , and so perseuere ; correct thy selfe sharply , bleed , and mortifie thy selfe that it may liue ; this time is not the time of laughter , but of teares , not of repose , but of labour ; not of dantinesse , nicenesse , but of pennance : not of delight , not pleasure , but of anguish , of sharp tribulation ; the time vvill come about , there vvill come à time of mirth , of joye , and of laughter together vvith it , so be it that with it thou lament , thou suffer , thou at the present poure forth thy teares , and if together thou so west in teares , together thou shalt reape gladnes & hearts-comfort , hearts ioy : and vilifie not , nay esteeme not at an ordinary value thy guest ; for that hee seemeth to come vnto thee from forraine countries as à stranger , but contemplate , obserue vvell the many , and singular benefits which accrew to thee through his society , his conuersation , and presence . This guest , this soule , is it vvhich giueth life , spirit , and vigour to thy sight , and to thy eares faculty of hearing , speach to thy tongue , to thy palate it's tast , and sense of feeling , and motion to all thy entire body , beauty and gracefull comlines . And if so that thou vvilt vvell obserue and ponder what I now deliuer , let it be your serious attention , vvhat is it that you would be found to bee if so that it should faile you , and that it should depart frō you , that it should at any time leaue you , abandon you , and vtterly forsake you , & your house : in this euen point , and instant of time , thy tongue will not be able to doe his office , thou wilt be vtterly bereaud of speach ; thine eyes will become blind , thou wilt be depriued of thy guift of hearing ; thy countenance will appeare pale , all thy beauty will fade and fully perish , and thou shalt proue to be terrible foule , vgly , stark cold , irksome , and horrible , and thou shalt be an vnsauory carcasse , and altogether rotten , and à dunghill for vvormes . Since Since that vvhich I here deliuer is true , from whence is it , that for à small momentary delight that thou dispensest , and thou notably offendest , so great à guest , one of such quality , and so profitable as of whom so inexpressible vse might haue been well made ? and that thou takest away it's time , doth injure it , and stealest from it , and employest it so ill ? but thou canst not haue euen this thy shadowed delight , if it vvere not vvith thee . And if so great guifts depend and accrue to thee through it's presence and society not withstanding it be in à forraine Countrey , and banished for sinne from the high and mighty Court of heauen , and from the sight of it's Lord , thinke maturely what it vvilbe vvhen so that it is fully reconciled with him , and in his grace , vvhen so it shall by him be beloued and one of his fauourites ? And great cause , yea and great inducement & conuincible reasons are there , that thou apply thy selfe vvith all the patience possible , and vvith all good liking , and that thou deuote thy selfe to all thinges that may be whatsoeuer they be , and of what condition soeuer to benefit and laboriously attend to this reconciliation , and returne to Freindshippe . Giue vnto thy guest , vnto thy soule that vvhich Ioseph spake of to à gentleman Cupp-bearer to King Pharoah , assure thy selfe that happly à day will come , that the King vvill take sensible notice of thee , and vvill restore thee into thy lost estate , let me impetrate so much fauour of thee that thou remember mee from hēce forward , and help me vvhen so that thou well mayest , alas ! haue pitty on me : And without all peraduenture it vvill haue an especiall care , and regard of thee to thy well-being if so that now thou tenderest thy seruice as becommeth thee , and spendest the time according as is conuenient & expedient to the soule , and not to thy ease to that which thou valuest thy proper interest to it's cost , losse and vtter onerthovv : vvhen as so it shall be in fauour of it's Lord , and face to face , it vvill implore , and impetrate for thee , & vvill shewe it selfe à true and faithfull freind , intercessor , and aduocate , such like vvill be it's speech , its treatye . Most mercifull & Lord of all power when I was for my trespasses , for my greiueous sinnes banished , and exiled to the vvide world , & wandred vp & downe as à pilgrime , & meere stranger à poore and mercifull man receiued mee vnder his roofe , & did all the pious and cōmiserating respects that can be expressed ; hence am I à suppliāt to thine infinit Majesty with all the feruour , with all the earnestnes I can , that thou be mercifull vnto him , pitty him , who for my sake gaue all he was possessed of & freely dispoiled himselfe of them , yea & further offred vp his owne persō to assist in whatsoeuer was good for mee loosing for my cause his owne pleasures , and whatsoeuer delights , sweating , hardly labouring euen to wearisōnes , yea to fainting it selfe , for mee ; suffering hunger & thirst , and tyrings , watchings , toyles , and what tribulations not ? for whatsoeuer he counted , hee tooke no time of enquiry or supply therefore , or so litle as may vvell be accounted no time , to the end that he might deuote himself to my seruice , and vvhat best appertained to me . Nor is there any the least imaginable doubt , but that the Scripture wil be fulfilled , which deliuereth . Our Lord will correspōd to the vvill of those vvho truely feare him , and vvill heare their praiers ; and vvhen that the great King , I say that King of infinite and incomprehensible Majesty enuironed with splendour & glory attended on by à thousand millions , nay an innumerable troupe of Angells , to reforme , & bring our body to perfection to change them into à better state , and being , and to make them alike vnto his owne ; raising and ( at that terrible and dreadfull voice of the trumpet ) awakening them from the sleepe , in vvhich they now deeply drouse , then thou hauing been , what thou oughtest to haue been towards the soule , our Lord will well pay thee , for hee will reward thee with glory for thy good entertainement & allodging of that guest ; and he will glorifie thee , and enrich thee with those precious guifts and endowments of immortality , agility , impassibility , and splendour , vvhich all thou shalt enioy in the company of thy soule for euer and euer . Bee thou then althogether vnwilling ( I earnestly besseech thee ) to loose so glorious à glory , such delight , such treasures and crownes of honour for small , litle , weake , fading and perishing goodes , and for certaine kindes of pleasures fraught with so many discontents , and so many hazards , to suffer for such like toyes , besides vvhat is spoken of , eternall affliction , paines and torments . All the fore-written are the words of Saint Bernard : And those who vsurpe the time belonging vnto the soule for the vse of the body , and well like of this , please themselues herewith , neglect that ; yea tread it vndet their foote , our Lord threatneth to punish sharply by the words of holy Iob in his foure and twentith Chapter , saying : Their delights shall quickly haue an end , and all what vvas so pleasant vnto them , shall proue to them no other then wormes and remorse of consciēce , his mercy vvill forget them , will not acknowledge them , will take no Notice of them for euer , they shall be buried in perpetuall obliuion , there shal be no remembrance of them to any their vvell-being . They shall from coole snowy water passe to an excessiue heate , to the end that their paines , their sufferāces may be the more dolourous and sharpe , farr the more intensiue and the reason hereof shall bee , Pauit enim sterilem , &c. for that they fed , and vvith many curiosities and dainties entertained the barren , and they did take no care , no respect of the vvidow . By barren is meant the body , for the more they nicelyvse it , and cherish it , and deck it , it vvill returne and bring forth no meritorious fruite for the acquisition of eternall life , of euerlasting saluation ; it is to vse vvith much curiosity and nicenesse à block , à dry sticke . The Widdow is here an Embleme of the soule , for that there is not à vviddow so distressed , nor so solitary & comfortles , as is it vnder the roofe of à sinner . Sinners attend , and vvell obserue ( for hereō I treat no further ) for the loue of IESVS-CHRIST marke seriously and maturely and all yee whosoeuer doe abridge y r soules of time for your bodyes , & vndoe the soule by the molestation it bringeth to it , and dayly afflicteth it , with all the losse possible , for that on the soules good , & safety dependeth all vvhatsoeuer happines the body can be capeable of , and from the glory of the soule doth redoūd that in them which they hope for , vvho are to enioy i● for euer and euer . The end of the sixth Chapter . THE SEAVENTH CHAPTER . That lawfully secular people may vse some entertainements of mirth , solace , and pastime to recreate their spirits . FOr so much as ( as saith S. Iob ) our body is not composed of brasse or steele , nor is it's hardnes like vnto that of à flint , but it is friable , weake , sensible of each offence , feeble alas ! nice , delicate and tender , vvhich is vvearied , tired and yeildeth vnder the burthen of it's labours , its affaires and businesses , and also for that the soule is so vnited and affixed to the lumpish body , it is as it vvere necessatily constrained sometimes to condiscend to the body , as to comply vvith its desires : no otherwise thē an aged married man , wise and discreet , how vvitty soeuer he be , giueth vvay to the childish desires of his vvife since that she is very younge . Some breathing while , some relaxation from cares , and affaires , labours , and bodily toyles is certainely expedient ; for if à man should alvvaies labour & toile his vnderstanding and memory incessantly , he vvould destroy his forces , and his health , and he vvould quickly consume and end his dayes . And for so much as the vniuersall labour of men should haue limit , and ease , and rest , yea and that of brute beasts , nature prouided then with sleepe , and vvith successiue variety and change of time , ordaining , that the day should succeed the night : in vvhich as is vvritten in the booke of vvisdome , All things , all creatures are silent , and husht are ( as sayeth Virgil ) all the vvide feilds and vvildernes and as vvell the birds as beasts ; and for so much as yet this rest , this repose vvas not sufficient , there vvere appointed holy daies , vvhich vve call Festiuall dayes , vvhich are celebrated among all people , and all Nations and in all ages . It vvas expedient then that vve should by rest repaire our weary selues , that we might hold out , through the benefit thereof , for that hence strength and vigour is reassumed , and as vvel desire as also vvill is hence recouered to returne to take paines à new ; vvith vvhich repose vvere vve not endowed , any toile , yea any vvhatsoeuer labour , affaire , or exercise vvould be extreamely burthen-some , nor could our feeblenes or imbecillity sustaine long such continuance of toile & wearisomnes . For ( as saith Ovid , ) that vvhatsoeuer it be , cannot long continue vvhich hath not sometimes rest , which incessantly toileth ; this repose according to Plutarch is the restore of labours burthen , as also of minds agitation , and eares . It is written of kinge Amasis , that vvhen so he had dispatched his graue and serious affaires , hee vvould à vvhile be pleasant and recreate himselfe amōg his familiar freinds and fauorites : and it is rehearsed of Sceuola that in part of his leasure and out of hovvers from his charge , he vvould passe time in playing at hand ball : and although it is deliuered of CHRIST our Lord ( to leaue the examples of the Gentiles ) it is noe vvhere read that he laughed , but that he hath wept , as namely in the raising of Lazarus , and vpon the vngratefull citty of Ierusalem , and vpon the sacred vvood of the Crosse ; Not-vvithstanding he some times tooke out his disciples into the feildes , whē so he thought it expedient for recreation sake and spake to them in this manner : Vnweary your selues , repose à while , take breath againe , recouer your spirits , and enioy the fresh aire ( yee are indeed men , hence vveake , subjects of sufferances ( yee are in à word mortall men ) that yee may be hence enabled to reassume your vocations and dueties vvith à more liuely and rigourous spirit . So that by the former Chapters deliuered vve condemne not altogether time spent in sports , pastimes , recreations , and entertainements , solaces , and glorious shevves , fights , which haue in them such scope , such end , such motiues and reasons ; but vve , vvillingly counsaile and vvarne , that necessary it is to keepe order , and temperance , & moderation in these things which are reall and serious , much more in friuolous toyes , in vvhich some times very graue men doe forget themselues some vvhat , such is the danger of excesse . Therefore that ( according to the Apostle ) à Christian ought to doe all things in good order , he should set down à taske , and measure on his recreations , and on that time which is passed in them , and hence is there à known vertue called Eutrapelia , or like à true vnderstanding courtly and vvell-bred gentleman , answereable to vvhich God Almighty vvould that men doe so recreate themselues ( as wrot Saint Ambrose , ) that they loose not their grauity altogether whilst they are in their pastimes , for the harmony of àgētile life and liuing vvell , is not to be dissolued , is not to be disordered . And Aristotle asseuereth that litle recreation is enough to sustaine life with , as doth a small portion of salt serue to giue season to meate in its right preparation , and for the palate , and that recreation should be vsed to its end as is salt to the other : And in like manner pastime and entertainements ought to be lawfull , then of no long continuance , seldome , faire conditioned , and without the preiudice of any body , and accōmodated to the time , place , and persons , and so tempered with à fit moderatiō , that it proue not à hinderance vvhich is ordained , is appointed for à helpe , and furtherance and for à solace , nor let that be an impediment of vertuous exercises , and your expresse duetyes which is destined to repaire , and recouer your forces , and full vigour , and be the better able in accomplishments by their meanes without want ; Wherfore now that it is adjudged good that vve repaire the weaknes of our nature , & reinforce it , and giue it animosity and spirit , so on the other part the selfe same is so great an enimy of labour , paines taking , and pennance , and so vnbridledly vvithout all rule and order doth affect and doth appetit and couet pleasures ; if so that there be not much care taken and that meane be not obserued in vvhich the vertues are placed , idlenes taketh place easily and vice is entertained for labour , and wearisomnes is no way admitted of , so falleth it out , and to such passe is it come vvhen the inward man is out of frame , and so desisteth from labour and due entertainements , exercises , & practizes , there cannot be beheld à person more heartlesse , sluggish , lither , and lesse apt , one altogether indisposed . Hence the Philosophers , and the Ciuill lawes haue ordained and prescribed and assigned certaine boundes : Aud vvho vvill not professe , and vvith all reason maintaine that the recreations of Christians ought to surpasse them in moderation , & grauity and sobriety , and that they ought to be according to the squares & rules of Iustice farre beyond those of the Philosophers , or Ciuill Lavves haue either permitted or granted . The Lacedemonians tooke great care that none breathing should loose their time , norliue idly , nor passe it of in jestings , and fopperyes , and in such like as are called witty sayings , but in workes and in right worthy and vertuous exercises and practises : Hence vvhen as the Gouernour of many people among whom were those of De●aleya was informed that they who liued there carelesly and without regard walked vp and downe , vvrote them à letter to this purpose : Walke not vp and downe so much to satisfie your selues , and for recreation , but so farre forth as may concerne the exercise of your bodyes , for expedient it is that the Lacedemonians acquire & conserue their health not vvith walking , but with exercising themselues in those things which are lawfull , and vvhence may be deriued profit . There are many allowable conditions , and occasions , and times in vvhich to play & passe of some time vould proue vertuous , as vvhen it vvere necessary that à man might be hence made the better able to doe his offices , & charges on him laid , and by them to satisfy , they being vertuous and answereable to the seruice of our Lord that he may not faile in his wayand that according to the Prouerbe , he fling not his burthen in the mire . But by degrees by litle , and litle as it were insensibly Custome hath crept in , and pastimes are so differently vsed from the end & intent for which they were fir● inuented , especially after that in certaine entertainements coueteousnes , and interest of gaine hath crossed and ouerthwarted , these such gaming 's I vnderstand vvith the rest to be hurtfull , and that so farre is it that they are helpes , assistances to accomplish the better their offices , and their expresse and precise duetyes that they owe to God , and their conscience , as that they are directly found to be impediments , lets , hinderāces , and euident cause that there arise many imperfections and vvhat worse is many foule offēces against the Majesty of God as are lies , false oathes , impatience , furious ire ; and quarrells , which customarily beget disgusts , distasts , ill language , enmityes , and malitious rancours , hence doe I account that which is passed in such gaming 's & wagers to be ill employed , and vtterly lost ; To visite one another and interchangeably , to communicate charity , is à very lawfull recreation , and is necessary to the cōseruation of freindshipp among them ; ansvverably to this à Philosopher sayed , that silēce hath broken of , hath cutt of many freindshipps . The discourses of comforts & crosses one to another , doe ease one another ; and hence they continue freindshipp . But I vvill ingeniously & freely deliuer my minde , many visits in these dayes are so tedious , & without any benefit , or good to be hence acquired , and to so much prejudice of thy neighbour , and of those who are absent , or are such , as that all which is treated of is meere vanity , vvorldly , & of the world , & of it's language , as that I esteeme them for dāgerous , and for time ill employed , & time meerely lost , being past of in such like visits ; & I beleeue that the tongue is that which hath consumed most time & vnthriftily scattered it for this worme neuer ceaseth or is weary , and his fire is that which dilateth it selfe most at large , and his spotts are such as are most spred although by litle and litle , and this moth is that vvhich destroyeth more cloathes , nor spareth it those which are of the finer sort ▪ Feasts and banquetts to the end of conseruation of peace , freindship , and concord , and for other just reason , are lawfull , being temperate and moderate as they ought to be , and vvith their due circumstances , and vvhat is requisite . But as now it is for the most part they are so disordinately vsed , and vvith so great excesse yea so long , and so tedious , protracted to so many howers that I will not engage my selfe to make them good , nor to take their iustification on my conscience , for that rather my iudgement is convinced , that their time is ill employed , and the most part thereof so vtterly lost . Of these called feasts , balls , or great meetings to dau●ce I know not what to say , but that I esteeme them to many of the Company for dangerous and wanton , and sometime awaken him who sleepeth , and chāge quiet soules and heart , & disquiet them , moue sedition in them and are the occasiō of vnlawfull thoughts , & disordinate desire , I hold much of the time so spēt , for ill employed and lost . And to the end it may appeare with what discretion , and moderatiō , pleasures , recreatiōs & pastimes are to be vsed Lodouicus Blosius relateth that the sister of S. Cosme & Damian was fififteene daies in purgatory , for no other cause but that once shee attentiuely obserued out of à window with some small content and delight certaine persons , who in the streete were sporting , and merrily iesting , playing the buffons . And he writeth of a deuout maide , that shee suffered there à longer time , for that in her last sicknes shee had eaten vvith delight those meates which vvere prepared for her , and tooke them as solaces and entertainements vvith some roote of earthly pleasure . And it would not be out of purpose to loppe and cutt of the superfluities of the worlds pleasures , to aptly dispose here in this place vvhat the diuine Chrysostome deliuereth reprehending the speeches , vvhich vsurpe the name of jests or witty sayings , merry conceits , fond and ridiculous gibings , and such kinde of carriages , especially being from nipping and biting tongues , & who season them with malices , which declare themselues so by incōuenien●ies which hence arise . This life ( sayth hee ) bretheren , & its course is a time of warre , of watch , and for all to goe harnessed with corslets on their shoulders and eyes quick , sprightly , and attentiue against the ambushes of the enimy and ponder it vvell , here is noe place nor time of laughter , that belongeth to those of the world and to it's oftsprings vvho professe and practize their lavves and customes and abuses . Heare thou Christian the vvords of our Lord , vvho speaketh to his faithfull : The vvorld shall rejoyce and laugh ; but yee shall runne the course in grauity , soberly and sadly : Christ vvas crucified for thy sinnes , and buffeted , sharply strucken , and thou desirest to passe thy time in jests , scoffs , and profuse laughters , and pastimes . The end of the seauenth Chapter . THE EIGHTH CHAPTER . That it is lawfull also yea euen necessary , that spirituall men vse some conuenient exercise , which may tend for an intermission , recreation & solace . THere were certaine Hereticks who moued by the words of the Euangelist . Saint Luck , it is expe ; dient to pray alwayes , and incessantly - these words being ill apprehended by them , they brought into the Church à false and new doctrine , teaching that dayly & nightly , one was neuer to cease from praying , & therein they should passe their time so cōtinually as that they were to doe nothing else , without any intermission , & that à man should not employ himself at all to any thing whatsoeuer else . But with expresse grounds of reason these hereticks were condemned , and excōmunicated , cutt of frō the Church , for it is insupportable and impossible , to our weake nature to pray alwaies , as they deliuered , nor is that the iudgement and sense of holy Church , nor hath the high & profound Trueth taught any such doctrine . And what in those words are taught vs it is expedient yee pray alwaies : and in those of the Apostle , Pray without intermission , is this . That vvhen à great exigent occurreth to petition God ought , or soe vvhen as vve are fallen into some vnwonted distresse , tribulation or aduersity and are euen then in such māner afflicted , vve are then to be suppliants vvith great instance , vvith great earnestnes and perseuerance once , and tvvice , and the third time that he vvill be mercifull vnto vs , and that he vvill help vs and be propitious , and gratious to vs without discouragement , vvithout ceasing , or being dismayed , and although at present that vvhich vve impetrate for , be not granted vs ; that vve call out for it at the gate of his mercy , vntill it be opened vnto vs , and almes be giuen vs : Then it wil be bestovved on vs for our earnestnes our importunity , as our Lord hath taught vs in the Parable of the Widdovv and the vnjust Iudge ( vvhich he thē to that purporse after he had sayed it is Expedient to pray euermore , propounded ) vvho by her simple importunity and perseuerance therein came to obtaine of the Iudge , that vvhich shee so earnestly petitioned for , and this is confirmed by the example of the Church , vvhich prayed without intermission for the Apostle S. Peter , vvhen so that he vvas in prison vntill that he vvas freed , & was in safety . And likevvise he is said to pray continually vvho obserueth time and howers of prayers in conuenient time in them , hence is it that Dionysins Carthusianus , he prayeth vvithout intermission , vvho prayeth in due seasons , in fit times , and he likewise prayeth alvvaies , vvho prayeth vvhen so that he can , and that occasion and opportunity be had for prayer . Simon of Cassia doth declare it thus : All human life is à continuall warefare and temptation , and through the whole course of our liues , our enimies make assaults against vs without ceasing by night or day , nor can we by meanes of our proper guifts ouercome them , or withstand their strengths , hence it is expedient for vs to pray euermore , and to implore help and succour of our Lord who onely can conferre it on vs , wherefore by all māner of meanes importunate and earnest prayer is opportune . And this such like is not so to be mistaken , that there may not be à pause or intermission of time in prayer , for sleep requireth it's due , feeding it 's , yea and cloathing & some time is to be allowed for repose , & men are to employ themselues in arts , vocatiōs & diuerse seruices , and to attend the workes of corporall and spirituall mercy ; What is required of vs is that in fitting , conuenient , and opportune time for prayer , we lift vp our hearts and minds to him with prayer and humble petition for vvhat we stand in need of , what we extreamely want : in such sort that through the vvhole course of our life it concerneth vs to pray without ceasing , for that therein is not found one day or hower vvherein à man may say , that hee hath no expresse need thereof , and that he may decline so important and necessary à custome and practise . But to be alwaies praying vocally or mentally & euermore without any ceasing , or intermission , there is not à head , à spirit that can beare it , nor body that can endure it , nor doth the lawes of God cōmand it , nor oblige vs so farre ( for his yoke is sweet , and his burthen light ) and there is some what else to attend to , vvhich charity chalengeth and necessity , vvherein there is much of our time to be spent , and to fully accomplish this , be à man neuer so contemplatiue , neuer so spirituall , it is necessarie that he employ himselfe in some entertainement and lawfull exercise which may be his recreation , and solace , for that variety ( as sayth Theodoretus ) acquitteth vvearisomnes ; and procureth à nevv minde , and nevv desire in so much as aftervvards à man returneth vvith more ease & ability & feruour to spirituall practises , and à nevv acquired liuelynes . Wherefore euen as Salomon the most vvisest in that his most discrreete judgement & sentence which he pronounced to satisfy the tvvo vvomen , vvho required one and the self-same child , each of them pretending that it was hers , gaue order that it sho●ld be deuided into equall parts , and each of them should take their assigned portions Euen so à spirituall man and prudent must diuide his time betvvene the body , and his soule allotting to each of them their part vvhich is due , and as Iacob the vpright married tvvo vviues Rachel and Lya , he hath to practise at vvhiles each manner of life , as well the actiue , as the contemplatiue , giuing the most he can , to what is most perfect and excellent . And for that in this miserable and vvreched life the soule cannot alvvaies attend to that which appertaineth to the spirit , hence is it that all they vvho vvrite spirituall treatises , of spirituall life , deliuer that it is necessary that there vnto be allotted à time of interposition , vvherein the spirituall man may exercise himself In some vvell be seeming , juste and lawfull exercise , which may not distract and put the soule out of order , and enfeeble the spirits , rather that hereby they be reinforted and comforted , and doe the office of help and refectiō . Hence the anncient Fathers who liued in heremitages and in those solitary places , desarts and vvildernesses of Egipt vsed bodily exercises , and allotted times for thē , to the end that the deuill might finde them alwaies busied either in corporall or spirituall exercise , and the corporall should serue for recreation and pastime , and to recouer spirit and strength for the spirituall . And in like manner sayth S. Ierome in his rule , giue no way , no entrance to idle , and vvandring thoughts , for if once they begin to be Maisters of thee , thou shalt euidently finde à change to very great prejudice . And that the fiend find thee not idle , take this course . vvhen thou dost not contemplate , entertaine thy selfe in some litle handy worke or other , as namely make à litle basket of rushes , or of curious fine Osiers , one vvhile digg in à garden , make the earth fine , set it in comely order , and by line make all your bancks and garden quadrats euen ; sow therein diuets sorts of pulse , plants & flowers , looke to them , & take care that by watering them in their due times they be succoured , and whilst the litle seeds sprout vp , and appeare as grown , pull vp by the rootes the weedes , and you may if you like well plant some trees , from vvhich you may in their due season gather sauory and looked for fruite ; make bee-hiues to which the labourious bees may make their recourse , and there liue , and make their honycombes : make netts to catch fish , dravv pictures , paint , or limme , for he vvho attendeth to nothing , is à Sea of thoughts , is full of imaginations , and hence is it that the Monkes of Egipt receiue not any one , vvho knoweth not at all any workmansipp , not that thereby they may get their meate , drinke and cloth , but for their soules sake , and that hence they acquit themselues of idlenes , and that through the variety of such like entertainements he may become more feruent , and as it were greedy in feruour of spirituall exercise of prayer , and contemplation , which practise as vve are weake cannot be continuall , cannot alas ! be incessant . And writing to Demetrius he thus deliuered himselfe : It concerneth you much , & is of great importance , that you loose no time , & that you employ y r selfe alwayes , yea & euen hauing saied thy Primes , Terses , Sexts , nones , Vespers , Cōplines , & Mattins vvhich thou art to daylie practise , yet shalt thou haue houres assigned thee for thy study , and to serious readinge of holie Scriptures , and to the informing & enabling thee therewith ▪ and when so that thou hast passed some time , and the care of thy soule shall haue a-wakened thee and moued thee to kneele humbly and often on the ground , thou shalt if thou wilt be aduised by mee vse some corporall labour or some manufacture in thy cutt of howers , in the houres thou hast to spare , as the worke made of wooll or Cotton , spinne flax , or wind vp yarne , worke with the needle à while or some such like worke or entertainement of time : for if so that you employ your time , the dayes will neuer seeme long but euen very short . And diuine Bernard in the treatise of à solitary life aduiseth the same , saying : After the daylie sacrifice of prayers , after study , after examination & discussion of conscience , thou shalt giue thy selfe to some entertainement , or corporall exercise where with the soule may solace and recreate it selfe à while , and breathing time , without that it be distracted , or remisse , out of which when thou wilt and shalt finde it expedient , thou canst not deliuer thy selfe , & freely part from without some difficulty . For euen as man was not ereated for à woman , but à vvoman for à man ; euen so corporall exercise is for spirituall and for to assist it , and not to bee à hinderance to it . And euen as the companion vvhich God gaue to Adam , vvas very like to him and made of his ribbe asvvell bone as flesh , euen so the help and exercise vvhich hath to accompany spirituall life , ought to haue à proportion and solicitude to the spirituall state , and to symbolize and correspond vvith it , euen as it is to meditate any thinge one vvrit , or vvrite ought one hath read , for vvere it soe that they vvere workes of great labour and wearisomnes , oppressing the spirits and senses much and vvearing the body , the spirits viuacity & deuotion would hence proue lessened , grovve weake and alas ! feeble and cold . Yet let the religious and spirituall person be aduertised that long time bee not consumed in corporall exercises but breife , and in such manner that easily he from them call himselfe to those of the spirit , and the condition thereof ought not goe alone , and euen solely such , but it ought to be accompanied and to be associated vvith that of the spirit . Corporall exercises are those vvhich are vnder the denominatiō of manufactures , handy-vvorkes ; for others vvherein necessary it is that the body take paines , and suffer vvatches , fastings , austerityes , and such like penances , and sharpes and mortifications do not onely not hinder , nor dravv on any prejudice to the spirit , nor are they workes aduerse to it ; but farre othervvise they are favourers and friends , be it so that they be vsed vvith discretion , vvit , and ansvvereable to true iudgement . And the same Bernard writing to à certaine sister of his ( à Nunne ) delivereth himselfe in this : the seruant of GOD must alwaies either read , pray , or worke , left that the luxurious spirit get advantage and possesse it selfe of an idle spirit ; carnall pleasures are overcome with busines , paines-taking , and employments . Diuide thy day ( Sister ) into three parts , in the first , pray ; in the second , read ; in the third , doe some or other labour , and handy-worke . Prayer , doth purifie vs ; reading , doth teach vs ; and labour gaineth vs happinesse , according to what David sayed . Thou shalt be blessed , and thy affaires all vvill haue good successe , because thou shalt eate of the labours and works of thy hands : And he vvho shall dispose and passe his time ouer , shall haue no account to giue to God for time ill employed and lost , nor shall hee haue time to lament of , to complaine of , nor to accuse himselfe at the day of Iudgement that he neglected time , cast away time , lost time . The end of the Eighth Chapter . THE NINTH CHAPTER . Of the meanes to redeeme time , where shal be giuen to vnderstand more expresly who are they , and of what condition they are who lose it . The Apostle Saint Paul among other doctrines , exhortations and counsailes that he giueth to the Ephesians , and vnder them to all Christian people , after that hee had admonished them that they should beware of Luxury and couetousnes , and of all other workes of darkenes , and that they converse not , cōmunicate not with hereticks the enimies of light , these are his words Videte quomodo cautè ambuletis , &c. You haue well seene already how many dangers there are and traps , snares , impediments & ambushes in the way to heauen , and how many theeues , pirats and enimies ; hence vvell obserue , and take tender & most solicitous care how you trauaile , stand on your guard prudently , and that vvith very great sollicitude and cautelousnes , vvith watch and circumspection that you miserably fall not into their hāds ; Runne not the course of fooles , but entertaine the discretion of the wise , discreete , prudent , subtle , and sound solid men , that vvell know what to doe ; and hee following his intent and continuing his discourse sayeth : Redimentes tempus , &c. Redeeming time , for the dayes are ill , and the first exposition of the first vvords is Saint Ierom's ( the later shal be explaned in the following Chapter ) time vnto men that they might therein serue him , and that they might employ themselues in good workes and meritorious ( vvhich is at large read in the second Chapter ) hence appeareth it , that they loose time , vvhen so they employ it ill , and vnvvorthily , as in bad workes ( which is the true losse most culpable , most to be blamed and most to be deplored ) and euen so hath , time to be redeemed , to be ransomed by the doing of good workes ; and then à man buyeth & redeemeth it and maketh it his owne proper , vvhich was formerly detained , impawned , engaged , nay sold. The second declaratiō is this : Many times God Almighty doth shorten , and cutt of sinners from daies and time , vvhich according to the course of nature they were to runne , had they been good ( as the third Chapter sheweth ) so that the just , the vertuous , and vvho so employeth his time vvell , redeemeth it , ransometh it , for he doth recover and re-assume that part of time , and space of life , that though he were à sinner , God Almighty as à just judge will acquitt him , and it so happily falleth out , that he liveth to his full yeares destined him , and dyeth enioying à long course of life and many years . The third exposition is , that he ransometh time , who parteth vvith parcell thereof from vvordly affaires to offer it vp to God , and in serious applying himselfe to God , and to enjoying of inward comfort of his soule , and that seeming to doe nothing he employeth it in an holy vacancy from worldly addictions , according to the exāple of S. Mary Magdalene . And also he who carefully and strictly boundeth his time , in so much as he abridgeth it's addiction to tēporall affaires , & maketh as litle consuming thereof as he can , as it were some what purloyneth or onely stealeth some time for necessary affaires and requisite for the body , and yet herein saueth some thing for the soule , & for it's good and profit ; & this is as it were à redeeming of time , and to allow for it that which one vvould spare from other occasions , and decline them . And although this edēptiō and ransome ( from the delights & pleasures wherewith mankind is taken ) is sensible , as is it for one very hungry to be abridged of food , not with stāding à man must necessarily vse all his strength and power , yea vt-most forces and procure with all earnestnes to difengage à thing so valuable & of so great vvorth as is that of time , since pastimes and vnlavvfull entertainements and superfluous vvere the moneys and price , for vvhich he sould it to the deuill , being notably deceiued in the sale , to his great affliction , asvvell for the losse of time , as also for its great val●evv & vvorth . And ansvverable to what is here delivered is sayed by the glorious Doctor of the Church Saint Austine , to redeeme time , is this : Whensoeuer any one moueth à suite in Lavve , à plea against thy estate , loose some vvhat to winne time to serue God , and cutt of the time vvhich thou vvert to loose in thy suites and that vvhich thou thinkest that thou loosest , thou winnest , and it is the price and valievv vvith vvhich thou art made Maister of time , vvho hath any thing to be depriued of for gaine , in vvhich he sayth that God gaue and to buy : for if so thou goe into the market , and buy-est bread or wine or oile , or other merchādise ; thou partest from one thinge , receiuest another , leauest thy money , partest from it , and makest good thy commerce and traffique , for this is the manner of buyng and selling , of traffique ; Then if thou shalt giue nothing , nor haue lesse then thou hadst before , and yet shouldst possesse more , either it must be that thou hast found it , or that thou art heire of it , or that it was giuen vnto thee in curtesy ; but when so that thou giuest and partest vvith one thing for an other , and dost giue out from thy house in barter for some vvhat that is necessary for thee , then dost thou traffick ; and that vvhich thou possessest , is vvhat thou boughtest , and vvhat thou partedst vvith , and hast not , is the price where with thou boughtest it . The divine Chrysostome declareth it in this following manner : To redeeme time ( brother ) is the selfe same as is the taking hold of opportunity & occasion offered , and in being time is not thine owne to neglect it , or more to despise it , and that without sinne thou mayest play it away , & cast it of to ill purpose ( euē as another sayth that hee may dispose , of his money at will , so that he may euē play it away , and throw it in the river if such be his humour for that he is Lord thereof ) although it be thine owne , for that it is in thy povver and frewill to employ it vvell , or no ; Yee are strangers here and passingers , and since such is your state , seeke not after honors , nor hunt after vaine glory nor riches , dignities and authorities , revenges , nor points of honor . Patiently suffer euery thing vvhich happeneth to the contrary of thy expectation , as also to thy content , and be amidst them patient and meeke , in so doing thou redeemest time , and doth ransome it : Moreover be good & charitable to thy enimies and adversaries , and give vnto them all the riches thou hast if they require it , and that it be necessary to make à change betweene thy vvorldly vvealth and sinne . Imagine , faine à man vvho hath à house of valiew , and sumptuous , and very magnificently furnished , and that certaine theeues moved by the report and fame thereof breake into this palace vvith firme resolution to depriue him of his life , that they might easily robbe him , and that hee call out to them vvith à pittifull and commiserable voice and say thus much : Oh! alas ! for the passion of our saviour , for the loue of God ( freinds ) kill mee not for pitty sake , for I vvill not vvithstand you , saue my life , and take my goods , I vvill give you all treasure in my house ; and euen he parteth from all vvhatsoeuer they demand ; euen then of such an one vvee vvill speake and decypher , who doth ransome his life ; In like manner hast thou ( brother ) à goodly palace and rich jewells , & of great valiew , thou hast à soule , vvhich is the lively temple of God and his house and dwelling place , thou art endowed vvith faith , hope and charity , and other vertues , & guifts of his infinite goodnes giue them their demaunds , giue I say whatsoeuer they aske and part with all thy estate , when so it be requisite and necessary , in exchange , not to loose the life of the soule : and this is the manner and true course to ransome it , and thou redeemest time which shoulest thou not doe , thine enimies would take thee captive , thy time vvould be lost . Sinners ransome time which they lost , be it that they follow the counsaile of the Prophet Baruch , vvhen he sayeth : Sicut fuit sensus vester , &c. Convert your selues to God , and after thon art conuerted to him through thy penance , serue him tenfold more , vvith farre greater sollicitude , care , feruor , diligence , and earnest attention , then vvas that thou employedst in parting from him in falling of from thy duety , and in offending him , and in ill casting away thy time . They shall redeeme their time likewise who doe answereably to what Saint Paul the Apostle aduiseth , giuing counsaile to the same purpose . Sicut exhibuistis membra vestra &c. Euen as to this very instant you employed and yeilded vp your bodyes , senses , and the parts of your body to serue vncleanenes and iniquity on iniquity , make even now a turne about , yea and turne à new leafe and spēd all your time on the seruice of iustice and vertue to sanctification . Before these wordes the Apostle deliuered . Humanum dico propter vestram infirmitatem , &c. I desire to perswade you , and to propose vnto you what is in it selfe nothing estranged frō mā & his nature , à thing feasible yea and easy to be donne and sufferable , notwithstanding thy frailty and weaknes , and it is , that for so much you serue not justice and trueth as your duty is , and you ought according to reason , at the least I require it at your hands , that with as much affect , attention , efficacy , and fulnes of vigour you employ your selues in the seruice of God and in true obseruance of his commandements , and to make as much vse of time and houres ( of which the fruite , practise , and entertainement is sanctification , for by such workes à man is sanctified , and is truely dedicated and deliuered ouer to God ) with as much care , attention and sollicitude as you spent in your addictions , yea and giuing your selues ouer to serue iniquities and sinne , for from hence the sinner contracteth nothing on himself , but to be in the state of sinne , and to be alas ! à sinner and wicked , and to be so enstyled , to beare such domination , such name . And although true it is , that sanctification doth notably exceed , farre surmount iniquity , vnrighteousnes , yet should I be some what acquieted that they would employ so much earnestnes , so most vigilant sollicitude in vvelldoeing after conuersion ; as they haue rendred , and formerly fully placed to sinne , and to displease the Majesty of God. But , ô pitty ! although bold , and ill placed couragious many vvere to sinne , how luck warme , and euen cold , slacke , and hee●●es are they to vndergoe repentance , and to exercise themselues in practise of vertue ? A sinner maketh no difficulty of ought to give himselfe his intended delights , and pleasures , to obtaine his contents , and fulnes of his appetits : nothing is by him accounted hard to acquire : and if so be that you question him , can you suffer and endure such like ? or such other ? be it neuer so difficult , he will answere to all , yea , he can ; time is very short of too quick speed for sinners to enjoy the fulnes of their delights , but to employ themselues in good-workes , they account the time long ; masse is long ; à sermon long , and tedious , prayer , as also meditation burthensome , and fasting very painefull ; cold maketh them heartles , quelleth their spirits ; and heat doth euen enfeeble them , and each thing whatsoeuer seemeth à great torment , or heauy burthen ; euen soe as ( to conclude this Chapter ) it is à very good remedy , to redeeme time , to employ it vvell , yea and with à like agony , earnestnes , covetousnes , with such vvatch , diligence , and expeditenes , and mindfullnes , vvhich might equalize that vvhich vvas applyed , to loose time , and to haue it taken prisoner . The end of the Ninth Chapter . THE TENTH CHAPTER . How it is to be vnderstood , that the daies are bad , and how since so it is , that they are to be redeemed . ALL things which God created are good , considered in themselues , & cōformable to their nature , for from his good hands there could nothing come , vvorke nor vvhatsoeuer else , vvhich vvas not good : and euen the same all-Godnes after hee had created thē , hee valued them good , and gaue them for good to all . And that wee continue our discourse to our the selfe same purpose , the daies and yeares pondered in themselues by the same groūds cānot be bad , cannot be evill , nor can they beare in thē morall malice , which may be accoūted à fault in thē , for & in-so much as that they are not capeable thereof , as litle are they subjects or objects of sufferance & punishment , for as improper are they to receiue such inflictions , nor whatsoeuer other miseryes , vvhich men sustaine for their trespasses , their greivous transgressions : but euill dayes are called by such name , and goe vnder such like title , respect had to men , vvho then liue , for the ills of sinnes which they commit in those daies , or for the ills of punishements which are inflicted on them , and for , and by they suffer as Saint Chrysostome , and Saint Ierome declare . And customarily sick , sad , and afflicted men vse to say : Oh! vvhat à day hath this been to mee , alas ! how ill , oh ! how bitter , ah ! poore wretch as I am , vvas euer knowne the like ? There are two things ( sayth the glorious S. Austine ) which are cause that the dayes are evill , are bad , and that they are so called , though in themselues they bee good ; which are malice , and the misery of men ; misery is common , but in no sort is malice . From the time that Adam sinned , and was banished from Paradice , the daies haue been evermore evill , bad and the crying of children in their being even newly borne is to fore-tell , to presage , to prophetize miseries , calamities , and heauy labours , and to say that in that day they make their entrance , and beginning in this valley of teares , and at least ( although it fare well with them , & that they be happy in their lot , that they prove good ) they shall not be free from temptations , and wherefore to feare , nor vvhy not . Euthymius expounding the vvords of the Psalmist : who is the man vvho desireth life , and to see good daies ? delivereth that these good daies are those of the other vvorld , the other life , for that those of this time are evill , according to vvhat Iacob sayed to Pharaoh , and the Apostle Saint Paul , vvhen he spake to the people of Ephesus , redeeme time , for the daies are bad . And to the same purpose delivereth S. Basill : The daies of my pilgrimage ( sayed S. Iacob , answering to Pharaoh , vvho questioned of him how old he vvas ) are one hundred and thirty , fevv , and those bad . The King asked of him , how many are the yeares thou hast lived ? and he replyed &c. and although he seemed at first sight that he answered not to the purpose , yet hee returned an admirable answere , & like himselfe , à Saint , and discreete , & as à wise and prudent man he cutt of in à tacite and silent way , the question which was asked of him : as the Maister doth with his scholler , when he demandeth an impertinent questiō , his meaning to Pharaoh was that the years of this life , are not years , but dayes : and the dayes , not dayes , but howers , and the howers , not howers , but moments : and the life of the seruants of God is not à place of setling in this world , but à journeying , a travelling frō place to place ; à pilgrimage to the celestiall Ierusalē . They are passengers , & euen as such like , they make vse of the goods and commodities of the vvorld ; and hee spake further that his yeares vvere fevv , although he vvere an hundred and thirty ; for that those his , yea and many more are few , for that the longest life is short , yea euen as à shadow . And finally he enstyleth his daies bad for the many dangers and corporall & spirituall crosses , labours and afflictions , which in it are found , and which it suffereth , for temptation is mans life , are the time of his life . Hence is it that for the euills , for the labours , crosses , misfortunes which often occurre to man in his daies , the daies are said to be euill , and in the holy scripture they are called euill . Hence is the day of Doome called bad , respect had to the euill , and it goeth vnder the title of sharpe , and bitter , and from hence wee shall vnderstand the meaning of those words which our Lord and Sauiour deliuered by S. Mathevv : Bee not too much sollicitous of to morrow , for each dayes ill , each dayes malice is enough : which is , as if he should speake more at large : You haue enough to doe to day , take great care of this present day , and of it's labours , it 's busines , it's entertainements , it's necessityes , without that thou seeke to redouble thy charge , and to take to thee to day the anxiety , and care of mind , and burthen that belongeth to the following day , thinking what thou hast to doe therein , or what may happen vnto thee , and I assure thee that , let it take sufficient care for it self . And euen to this same purpose , was that which the Apo●●le deliuered to the Ephesians , when he sayed : Redeeme the time , for the dayes are ewill . Obserue well that the dayes are laborious , full of miseries , difficulties , and hinderances , employments , occasions , temptations , and impediments to thy salvation , and to thy safety ; for which , for many other respects and affaires to which our vveake body draweth on vs , as necessity for conseruation of it and life , and our ill inclined nature after the sinne , much time is frequently lost without any fruite of good workes , and is impawned , sold and captivated , imprisoned ; hence doe I craue of thee with all tendernes , I exhort thee vvith all sincerity , & recommend vnto thee with all fervour , that thou beware of employing thy time ill , & to let it bee imprisonned , alas ! and lost , and that thou endeavour tooth and naile , vvith all thine endeavour , to the vtter most of thy power , to make vse thereof , to reedeeme it , and to value it , and so to cōmerce & carry thy busines , that vvhen our Lord shall come , & shall call for accoūt , thou may giue him vp à good , an exact and perfect one . And euen so we must each of vs doe , for moreover and aboue vvhat is delivered , the daies are as short as possibly may be , vncertaine , yea and irreuocable , not to be called backe , not to be returned vnto vs ; and vve must be of time very sparing , euen to coveteousnes thereof , painefully , and most sollicitously endeavouring to recover that vve lost , those daies vvhich vve cast avvay , vvith making all hast to make vse of that time vvhich is lent vs , and left vnto vs , to the seruice of God , & repaire our omissions and negligēces with diligence & present care , multiplying penāce , sorrovv for our sinnes , mortificatiōs , meritorious workes , & of charity , as doth he , who hath à long iourney to make , the time prouing short for him , almost passed , and through his negligence and carelesnes and sloth is ca● very much behinde hand , endeauoureth afterwards to runne in such à manner , so speedily , that he dispatcheth in two howers that iourney , for the performance of which hee had sixe howers and therfore seeketh out ' the shortest way , sweats , trauaileth paine fully , and forceth himself to runne à mile together , without giving ouer , or wearisomnes , although necessarily it be required to eate , and that he take vnto him some foode , à morcell , ot two , yea , and euen this doth he eate running and as first as he can . Euen so did the same Apostle to redeeme the time he had fore gone , and lost : Sequer si quomodo comprehendam . As if he should say ; Since so it is that I had so much time , and went so farre astray , and gott so litle ground in the seruice of God , and was so negligent in endeauouring to gaine the reward of heauen , and had so many daies lost my time , I now earnestly desire to make à double hast , insomuch as I runne speedily , yea and without looking behinde mee at all , for that I make noe esteeme of all my former walkes , rather absolute forgetfulnes thereof hath taken me vp , euen as if I had not gonne astepp going forward , and boldly aduācing my pace through thicke and thinne , mine eyes attentiue on my waie I am to run , and my journey I haue to expedite , and finish , and not on that I haue already passed . The self same did king David put in practise after that God dilated , extended , and enlarged his heart with the loue of him , and charity , and released him of those fetters , thoses gyues which were on his feete , as he testifieth , in these words : Viam mandatorum tuorum cucurri &c. When as through thy great mercy ( my Lord , my God ) thou pleasedst to attract mee , and release mee from sinne , and misery , in vvhich I vvas plunged , surprised and fast-held so long , and in the breaking the chaines vvherevvith I was fast tyed , refreshing my heart vvith the vvater , the liquor more precious then that of Angels , from the bounty of thy all Soueraigne benignity and grace comforting it , consoling it therewith ; I began ( that I might redeeme time ) to hasten and run , and I made all possible speed , all diligence imaginable , without getting vnto mee , or purchasing so much as one breathing , or other , n●thy way for the way of thy commandements . The deuout and mysticall Thaulerus ( and then with him will we conclude this treatise ) moueth a question in this manner how a man may redeeme , and recouer time passed by , and lost ; how hee may ransome it , since that there is not , no not one moment of time , which is not due to God , which wee are not to giue account of to God ; and ( as Gregory Nissenus sayed ) if so that vvee should passe all our time in prayer , and in rendring of thanks to God , hardly shall wee accomplish , fulfill the obligation , and duety which vvee euen at this present instant owe , & for it , how much more for the time passed , and to come ; and thus he answereth ; turne another way , retire your selues each one of you vvith all your power , and greatest height of your strength and abilityes , the highest yea and the lowest , from all time , and place , and let it all be recollected and drawne vnto that present instant of eternity , vvhere God is essentially and remaneth in one being , and in a most firme stability , vvithout that there be any thing passed , or to come , but that all is presēt , & in an euerlasting state , vniforme , durable fixed , permanent , constant , inuariable , vvithout change , & immoveable , vvithout time it 's passing in so much as hath relation to him , there being and being found in him , all vvhat is present , passed , and to come , and all beginning , and ending of time , vvithout beginning and ending . And there vvith hee shall finde all those treasures , which he set at light , and despised , and infinitely more ; and they who oftentimes accustome themselues , make it their practise , and raise themselues aboue themselues , and all creatures , and euen to hide thēselues , couer themselues , and to make their nest , and place of abiding in God , vvho is present in the hearts of all people , they vndoubtedly acquire riches , procure vnto themselues treasures , and finde therein much more thē , alas ! they can haue lost . And in this their entrance and conuersiō to God each one ought fully , entirely , and perfectly to transforme himselfe into him , and euen from the very bottome of his heart say : ô my eternall God I would , that all the time which hath beene from the beginning of the world , and hath to cōtinue vntill the end thereof , that I had liued for thee , and thy seruice , and that I may hence forward live such as I may bepraise-worthy , & cleane with obedience , and all kind of vertues , as those men whosoeuer haue beene borne at any time who haue runn the course of their liues in afflictiōs , poverty , tribulations , & anxious toiles . Oh! could I distill , power forth , yea gush out from mine eyes all the water in the sea , & supply the necessities of those who want , and are poore , & conferre comfort to the heauy , afflicted , and sad , and for thee ( my God ) that I might love thee , praise thee , and exalt thee , and glorify thee , even as much as doe all the Saints and Angells of thy soueraigne , high , and mighty Court ? For vndoubtedly all these things would I doe most willingly : And let him be most assured , who so hath taken into his heart this will , and liuely desires , that even accordingly that most just , and most vpright judge will accept them , as if they were put in execution ; for to desire with sincere and efficacious will to doe any worke , is as much as if it were donne before God in his sight ; so it is accounted of him , it being ( as we formerly sayed ) à perfect will , and it so being that the worke surmoūt the possibility , and facultie of our forces , and hence I referre the Reader to the 4. Chapter , where mētion is made of the good theife which doctrine there deliuered agreeth well to that of this . The end of the tenth and last Chapter . LAVS DEO TRINO-VN● . Hic liher cui titulus est , The Ransome of time being Captiue , id est , Redēptio temporis captiui ex Hispanica lingua in Anglicanam , fideliter translatus , nihil habet fidei aut moribus bonis aduersum , Actum Duaci 27. Nouembris 1634. Georgius Coluenerius S. Theol. Doctor & Professor , Collegiatae Ecclesiae S. Petri praepositus , Academiae Duacensis Caneellarius , & Librorum Censor . ERRATA . P. 1. l. 3. dele ( ) . p. 2. l. 〈◊〉 for kookes , reade bookes . p. 15. l. 21. for 〈…〉 which . p. 26. for as , reade and p. 75. l. 19. after Isra●● 〈…〉 p. 84. l. 13. for opposite , reade apposite . 〈…〉 appositely . reade appositely . p. 95. l. 7. for 〈…〉 ●oue . p. 97. l. 1. after nor , add to . p. 101. l. 13. 〈…〉 not . p. 103. l. 12. for beleft , reade beleeued . p. 122. 〈◊〉 . for dispensest , reade despisest . p. 135. l. 19. for rigorous , reade vigorous , the page 142. is putt twice , the latter shold be 144. p. 15● . li. 4. for reinfortid , reade reinforced . p. 171. l. 1. the first line of this , page 171. shold haue beene putt the first line of the page 167. pag. 171. The second line of this page is 〈◊〉 follow after the last line of the page 170. pag. 193. line 2. for the lettre n , reade in . Some other faults in orthographie , the numbers of the pages , &c. the Readers courtesie may pardon , and the printers want of an English tongue excuse . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A12614-e1450 Apoc. 10. Ephes. 9 Psa. 49. Psal. 13. Eccles. 4. Eccles. 14. Psalm . 118. Psa. 79. Theophras . Seneca . Epist. 1. Idem lib. de breuitate vitae . Laurēs . Iust. de vita solitaria . cap. 10. Iob 10. Bern. serm . ad Schol : Luc. 1● . S. Bernardin . ●o . vlt. serm . 13 art . 3. & 4. & tom . vl . serm . 1● pag. 1 princip . Dionys. ciuit . in opuscul . Dionys. Carthus . in opusc . Plut●rch . Plutarc . in Sertorio . Matth. 10. Gala. 6 Seneca . 2. Cor. 6. Rom. 8. Luc. 19. Matth. 13. Iohn . 9. Laur●t . lustinian . Matth. 25. Prouer. 4. 1. Reg. 13. Act. 20. Dionisius Cassius . Damas. Hist. Barla cap. 18. Rom. 6. Hiero. in Aggaeum . cap. 3. Thomde Kēpis . ● . p. Ser. ad Nonit cap. 7. Ludou . Blosius . Thauler . Ierem. Thom. de Aquin . Sap. ● . Bern. art . 3. cap. 4. Matth. 25. S. Hieronym . Epist. 21. Isai●s 38. Haimon in Isai. Psalm . 34. Matth. 21. Psalm . 101. Iob. 15. S. Nicol de Kesp Bern. serm . de falaci● praesentis vitae Sap. 2. Tim. 5. Apoc. 3. Eccles. 9. Genes . 41. Exod. 16. Genes 30. Matth. 20. Gen. 3. 4. Reg. 16. Exod 1. Iorem. 87. Iosue 4. Psalm . 95. S. Basilius ho● . 13. exhort . ad Bapt. Act. 10. Aug ad fra●res in eremo . S●neca . Matth. ●9 . Marc. 13. Eccles. 3. Eccles 15. Eccles 4. Matth. 10. Luc. 18. Luc. 12. Apoc. 1. Apoc●● . 22. S●neca de breuitate vitae . Iob. 15. Seneca . Eccles. 33. Augustin . ad fratres in e●●mo . ser. 19. Chrys. hom . 1● . in ca. 4. ad Ephesios . Cassianus lib. 10. collat . c. 3. Psalm . 14 Seneca . Psalm . 72. Genes . 25. & 35. Iobvlt . Iobs . Ambrose . Greg. in Moral . sup . ca. vlt. Iob Laēt . in vit● Philosoph● . 4. Reg. 4. Iob 24. Bern. 6 de Aduen ●u● Domini . Philip. 3. Eccles. 3. 2. Tim 2. Genes . 40. Psalm . 144. Iob 24. Iob 5. Sap. 18. Ovid. Plutarch . Ioan. 11. Lu● . 19. Heb. 3. 1. Cor. 14. S. Tho. 2. 2. qu. 168. S. Ambrose . Aristotle . Aelianus de varia Hist. li. 2. S. Tho. 2. 2. q. 168. Ludo●icus Blo●●us App●●● . Chrysost . in expos●● . 〈◊〉 ad Ephes serm 17. Ioan. 16. Castro aduers. heres . lib. ●1 . verb. oratio Luc. 18 2. Thes. 5. almer●n . Luc. 18. Act. 12. Dionysius Carthusianus . Simon de Cassia . Iob. 7. Theodoret l. de provid . 3. Reg. 3 Genes . 29. idem epistola ad Deme●riū . D. Bernard . tract . de vitâ . solitaria . Genes . 2. Idem tract . formae benevidendi ad sororemc . 51. Psalm . 127. Eph. 5. Viegas in Apoc . c. 10. citat Hiero●ymum Luc. 10 August serm . 24 de verbis Apost●li . Chryso . in epiad Ephes . serm . 17. Baruch 4. Rom 6 Genes . 1. Chrys. & Hieron . super Psa. 26. Augu. serm . 24. de verb. Apost . Euthymius in Psalm . 33. Gen 4● Ephes 5 Basill . ibid. Genes . 29. & 32. Iob 7. Psalm . 29. Matth. 6. Simon de Cassia . Philip. 3. & 1. Cor. 9. Psalm . 118. Thaulerus . Gregor . Nissenin orat . Pater noster . Chrys. homil . 19. in Math. S. Tho. 1. 2. q. 20. art . 4 , 
A38104	----	Dialling made easy, or, Tables calculated for the latitude of Oxford (but will serve without sensible difference for most parts of England) by the help of which, and a line of chords, the hour-lines may quickly and exactly be described upon most sorts of useful dials : with some brief directions for making two sorts of spot dials / by T.E. Edwards, Thomas, mathematician. 1692 Approx. 212 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 37 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-10 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A38104 Wing E226 ESTC R43140 26910403 ocm 26910403 109843 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A38104) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 109843) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1715:6) Dialling made easy, or, Tables calculated for the latitude of Oxford (but will serve without sensible difference for most parts of England) by the help of which, and a line of chords, the hour-lines may quickly and exactly be described upon most sorts of useful dials : with some brief directions for making two sorts of spot dials / by T.E. Edwards, Thomas, mathematician. 65 p., [3] folded leaves of plates : ill. Printed by L. Lichfield for Sam. Clarke, bookseller, Oxford : 1692. Errata: p. 65. "All instruments for the Mathematicks are made by John Prujean in Oxon"--p. 20. Reproduction of original in Bodleian Library. 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Time -- Early works to 1800. 2003-05 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2003-06 SPi Global Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2005-02 Andrew Kuster Sampled and proofread 2005-02 Andrew Kuster Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-04 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion DIALLING MADE EASY : OR , TABLES CALCULATED For the Latitude of OXFORD , ( but will serve without sensible Difference for most Parts of England . ) By the Help of which , and a Line of Chords , the Hour-lines may quickly and exactly be Described upon most sorts of Useful DIALS . With some Brief Directions for Making Two sorts of Spot-Dials . By T. E. OXFORD , Printed by L. Lichfield , for Sam. Clarke Bookseller . 1692. Die Veneris , 21 April , 1648. ORdered by the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament , that the Boursers and Treasurers of the Colledges in Oxforde shall retaine and keepe such monyes as they have received , without making any divident untill they shall receive order from the Commitee of Lords and Commons for the reformation of the Universitie of Oxon. And that from henceforth , all Tenants , and such others as are to pay money or other dutyes to any Col●●dge in the Universitie of Oxford , shall pay the same to the ●eads of houses appointed by authority of Parliament , ●●spectively , or to those whom they shall appoint to receive the same : and to no other . And that the Acquittance , or Acquittances , of such Heads of houses , or of such as they shall appoint to receive the same , shall be a sufficient warrant and discharge , to the severall Tenants for the payment thereof accordingly : notwithstanding any condition in their Leases to the contrary . Hen. Elsyng , Cler. Parl. Dom. Com. TO THE READER . I Think it will not be inconvenient to premise some things concerning these Tables , before I give the Vses of Them. This Calculation as it was the Product of leisure Hours , so it was at first purely design'd for private Vse : But understanding that several Persons Mathematically inclined , were wishing that something of this Nature was extant , I was not unwilling that these Tables should appear in Publick . Seeing then they lye open to Censure , some will perhaps say , Since I had taken the Pains of Calculating to 60 Degr. I should have compleated the whole Quadrant of Declination . To this I Answer , That in Dials declining more than 60 deg . the Angle which the Stile makes with the Substile is so small , that the Hour-lines will be of no competent distance , and consequently of no , or little use : But to supply this defect , I have laid down a Method to draw Dials that decline beyond 60 deg . almost as easy as if the Tables had been extended to 90 deg . Perhaps another Objection may be raised , That these Tables being calculated only for the Latitude of 51 deg . 45 min. they will be of no use any where else . To this I might reply , That they were chiefly design'd for no other Place , and Printed only for the Benefit of Young Students in this University : but if they serve for any Place within 2 deg . on each side their proper Latitude ( as I am sure they will , allowing One Minutes difference , ) there will be no great reason to Complain . DIALLING made Easy , & ' c. Fig. I. To Draw an Horizontal Dial. 1. DRaw the line A , B for 6 and 6 morning and evening . 2. N , S perpendicular to A , B ; this shall be the 12 a Clock Line . 3. Let C the Intersection of the foresaid lines be the center of your Dial , then take in your Compasses 60 degrees of a line of chords , and with that distance upon the center C draw an obscure segment of a circle as A m B. 4. Turn to your Table of Horizontal Spaces , and see what degrees and minutes answer to 1 and 11 ; you find they are 11 d 53′ : take therefore 11 d 53′ out of your line of chords , and set it from m to a a , on both sides the Meridian . Likewise take 24 d 23′ for the 2d and 10th hour , and set it from m to b b. Take 38 d 9′ and set it from m to c c ; work after the same manner for the remaining hours . 5. From the center C thro' each of these these points a , b , c , d , e , draw lines , which shall be the hours required . The intermediate spaces , viz. Quarter , half , and three-quarters of an hour , are drawn after the same method . 6. Lastly , The stile or cock of your Dial must always make an angle equal to the Lat. of the place . Take therefore 51 d 45′ out of your line of chords and set it from m to n , thro' C and n draw the line C n. Note . 1. That the stile must stand at right angles with the plane upon the 12 a clock line . 2. That the 12 a clock line must be set exactly North and South . 3. That the whole plane must be laid parallel to the Horizon . 4. That the 2 hours above the line of 6 , are drawn by extending the 2 opposite hour-lines thro' the center , as 4 morning is drawn by extending 4 afternoon . Fig. II. Directions for a Prime-Vertical , or , Direct South Dial. THere is little difference between describing a Vertical and Horizontal Dial ; only Observe , 1. That the angle which every hour-line makes with the Meridian must be taken from the Table of Prime-Vertical Spaces , and prickt down on the segment of the circle A , B , m , as before directed in the Horizontal Dial. 2. That the angle which the stile makes with the Meridian must be 38 d 15′ always the Complement of your Latitude . Note . That the stile must stand at right angles with the plane . 2. That the Face of the Dial must look exactly South , and be placed perpendicular to the Horizon . Fig. III. To draw a direct North Dial. THis is as easy as the former : For a South Dial inverted is a North Dial. But because this Dial looketh toward the North part of the Meridian , to which , in these middle Latit . without the Tropicks , the Sun never comes ; therefore must the hours about Midnight be omitted ; as 9 , 10 , 11 and 12 at Night , and 1 , 2 and 3 in the Morn : and the hours 4 , 5 , 7 and 8 must be extended thro the center C , as directed in drawing the Horizontal Dial : So you will have the hours of 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 in the Morning , and 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 in the Evening . Note . That the stile of this Dial must point upward to the North Pole , as the South Dial did downward to the South Pole. Fig. IV. Directions for drawing an East and West Dial 1. Upon the point C if it be an East Dial , or upon the point D if a West , with 60 d of your line of chords , draw an obscure segment of a Circle E , F ; then take 38 d 15′ the Co-Latitude of your Place , and set it from E to F , draw C F thro the Plane . Call this line the Equinoctial . 2. Assume any two points in this Equinoctial at a convenient distance for the hour lines of 11 and 6 , and thro these points G and H draw perpendiculars to the Equinoctial . 3. On G with a line of chords draw I , K which shall be 15 d. From G thro K draw the line till it intersects the hour of 6 at L. 4. Upon L with 60 d of chords describe an arch of a circle M , N : between the hour line of 6 and G L. Divide the arch M , N into five parts with 15 degrees of chords . Then turn to your Table for East and West Dials , and see what numbers stand against each hour , ( and the intermediate spaces , if you please to put them in , ) take the said numbers out of your line of chords , and put them upon the arch N M from N to M. 5. Lay a rule from L to each of those divisions o o o , &c. and where the rule intersects the Equinoctial line , make marks x x x , &c. Lines drawn thro these points x x x , &c. parallel to the hour line of 6 , shall be true hour lines for an East plane from 6 to 11 ; but if you transfer the same distances on the Equinoctial before 6 as there be after 6 , and thro those distances draw lines parallel to 6 : you will have also hours before 6 , as 5 , 4 , &c. Note . 1. That the stile may be a plate of Brass or Iron of the same breadth as is the distance between 6 and 9 on the Equinoctial , and fixed upon the line 6 6 , perpendicular to the plane . 2. That an East and West Dial is the same in all respects , save that the hour lines of 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , Morn . in an East Dial , must be 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , Even . on the West Dial. Fig. V. Directions for an Equinoctial Dial. 1. DEscribe a circle A B C D with 60 d of a line of chords . 2. Draw the Diameters A C and B D at right angles , in the center O. A C shall be the hour of 12 , and B D the hour of 6. 3. Turn to your Table of Equinoctial Dials , and see what numbers answer to every hour ; take the said numbers from your line of chords , and prick them down in the circle A B C D on both sides the line of 12 : draw lines from these points thro the center O , and your work is done . Note . 1. That the Plane of this Dial represents the plane of the Equinoctial , and must be elevated the same number of Degrees toward the South , as the Equator in your Latitude is . 2. That the line of 12 must stand exactly North and South . 3. You must make a Dial on both sides the plane , for the Sun shines half the year on one side , and half the year on t'other . 4. The Gnomon must be a Pin or Wire thrust thro the center , and standing perpendicular to the plane on both sides . Fig. VI. Directions for a Polar Dial. 1. DRaw the line A I , then on A the center describe the segment B C D , with 60 deg . of chords . 2. Draw E F perpendicular to A I at C , and G H parallel to E F. 3. Divide the segment with such numbers as your Table for a Polar or Equinoctial gives you , beginning to divide at C. 4. From A thro each Division draw lines till they touch E F. 5. Perpendiculars made at these intersections to E F will be the hour-lines . Note . 1. That the stile must stand upon 12 , and be equal to the extent between 12 and 3. 2. That G H must be placed Horizontally and Prime-vertically . 3. The Plane must recline so many degrees as the Pole doth . Fig. XI . Directions for finding the Declination of a Wall. I Suppose the Benefit and Usefulness of these Tables may be seen in what has been said already : but their use will much more appear in the inserting of hour-lines upon Declining Planes , for which they were chiefly intended . Before I give directions for Decliners , 't will be proper to shew how to find the Declination of a Wall or Window . 1. Draw a Horizontal Line on the Wall or Plane you would take the Declination of . 2. Fix a plain Board having one streight edge to this line , and parallel to the Horizon . 3. Draw a Line perpendicular to the streight edge , and when the Sun shines thereon , hold up a Line and Plummet , so that the shadow of the Line may fall upon the Board , crossing that perpendicular line , and make two pricks in the shadow a good way distant from one another , and then instantly take the altitude of the Sun with a Quadrant . 4. Lay a Ruler to these two pricks , and draw a line which shall be the Sun's Azimuth on the Board . 5. With the altitude before found , see what the Sun's Azimuth is on Collins's Quadrant . 6. Take the intersection of the shadow line with the perpendicular for a center , and thereon with 60 deg . of chords describe a segment of a circle I K , then from I toward K set the Azimuth found , and thro K and the center draw a right line for the Meridian . 7. Lastly , The Arch intercepted between the Meridian on the Board , and the perpendicular line apply'd to your line of chords gives the Declination . Note . That the Azimuth must be set on the arch of the circle that way that the true South is . An other Way to find the Declination . 1. SET one side of a Quadrant horizontally to the Wall ; hold up a string and plummet when the Sun shines , and move the string till the shadow of it passes thro the center of the Quadrant . 2. See what degree of the limb , the shade falls upon , reckoning from the side of the Quadrant which is perpendicular to the Wall ; then instantly take the Sun's altitude , and find his Azimuth by Collins's Quadrant . 3. If the shade of the string fell between true South and the perpendicular side of the Quadrant , add the deg . of the shade to the Azimuth , the sum gives the Declination ; but if the Meridian or South was between the shade and perpendicular , ( which is easily known considering what time of day it is ) then substract the shade from the Azimuth , the remainder gives the Declination . Fig. VII . Directions for a Declining Dial. Let the Declination given be Twenty Degrees West-ward . 1. DRaw the line N S for 12 a Clock . 2. In this line choose a center as C , upon which with 60 degrees of chords describe an obscure circle . 3. Turn to your Table of Requisites , and see what is the Substile's distance in 20 d of Declin . 'T is 15 d 5′ . take the said distance out of your line of chords , and set it from M to S : thro C and S draw an obscure line for the substile . 4. Now turn to your Declination in Table of hour distances from substile , and see what numbers stand against each hour ( and ¼ part , if you would insert them in your Dial ) transfer these numbers by help of your line of chords into the circle , from S toward A , B , and thro the points draw lines from C the center of your Dial ; these are the hours required ▪ 5. And Lastly , In your Table of Requisites , under the Stile 's height , and opposite to 20 d of Declin . you 'll find 35 d 34′ Set this distance from S to T , then draw C , T , and you have the height of your Cock or Gnomon . Note . 1. That the larger the Radius of your line of Chords is , the better you will insert the distances . 2. If the Declination be East , the Substile must be placed on the left side the Meridian ; and those hours that are next to the Numbers in your Table must be used : but the contrary , if Declination be West . 3. That the Gnomon must be fixt upon the Substile , and stand at right angles with the Plane . Fig. VIII . Directions for a far Decliner . BEcause these Tables extend no farther than 60 deg . of Declination ( and if they had been calculated to 90 deg . they would have been of little use , because the Stile 's height being so small , the hour-lines would have been of no competent distance ) and because sometimes there may be occasion to make a Dial for a greater declination , I will shew a Geometrical way to draw such , by help of a line of chords only . Let the Declinat . given be 64 d West . 1. Make a line B C perpendicular to the Horizon of the Plane . 2. Upon C describe the arch Q S , then out of the Table of Requisites take the Substile's distance , and set it from Q to N ; take also the Stile 's height , and set it from N to h. 3. Draw C D for Substile , and C E for the Stile : Then at any convenient distance draw K L parallel to C E the Stile . Also assume any two points in the Substile , and thro them draw the perpend . F G , and H I. 4. Take the nearest extent from T to K L , and from U to K L , and set it from T to R , and from U to D. 5. Upon D and R , with a line of chords describe two arches of a circle , and set off the inclination of the Meridian from M toward P , and from N to O. With 15 d of chord divide the segments into equal parts , beginning at O and P. 6. Lay a Rule on D , and each division in the arch o n , and mark the intersection of the rule with F G : Then lay the rule to R , and work after the same manner in the other Arch , and H I. 7. Lastly , Thro the marks made in H I , and G F , draw the hour-lines . Note . 1. When the Plane declines Westward , the perpendicular C D must be put on the right hand : Et vice versâ . 2. That the Inclination of Meridian must be set on the same side the Substile with the perpendicular C B. Fig. IX . and XII . Directions for making the Spot Dial. HAving given some Directions for using these Tables in most sorts of common plain Dials , I should now conclude ; but I suppose it will not be unwelcome to some young Practitioners in Dialling , if I give a short and easy Method for making Spot Dials . 'T is true one Clark has treated largly on this subject already , and as he tells the Reader that he believes little will be added by him that comes after , to what he shall there say ; so in my judgment he has said a great deal too much , for by endeavouring to make the thing appear more plain , he has made it the more confused and obscure . I shall be as brief as may be . There are two sorts of these Dials , one in which the Spot moves to the lines , the other in which the lines move to the Spot : I will speak of the first chiefly , because more useful , tho the second more curious . 1. Then you must get a Wood frame , about an Inch and ¼ thick , 7 Inches long , and about 4 broad : order the Joyner to cut this Board sloping from A B C D till he meets with the square a b c d , on the other side , and let him make two Grooves or Rappits as you see in Fig. IX to receive two Glasses . Let the Glass A B C D be 5 inches ½ long , and 3 inches broad . The Glass a b c d may be of any size , the less the better . F G H I must be taken off , and put on at pleasure , having Rappits in it also to keep the Glasses fixt . Let the distance between the two Glasses in the frame be One inch exactly if you can , but there is no great need of being so curious . So much for the Frame . 2. Having found the Declination of your Window , if it has any , draw your Dial upon Paper as above directed : with the Substile and Stile upon it . 3. Now to find where the Spot will be ; remember that it will be always in the substile , and as far distant from the stile as is the distance between the two Glasses . Take therefore the distance of both Glasses as they ly in the Frame , between the points of your Compass , then lay one side of your square on the substile , and the other crossing the stile ; then move the square upon the substile till the extent of the compass does exactly touch both stile and substile , and in that point of the substile which does touch the square , exactly in the angle make the spot ☉ ; then prick the Paper thro with a Pin , and on the back-side also make a Spot with Ink. 4. Draw the line A B perpendicular to the 1 2 a clock line , and either thro the spot , or a little above it . That part of the Dial that is above this line may be cut off , being of no use . 5. When you have finisht your Dial on the Paper , wet it with Gum-water , or any thing that will make the Figured side stick to the Glass , so as that the hour-lines may appear thro it , and that the line of 1 2 may be perpendicular to the Horizon when the Frame is laid in your Window . 6. Place both your Glasses in the Frame , then laying it flat upon the Table with the lesser Glass toward you , look thro it till you can see your reflected Eye , and the spot of Ink on the back-side of the Dial in a right line , then while your Eye is in that posture , with your Pen make a mark upon the Glass which will just cover the spot below . Next paste a piece of Paper upon the other side of this Glass , through which Paper , when it is dry , cut a little hole opposite to the mark before made ; then dawb the other part of the Paper round the hole with Ink , that it may admit nolight . Having done this , put the Glass again into its place , and fastning the top to your Frame , set it close to your Glass-Window , and the Sun entring thro the little hole will cast its Ray upon the opposite hour-lines , and so give the time of day . Note . That if you please you may lay aside the Glasses , and use strong Dutch Paper alone ; first wetting it , and then pasteing the edges of it , strain it upon your Frame so stiff as may be without cracking it . Paste also another Paper on the back-side of your Frame , and when both are dry , thrust a streight Needle thro the Dial spot till it does just touch the Paper on the back-side , then by the help of a Rule and Square , setting the Rule upon the substile , and keeping it upright with your square , direct the top of your Needle by the side of the square , till it stands exactly upright in the angle which is made by the rule and square , when it is in this posture , push the Needle quite thro the lower Paper , and that will be the hole thro which the Sun must shine . This sort of Dial does look very well till the heat of the Sun warps the Paper , and so makes the Hour lines crooked . That sort of Dial wherein the hour-lines move to the spot is only the former inverted : But whereas the Frame in the former was cut sloping , in this it must be cut streight thro , that the hour-lines may all appear upon the opposite Paper ; and note also that the Glasses must be of an equal bigness , and the back-side of your Paper on which the Dial is drawn must be fasten'd to the Glass , that you may with a Pen-knife cut out the Hour-lines and Figures , so the Sun shining thro these spaces , will form artificial lines upon the oppose Paper , and move one after t' other by the spot , as the Sun moves in the Heavens . Thus I have been as short , and ( I hope ) as perspicuous as may be in these Directions , and if I can have the Happiness to please some ( for I do not expect to satisfy all ) I have my end . All Instruments for the Mathematicks are Made by JOHN PRUJEAN in OXON . The Three Requisites in Dialling Calculated to every Degree of Declination in Lat. 51.45 . Declinat . Stile 's Heighth . Substile's Distance a Merid. Inclination of Meridian . Declinat . Stile 's Heighth . Substile's Distance a Merid. Inclination of Meridian .   ° ′ ° ′ ° ′   ° ′ ° ′ ° ′ 1 38. 14 0. 47 1. 16 46 25. 29 29. 33 52. 50 2 38. 13 1. 34 2. 32 47 24. 58 29. 58 53. 48 3 38. 11 2. 21 3. 48 48 24. 28 30. 22 54. 45 4 38. 8 3. 8 5. 4 49 23. 58 30. 45 55. 41 5 38. 5 3. 55 6. 20 50 23. 27 31. 8 56. 39 6 38. 0 4. 42 7. 37 51 22. 56 31. 30 57. 34 7 37. 55 5. 28 8. 51 52 22. 24 31. 51 58. 29 8 37. 49 6. 14 10. 6 53 21. 52 32. 12 59. 23 9 37. 42 7. 2 11. 25 54 21. 20 32. 32 60. 19 10 37. 34 7. 48 12. 40 55 20. 48 32. 51 61. 12 11 37. 26 8. 33 13. 54 56 20. 15 33. 10 62. 6 12 37. 16 9. 18 15. 8 57 19. 42 33. 28 63. 0 13 37. 06 10. 2 16. 21 58 19. 9 33. 46 63. 52 14 36. 55 10. 48 17. 38 59 18. 35 34. 3 64. 45 15 36. 43 11. 32 18. 51 60 18. 2 34. 19 65. 36 16 36. 31 12. 15 20. 3 61 17. 28 34. 35 66. 30 17 36. 18 12. 59 21. 17 62 16. 54 34. 50 67. 19 18 36. 2 13. 41 22. 28 63 16. 19 35. 5 68. 11 19 35. 50 14. 24 23. 41 64 15. 45 35. 19 69. 2 20 35. 34 15. 5 24. 51 65 15. 10 35. 32 69. 51 21 35. 19 15. 47 26. 4 66 14. 35 35. 46 70. 45 22 35. 2 16. 27 27. 13 67 14. 0 35. 58 71. 34 23 34. 44 17. 7 28. 23 68 13. 44 36. 10 72. 25 24 34. 26 17. 47 29. 33 69 12. 49 36. 21 73. 13 25 34. 8 18. 15 30. 38 70 12. 13 36. 32 74. 4 26 33. 49 19. 4 31. 51 71 11. 38 36. 42 74. 52 27 33. 29 19. 41 32. 58 72 11. 2 36. 51 75. 38 28 33. 8 20. 19 34. 7 73 10. 26 37. 1 76. 32 29 32. 47 20. 55 35. 13 74 9. 34 37. 9 77. 17 30 32. 25 21. 31 36. 20 75 9. 13 37. 17 78. 5 31 32. 3 22. 6 37. 26 76 8. 37 37. 25 78. 57 32 31. 40 22. 40 38. 30 77 8. 9 37. 32 79. 46 33 31. 17 23. 14 39. 35 78 7. 24 37. 37 80. 31 34 30. 53 23. 47 40. 39 79 6. 47 37. 44 81. 19 35 30. 28 24. 19 41. 42 80 6. 10 37. 50 82. 12 36 30. 3 24. 52 42. 47 81 5. 41 37. 54 82. 52 37 29. 36 25. 23 43. 50 82 4. 57 37. 59 83. 47 38 29. 12 25. 53 44. 51 83 4. 19 38. 2 84. 23 39 28. 45 26. 23 45. 53 84 3. 43 38. 6 85. 21 40 28. 18 26. 52 46. 53 45 3. 05 38. 9 86. 12 41 27. 51 27. 21 47. 55 86 2. 29 38. 11 86. 54 42 27. 23 27. 49 48. 54 87 1. 52 38. 13 87. 50 43 26. 55 28. 16 49. 54 88 1. 12 38. 14 88. 26 44 26. 26 28. 42 50. 53 89 0. 37 38. 14 88. 53 45 25. 57 29. 8 51. 51 90 0. 0 38. 15 90. 00   A Table shewing what angle every quarter , half and 3 quarters of an hour makes in a horizontal Dial.   A Table for the same angles in a directsouth Dial.   A Table for the same angles in an Equinoctial and Polar Dial. In Lat. 51. d. 45. m.   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 12 00. 00 12 00. 00 12 00. 00 1 02. 57 1 02. 19 1 03. 45 2 05. 54 2 04. 40 2 7. 30 3 08. 52 3 07. 01 3 11. 15 11.1 11. 53 11.1 09. 25 11.1 15. 00 1 14. 55 1 11. 52 1 18. 45 2 18. 01 2 14. 23 2 22. 30 3 21. 10 3 16. 58 3 26. 15 10.2 24. 23 10.2 19. 40 10.2 30. 00 1 27. 41 1 22. 28 1 33. 45 2 31. 04 2 25. 24 2 37. 30 3 34. 33 3 28. 30 3 41. 15 9.3 38. 09 9.3 31. 46 9.3 45. 00 1 41. 51 1 35. 13 1 48. 45 2 45. 40 2 38. 54 2 52. 30 3 49. 36 3 42. 49 3 56. 15 8.4 53. 40 8.4 47. 00 8.4 60. 00 1 57. 53 1 51. 27 1 63. 45 2 62. 11 2 56. 13 2 67. 30 3 66. 37 3 61. 15 3 72. 15 7.5 71. 09 7.5 66. 36 7.5 75. 00 1 75. 38 1 72. 11 1 78. 45 2 80. 29 2 77. 00 2 82. 30 3 85. 14 3 83. 58 3 86. 15 6.6 90. 00 6.6 90. 00 6.6 90. 00 A Table of Hour-Distances , and Parts of an Hour from the Substile . Declin . 1   2   3   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 6.6 87. 57 3 91. 58 3 89. 55 1 81. 56 6.6 85. 55 6.6 82. 18 2 76. 00 1 79. 54 1 77. 54 3 70. 16 2 74. 02 2 72. 05 5.7 64. 45 3 68. 22 3 66. 30 1 59. 31 5.7 62. 56 5.7 61. 10 2 54. 33 1 57. 46 1 56. 07 3 49. 54 2 52. 57 2 51. 21 4.8 45. 59 3 48. 47 3 46. 54 1 41. 27 4.8 44. 07 4.8 42. 43 2 37. 37 1 40. 07 1 38. 48 3 34. 01 2 36. 22 2 35. 08 3.9 30. 37 3 32. 50 3 31. 41 1 27. 25 3.9 29. 31 3.9 28. 25 2 24. 23 1 26. 22 1 25. 20 3 21. 30 2 23. 24 2 22. 24 2.10 18. 44 3 20. 35 3 19. 36 1 16. 05 2.10 17. 49 2.10 16. 55 2 13. 31 1 15. 12 1 14. 20 3 11. 02 2 12. 40 2 11. 49 1.11 8. 36 3 10. 12 3 9. 22 1 6. 13 1.11 7. 47 1.11 6. 58 2 3. 52 1 5. 25 1 4. 37 3 2. 08 2 3. 40 2 2. 17   Substile .         Substile . 12 0. 47 3 0. 45 3 0. 02         sub .       1 3. 06 12 1. 34 12 2. 21 2 5. 27 2 3. 34 1 4. 41 3 7. 49 1 6. 14 2 7. 02 11.1 10. 14 3 8. 38 3 9. 26 1 12. 42 11.1 11. 04 11.1 11. 53 2 15. 15 1 13. 33 1 14. 24 3 17. 53 2 15. 46 2 17. 00 10.2 20. 35 3 18. 46 3 19. 41 1 23. 26 10.2 21. 32 10.2 22. 29 2 26. 25 1 24. 25 1 25. 25 3 29. 34 2 27. 26 2 28. 30 9.3 32. 54 3 30. 39 3 31. 46 1 36. 25 9.3 34. 03 9.3 35. 13 2 40. 11 1 37. 39 1 38. 54 3 44. 11 2 41. 30 2 42. 50 8.4 48. 27 3 45. 35 3 47. 00 1 53. 01 8.5 49. 57 8.4 51. 29 2 57. 53 1 54. 37 1 56. 14 3 63. 01 2 59. 34 2 61. 18 7.5 68. 27 3 64. 49 3 66. 38 1 74. 07 7.5 70. 20 7.5 72. 14 2 79. 58 1 76. 05 1 78. 03 3 86. 05 2 82. 00 2 84. 02 Declin . 4   5   6   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 3 87. 52 3 85. 47 2 88. 07 6.6 81. 49 6.6 79. 48 3 83. 44 1 75. 53 1 73. 55 6.6 77. 45 2 70. 09 2 68. 14 1 71. 55 3 64. 31 3 62. 48 2 66. 18 5.7 59. 23 5.7 57. 39 3 60. 58 1 54. 26 1 52. 48 5.7 55. 55 2 49. 47 2 48 15 1 51. 09 3 45. 26 3 43. 59 2 46. 42 4.8 41. 20 4.8 39. 59 3 42. 33 1 37. 30 1 36. 15 4.8 38. 37 2 33. 55 2 32. 43 1 34. 58 3 30. 32 3 29. 24 2 31. 31 3.8 27. 20 3.9 26. 16 3 28. 16 1 24. 18 1 23. 17 3.9 25. 11 2 21. 25 2 20. 27 1 22. 16 3 18. 40 3 17. 45 2 19. 28 2.10 16. 01 2.10 15. 07 3 16. 49 1 13. 27 1 12. 36 2.10 14. 14 2 10. 58 2 10. 10 1 11. 44 3 8. 33 3 7. 44 2 9. 17 1.11 6. 10 1.11 5. 22 3 6. 55 1 3. 49 1 3. 02 1.11 4. 34 2 1. 30 2 0. 36 1 2. 14   Substile .   Substile .   Substile . 3 0. 49 3 1. 36 2 0. 04 12 3. 08 12 3. 55 3 2. 23 1 5. 28 1 6. 16 12 4. 43 2 7. 50 2 8. 38 1 7. 03 3 10. 15 3 11. 04 2 9. 26 11.1 12. 43 11.1 13. 32 3 11. 52 1 15. 15 1 16. 06 11.1 14. 24 2 17. 52 2 18. 45 1 16. 58 3 20. 35 3 21. 31 2 19. 39 10.2 23. 26 10.2 24. 24 3 22. 27 1 26. 25 1 27. 26 10.2 25. 23 2 29. 33 2 30. 38 1 28. 28 3 32. 53 3 34. 01 2 31. 34 9.3 36. 25 9.3 37. 37 3 35. 11 1 40. 10 1 41. 28 9.3 38. 51 2 44. 11 2 45. 33 1 42. 47 3 48. 28 3 49. 56 2 46. 58 8.4 53. 01 8.4 54. 36 3 51. 27 1 57. 53 1 59. 34 8.4 56. 13 2 63. 03 2 64. 49 1 61. 17 3 68. 29 3 70. 21 2 66. 39 7.5 74. 10 7.5 76. 07 3 72. 16 1 80. 03 1 82. 04 7.5 78. 07 2 86. 04 2 88. 07 1 84. 07 Declin . 7   8   9   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 2 87. 48 2 84. 46 2 83. 36 3 81. 44 3 79. 43 3 77. 35 6.6 75. 47 6.6 73. 48 6.6 71. 44 1 70. 01 1 68. 05 1 66. 06 2 64. 29 2 62. 38 2 60. 44 3 59. 14 3 57. 29 3 55. 44 5.7 54. 16 5.7 52. 37 5.7 50. 55 1 49. 37 1 48. 03 1 46. 28 2 45. 15 2 43. 47 2 42. 17 3 41. 10 3 39. 48 3 38. 23 4.8 37. 20 4.8 36. 03 4.8 34. 44 1 33. 45 1 32. 32 1 31. 18 2 30. 23 2 29. 16 2 28. 04 3 27. 11 3 26. 07 3 25. 00 3.9 24. 11 3.9 23. 09 3.9 22. 06 1 21. 19 1 20. 20 1 19. 19 2 18. 33 2 17. 38 2 16. 40 3 15. 55 3 15. 01 3 14. 07 2.10 13. 23 2.10 12. 31 2.10 11. 38 1 10. 54 1 10. 04 1 9. 12 2 8. 29 2 7. 40 2 6. 50 3 6. 08 3 5. 20 3 4. 30 1.11 3. 47 1.11 3. 01 1.11 2. 12               Sub. 1 1. 29 1 0. 43 1 0. 06   Sub.   Sub.       2 0. 50 2 1. 36 2 2. 24 3 3. 09 3 3. 54 3 4. 43 12 5. 28 12 6. 14 12 7. 02 1 7. 49 1 8. 36 1 9. 14 2 10. 13 2 11. 00 2 11. 50 3 12 41 3 13. 29 3 14. 20 11.1 15. 12 11.1 16. 02 11.1 16. 54 1 17. 49 1 18. 40 1 19. 34 2 20. 31 2 21. 25 2 22. 21 3 23. 22 3 24. 17 3 25. 16 10.2 26. 20 10.2 27. 18 10.2 28. 21 1 29. 28 1 30. 30 1 31. 35 2 32. 47 2 33. 52 2 35. 02 3 36. 19 3 37. 28 3 38. 44 9.3 40. 04 9.3 41. 20 9.3 42. 39 1 44. 04 1 45. 24 1 46. 50 2 48. 22 2 49. 44 2 51. 19 3 52. 56 3 54. 28 3 56. 06 8.4 57. 48 8.4 59. 26 8.4 61. 12 1 62. 59 1 64. 43 1 66. 35 2 68. 26 2 70. 16 2 72. 14 3 74. 09 3 76. 04 3 78. 07 7.5 80. 03 7.5 82. 02 7.5 83. 36 1 86. 06 1 88. 07 1 89. 44 Declin . 10   11   12   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 1 87. 41 1 85. 39 1 83. 36 2 81. 34 2 79. 32 2 77. 31 3 75. 34 3 73. 35 3 71. 36 6.6 69. 46 6.6 67. 51 6.6 65. 56 1 64. 13 1 62. 22 1 60. 33 2 58. 56 2 57. 11 2 55. 27 3 53. 58 3 52. 19 3 50. 40 5.7 49. 18 5.7 47. 45 5.7 46. 13 1 44. 57 1 43. 30 1 42. 02 2 40. 52 2 39. 30 2 38. 10 3 37. 04 3 35. 46 3 34. 32 4.8 33. 29 4.8 32. 16 4.8 31. 05 1 30. 08 1 28. 59 1 27. 55 2 26. 57 2 25. 53 2 24. 50 3 23. 57 3 22. 56 3 21. 57 3.9 21. 06 3.9 20. 08 3.9 19. 10 1 18. 22 1 17. 27 1 16. 32 2 15. 45 2 14. 52 2 14. 00 3 13. 14 3 12. 23 3 11. 32 2.10 10. 46 2.10 9. 57 2.10 9. 08 1 8. 23 1 7. 35 1 6. 47 2 6. 01 2 5. 15 2 4. 28 3 3. 43 3 2. 57 3 2. 12               sub . 1.11 1. 25 1.11 0. 40 1.11 0. 05   sub .   sub .       1 0. 52 1 1. 36 1 2. 21 2 3. 10 2 3. 54 2 4. 38 3 5. 35 3 6. 10 3 6. 57 12 7. 48 12 8. 33 12 9. 18 1 10. 18 1 10. 57 1 11. 42 2 12. 43 2 13. 23 2 14. 10 3 15. 15 3 15. 55 3 16. 43 11.1 17. 51 11.1 18. 32 11.1 19. 22 1 20. 33 1 21. 17 1 22. 08 2 23. 22 2 24. 08 2 25. 01 3 26. 21 3 27. 09 3 28. 05 10.2 29. 29 10.2 30. 20 10.2 31. 19 1 32. 38 1 33. 41 1 34. 45 2 36. 20 2 37. 17 2 38. 25 3 40. 05 3 41. 07 3 42. 19 9.3 44. 07 9.3 45. 13 9.3 46. 30 1 48. 32 1 49. 36 1 51. 00 2 53. 00 2 54. 17 2 55. 48 3 57. 55 3 59. 17 3 60. 55 8.4 63. 08 8.4 64. 36 8.4 66. 22 1 68. 38 1 70. 11 1 73. 35 2 74. 23 2 76. 02 2 77. 57 3 80. 21 3 82. 04 3 84. 03 7.5 86. 27 7.5 88. 12 7.5 90. 13 Declin . 13   14   15   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 1 81. 35 1 79. 27 7.5 83. 34 2 75. 32 2 73. 26 1 77. 25 3 69. 40 3 67. 38 2 71. 26 6 6. 64. 03 6.6 62. 07 3 65. 42 1 58. 45 1 56. 54 6.6 60. 16 2 53. 45 2 52. 00 1 55. 09 3 49. 05 3 47. 26 2 50. 25 5.7 44. 43 5.7 43. 10 3 45. 53 1 40. 38 1 39. 11 5.7 40. 38 2 36. 46 2 35. 28 1 37. 49 3 33. 16 3 31. 59 2 34. 11 4.8 29. 55 4.8 28. 43 3 30. 46 1 26. 46 1 25. 38 4.8 27. 35 2 23. 35 2 22. 42 1 24. 34 3 20. 56 3 19. 56 2 21. 42 3.9 18. 14 3.9 17. 16 3 18. 58 1 15. 39 1 14. 43 3.9 15. 41 2 13. 08 2 12. 15 1 13. 32 3 10. 39 3 9. 51 2 11. 24 2.10 8. 20 2.10 7. 30 3 9. 02 1 6. 08 1 5. 12 2.10 6. 43 2 3. 43 2 2. 56 1 4. 27 3 1. 27 3 0. 40 2 2. 11   sub .   sub .   sub 1.11 0. 49 1.11 1. 35 3 0. 03 1 3. 05 1 3. 49 1.11 2. 18 2 5. 22 2 6. 07 1 4. 33 3 7. 40 3 8. 27 2 6. 51 12 10. 02 12 10. 49 3 9. 10 1 12. 27 1 13. 14 12 11. 32 2 14. 30 2 15. 44 1 13. 58 3 17. 30 3 18. 20 2 16. 29 11.1 20. 11 11.1 21. 03 3 19. 17 1 22. 58 1 23. 52 11.1 21. 51 2 25. 55 2 26. 51 1 24. 43 3 29. 00 3 30. 01 2 27. 45 10.2 32. 18 10.2 33. 22 3 30. 57 1 35. 48 1 36. 56 10.2 34. 22 2 39. 33 2 40. 46 1 37. 23 3 43. 32 3 44. 51 2 41. 55 9.3 47. 49 9.3 49. 14 3 46. 07 1 52. 25 1 53. 57 9.3 50. 36 2 57. 12 2 58. 58 1 55. 25 3 62. 33 3 64. 18 2 60. 33 8.4 68. 04 8.4 69. 57 3 66. 00 1 73. 52 1 75. 51 8.4 71. 45 2 79. 52 2 81. 56 1 77. 44 3 86. 01 3 88. 08 2 83. 54 7.5 92. 14 7.5 94. 23 3 90. 10 Declin . 16   17   18   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 7.5 81. 33 7.5 79. 28 7.5 77. 27 1 75. 24 1 73. 22 1 71. 22 2 69. 29 2 67. 29 2 65. 31 3 64. 20 3 61. 54 3 60. 03 6.6 58. 28 6.6 56. 39 6.6 54. 53 1 53. 26 1 51. 43 1 50. 04 2 48. 44 2 47. 08 2 45. 33 3 44. 22 3 42 52 3 41. 21 5.7 40. 19 5.7 38. 53 5.7 37. 31 1 36. 30 1 35. 10 1 33. 54 2 32. 56 2 31. 42 2 30. 30 3 29. 36 3 28. 27 3 27. 18 4.8 26. 29 4.8 25. 23 4.8 24. 19 1 23. 31 1 22. 29 1 21. 29 2 20. 43 2 19. 44 2 18. 47 3 18. 02 3 17. 06 3 16. 12 3.9 15. 28 3.9 14. 35 3.9 13. 43 1 12. 59 1 12. 08 1 11. 19 2 10. 30 2 9. 46 2 8. 58 3 8. 15 3 7. 27 3 6. 42 2.10 5. 58 2.10 5. 11 2.10 4. 27 1 3. 42 1 2. 57 1 2. 16 2 1. 28 2 0. 43 2 0. 00   sub .   sub .   sub . 3 0. 47 3 1. 30 3 2. 11 1.11 3. 01 1.11 3. 44 1.11 4. 24 1 5. 16 1 5. 59 1 6. 39 2 7. 32 2 8. 16 2 8. 56 3 9. 57 3 10. 35 3 11. 16 12 12. 15 12 12. 59 12 13. 41 1 14. 42 1 15. 27 1 16. 09 2 17. 14 2 18. 01 2 18. 44 3 19. 53 3 20. 41 3 21. 26 11.1 22. 39 11.1 23. 58 11.1 24. 15 1 25. 33 1 26. 29 1 27. 15 2 28. 38 2 29. 34 2 30. 26 3 31. 54 3 32. 54 3 33. 50 10.2 35. 22 10.2 36. 27 10.2 37. 26 1 39. 06 1 40. 15 1 41. 19 2 43. 05 2 44. 20 2 45. 30 3 47. 22 3 48. 43 3 49. 59 9.3 51. 58 9.3 53. 25 9.3 54. 51 1 54. 26 1 58. 28 1 59. 58 2 62. 09 2 63. 50 2 65. 28 3 67. 43 3 69. 31 3 71. 16 8.4 73. 34 8.4 75. 29 8.4 77. 20 1 79. 39 1 81. 39 1 83. 35 2 85. 53 2 87. 57 2 89. 56 3 92. 11 3 94. 15 3 97. 55 Declin . 19   20   21   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 7.5 75. 22 3 79. 35 3 77. 12 1 69. 22 7.5 73. 23 7.5 71. 02 2 63. 38 1 66. 56 1 65. 09 3 58. 13 2 61. 45 2 59. 36 6.6 53. 09 3 56. 26 3 54. 24 1 48. 52 6.6 51. 28 6.6 49. 32 2 44. 02 1 46. 51 1 45. 03 3 39. 58 2 42. 33 2 40. 52 5.7 36. 10 3 38. 34 3 37. 00 1 32. 38 5.7 34. 32 5.7 33. 33 2 29. 19 1 31. 25 1 30. 11 3 26. 13 2 28. 10 2 27. 02 4.8 23. 17 3 25. 08 3 24. 03 1 20. 30 4.8 22. 16 4.8 21. 15 2 17. 51 1 19. 33 1 18. 35 3 15. 19 2 16. 57 2 16. 12 3.9 12. 52 3 14. 27 3 13. 35 1 10. 30 3.9 12. 03 3.9 11. 13 2 8. 12 1 9. 43 1 8. 55 3 5. 56 2 7. 26 2 6. 40 2.10 3. 43 3 5. 12 3 4. 27 1 1. 30 2.10 3. 00 2.10 2. 17   sub .             2 0. 42 1 0. 49 1 0. 06         sub .   sub . 3 2. 53 2 1. 22 2 2. 04 1.11 5. 07 3 3. 44 3 4. 13 1 7. 21 1.11 5. 46 1.11 6. 27 2 9. 39 1 08. 00 1 8. 42 3 11. 59 2 10. 18 2 10. 59 12 14. 24 3 12. 39 3 13. 21 1 16. 54 12 15. 04 12 15. 47 2 19. 31 1 17. 36 1 18. 20 3 21. 47 2 20. 13 2 20. 59 11.1 25. 07 3 22. 59 3 23. 49 1 28. 09 11.1 25. 54 11.1 26. 44 2 31. 23 1 28. 58 1 29. 52 3 34. 50 2 32. 16 2 33. 13 10.2 38. 32 3 35. 47 3 36. 48 1 42. 30 10.2 39. 33 10.2 40. 40 2 46. 46 1 43. 36 1 44. 49 3 51. 22 2 47. 59 2 49. 18 9.3 56. 18 3 52. 42 3 54. 11 1 61. 35 3.9 57. 45 9.3 59. 19 2 67. 12 1 63. 09 1 64. 05 3 73. 08 2 68. 54 2 70. 43 8.4 79. 18 3 74. 56 3 76. 51 1 85. 37 4.8 81. 11 8.4 83. 13 2 92. 01 1 87. 35 1 88. 41 3 98. 23 2 94. 02 2 96. 09 Declin . 22   23   24   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 3 75. 28 3 73. 58 3 71. 21 7.5 69. 20 7.5 67. 53 7.5 65. 21 1 63. 30 1 62. 05 1 59. 40 2 58. 01 2 56. 39 2 54. 23 3 52. 54 3 51. 36 3 49. 28 6.6 4● . 08 6.6 46. 55 6.6 44. 55 1 43. 43 1 42. 34 1 40. 43 2 39. 38 2 38. 34 2 36. 49 3 35. 51 3 34. 50 3 33. 13 5.7 32. 19 5.7 31. 22 5.7 29. 52 1 29. 02 1 28. 08 1 26. 44 2 25. 57 2 25. 07 2 23. 07 3 23. 02 3 22. 16 3 21. 01 4.8 20. 17 4.8 19. 33 4.8 18. 23 1 17. 40 1 16. 59 1 15. 52 2 15. 10 2 14. 31 2 13. 28 3 12. 46 3 12. 08 3 11. 08 3.9 10. 26 3.9 9. 51 3.9 8. 53 1 8. 10 1 7. 36 1 6. 41 2 5. 56 2 5. 25 2 4. 31 3 3. 46 3 3. 15 3 2. 23 2.10 1. 36 2.10 1. 09 2.10 0. 15   sub .   Sub.   Sub. 1 0. 33 1 1. 02 1 1. 45 2 2. 43 2 3. 16 2 4. 00 3 4. 53 3 5. 25 3 6. 09 1.11 7. 05 1.11 7. 37 1.11 8. 21 1 9. 20 1 9. 58 1 10. 35 2 11. 38 2 12. 16 2 12. 54 3 14. 00 3 14. 38 3 15. 17 12 16 .27 12 17. 06 12 17. 46 1 18. 58 1 19. 41 1 20. 22 2 21. 41 2 22. 24 2 23. 07 3 24. 30 3 25. 15 3 26. 01 11.1 27. 31 11.1 28. 18 11.1 29. 06 1 30. 42 1 31. 32 1 32. 24 2 34. 06 2 35. 01 2 35. 56 3 37. 46 3 38. 45 3 39. 42 10.2 41. 42 10.2 42. 46 10.2 43. 53 1 45. 58 1 47. 08 1 48. 20 2 50. 53 2 51. 50 2 53. 10 3 55. 30 3 57. 09 3 58. 22 9.3 60. 47 9.3 62. 21 9.3 63. 57 1 66. 28 1 68. 09 1 69. 53 2 72. 28 2 74. 26 2 76. 06 3 78. 43 3 80. 38 3 82. 36 8.4 85. 10 8.4 87. 10 8.4 89. 12 1 91. 41 1 93. 45 1 95. 49 2 98. 11 2 100. 15 2 102. 20 Declin . 25   26   27   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 2 75. 46 2 73. 31 2 71. 29 3 69. 30 3 67. 18 3 65. 20 7.5 63. 30 7.5 61. 26 7 5 59. 32 1 58. 30 1 55. 58 1 54. 10 2 52. 27 2 50. 53 2 49. 11 3 47. 54 3 46. 11 3 44. 36 6.6 43. 27 6.6 41. 50 6.6 40. 22 1 39. 21 1 37. 50 1 36. 29 2 35. 32 2 34. 09 2 32. 17 3 32. 02 3 30. 43 3 29. 33 5.7 28. 46 5.7 27. 33 5.7 26. 20 1 25. 42 1 24. 33 1 23. 32 2 22. 49 2 21. 45 2 20. 47 3 20. 08 3 19. 06 3 18. 10 4.8 17. 31 4.8 16. 35 4.8 15. 43 1 15. 02 1 14. 10 1 13. 21 2 12. 41 2 11. 51 2 11. 04 3 10. 24 3 9. 36 3 8. 51 3.9 8. 11 3.9 7. 26 3.9 6. 43 1 6. 00 1 5. 16 1 4. 37 2 3. 52 2 3. 09 2 2. 30 3 1. 45 3 1. 04 3 0. 26   Sub.   sub .   Sub. 2.10 0. 21 2.10 1. 02 2.20 1. 38 1 2. 28 1 3. 07 1 3. 43 2 4. 35 2 5. 14 2 5. 49 3 6. 44 3 7. 23 3 7. 57 1.11 8. 55 11.1 9. 34 1.11 10. 08 1 11. 1● 1 11. 49 1 12. 33 2 13. 29 2 14. 08 2 14. 43 3 15. 52 3 16. 33 3 17. 09 12 18. 23 12 19. 04 12 19. 41 1 21. 00 1 21. 43 1 22. 22 2 23. 46 2 24. 31 2 25. 12 3 26. 42 3 27. 30 3 28. 13 11.1 29. 50 11.1 30. 41 11.1 31. 28 1 33. 12 1 34. 07 1 34. 56 2 36. 48 2 37. 48 2 38. 43 3 40. 42 3 41. 48 3 42. 48 10.2 44. 55 10.2 46. 07 10.2 47. 42 1 49. 29 1 50. 49 1 52. 03 2 54. 26 2 55. 53 2 57. 15 3 59. 45 3 61. 21 3 62. 52 9.3 65 28 9.3 67. 13 9.3 68. 52 1 71. 32 1 73. 26 1 75. 13 2 77. 53 2 79. 55 2 81. 49 3 84. 28 3 ●6 . 35 3 88. 35 8.4 91. 08 8.4 93. 19 8.4 95. 26 1 97. 47 1 10. 00 1 102. 03 Declin 28   29   30   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 2 69. 23 1 73. 49 1 71. 39 3 63. 18 2 67. 28 2 65. 20 7.5 57. 37 3 61. 29 3 59. 24 1 52. 21 7.5 55. 54 7.5 53. 57 2 47. 29 1 50. 44 1 48. 52 3 43. 00 2 46. 00 2 44. 14 6.6 38. 54 3 41. 38 3 39. 59 1 35. 06 6.6 37. 37 6.6 36. 05 2 31. 36 1 33. 55 1 32. 30 3 28. 21 2 30. 30 2 29. 10 5.7 25. 19 3 27. 20 3 26. 05 1 22. 29 5.7 24. 21 5.7 23. 13 2 19. 48 1 21. 35 1 20. 31 3 17. 16 2 18. 58 2 17. 58 4.8 14. 51 3 16. 28 3 15. 33 1 12. 32 4.8 14. 06 4.8 13 13 2 10. 18 1 11. 49 1 11. 01 3 8. 07 2 9. 36 2 8. 50 3.9 6. 00 3 7. 27 3 6. 44 1 3. 55 3.9 5. 22 3.9 4. 41 2 1. 51 1 3. 17 1 2. 38   Sub.             3 0. 12 2 1. 15 2 0. 37         Sub.   Sub. 2.10 2. 15 3 0. 48 3 1. 23 1 4. 19 2.10 2. 50 2.10 3. 24 2 6. 25 1 4. 54 1 5. 27 3 8. 32 2 7. 00 2 7. 31 1 ▪ 11 10. 44 3 9. 08 3 9. 39 1 12. 59 1.11 11. 20 1.11 11. 49 2 15. 19 1 13. 36 1 14. 05 3 17. 45 2 15. 57 2 16. 26 12 20. 19 3 18. 25 3 18. 55 1 23. 01 12 20. 55 12 21. 31 2 25. 54 1 23. 45 1 24. 17 3 28. 58 2 26. 40 2 27. 14 11.1 32. 16 3 29. 47 3 30. 24 1 35. 49 11.1 33. 09 11.1 33. 49 2 39. 40 1 36. 47 1 37. 31 3 43. 51 2 40. 43 2 41. 33 10.2 48. 24 3 45. 01 3 45. 56 1 53. 20 10.2 49. 40 10.2 50. 44 2 58. 42 1 54. 44 1 55. 57 3 64. 28 2 60. 14 2 61. 35 9.3 70. 37 3 66. 08 3 67. 40 1 77. 06 9.3 73. 22 9.3 74. 05 2 83. 49 1 79. 00 1 80. 53 3 90. 40 2 85. 48 2 87. 50 8.4 97. 30 3 92. 42 3 94. 49 1 104. 11 4.8 ●9 . 31 8.4 101. 42 Declin 31   32   33   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 1 69. 34 1 67. 32 8.4 71. 59 2 63. 19 2 61. 21 1 65. 28 3 57. 29 3 55. 38 2 59. 23 7.5 52. 07 7.5 50. 22 3 53. 46 1 47. 11 1 45. 33 7 5 48. 37 2 42. 40 2 41. 09 1 43. 55 3 38. 32 3 37. 07 2 39. 38 6 34. 44 6.6 33. 25 3 35. 43 1 31. 14 2 30. 01 6.6 32. 08 2 28. 01 2 26. 53 1 29. 01 3 25. 00 3 23. ●8 2 25. 46 5.7 22. 12 5.7 21. 14 3 22. 56 1 19. 34 1 18. 39 5.7 20. 16 2 17. 05 2 16. 13 1 17. 45 3 14. 43 3 13. 54 2 15. 23 4.8 12. 26 4.8 11. 41 3 13. 07 1 10. 07 1 9. 32 4.8 10. 56 2 8. 08 2 7. 27 1 8. 50 3 6. 04 3 5. 26 2 6. 47 3 9 4. 02 3.6 3. 25 3 4. 47 1 2. 02 1 1. 27 3.9 2. 49         sub .       2 0. 02 2 0. 32 1 0. 52   sud .         sub . 3 1. 57 3 2. 29 2 1. 05 2.10 3. 58 2.10 4. 29 3 3. 02 1 5. 59 1 6. 30 1 5. 00 2 8. 03 2 8. 34 2 7. 01 3 10. 10 3 10. 40 3 9. 04 1.11 12. 21 1.11 12. 52 1.11 11. 10 1 14. 38 1 15. 08 1 13. 22 2 16. 38 2 17. 30 2 15. 39 3 19. 28 3 20. 03 3 18. 01 12 22. 06 12 22. 40 12 20. 33 1 24. 54 1 25. 30 1 23. 14 2 27. 54 2 28. 32 2 26. 06 3 31. 07 3 31. 48 3 29. 10 11.1 34. 36 11.1 35. 21 11.1 32. 31 1 37. 45 1 39. 13 1 36. 08 2 42. 30 2 43. 27 2 40. 05 3 47. 00 3 48. 04 3 44. 25 10.2 51. 56 10.2 53. 07 10 2 49. 10 1 57. 18 1 58. 38 1 54. 21 2 63. 06 2 64. 36 2 60. 02 3 69. 20 3 70. 59 3 66. 10 9.3 75. 57 9.3 77. 45 9.3 72. 44 1 82. 50 1 84. 46 1 79. 39 2 89. 52 2 91. 48 2 86. 48 3 96. 56 3 98. 59 3 94. 01 8.4 103. 49 8.4 105. 53 8.4 101. 08 Declin . 34   35   36   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 8.4 69. 53 8.4 67. 46 8.4 65. 37 1 63. 25 1 61. 24 1 59. 20 2 57. 26 2 55. 31 2 53. 41 3 51. 57 3 50. 08 3 48. 19 7.5 46. 54 7.5 45. 14 7.5 43. 32 1 42. 2● 1 40. 47 1 39. 13 2 38. 09 2 36. 43 2 35. 17 3 34. 21 3 33. 00 3 31. 42 6.6 30. 52 6.6 29. 39 6.6 28. 25 1 27. 39 1 26. 31 1 25. 23 2 24. 47 2 23. 38 2 22. 35 3 21. 55 3 20. 57 3 19. 58 5.7 19. 20 5.7 18. 25 5.7 17. 31 1 16. 53 1 16. 02 1 15 ▪ 11 2 14. 34 2 13. 46 2 12. 59 3 12. 21 3 11. 36 3 10. 52 4.8 10. 13 4.8 9. 3● 4.8 8. 49 1 8. 09 1 7. 30 1 6. 50 2 6. 09 2 5. 31 2 4. 54 3 4. 11 3 3. 35 3 3. 00 3.9 2. 14 3.9 1. 40 3.9 1. 07         Sub.   sub . 1 0. 08 1 0. 14 1 0. 46   sub .             2 1. 37 2 2. 08 2 2. 39 3 3. 33 3 4. 03 3 4. 33 2.18 5. 31 2.10 6. 00 2.10 6. 29 1 7. 30 1 7. 59 1 8. 27 2 9. 33 2 10. 00 2 10. 29 3 11. 40 3 12. 07 3 12. 35 1.11 13. 51 1.11 14. 18 1.11 14. 47 1 16. 08 1 16. 36 1 17. 05 2 18. 32 2 19. 01 2 19. 31 3 21. 04 3 21. 35 3 22. 06 12 23. 47 11.1 24. 19 12 24. 52 1 26. 41 1 27. 15 1 27. 51 2 29. 49 2 30. 26 2 31. 05 3 33. 12 2 33. 53 3 34. 36 11.1 36. 54 12 37. 40 11.1 38. 31 1 40. 57 1 41. 48 1 42. 43 2 45. 23 2 46. 22 2 47. 24 3 50. 16 3 51. 23 3 52. 34 10.2 55. 37 11.1 56. 53 10.2 58. 15 1 61. 40 1 62. 53 1 64. 26 2 67. 42 2 69. 23 2 71. 07 3 74. 30 3 76. 17 3 78. 13 9.3 81. 34 9.3 83. 31 9.3 85. 34 1 88. 50 1 90. 54 1 93. 04 2 96 07 2 98. 14 2 100. 28 3 103. 16 3 105. 24 3 107. 37 Declin . 37   38   39   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 3 70. 12 3 68. 05 3 65. 55 8.4 63. 30 8.4 61. 28 8.4 59. 23 1 57. 19 1 55. 24 1 53. 26 2 51. 4 2 49. 52 2 48. 02 3 46. 32 3 44. 52 3 43. 11 7.5 41. 54 7.5 40. 22 7.5 38. 48 1 37. 42 1 36. 17 1 34. 55 2 33. 53 2 32. 35 2 31. 16 3 30. 24 3 29. 13 3 28. 00 6.6 27. 13 6.6 26. 07 6.6 25. 00 1 24. 17 1 23. 16 2 22. 14 2 21. 33 2 20. 37 3 19. 40 3 19. 01 3 18. 09 1 17. 16 5.7 16. 38 5.7 15. 49 5.7 14. 59 1 14. 22 1 13. 37 1 12. 51 2 12. 13 2 11. 30 2 10. 48 3 10. 09 3 9. 29 3 8. 49 4.8 8. 09 4.8 7. 31 4.8 6. 54 1 6. 12 1 5. 37 1 5. 02 2 4. 18 2 3. 45 2 3. 11 3 2. 26 3 1. 54 3 1. 23               Sub. 3.9 0. 35 3.9 0. 05 3.9 0. 26   sub .   Sub.       1 1. 16 1 1. 45 1 2. 14 2 3. 08 2 3. 36 2 4. 03 3 5. 01 3 5. 28 3 5. 54 2.10 6. 56 2.10 7. 22 2.10 7. 48 1 8. 54 1 9. 19 1 9. 44 2 10. 55 2 11. 21 2 11. 45 3 13. 01 3 13. 26 3 13. 51 1.11 15. 13 1.11 15. 40 1.11 16. 03 1 17. 31 1 17. 58 1 18. 22 2 19. 58 2 20. 25 2 20. 51 3 22. 34 3 22. 03 3 23. 31 12 25. 23 12 25. 53 12 26. 23 1 28. 24 1 28. 57 1 29. 30 2 31. 41 2 32. 18 2 32. 55 3 35. 17 3 35. 58 3 36. 40 11.1 39. 14 11.1 40. 01 11.1 40. 49 2 43. 36 1 44. 30 1 45. 25 1 48. 25 2 49. 27 2 50. 31 3 53. 45 3 54. 56 3 56. 10 10.2 59. 35 10.2 60. 58 10.2 62. 24 1 65. 58 1 67. 32 1 69. 11 2 71. 52 2 74. 36 2 76. 26 3 80. 07 3 82. 02 3 84. 03 9.3 87. 02 9.3 89. 42 9.3 91. 50 1 95. 13 1 97. 21 1 99. 33 2 102. 40 2 104. 49 2 107. 02 Declin . 40   41   42   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 3 63. 48 2 68. 31 2 66. 20 8.4 57. 22 3 61. 37 3 59. 32 1 51. 32 8.4 55. 18 8.4 53. 21 2 46. 17 1 49. 37 1 47. 47 3 41. 33 2 44. 31 2 42. 49 7.5 37. 18 3 39. 55 3 38. 23 1 33. 28 7.5 35. 49 7.5 34. 22 2 30. 00 1 32. 06 1 30. 48 3 26. 50 2 28. 45 2 27. 33 6.6 23. 56 3 24. 59 3 24. 35 1 21. 19 6.6 22. 52 6.6 21. 52 2 18. 46 1 20. 16 1 19 21 3 16. 15 2 17. 51 2 17. 01 5.7 14. 13 3 15. 35 3 14. 47 1 12. 08 5.7 13. 26 5.7 12. 43 2 10. 07 1 11. 23 1 10. 42 3 8. 10 2 9. 26 2 8. 47 4.8 6. 18 3 7. 33 3 6. 56 1 4. 28 4.8 5. 42 4.8 5. 08 2 2. 40 1 3. 55 1 3. 24 3 0. 53 2 2. 09 2 1. 40   sub .         sub . 3.9 0. 54 3 0. 24 3 0. 04         Sub.       1 2. 40 3.9 1. 22 3.9 1. 48 2 4. 29 1 3. 08 1 3. 32 3 6. 19 2 4. 54 2 5. 18 2.10 8. 11 3 6. 43 3 7. 06 1 10. 07 2.10 8. 34 2.10 8. 57 2 12. 8 1 10. 31 1 10. 52 3 14. 13 2 12. 3● 2 12. 53 1.11 16. 15 3 14. 37 3 14. 57 1 18. 46 1.11 16. 50 11.1 17. 11 2 21. 19 1 19. 11 1 19. 33 3 23. 57 2 21. 41 2 2● .04 12 26. 52 3 24. 24 3 24 .48 1 30. 01 12 27. 31 12 27. 49 2 23. 29 1 30. 34 1 31. 04 3 37. 20 2 34. 07 2 34. 42 11.1 41. 31 3 38. 02 3 38. 43 1 46. 18 11.1 42. 24 11.1 43. 11 2 51. 34 1 47. 17 1 48. 13 3 57. 24 2 52. 42 2 53. 48 10.2 63. 49 3 58. 44 3 60. 02 1 70. 49 10.2 65. 23 8.4 67. 14 2 78. 17 1 72. 35 1 74. 20 3 86. 04 2 89. 16 2 82. 13 9.3 93. 58 3 88. 13 3 90. 21 1 101. 45 9.3 96. 13 9.3 98. 26 2 109. 13 1 104. 03 1 106. 17 Declin . 43   44   45   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 2 64. 06 2 61. 53 2 66. 51 3 57. 24 3 55. 18 3 59. 38 8.4 51. 21 8.4 49. 24 8.4 53. 14 1 45. 57 1 44. 09 1 47. 30 2 41. 08 2 39. 29 2 42. 24 3 36. 50 3 35. 20 3 37. 54 7.5 32. 59 7 5 31. 36 7.5 33. 52 1 29. 31 1 28. 15 1 30. 17 2 26. 22 2 25. 13 2 27. 02 3 23. 30 3 22. 27 3 24. 07 6.6 20. 52 6.6 19. 54 6.6 21. 26 1 18. 26 1 17. 32 1 18. 58 2 16. 09 2 15. 19 2 16. 41 3 14. 00 3 13. 19 3 14. 32 5.7 11. 58 5.7 11. 16 5.7 12. 31 1 10. 02 1 9. 23 1 10. 36 2 8. 11 2 7. 34 2 8. 46 3 6. 22 3 5. 48 3 6. 59 4.8 4. 37 4.8 4. 05 4.8 5. 16 1 2. 53 1 2. 24 1 3. 37 2 1. 11 2 0. 43 2 1. 56   sub .   Sub.       3 0. 34 3 0. 57 3 0. 17               sub . 3 9 2. 13 3.9 2. 38 3.9 1. 21 1 3. 56 1 4. 19 1 3. 01 2 5. 41 2 6. 03 1 4. 41 3 7. 28 3 7. 49 2 6. 23 2.10 9. 17 2.10 9. 39 3 8. 08 1 11. 13 1 11. 32 2.10 9. 57 2 13. 12 2 13. 32 1 11. 50 3 15. 18 3 15. 37 2 13. 49 1.11 17. 31 1.11 17. 51 3 15. 55 1 19. 54 1 20. 14 1.11 18. 09 2 22. 28 2 22. 49 1 20. 34 3 25. 14 3 25. 37 2 23. 09 12 28. 16 11.1 28. 42 3 25. 58 1 31. 36 1 32. 06 12 29. 08 2 35. 18 2 35. 52 1 32. 34 3 39. 25 3 40. 06 2 36. 26 11.1 44. 01 12 44. 50 3 40. 47 1 49. 11 1 50. 10 11.1 45. 39 2 54. 59 2 56. 10 1 51. 10 3 61. 25 3 62. 50 2 57. 22 10.2 68. 31 11.1 70. 11 3 64. 17 1 76. 11 1 78. 05 10.2 71. 53 2 84. 16 2 86. 22 1 80. 02 3 92. 32 3 94. 47 2 88. 31 9.3 100. 43 9.3 103. 02 3 97. 03 1 108. 35 1 110. 52 9.3 105. 21 Declin . 46   47   48   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 1 64. 32 1 62. 10 1 59. 54 2 57. 29 2 55. 15 2 53. 08 3 51. 12 3 49. 08 3 47. 10 8.4 45. 37 8.4 43. 43 8.4 41. 56 1 40. 41 1 38. 57 1 37. 20 2 36. 20 2 34. 45 2 33. 17 3 32. 27 3 31. 01 3 29. 41 7.5 28. 59 7.5 27. 41 7.5 26. 28 1 25. 52 1 24. 41 1 23. 35 2 23. 02 2 21. 57 2 20. 57 3 20. 27 3 19. 27 3 18. 32 6.6 18. 04 6.6 17. 09 6.6 16. 19 1 15. 51 1 15. 01 1 14. 14 2 13. 46 2 13. 00 2 12. 18 3 11. 49 3 11. 06 3 10. 28 5.7 9. 57 5.7 9. 18 5.7 9. 9 1 8. 09 1 7. 33 1 6. 59 2 6. 25 2 5. 52 2 4. 40 3 4. 44 3 4. 14 3 3. 45 4.8 3. 06 4.8 2. 38 4.8 2. 11 1 1. 28 1 1. 02 1 0. 37   Sub.   sub .   sub . 2 0. 08 2 0. 33 2 0. 56 3 1. 45 3 2. 08 3 2. 29 3.9 3. 23 3.9 3. 44 3.9 3. 58 1 5. 02 1 4. 16 1 4. 07 2 6. 44 2 7. 02 2 7. 20 3 8. 28 3 8. 45 3 9. 02 2.10 10. 16 2.10 10. 33 2.10 10. 48 1 12. 09 1 12. 25 1 12. 40 2 14. 08 2 14. 24 2 14. 39 3 16. 14 3 16. 30 3 16. 45 1.11 18. 29 1.11 18. 45 1.11 19. 01 1 20. 53 1 21. 11 1 21. 27 2 23. 31 2 23. 50 2 24. 08 3 26. 24 3 26. 45 3 27. 05 12 29. 33 12 29. 58 12 30. 22 1 33. 06 1 33. 38 1 34. 03 2 37. 04 2 37. 38 2 38. 12 3 41. 31 3 42. 13 3 42. 56 11.1 46. 34 11.1 47. 25 11.1 48. 18 1 52. 15 1 53. 20 1 54. 25 2 58. 41 2 60. 00 2 61. 21 3 65. 51 3 67. 26 3 69. 04 10.2 73. 43 10.2 75. 34 10.2 77. 29 1 82. 06 1 84. 13 1 86. 23 2 90. 47 2 93. 05 2 95. 33 3 99. 25 3 101. 41 3 104. 15 9.3 107. 44 9.3 109. 06 9.3 112. 33 Declin . 49   50   51   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 9.3 95. 5 9.3 62. 35 9.3 60. 13 1 57. 38 1 55. 18 1 53. 05 2 51. 02 2 48. 53 2 46. 50 3 45. 02 3 43. 17 3 41. 26 8.4 40 11 8.4 38. 25 8.4 36. 44 1 35. 45 1 34. 09 1 32. 38 2 31. 51 2 30. 24 2 29. 02 3 28. 23 3 27. 04 3 25. 51 7.5 25. 17 7.5 24. 06 7.5 22. 59 1 22. 30 1 21. 25 1 20. 24 2 19. 58 2 18. 59 2 18. 04 3 17. 39 3 16. 45 3 15. 54 6.6 15. 30 6.6 14. 41 6.6 13. 54 1 13. 30 1 12. 44 1 12. 02 2 11. 36 2 10. 55 2 10. 16 3 9. 49 3 9. 11 3 8. 35 5.7 8. 06 5.7 7. 31 5.7 6. 58 1 6. 27 1 5. 55 1 5. 26 2 4. 52 2 4 22 2 3. 54 3 3. 18 3 2 50 3 2. 25 4.8 1. 45 4.8 1. 57 4.8 0. 57         sub .   sub . 1 0. 14 1 0. 10 1 0. 35   sub .             2 1. 17 2 1. 40 2 1. 59 3 2. 50 3 3. 10 3 3. 28 3.9 4. 23 3.9 4. 42 3.9 4. 57 1 5. 58 1 6. 15 1 6. 31 2 7. 34 2 7. 52 2 8. 06 3 9. 17 3 9. 31 3 9. 45 2.10 11. 03 2.10 11. 18 2.10 11. 30 1 12. 55 1 13. 09 1 13. 20 2 14. 52 2 15. 06 2 15. 18 3 16. 59 3 17. 13 3 17. 24 1.11 19. 15 1.11 19. 29 1.11 19. 41 1 21. 43 1 21. 58 1 22. 11 2 24. 25 2 24. 43 2 24. 57 3 27. 25 3 27. 45 3 28. 03 12 30. 45 12 31. 08 12 31. 30 1 34. 31 1 35. 01 1 35. 27 2 38. 47 2 39. 24 2 39. 58 3 43. 39 3 44. 25 3 45. 09 11.1 49. 12 11.1 50. 11 11.1 51. 08 1 55. 33 1 56. 48 1 58. 00 2 62. 45 2 64. 17 2 65. 48 3 70. 46 3 72. 37 3 74. 27 10.2 79. 28 10.2 81. 38 10.2 83. 47 1 88. 36 1 91. 00 1 93. 19 2 97. 48 2 100. 20 2 102. 50 3 106. 40 3 109. 14 3 111. 43 Declin . 52   53   54   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 3 65. 31 3 63. 15 3 60. 38 9.3 57. 49 9.3 55. 27 9.3 53. 01 1 50. 51 1 48. 40 1 46. 28 2 44. 49 2 42. 50 2 40. 51 3 39. 36 3 37. 49 3 36. 02 8.4 35. 05 8.4 33. 29 8.4 31. 53 1 31. 09 1 29. 42 1 28. 17 2 27. 42 2 26. 24 2 25. 07 3 24. 38 3 23. 27 3 22. 18 7.5 21. 54 7.5 20. 50 7.5 19. 47 1 19. 25 1 18. 28 1 17. 30 2 17. 10 2 16. 17 2 15. 25 3 15. 05 3 14. 17 3 13. 30 6.6 13. 09 6.6 12. 26 6.6 11. 43 1 11. 21 1 10. 41 1 10. 02 2 9. 38 2 9. 02 2 8. 26 3 8. 01 3 7. 27 3 6. 55 5.7 6. 27 5.7 5. 57 5.7 5. 27 1 4. 54 1 4. 30 1 4. 01 2 3. 27 2 3. 02 2 2. 38 3 2. 00 3 1. 38 3 1. 15               sub . 4.8 0. 35 4.8 0. 14 4.8 0. 07   Sub.   Sub.       1 0. 51 1 1. 10 1 1. 29 2 2. 17 2 2. 34 2 2. 51 3 3. 45 3 4. 00 3 4. 15 3.9 5. 13 3.9 5. 27 3.9 5. 41 1 6. 44 1 6. 57 1 7. 10 2 8. 19 2 8. 30 2 8. 42 3 9. 57 3 10. 08 3 10. 18 2.10 11. 41 2.10 11. 51 2.10 12. 00 1 13. 31 1 13. 40 1 13. 49 2 15. 28 2 15. 37 2 15. 46 3 17. 35 3 17. 42 3 17. 53 1.11 19. 52 1.11 20. 02 1.11 20. 12 1 22. 23 1 22. 34 1 22. 45 2 25. 11 2 25. 23 2 25. 37 3 28. 19 3 28. 33 3 28. 51 12 31. 51 12 32. 12 12 32. 32 1 35. 54 1 36. 19 1 36. 48 2 40. 32 2 41. 06 2 41. 44 3 45. 54 3 46. 39 3 47. 30 11.1 52. 07 11.1 53. 06 11.1 54. 14 1 59. 16 1 60. 34 1 62. 02 2 67. 25 2 69. 03 2 70. 54 3 76. 24 3 78. 25 3 80. 38 10.2 86. 02 10.2 88. 21 10.2 90. 42 1 95. 51 1 98. 22 1 101. 04 2 105. 23 2 107. 58 2 110. 41 Declin 55   56   57   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 3 58. 08 3 63. 57 3 61. 12 9.3 50. 43 9.3 55. 34 9.3 53. 00 1 44. 22 1 48. 22 1 46. 03 2 38. 58 2 42. 16 2 40. 11 3 34. 21 3 27. 05 3 35. 15 8.4 30. 23 8.4 32. 41 8.4 31. 02 1 26. 56 1 28. 53 1 27. 26 2 23. 54 2 25. 36 2 24. 18 3 21. 13 3 22. 42 3 21. 32 7.5 18. 48 7.5 20. 08 5.7 19. 05 1 16. 37 1 17. 50 2 16. 53 2 14. 37 2 15. 44 1 14. 53 3 12. 46 3 13. 49 2 13. 03 6.6 11. 03 6.6 12. 03 3 11. 20 1 9. 25 1 10. 23 6.6 9. 44 2 7. 53 2 8. 49 1 8. 14 3 6. 25 3 7. 20 3 6. 48 3.7 4. 59 3.7 5. 54 3.7 5. 26 1 3. 36 1 4. 32 2 4. 06 2 2. 15 2 3. 11 1 2. 48 3 0. 55 3 1. 53 3 1. 31   sub .             4.8 0. 26 4.8 0. 34 4.8 0. 15         sub .   sub . 1 1. 45 1 0. 41 1 1. 01 2 3. 06 2 2. 02 2 2. 17 3 4. 29 3 3. 21 3 3. 34 3.9 5. 53 3.9 4. 42 3.9 4. 53 1 7. 21 1 6. 05 1 6. 15 2 8. 51 2 7. 31 2 7. 39 3 10. 27 3 9. 00 3 9. 08 2.10 12. 08 2.10 10. 35 2.10 10. 41 1 13. 56 1 12. 15 1 12. 21 2 15. 53 2 14. 03 2 14. 07 3 18. 00 3 15. 58 3 16. 04 1.11 20. 19 1.11 18. 06 1.11 18. 11 1 22. 54 1 20. 26 1 20. 31 2 25. 48 2 23. 02 2 23. 09 3 29. 05 3 25. 58 3 26. 07 12 32. 51 12 29. 19 12 29. 32 1 37. 13 1 33. 10 1 33. 28 2 42. 19 2 37. 40 2 38. 07 3 48. 18 3 42. 56 3 43. 35 11.1 55. 20 11.1 49. 10 11.1 50. 05 2 63. 28 1 56. 30 1 57. 46 1 72. 44 2 65. 03 2 66. 43 3 82. 51 3 74. 43 3 76. 51 10.2 93. 23 10.2 85. 15 10.2 87. 47 1 103. 43 1 96. 03 1 98. 50 2 113. 19 2 106. 29 2 109. 21 Declin . 58   59   60   ° ′   ° ′   ° ′ 2 58. 30 1 64. 26 1 61. 59 3 50. 32 2 55. 44 2 53. 04 9.3 43. 50 3 48. 01 3 45. 37 1 38. 13 9.3 41. 35 9.3 39. 28 2 33. 30 1 36. 14 1 34. 22 3 29. 29 2 31. 45 2 30. 06 8.4 26. 03 3 27. 56 3 26. 29 1 23. 04 8.4 24. 40 8.4 23. 23 2 20. 26 1 21. 50 1 20. 41 3 18. 05 2 19. 20 2 18. 18 7.5 15. 59 3 17. 06 3 16. 11 1 14. 04 7.5 15. 05 7.5 14. 16 2 12. 18 1 13. 16 1 12. 31 3 10. 41 2 11. 35 2 10. 54 6.6 9. 08 3 10. 01 3 9. 24 1 7. 42 6.6 8. 32 6.6 8. 00 2 6. 19 1 7. 09 1 6. 39 3 4. 58 2 5. 39 2 5. 23 5.7 3. 42 3 4. 33 3 4. 08 1 2. 26 5.7 3. 18 5.7 2. 56 2 1. 11 1 2. 05 1 1. 24   sub .             3 0. 02 2 0. 53 2 0. 35         sub .   sub . 4.8 1. 16 3 0. 19 3 0. 34 1 2. 31 4.8 1. 31 4.8 1. 44 2 3. 46 1 2. 44 1 2. 55 3 5. 04 2 3. 57 2 4. 07 3.9 6. 24 3 5. 13 3 5. 21 1 7. 47 3.9 6. 32 3.9 6. 38 2 9. 14 1 7. 53 1 7. 58 3 10. 46 2 9. 18 2 9. 23 2.10 12. 25 3 10. 50 3 10. 53 1 14. 11 2.10 12. 28 2.10 12. 30 2 16. 07 1 14. 13 2 14. 14 3 18. 14 2 16. 09 2 16. 09 1.11 20. 35 3 18. 16 3 18. 16 1 23. 14 1.11 20. 37 1.11 20. 39 2 26. 15 1 23. 18 1 23. 21 3 29. 43 2 26. 22 2 26. 23 12 33. 46 3 29. 54 3 30. 03 1 38. 32 12 34. 03 12 34. 19 2 44. 13 1 38. 58 1 39. 24 3 50. 59 2 44. 53 2 45. 31 11.1 59. 02 3 51. 57 3 52. 57 1 68. 27 11.1 60. 26 11.1 61. 52 2 79. 03 1 70. 19 1 72. 17 3 90. 21 2 81. 25 2 83. 53 10.2 101. 38 3 93. 57 3 95. 57 1 112. 11 10.2 104. 37 10.2 107. 35 A Table for East and West Dials .   ° ′ 11 00. 00 1 03. 45 2 07. 30 3 11. 15 10 15. 00 1 18. 45 2 22. 30 3 26. 15 9 30. 00 1 33. 45 2 37. 30 3 41. 15 8 45. 00 1 48. 45 2 52. 30 3 56. 15 7 60. 00 1 63. 45 2 67. 30 3 72. 15 ERRATA . PAge 39. line 7. for 47° . 08′ . read 48° . 08′ . p. 40. l. 19. for 3° . 57′ . r. 63° . 57′ . p. 42. l. 23. for 46° . 35′ . r. 86° . 35′ . p. 42. l. 25. for 10° . 00′ . r. 100° . 00′ . p. 44. l. last , for 69° . 31′ . r. 99° . 31′ . p. 45. l. 11. for 23° . 28′ . r. 23° . 58′ . p. 47. l. 18. for 9° . 3′ . r. 9° . 31′ ▪ 
A70606	----	Sciothericum telescopicum, or, A new contrivance of adapting a telescope to an horizontal dial for observing the moment of time by day or night useful in all astronomical observations, and for regulating and adjusting curious pendulum-watches and other time-keepers, with proper tables requisite thereto / by William Molyneux ... Molyneux, William, 1656-1698. 1686 Approx. 281 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 52 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2008-09 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A70606 Wing M2406A ESTC R10281 12533872 ocm 12533872 62821 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A70606) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 62821) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 769:2 or 1729:25) Sciothericum telescopicum, or, A new contrivance of adapting a telescope to an horizontal dial for observing the moment of time by day or night useful in all astronomical observations, and for regulating and adjusting curious pendulum-watches and other time-keepers, with proper tables requisite thereto / by William Molyneux ... Molyneux, William, 1656-1698. [10], 54, [37] p., 1 folded leaf of plates. Printed by Andrew Crook and Samuel Helsham ..., and are to be sold by W. Norman ..., and S. Helsham and El. Dobson ..., Dublin : 1686. This item appears at reel 769:2 incorrectly identified as Wing M2406, and at reel 1729:25 as Wing M2406A. 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Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Chronograph -- Early works to 1800. Time measurements -- Early works to 1800. Astronomical instruments. 2007-02 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2007-03 Aptara Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2007-07 Pip Willcox Sampled and proofread 2007-07 Pip Willcox Text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion Sciothericum Telescopicum ; OR , A New Contrivance of Adapting a TELESCOPE TO AN Horizontal Dial FOR OBSERVING The moment of Time by Day or Night : Useful in all Astronomical Observations , and for Regulating and Adjusting Curious Pendulum-Watches and other Time-Keepers , With proper Tables Requisite thereto . By William Molyneux Esq Fellow of the Royal Society , and of that in Dublin . DVBLIN , Printed by Andrew Crook and Samuel Helsham , at the Printing-House on Ormond-Key ; and are to be sold by W. Norman in Dame-street , and S. Helsham and El. Dobson Booksellers in Castle-street , 1686. TO HIS EXCELLENCY Henry Earl of Clarendon , LORD Lieutenant General , AND GENERAL GOVERNOUR OF His MAJESTIES Kingdom OF IRELAND . THe great Honour Your Excellency was pleased to shew Our Society in accepting Our Congratulation at Your happy Arrival and Settlement in the Government of this Kingdom , and in giving us Your Incouragement in prosecuting our Philosophical Designs , does necessarily require from us all possible Returns of Gratitude . And though what I now Present Your Excellency may seem unfit to begin withal , yet I could not omit this opportunity of expressing to Your Lordship the deep sense I have of Your Favours to us , and to Philosophy . And certainly , my Lord , True Philosophy does highly deserve Encouragement from the Wise , the Great , and Powerful ; the most Learned Universities have at all times made Natural Philosophy and Mathematicks a great Branch of their Literature , and we see how universaly Academick Knowledge has been approved of by the great Encouragement and large Priviledges the Schools have received from our Wisest Princes , and by the general agreement of the most sober and considerate men , in sending their Youth to receive their Education therein . This shews how universaly Philosophick Learning has been approved ; and the only Question that can be raised at present is , Whether the Natural Philosophy formerly professed in the Schools , or that which is at present prosecuted by the Societies lately Instituted in several the most noted parts of Europe , be the True Philosophy , or method of Investigating Nature . But surely this will be no longer a doubt , when we consider how unsatisfactory were the ancient Notions of Philosophy , which then consisted rather in Disputes , and Verbose empty Stuff , than in any Curious Discovery of Natures Actions . If a man could prove Pro and Con , whatever was proposed , and maintain this Dispute for two or three hours by vain Distinctions and idle Evasions , he presently gain'd the Name of a Philosopher , tho all the while he had no manner of Notions in his Brain answerable to those senseless words he threw out . I would fain know , what Notion any man has of Light upon pronouncing the definition of it , Actus Perspicui quatenus Perspicuum , does he hereby in the least understand any of the properties of Light , or how 't is affected by Refraction or Reflection ? or does this Definition lead him to improve Light for the advancement and help of our senses , or other advantage of mankind ? And now , my Lord , if this kind of Philosophy which formerly fill'd our Schools were look'd upon as deserving the Favour of the Great , how much more shall the present useful Enquiries of the Ingenious deserve Incouragement ? But that this may be made a little more evident ( though I am perswaded 't is sufficiently manifest already to Your Excellencys Discerning Judgment ) I shall crave leave to be more particular in this matter ; And I shall begin with one of the most Considerable and Vniversal Concerns of Mans Life , I mean Navigation , wherein the Philosophy of the Moderns has been very much Exercised ; The Magnet by its Caprichious Variations is at present in several parts of the World rendred almost useless ; but diligent search is daily made after its Vagarys , that we may not be deprived of the unspeakable benefit of one of the most surprising Phenomenas in Nature . Certainly men might have Disputed from Age to Age of Sympathy , Antipathy , and the Occult Qualities of the Loadstone , before they should ever arrive to the Knowledge or Rectification of one of these Exorbitances , which diligent Experimental Philosophy presently discovers , and further Experiments may hope to Rectify . In relation likewise no Navigation are all the Enquiries into the Theory of the Tides , and the Moons motion , all the Endeavours for the Longitude , and the Diligence used to Rectify Astronomy . The Philosophy of Hydraulicks and Hydrostaticks tends to the great Emolument and Pleasure of Mankind , no place being habitable without Water , and Curious Fountains adorn the Gardens and Houses of the Greatest Princes . Agriculture , and the Philosophy relating to Earth and Vegitation , is of universal extent over the face of the World ; and how mightily it has been lately prosecuted , is evident from the Incomparable Works of Mr. Evelyn and others . By the Doctrine of Light , and the Properties thereof , our most Noble Sense has been Improved to an Acuteness some thousands of degrees beyond its natural Abilities ; and the Telescope and Microscope discover to us new Worlds and Animals , extending the Creation farther than 't was possible for the Ancients to imagine . There is no state of Life that is not concern'd in Meteorology , or the Philosophy of the Weather . And all that have heard of the late contrived Baroscopes , Hygroscopes , Thermoters , &c. may plainly perceive what Endeavours have been made towards it , and their success . I might proceed on , and fill a Volume with Instances to Your Excellency of the usefulness of an Active Experimental Philosophy ; but I stop my hand , and shall only declare in short , that from this alone we are to expect advancements in the most important concerns of humane life ; the Virtues of Animals , Plants and Minerals for the health of mans Body , Architecture Civil and Military for the pleasure and security of his life ; all kind of Machines and Movements for the increase and due application of his strength , proceed from this kind of Philosophy , which consists in Actions , not in Words , and prosecutes and sometimes Improves Nature by the same steps that she her self acts by . And indeed , my Lord , if we consider Nature as an Active Principle , we must needs acknowledge that she is to be prosecuted by Action , and not by Verbose Disputes ; There is nothing that the mind of man will not find something to say for or against all day long ; and therefore of the School-Disputes there is no end ; but Experiment is matter of Fact , and strikes the Senses so forcibly , that there is no opposing it . Who is it that will now question the force of Gun-powder , or whether the Mercury rise and fall in the Baroscope at fair or foul Weather ? 'T is therefore this Philosophy ( may it please Your Excellency ) that deserves Favour and Incouragement from the Powerful and Wise ; and as God has made all things in number , measure , and weight , that Learning which teaches us the affections of number and measure , as being the Foundation on which true Philosophy is to be superstructed , is chiefly to be respected . There is no part of Philosophy wherein the Mathematicks are not deeply ingredient , and on them depend the Arts of War as the Delights of Peace , and even Sacred Theology it self is in a great measure beholding hereto for its help , if we consider how far the Chronology of the Holy Scriptures is help'd out by Astronomy , and the Doctrine of Eclipses . And as I have presumed to detain Your Excellency thus long , in declaring how true Philosophy deserves Your Protection , so give me leave to add one word more in declaring how Your Excellency deserves the Tutelage of true Philosophy . Your Illustrious Father , of Happy Memory , was no unactive Speculative Philosopher , but was zealous and forward in promoting the Noble Design of the Royal Society , as appears to his immortal Praise in their Incomparable History , and by their Electing him , and his willing Complyance to be their Protector . Neither did he only countenance Philosophy by his Authority and Favour , but actually drew the Sword in its defence against the great Sea Monster that would have destroy'd the Virgin ; as is manifest from his Learned and Ingenious Treatise against the Leviathan . All the World that know Your Lordship , must acknowledge that this and other his extraordinary Virtues are entail'd on Your Excellency , who has not buried the Talent in a Napkin , but improved it to an high degree . Your Excellency has Honoured the Royal Society by being one of their Number , and their last years Council was compleated by Your being one of them . So that upon all occasions Your Excellency has shewn Your Self a zealous Patron of Learning and Ingenuity ; and though I dare not on either score challenge Your Excellency's Protection of what I here present You , for I am afraid to trust my own Judgment in my own Concern ; yet I will presume to implore Your Favour towards it as 't is new , and not disliked by some Ingenious Men to whom I have shewn it . Whether it may deserve Your Excellency's Countenance for its Vse and Advantage , I leave to Your own discerning Thought , after Your Lordship is pleased to consider what I offer in the First and Second Chapters . However , this I will venture to assert before-hand , that as Clocks or Time-keepers by Wheels and Weights have been an ancient Invention , ( if we believe Severinus Boethius to be the first Author of them , 't is above 1100 years ago ) yet in these later days they have received a most high advancement ( to the immortal glory of M nsr Hugens . ) by the addition of a plain and simple Swag or Pendulum ; since the days of Hezekiah , wherein we first find Dials mentioned , I have not heard of a more plain and easy addition for the advancement of Dials , and inlarging and ascertaining their Vse , than what I here propose . And though I shall not be so vain , as to expect its sudden propagation , or any great Glory from the Contrivance ; yet if I can be so happy as thereby to Divert and Please Your Excellency , and in some measure to purchase Your Favour , 't is the highest Ambition of Your Excellencies Most Obedient Humble Servant , WILL. MOLYNEVX . Dublin , April 17. 1686. Sciothericum Telescopicum , OR , A New Contrivance of Adapting a Telescope To a large Horizontal Dial , for observing the moment of Time by Day or Night . CHAP. I. The Vse and Advantages of this Contrivance . EVery one the least versed in Astronomy , does know of what great Concernment the Observation of the exact Moment of Time is therein . Without this no Celestial Observation can be performed Accurately , and Astronomy is like to receive but little advancements . Hereby the Tables Astronomical are approved or rejected , and Calculations found true or false . So that whatever advantages we propose to our selves by a Correct Astronomy , we shall find our present Indeavour to be helpful towards them . And certainly there are some signal uses expected from it , since so many Kings , Princes , States , and Learned Men in all Ages , particularly our late and our present Soveraign of Great-Brittain , The present French King , and formerly some Kings of Denmark , have been at such great expences both of Time , Labour , and Charges , for the advancement thereof . But I shall pass by all other excellent uses that are expected from an Accurate Theory of the motions of the Heavenly Bodies , and shall only insist on one particular , wherein the Observation of the exact Moment of Time does more immediately tend to the use of mankind . We all know how universaly the whole World is concern'd in Navigation and Commerce , by Ships flying before the winds , and floating on the Seas ; Nation converses with Nation , as every man with another by words flying in the Air ; by this , Civility , Learning , and all Politeness is propagated ; we are made acquainted with one anothers Laws , Constitutions and Manners , we mutually reap the Fruits of each others Countrys , and are no longer Strangers , but Fellow-Citizens of the World. And for all these advantages ( at least for our more securely reaping these benefits ) we are in a great measure , if not wholly , beholding to Astronomy . For whoever has but inquired into the first Rudiments of that Science , does very well know , how far the determination of the Longitude of places , and consequently the advancement of Geography and Navigation depends thereon . But whether this be attempted by Eclipses of the Sun , Moon , or Stars , or by the Immersions and Emersions of Jupiter's Satellits into or from his shadow , or by the Pendulum Clock , at Sea , &c. In all these methods the Observation of the exact Moment of time is necessary , for otherwise the Horary distance of the place of Observation , and consequently the distance on the Aequator , or Longitude , from an assigned place shall be uncertain . CHAP. II. Of the Methods used for observing the Exact Moment of Time , and their Inconveniencies and Troubles . THE common ways used by Astronomers for observing the Time are , either by Dials , or by taking the Suns Altitude by day , or by the Altitude of fixt Stars by night , taken by large and accurate Instruments ; or by observing the Altitude and Azimuth of the Sun or Stars , or lastly by the transits of Sun or Stars cross the Meridian , or the coming of some of the Circum-Polar Stars in the same Vertical with the Pole-Star . All these methods have their inconveniences , or at least , are attended with far greater trouble than that which I shall propose . And first for Dials , unless they be very large they will not admit of divisions so minute , as are requisite to the nice determination of the Time , as into minutes , half-minutes , and quarter-minutes . And when they are so large as to admit such , the uncertain shadow that is cast from a long Gnomon renders them useless for such niceness ; for though your Dial have on it every quarter-minute , the most accurate eye cannot tell where the shadow determines to a minute . Another grand defect of Dials is , that they serve only in the day-time , and that too , when the Sun shines out intensely . So that for the night ( which is the chief time of Astronomical Observation ) Dials are perfectly useless . Perhaps I need say no more to recommend my present contrivance , then to assert that it clearly takes off both these inconveniences . For thereby the larger the Dial is , and the more minute the divisions are , the more accurately is the Time observed . A long Gnomon in our way hinders not at all , nor is there any uncertainty from a Penumbra . And moreover 't is adapted as well to serve by the Stars at night , as by the Sun in the day , and gives the hour almost by inspection at a Star , as at the Sun. And withal has this advantage , that when the Sun is over-clouded , so as but just to be seen faintly , and casts no shadow at all on a Dial ; yet in our way , if he be in the least perceivable by the eye , the Time may be exactly told by him . I cannot say that there are inconveniences in observing the Time , by taking the Sun or Stars Altitudes and Azimuths by day and night ; and yet if we reckon trouble an inconvenience , these methods are not free from it . For , besides the difficulty and charge of obtaining Instruments large and accurate enough for doing these , and the dexterity and long practice that is requisite for rightly managing them : This method is attended by the trouble of Calculating the most difficult of oblique spherical Triangles , viz. that wherein three sides are given to find an Angle ; and this , if the observation be by the Altitude of the Sun in day-time ; for by the Altitudes of Stars by night , the Calculation is yet more tedious and troublesome . And if so , what a toil must it be to suppute twenty or thirty of these in a night ? Besides , the Altitudes of the Sun towards the meridian alter so slowly , that for a good while both before and after noon , 't is not safe to rely upon them . This inconvenience indeed is something remedied at the Stars , where I can choose those that are of a proper Altitude , and conveniently remote from the Meridian , and the observation of the Azimuth remedies the other uncertainty proceeding from their vicinity to the Meridian . But , as I said before , the trouble of Calculation attends the observation either of Altitudes or Azimuths ; whereas the Instrument I propose , does the matter with the greatest certainty , and greatest ease imaginable . There is requisite therein , besides a plain and simple observation , no Calculation by Triangles , or any other Operation , save only the addition and substraction of two or three small numbers , to be had in the Tables ready Calculated ; and that too , only when the observation is by the Stars at night . The methods of observing the Time by the appulses of the Sun or fixt Stars to the Meridian , or the Circum-Polars coming in the same Vertical with the Pole , are plain , simple , and easy . We have the first described by Riccioli in his Almagestum Novum , Lib. 5. Cap. 15. Prob. 8. where he shews us how to perform it by his Triangulum Filare . The latter way is described by Sir Jonas Moore in his Compendium Mathematicum , p. 118. and more fully in the Royal Almanacks for the years 1676 , 1677 , 1678. And I have by me Tables laboriously and carefully Calculated by my esteemed Friend Henry Osburn Esq and excellent Astronomer and Mathematician for Dublin and other Latitudes in Ireland to years lately past , and to come , which are to be used in this way . But , though both these ways ( as I said before ) are very plain and easy , yet they serve rather to rectifie Watches and other Time-keepers , then to shew the Time themselves throughout the whole course of an observation ; as , suppose it were an Eclipse of the Moon , perhaps when a spot either immerges or emerges into or from the shadow , there is not at that very instant , and perhaps will not be for many minutes after , a Star in the Meridian , or under the Pole-star , to tell me the moment of that time . But what I propose does as constantly ( and not by fits ) shew , and follow the time , if duly managed , as the Hand of a well-going Pendulum-Watch indicates the hour ; that is to say , it tells you the present minute , and quarter of a minute , whenever you are pleased to look , as well as any other , past , or to come . CHAP. III. A Description of the Instrument . THE contrivance of this Instrument consists in making a very large Horizontal Dial , adapted to your proper Latitude , and capable of receiving divisions into minutes , and parts of a minute , fitted with a large , strong , and double Gnomon ; I call that a double Gnomon that casts the morning-shadow from its Western-edge , and the afternoon-shadow from its Eastern-edge , and the noon-shadow by its thickness . This Dial is to be furnished with two pair of Sights or Rulers ; one to serve in the morning , or for Stars on the Eastern-side of the Meridian , t'other to serve in the afternoon , or for Stars on the Western-side of the Meridian . Each of these pair consists of two movable Rulers , one I will call the Horizontal-Ruler , t'other the Gnomonick-Ruler , or Stile-Ruler . These two Rulers are to be so adapted , that their two edges that are next the Gnomon , may be perpetually in the same plane with each other , and at the time of observation , that they both may be in the same plane with their correspondent edge of the Gnomon . On the Stile-Ruler are fixt Telescopick Sights , and the cross hairs in their due place . But all this will be made plainer by the first Figure , in which I shall represent that Instrument which by my directions was made in London in the Summer 1685 by Richard Whitehead Math. Inst . Maker , who took the directions from my self , but made the Instrument in my absence . The first Figure represents the Instrument in Perspective , having one pair of its Rulers in a posture of observation ; t'other pair lying carelesly on the plane of the Dial. 'T is a large Octogonal Brass-plate , clear'd in the middle , except only the cross-bars zzz of the same piece with the Plate , left for strengthning the Instrument , and receiving the Stile , the Plate is of a moderate thickness about 15 / 100 of an inch , the Diameter of the largest circle it receives is 18 inches , 't is supported from the plane on which it stands about three quarters of an inch by three brass-feet 2. 2. 2. the bredth of the limb for receiving the Figures and Divisions , is 2 1 / 2 inches . The thickness or bredth of the face of the Stile malb is 7 / 10 of an inch . The Divisions actually expressed upon it are hours , half hours , quarters , five minutes , minutes , and half minutes , and one may easily judge of the third part of an half minute , that is , 10 seconds . Down along the face of the Stile ( some perhaps will call it the back of the Cock ) there runs a deep Groove , to receive the screw m. l. which screw , by turning the handle n , raises and lets down the Nut op , on which the Stile-Ruler ef rests , and is thereby raised and let down , as the Sun or Star requires . This Nut op is furnish'd with a Return'd Fork , meerly to keep the Stile-Ruler from an accidental fall , if any thing should chance to move it rudely . But I shall describe this Nut o. p. presently by it self . The screw m. l. is fixt both at top m and bottom l , so that it only is to be turn'd round by the handle n. the Stile is fixt most strongly by the screws , q. r. I come next to describe the Rulers , and first for the Horizontal Ruler cd , this turns most truly upon the Center of the hour-lines and divisions at k , and has so much of the root of the Stile clear'd off , as its thickness requires to permit its motion freely ; the line cd of this Ruler crosses the Center most exactly , and the edge cd is neatly cypher'd off ( as the Workmen call it . ) Wherefore the right line ab of the Stile , and the line of the under-edge of the Horizontal Ruler cd , meeting , and crossing perpetually in the same point k , they shall be always in the same plain , ( by Prop. 2. Eucl. 11. Book . ) To the other end of this Horizontal Ruler there is adapted the Stile-Ruler ef , which by means of the joynt vxy ( which I shall describe by it self ) obeys two several motions , viz. one upwards and downwards , as govern'd by the Nut and screw on the Stile ; and t'other Eastward and Westward , according to the Azimuth , or as it follows the Horizontal Ruler . And in these two motions , 't is so contrived , that the line cd and ef may perpetually cross each other in one and the same Center at y. Hence it comes to pass , that the right line cd , and the right line ef , are always in the same plain . Wherefore laying the line ef to the edge of the Stile , the three lines ab , cd , ef , are in the same plain ; and consequently directing the line ef to the Center of the Sun , the edge of the Gnomon , and the edges cd and ef of the Rulers are in the plain of the shadow ; and therefore the Ruler cd cuts the division on the limb of the Dial-Plate , where the shadow would cut it . To the Stile-Ruler are fixt , the Eye-glass at h , the Ring that carries the cross hairs at g , and the Object-glass at i ; The manner of adjusting all which , I shall shew presently . But I must not forget to mention the Artificer , whose hands were imploy'd in this Instrument , Mr. Richard Whitehead living in Gunpowder-Alley in Shoo-Lane , by Fleetstreet , London , a most exact and careful Workman , of whose skill and curiosity in making Mathematical Instruments , I have more than this one instance ; And I dare venture to recommend any Gentleman to him , as a most exact performer . CHAP. IV. Of the Stile-Nut , and Ruler-Joynt . IN the foregoing Chapter I have promised a particular description of some of the forementioned parts belonging to this contrivance ; and first of the Nut op ( Fig. 1. ) This I have represented by it self in Fig. 2. ss is the Stile-screw passing through the Nut n , which is lined with a female-screw ; this Nut slides in the Groove along the face of the Gnomon , so that the whole thickness of the screw lies under the said face : p p are two arms that clasp the Stile to make the motion of this Nut more even and steady . fab is the Return'd Fork to keep the Rulers , when they are supported on this Nut , from any accidental fall , and is very useful when the Horizontal Ruler is removed far from the Meridian . And least at any time , either of the Returns ab , may stand in the way of either of the Rulers motions , the parts ab are movable at a by a riveted joynt , and may be turn'd clearly downward out of the way , as at ac , ac . At a there may be fixt a small gentle spring , that may lightly bear the edge of the Ruler constantly to the edge of the Stile ; but this contrivance is not on my Instrument , though it may be easily added . The several parts of the Ruler-joynt ( which indeed is the most curious piece of Mechanicks about the whole Instrument , and on which the whole affair does chiefly depend ) are represented all apart in Figures by themselves . Fig. 3. shews the outward end of the Horizontal Ruler , aaa are the holes that admit the screws which fasten it to the other parts of the joynt , particularly to the socket shewn in Fig. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8. at aaa . Fig. 4. shews the other end of the Horizontal Ruler , where it turns on the Pin in the Center of the Dial at the root of the Stile ( at k Fig. 1. ) Fig. 5. expresses the appearance of the joynt , when discover'd of Fig. 3. , ihi is a perfect hinge , the Center of whose motion is in the line fh , iii that part of the hinge belonging to the Ruler , hhh that part belonging to the Tumbler or Nut expressed in Fig. 7. hhh . aaa the socket wherein the Timbler hhh moves round and truly on the Center at middle h , which also is in the Center of the hinges motion . This socket aaa is represented in Fig. 8. bb are the screw-holes for the Ring and Snout of the Eye-glass . Fig 6 shews the under-side of Fig. 5. where the same parts are marked with the same letters ; c is the round Pin of the same piece with the Nut hhh : This is more plain in Fig. 7 , this Pin turns truly in the hole of the socket c in Fig. 8. whilst the Nut hhh of Fig. 7. rests and turns on the bottom of the said socket hhh Fig. 8. This Nut is kept close in the socket , and there made to move steadily and truly by the Pin e and springing Plate d Fig. 6. and 9. which Pin e passes over the Plate d through the Pin of the Nut c. CHAP. V. Of the Telescopick Sights , and their true Adjusting . FOr the true adjusting of the Telescopick Sights hgi ( Fig. 1. ) to the Stile-Ruler ef , there are three things requisite . But first I must advertise , that the Stile-Ruler ef ought to be so strengthned , that as it rests on the Nut op , it may not at all bend , but that the line ef may be one right line as nigh as possible . But in this particular the greatest niceness is not requisite , for if the Ruler chance a little to deviate from its exact straightness , I shall shew a way of rectifying the error by the cross-hairs or Mensurator . The first thing requisite to the placing of the Telescopick Sights is , that the ring g , that carries the cross-hairs or other Mensurator , be at a due and exact distance from the Object-glass i. This distance is to be exactly the total length of the Object-glass ; but that we may get this total length more accurately than by any admeasurement , the Eye-glass and Object-glass being adapted together , and placing the Mensurator in the ring g between the Object-glass and Eye-glass at the distance of the Focus of the said Eye-glass , let us look at some object distant 4 or 5 miles , and moving your eye before the Eye-glass , observe whether the Mensurator seems to move upon the said object ; for if it do , then the Mensurator is not at its exact distance from the Object-glass , but the Object-glass is to be removed farther or nigher , till the eye looking at such a distant object , and moving before the Eye-glass , perceives the Mensurator as it were fixt and immovable on the object . If in raising the eye , the object seem to fall down on the Mensurator , or in depressing the eye , the object seem to rise on the Mensurator , then is the Object-glass too nigh the Mensurator . But if in raising the eye , the object seem to rise on the Mensurator ; or in depressing the eye , the object seem to fall on the Mensurator , then is the Object-glass too far from the Mensurator . All which will be evident from the 10 Fig. wherein let AB be a distant object , whose middle point C is projected by the Object-glass D at k , let mn1 be the Mensurator to which the Object-glass is too nigh , and mn2 the Mensurator from which the Object-glass is too far , e , f , g , the eye placed at three different postures ; in case of the first mensurator , if the eye rise from e to f it perceives the point k depressed from 1 to h ; or if the eye fall from e to g , it perceives the point k raised from 1 to l ; and here the mensurator is too nigh the Object-glass . But in case of the second Mensurator , if the eye rise from e to f , the point k seems to rise on the Mensurator from 2 to r ; or if the eye fall from e to g , it perceives the point k fallen from 2 to s , and in this case the Mensurator is too distant from the Object-glass ; but if the mensurator be exactly in the Focus at k , let the eye rise or fall , the mensurator seems fixt and steddy upon the object . And this is the first thing requisite to the adjusting of these Sights . This Affair is usually so well adjusted by the Workmen , and when once adjusted , is never alterable , that I need shew no way of providing for it . But in short , it may easily be provided for , by making the holes for the screws , that fixt the Object-glass-ring to the Stile-Ruler , long slits , so as to slip forwards and backwards on the necks of the screws ; and when the Object-glass is at its right posture , the screw-heads may pinch and fix the Ring steddily . The next requisite is , that the line of Collimation from the mensurator through the Object-glass , and so to the object , run parallel to the line ef of the Stile-Ruler . This Parallelism consists in two manner of ways , first , that the mensurator be neither more to the right or left-hand than requisite ; or secondly , that it be neither higher or lower than it ought . The first error makes the Azimuths be shewn false , and the second error makes the Altitudes be shewn false : but an Horizontal Dial tells the time by both Altitude and Azimuth ; therefore both these are to be taken care of . And first for the Fabrick of the Ring g , that carries the mensurator ; this is so to be order'd , that first the Ring may be moved more to the right or left-hand , and there to be fixt ; and secondly , that the mensurator may be raised or depressed according as is requisite , and there fixt . The first is obtain'd by making the holes for the screws , whereby this Ring g is fixt to the Stile-Ruler , long slits , so that they may slip on the necks of the screws before the Eye-glass , and when they are in their right posture , may be pinched close by the screw-heads , and there fixt . Thus therefore we give the mensurator a motion to the right or left-hand , by which 't is brought to shew the Azimuth right , as I shall declare presently . Next , that the mensurator may be raised or depressed , instead of cross-hairs in the Ring g , let there be placed therein a very strong Steel-needle , that may end in a most fine slender point : this needle is to be a screw almost its whole length nigh to its smaller end , and to be screw'd through the top of the Ring g , so that its smaller end may pass through the center of the Ring ; by screwing or unscrewing of this Needle , we depress or raise its fine point in the Ring . And thus much for the contrivance or Fabrick of the Ring . I come now to shew the way of managing these two motions in the Mensurator , so as to bring it to its true posture , and there fix it . And first for rectifying the Mensurator so as to shew the true Azimuth . There are two manner of ways for doing this . The first is more troublesome and tedious , but being most universal to the fixing of Telescopick Sights on all Rulers , I shall here describe it . In Fig. 11. let ABCD represent a Ruler , whose edge or side AC is exactly parallel to its side BD. To make a Ruler thus parallel , is not difficult to a good Artificer ; but I shall shew how to try whether these sides are parallel or not . E is the Object-glass , F the Mensurator , G the Eye-glass . On a plain Board strike two round Brass-pins , as suppose at H and I , to these apply the side of the Ruler BD , so as it may rest against the pins , which are therefore not clearly buried into the Board , but stand out about 1 / 10 of an inch : then look through the Glasses , and observe where the mensurator falls on an object distant a mile or two . Then remove the Ruler , and apply its other side AC to the other side of the pins HI , and observe whether the mensurator falls on the same point of the object as before . If it do so , then are the sides of the Ruler AC , BD parallel ; if not , then the sides are not parallel . The reason that so remote an object must be chosen , is , that the bredth of the Ruler may subsend an inconsiderable Angle in a circle , whose Radius is the distance of the object . Having found the sides of the Ruler to be parallel , the next thing is , to make the line of Sight , or line of Collimation LK parallel to these sides , for therein consists the first rectification of our Stile-Ruler . The method of doing this is much the same with what immediately precedes , but requires another disposition of our pins ; for now we are to raise our plain Board so as to stand edge-wise , nigh perpendicular to the Horizon , and the pins must stand an inch or more out from the Board , almost parallel to the Horizon ; then resting the under-side of the Ruler on the pins , and applying its edge to the plain Board , observe the point of a remote object whereon the mensurator falls ; in this posture the Glasses stand uppermost , or on the upper-side of the Ruler , and over-look the pins . Then remove the Ruler , and hang the other side thereof on the pins , that now the Glasses may be on the underside the Ruler , or under-look the pins , and resting the edge against the plain Board , observe whether the mensurator fall on the same point as before ; if it do , then is the line of Collimation LK parallel to the sides AC , BD ; if it do not , but falls to the right-hand apparently of the said object , then is the mensurator to be removed ( by means of the screws and slits in its Ring ) to the left-hand : the contrary requiring the contrary . And thus by frequent repetitions and trials we at last bring all to rights . The most convenient Board or Table for this Operation , is a Surveyors Plain-table ; for these being usually made true , and readily and steddily obeying all motions and postures , and are easily fixt thereat ; they are to be chosen before any other . Note also that the pins to be used with this or such like Table , are to be strong brass-wire , which having its roundness from its drawing , is sure to have its sides parallel . By this method , the line of sight of any Cylindrical or square Telescope may be made to run parallel to its sides , for finding the Declination of the Magnet according to the methods lately proposed by Monsieur Hautefeville , and M nsr . Sturmius , in the Journal des Scavans 23. Aug. 1683. and in the Acta Lipsiae , An. 1684. mens . Decemb. and for want of this method , what M nsr . Sturmius says in the foresaid Act. Lips . pag. 579. is very defective . For thus he , Sola tubi locatio ut axis visionis per medias lentes excurrens meridianae lineae exacte respondeat difficultatis quippiam habere videbatur , verum & huic infirmitati praesens , uti credo , inventum est remedium , &c. And the remedy he tell us is , that the Tube be made a parallelipiped of Wood or Brass ; for then , says he , applying the side of your Tube to the meridian line , the Axis of vision will be parallel to the said meridian line . But I must crave leave to deny this , unless first it be rectified , so that this Axis runs parallel to the side of the Tube , which he was not aware of : and this is to be done by the method I have just now proposed , which serves likewise in many other Occasions , Experiments and Practises , wherein a Ruler with Telescopick Sights is requisite . The second method for effecting this said rectification , is more easily applicable to our Dials , and withal is sufficiently accurate , as doing the business to 10″ or 15″ seconds of time at utmost , and by a careful and curious eye , may do it to half that or less . Place the Dial so before the Sun , that as nigh as possibly the eye can judge , the Gnomon may be equally enlightned on both sides , that is , that the shadow of the Stile may fall exactly on 12 a Clock , or the meridian line of the Dial. This perhaps will be said by some to be no fair proceeding , because in this we cannot tell where the shadow does exactly determine , and that this being one of the inconveniences our Dial pretends to remedy , if we rectify our Dial by supposing we can determine that ; & if afterwards we determine that by supposing our Dial rectified , it will seem a circle in Argumentation , but yet I say , they that will try it , will find it otherwise ; for I can place the Dial so , that the shadow from the thickness of the Stile , or at least the Penumbra from both the Stiles edges , shall so equally fall upon the 12 a Clock-lines , that 10″ seconds of time , or less , shall sensibly alter the equality . And 't is not the same case in telling when this shadow comes to an equality on both the 12 a Clock-lines , as in telling when the shadow of one of the single edges of the Gnomon comes to any of the other hour-lines . For in the first case I am only to judge by comparison , when the shadow is come as much to one of the 12 a Clock-lines as to th' other ; but in the latter case I am to judge positively without comparison . Wherefore having the Dial in this posture , bring the Horizontal and Stile-Rulers just to 12 a Clock on the Dial-Plate , and observe whether your Mensurator divide the Sun equally into an Eastern and Western half ; if it do so , then is your Mensurator right ; if not , the mensurator is to be moved something to the right or left hand , as is requisite , till at last by frequent repetitions and tryals we obtain our desire . And thus much shall suffice concerning the rectification of the mensurator to the right or left hand , so as to shew the Azimuths truly . I shall only take notice , that when one pair of the Rulers is rectified , the other pair is easily rectified by them ; for bring the rectified pair to the 12 a Clock-line on the Dial , and move the whole body of the Dial , till you get the center of the Sun , or any 〈◊〉 on the mensurator , then immediately bring the unrectified pair of Rulers to the 12 a Clock-line on their side , and if the Sun or Star be not exactly on the mensurator on this pair , the Mensurator is false , and must be rectified , as is requisite : but this being plain to the meanest capacity versed in these matters , I shall insist no longer thereon . But I proceed to the other Rectification of the Mensurator for rightly telling the Altitudes , as I have said before . And tho there be not so very great exactness required herein , especially in telling the time by the Sun or Stars when nigh the Meridian ; yet a gross error herein must not be allow'd . This likewise is to be performed much after the same method with the former Rectifications , for 't is but contriving some way for inverting the Ruler , so that its errors of this kind may be perceived , as by our former Inversions we discovered the errors of another kind . But to make this a little more plain , this error consists in the line of Sight not running parallel with the under-side of the Ruler ; wherefore if we have ( suppose ) a Deal-board whose two faces are exactly parallel , and this Board be raised and fixt so as to lye steddily along one of its edges , and on each face of the Board there were a ledge to support the Ruler ; and the Ruler be applyed by its under-side to one face of the Board , and the object marked out by the Mensurator , diligently observed ; and then the Ruler applyed by the same under-side to the other face of the Board : If the same object be now cut as formerly , ly , all is right ; if not , the Mensurator ( being such as I have formerly described ) must be screw'd or unscrew'd , so that the fine point thereof may be lower or higher in the Ring , according as is requisite . Another more easy way of discovering and rectifying this Error to sufficient accuracy , is thus : After you have by the former methods brought the Mensurator , and thereby the Ruler , to shew the true Azimuth ; observe the time by the Dial when the Sun is very far removed from the Meridian , as early in the morning ; and at the same time observe by a good Pendulum Clock the hour , minute , and second ; and note the difference between the Dial and Clock . Proceed thus to make an observation every quarter of an hour through the whole morning , still noting the differences : And because we may well suppose that a good Pendulum Clock in so short a course of time goes equally , these differences should be always equal ; but if they are unequal , then the Mensurator shews the Altitudes falsely . As for instance , suppose I find that approaching towards Noon these differences decrease , then does the Mensurator on the Telescopick Ruler shew the Altitudes too little , and therefore must be order'd so as to shew them more : if I find them increase , the contrary is to be done . The reason of this is plain , for an Horizontal Dial shews the time as well by the Altitudes as Azimuths ; but as the time approaches towards Noon , the Altitudes are less concern'd in the matter than the Azimuths ; and so less and less , till just at Noon the time is not at all shewn by the Altitude , but solely by the Azimuth . And consequently , if there be any error in the time arising from a false Altitude , it will appear by comparing two times or more together ; some , wherein the Altitudes are much concern'd , and others , wherein the Altitudes are little or not at all concern'd ; but such times are , early in the morning , and towards noon . CHAP. VI. The Way of Setting this Dial. TO the true Setting of this Dial , there are two things requisite ; First , that the plain of the Dial be in an exact Horizontal posture , this is easily obtain'd by accurate levels , which are so common , that I shall mention nothing further hereof . The second requisite is , that the meridian or 12 a Clock-line of the Dial be in an exact meridian line . This indeed is one of the chief particulars that we are to take care of , for thereon depends the accuracy of the whole . But that we may not over-turn or neglect the whole affair for the difficulty of this one particular , I shall shew that this is no such insuperable hardship as may be imagin'd . Let us therefore consider , that what is here alledged as a difficulty in this Dial , may as well be made against the large Azimuthal Quadrants used by Astronomers , and their observations of meridional Altitudes , and transits through the Meridian ; Ricciolis Triangulum Filare described Almag . Nov. Lib. 5. Cap. 15. Probl. 8. and all Enquiries after the Declination of the Magnet are to no purpose ; for these wholly proceed on the discovery of an exact meridian line . And indeed there are ways sufficiently accurate described by several for finding the true meridian . Amongst others , Hevelius in the first Part of his Machinia Caelestis , Chap. 16. has many contrivances : And I shall presently set down an Instrument and way of my own for doing it , inferior , I think , to none . But let us a little consider , how much a meridian line must be erronious , to make a true Dial apply'd to it to err a minute in time ; and this in our latitude of Dublin will be 12 minutes of a Quadrant to make the Dial err a minute in time about noon ; and for so much error in the meridian line the Dial shall err less than a minute in time about 5 and 6 a Clock , as is manifest to those that understand calculating hour distances for an Horizontal plain . Now 't is a very rude way indeed that will not take a meridian line more accurately than to half or quarter 12 minutes error . But last of all , ( clearly to take off this difficulty , ) if it be allowed that there is any most accurate way of telling the time of day or night , as by the Altitude of the Sun or Stars taken by large and curious Instruments , and Calculating thereby ; I say , by such a way as this I will set my Dial , and then surely it will be granted to be in a true Meridian . And perhaps this very hint may shew as accurate a way as any in the World for finding a meridian line ; for the 12 a Clock line of a large and true Dial that is Set by such an accurate observation must needs lye in a true meridian line . But I am mindful of my promise , Viz. CHAP. VII . For Finding a Meridian Line . THis is perform'd by means of the Instrument represented Fig. 12. ABC is a Triangle . ( That which I have made is of Wood , but a good Mathematical-Instrument-maker would make one much better of Brass . ) AB I call the Perpendicular side , BC the Horizontal side ; in the end of the Horizontal side at E there is a screw , and from the said Horizontal side there strikes out a short arm D , in which also there is a screw ; this arm D keeps the Instrument steddy from tottering . By means of these two screws at D and E , the side AB is brought to its exact perpendicularity ; but especially by means of the screw D , the edge xz of the side AB is brought to stand exactly in the same Vertical plain with the edge mn of the side BC , and this by help of a Plum-line . F is a plate of Brass , having in it a center-hole in the line m , n continued . G is a round , slender , but strong Brass-pin arising perpendicularly from the face mn . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , &c. are round Brass-pins that rise and stick out from the face xz , at what distances we please . This Instrument being placed truly on an exquisite Horizontal plain , so that its end E may something over-stretch the plain , and turning steddily on a pin in the center-hole F , lay a Ruler adapted with Telescopick Sights over the pin G , and any of the other 1 , 2 , 3 , &c. as is found most convenient and agreeable to the Altitude of the Sun or Stars you observe by , at convenient times both before and after Noon . 'T is therefore requisite that in the under-side of your Telescopick Ruler towards the end next the eye , there be fixt a pin , that resting on the pin G may keep the Ruler from slipping down in this declining posture . Let us then suppose that about 9 a Clock in the morning on the Summer Solstice , the Telescopick Ruler resting on the pin G , and the third pin in the perpendicular side takes the Suns Altitude exactly , then on the Horizontal plain draw a line along the face m , n. Again , let us suppose that the Ruler removed upwards to the fourth pin , and there resting , takes the Suns Altitude the same morning about half an hour after 9 ; then by the face mn let us draw another line on the Horizontal plain , and so let us proceed to elevate the Ruler on other pins , to make observations at 10 , at half an hour after 10 the same morning , still drawing lines on the Horizontal plain at each observation . Then again in the afternoon let us descend by the same steps or pins , by which we rise in the morning , diligently observing when the Sun comes to the corresponding Altitudes , and drawing lines as before . Here we shall have three or four observations made in the morning , and as many in the afternoon . Then bisecting these Angles from the point F , if all their bisections are coincident in the same right line , we are sure that line is a true meridian line . What is here said of the Sun , and of observing by it at the Summer Solstice , may be accommodated to the taking a meridian line at any time of the year by some fixt Stars , that being removed about 2 or 3 hours from the Meridian , have Altitude convenient ; though in choosing of a great Altitude there is no great nicety ; for if Refraction do interpose in the morning-observation ; it interposes as much in the afternoon-observation ; so that 't is as if it did not interpose at all . And here we have a way of finding a Meridian line by the Stars at night , which is of no small advantage , they being not subject to sudden alteration of their Declination , and consequently this method may be practised at all times of the year . And indeed if we are careful to have all things exact , viz. an exact Horizontal plain , the face xz in an exact Vertical with the face mn , the Telescopick Ruler and its Sights exactly adjusted by the methods in the foregoing 5th Chapt. and be very diligent and accurate in observing the true Altitudes , this method of finding a meridian line will appear inferior to none that has yet been proposed . Such a plain Telescopick Ruler as is expressed in the 11th . Figure , of a convenient length , is sufficient in this practice . CHAP. VIII . The Manner of observing the Time , and exactly determining it by the Sun or Stars . ALL things being rightly adjusted , and the Dial placed in an exact level or Horizontal posture , and by a true meridian line , look at the Sun through the Telescopick or Stile-Ruler , and bring the Mensurator upon the Suns center , then shall the Horizontal Ruler cut the hour , minute , and part of a minute most exactly . But for Setting , or finding the error of a Clock , the best way is to bring the Horizontal Ruler to some full Division , as , to some compleat minute ; and by rightly managing the Stile-screw and Nut , and Stile-Ruler , observe when the center of the Sun and Mensurator come together , for that is the exact time to which you placed the Horizontal Ruler . And indeed through the Telescopick Sights we shall perceive the motion of the Sun so very quick , that we may determine its being on and off the mensurator to 2 beats of a second Pendulum . So that if it be granted me that I can bring and settle the Horizontal-Ruler to a full division exactly , and not to err in placing it thereat over 3 , 5 , or 7 seconds , I can determine the time of day or night to 3 , 5 , or 7 seconds . But if this great exactness will not be allow'd me , I say it is not on the account of any fault in the Theory of this contrivance , which I dare assert to be most accurate in it self , but on the account of the workmanship or deficiency of some of its parts . And that strikes not at the Inventer ; let those that use them , and adjust them , look to their truness in all particulars . The way of using this Dial at the Stars by night is much the same , only for these there are requisite the Tables , at the end of this Book , of the Sun and Stars temporary Right Ascensions . In looking at , or observing a Star through the Telescopick Ruler , the Horizontal Ruler cuts the said Stars horary distance from the Meridian , but then the hours are to be counted by the smaller Figures on the in-side of the limb . Thus , suppose I observe a Star , and find the Horizontal Ruler cut the ten a Clock line to which the great Figure of X is affixt , the horary distance of that Star from the Meridian is 22 hours , that is , twenty two hours are elapsed since that Star was last in our meridian , though really the Star be but 2 hours to the East of our meridian . This premised , the great Rule for telling the time by the Stars is this ; To the Stars horary distance from the meridian , add the Stars temporary Right Ascension , and from the Sum substract the Suns Right Ascension , the remainder ( rejecting 24 hours if need be ) gives the hour , minute , &c. of the night . I shall declare this by an Example . Anno 1686. April the 5th . between 9 and 10 a Clock at night I desire to know the exact time . I observe by Spica Virginis , and find ( suppose ) its horary distance from the meridian 22 h. 03′ 15″ . The temporary Right Ascension of that Star for that year is , 13 h. 08′ . 46″ , this added to the foresaid horary distance , the sum is 35 h. 12′ . 01″ . At the same time the Suns place is ♈ . 26° 13′ 59″ . Therefore its Right Ascension in time by the following Tables , is 1 h. 37′ . 17″ . this substracted from the foresaid sum ( and rejecting 24 hours ) leaves 9 h. 34′ 44″ . the exact time of night . The reason and demonstration of this method depends on Astronomical Principles , which at present I must not undertake to illustrate , but are obvious enough to those that are versed in that Science , and will be very plain to those that consider the way of Calculating the hour of the night by the Altitude of a Star given , according to the most Learned and Ingenious Pere Tacquets Illustration thereof in his Astronomy , Lib. 5. Cap. 4. Num. 45. And though there are other ways of ordering the foregoing Data , for getting the hour of the night , yet what I propose is as plain and easy as any , and less embarras to the mind . But here I must not omit one particular , and that is , that by our present contrivance , the Right Ascension , or place in the Aequator of any Star , is most easily and accurately obtained . How difficult and troublesome 't is to obtain the Right Ascension of Stars , is known to Astronomers , and will appear to those that consult the forementioned Tacquet Astionom . Lib. 5. Cap. 1. num . 4 , 5. but by this Instrument , and a truly rectify'd Pendulum Clock , the business is easily perform'd : For , from the sum of the Suns Right Ascension , and hour of the night ( known by the Clock ) substract the Stars hour on the Dial , the remainder is the Stars Right Ascension in time , which converted into degrees and minutes , shews the Aequatorian distance of the Star from the first point of ♈ , or its Right Ascension . CHAP. IX . Of the Tables of the Suns and Stars Temporary Right Ascensions . THe Table of the Stars Right Ascensions in time is plain enough of it self . 'T is computed to the year 1686 , and will serve for ten years to come without the error of half a minute . 'T is according to Riccioli's Catalogue of sixt Stars in his Astronomia Reformata . It consists of 5 Columns , the first contains the Magnitudes , the second shews the Greek Letters by which each Star is marked in Bayers Vranometria Printed at Ausburg , 1603. The third has the numbers by which each Star is noted in Tiho's Catalogue , which is followed by most Authors , but is to be found particularly in Tichonis Brahe Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata , pag. 258. and at the end of the Rudolphine Tables published by Kepler . The fourth Column contains the Stars names , as they are in Bayer's Vranometria ; and also after each name we express the common name in English , and as they are to be found on our common Globes . And here we must not wonder to find that called Right or Left in the Latin names of Bayer , that is called Left or Right in the English common names ; as for instance , Herculis Humerus Dexter , is in English , the left shoulder of Hercules . For the reason of this will appear plain to those that consider the Constellations of Bayer , and the common Constellations on our Globes . And I thought it not amiss to take all this care , and express all these marks for the sake of those that are not so well versed in the appearance of the Firmament , that they may the readier find out , and not so easily mistake any of the forementioned Stars . The fifth and last Column expresses the Right Ascension in time of each Star to the present year 1686. The Tables of the Suns Right Ascension in time require the Suns place to be had from some good Tables or Ephemerides . They consist of four Columns , the first contains every degree and 10 minutes of the Suns place , the second contains the hours appropriated to the signs between the Vernal and Autumnal Equinox , the third shews the hours appropriated to the signs between the Autumnal and Vernal Equinox ; and the fourth and last shews the parts of an hour , that is , minutes and seconds , that are common to the opposite signs . By the side of each division are expressed the differences between every 10 minutes of the Suns place , for more ready making proportion . For Example , suppose the Suns place were ♈ . 25° . 10″ I find its Right Ascension 1 h. 33′ 15″ . But if his place were ♎ 25° . 10″ . the Right Ascension would be 13 h. 33′ . 15″ . Where we see 33′ . 15″ . common to both places . But suppose I find by a good Ephemeris the Suns place about my required time to be ♈ 25° . 15″ then by making proportion I find by the Tables the Right Ascension to be 1 h. 33′ . 34″ . For I say if 10′ ( the common difference of the minutes ) give 38″ , what shall 5′ ( the difference between 10′ and 15′ ) give , and it will be 19″ , which added to 1 h. 33′ . 15″ . makes 1 h. 33′ 34″ . I know the common way for giving the Suns Right Ascension is by making a Table of the days of the month , and giving the Suns Right Ascension to the days . But this way , if it be general , and not appropriated to a certain year , is not accurate to a minute or two : and if it be adapted to a certain year , 't is not general , and will not serve another time . Whereas our Tables of the Suns Right Ascension are general , most accurate to a second , and perpetual . CHAP. X. Concerning the Astronomical Equation of Time , and the Tables thereof . BEing now upon the business of Time , and the accurate observation thereof , so as thereby to regulate curious Time-keepers ; it will not be improper to our subject to speak something of the Inequality of natural Days ; a matter that has exercised the thoughts of all Astronomers in all ages : And though all have allowed that there really is such an Inequality , yet they have much disagreed in assigning its quantity , or demonstrating the reason and affections thereof ; till at last our most Learned and Ingenious English Astronomer , and my Honoured Friend Mr. John Flamsteed Math. Regius , has determined the Controversy , and by most evident demonstrations has put the matter beyond further dispute , clearly evincing both the Reasons , Affections , and Quantity of this Inequality . His Dissertation concerning this is annex'd and publish'd at the end of the Opera Posthuma Jeremiae Horroxcii , Lond. 1673. 4 to . From which ( with my esteemed Friend's leave ) I shall present the Reader with the following Schemes and Demonstrations . On account of the Suns Excentricity from the center of the Earths Annual Orbit , the Diurnal motion of the Earth is sometimes faster , and sometimes slower than the mean motion , and consequently the apparent Day is sometimes longer , and sometimes shorter than the mean Day . Which Inequality , and the Quantity of the difference of the equal or mean Day from the apparent , is thus demonstrated from the 13 Figure , according to the Copernican System . Let ABPN be the great Orbit in which the Earth is yearly carried about the Sun , the center hereof is C , A the Aphelion , or the Earths place at Noon on that day that it is in its Aphelion , suppose the 18th . of June . B the Earths place at Noon the day following . AL an assigned Meridian of the Earth . The arch AB , or the angle ACB , the mean motion of the Earth from the Noon of a given day to the Noon of the day following . L a point in the given Meridian turn'd to the Sun ; which point , whilst the Earth is carried in its Orbit from A to B , is rould by the diurnal circumvolution of the Earth from L through O in the first place A to d in the second place B ; to which place , when the said point arrives , 't is manifest that the Earth has performed a compleat revolution about its own Axis ; because the meridian Bd , in this its second posture at B , is made parallel to AL it s yesterdays posture at A. But it is not yet apparent Noon , till the same point of the Earth by its revolution by brought to e , where 't is turn'd directly opposite to the Sun , who governs the Civil Days . And that this time is not the same with the Caelestial or equal Noon , will be proved , not only because the Earth has not yet performed its mean motion above its revolution , ( tho this were a sufficient argument ) but also because the diurnal motions about the Sun , and consequently the returns of any certain meridian to him , are very unequal ; neither can they possibly be equal in respect of any point about which the Earth is not carried equally , as is sufficiently manifest from the inspection of the Scheme only . Wherefore the mean Noon and equal Time respects the point of the mean motion ( that is the center of the Orbit C ) and in our present instance is then when the meridian carried from e arrives at f , where 't is directly opposite to the center of the Orbit C. And when it has gained this posture , the Earth has performed its mean motion above a revolution requisite to compleat a mean day . For the arch df or the angle dBf is equal to the angle ACB the mean diurnal motion of the Earth . Also the arch de , which the Earth , or any meridian therein , must pass more than a revolution before it be apparent Noon , is equal to the angle ASB the apparent motion of the Earth at the Sun. From whence 't is evident , that the arch ef , which the circumference of the rouling Earth performs between the apparent and mean Noon , and which shews the difference between the apparent and mean Day , is equal to the angle SBC , which is the Equation of the Orbit . Wherefore the Prosthaphaereses of the Orbit resolved into parts of time , shall be the Aequations of time ; which Aequations , throughout this semicircle of Anomoly are negative , or to be substracted from the apparent time , for herein the mean Noon succeeds the apparent . In like manner , if we take the opposite parts of the Scheme , and consider the Earth in its Perihelion . The point g , or the meridian ng , being made parallel to its yesterdays posture , 't is plain that the Earth has performed one compleat revolution . This point being carried to h , where 't is opposite to the center of the Orbit , 't is now mean Noon ; for the arch gh , or the angle gNh equal to the mean diurnal motion of the Earth , is passed over . But it is not yet apparent Noon , till the Earth by its rouling brings the same meridian to k , where 't is directly opposite to the Sun. From whence 't is manifest that the apparent Day exceeds the mean by so much time as is requisite for the earth to pass the arch hk , which arch is equal to the angle CNS the Prosthapheresis of the Orbit : wherefore resolving this into time , we have the Aequation of time , which throughout this semicircle of Anomoly is affirmative , or to be added to the apparent time , because herein the mean Noon precedes the apparent . 'T is manifest from what foregoes , that if the Sun were in the center of the great Orbit , and the Earths Axis were not inclined to its path or way , there would be no Inequality of time , but the mean Day and apparent would be equal . Moreover , if there were no excentricity of the Sun from the center of the Orbit , but there were the usual inclination of the Earths Axis to the Orbit , tho there would no Inequality of time arise such as is shewn in the foregoing demonstration ; yet there would arise another Inequality from the said inclination of the Earths Axis , or as the Ptolomaicks would express it , from the inclination of the Ecliptick to the Aequator ; the quantity and affections of which Inequality is thus shewn by the Analemma . In Fig. 14. PCF is a Quadrant of the Solstitial Colure , P the Pole , AF a Radius of the Aequator , CA a Radius of the Ecliptick , A the Equinoctial point , or the place of the Sun in the beginning of ♈ at noon on some certain day , ☉ the Suns place at noon the day following ; through which place striking the arch P ☉ B perpendicular to the Aequator , A ☉ will express the diurnal motion of the Sun , and AB its Right ascension , or the arch of the Aequator that Culminates with the Sun. Which arch , seeing 't is one of the sides of a Right-angled Triangle A ☉ B , cannot be equal to the Hypotenuse , that is , to the Suns motion A ☉ . Wherefore seeing the revolutions of the Aequator , and of its equal or like parts , are equable , and performed in equal times , but the Sun in passing equal parts of the Ecliptick applies to the meridian with unequal parts of the Aequator ; it necessarily follows that the solar days are unequal . And that the difference between the Suns true place and its Right ascension being converted into time , is the true Aequation of time arising from this cause . Which Aequation , in the first and third Quadrants of the Zodiack is to be substracted from the apparent time , for in them the longitude of the Sun from the next Equinoctial point passes the meridian sooner than a like arch projected in the Aequator . But in the 2d and 4th Quadrants of the Zodiack this Aequation is to be added to the apparent time to get the mean ; for in these the longitude of the Sun from the Aequinox passes the meridian later than the like Arch projected in the Aequator . For example , let the longitude of the Sun from the first point of ♈ be ☉ A. 0° . 59′ . 08″ . it s Right ascension , or the arch of the Aequator culminating therewith AB will be 0° . 54′ . 13″ . their difference 4′ . 55″ . being converted into time is 00 h 00′ . 19″ . 40‴ , and by so much is the apparent day shorter than the mean. This therefore is the Aequation of time arising from this cause , and is negative , or to be substracted from the apparent time , to obtain the mean time ; for the longitude of the Sun arrives at the meridian sooner than a like arch projected in the Aequator . Here are therefore demonstrated two sorts of Aequations of time arising from two different causes , if they are both to be added , or both to be substracted , their sum is to be added or substracted ; but if one be to be added , and t'other substracted , their difference according to the nature of the greatest is to be added or substracted to or from the apparent time to get the mean. And thus far I have presumed to borrow from my Learned and Ingenious Friend's Discourse ; which is sufficient , I think , to put this matter out of all dispute . After clearing the Theory of this Doctrine , I come next to apply it to practice in regulating curious Time-keepers , which indeed are very often abused for want of the due consideration and right application of this Aequation of time . For at some time of the year it happens that if our Watches or Oscillating Pendulums do not differ above a quarter of an hour from the time shew'd by the Sun or Stars , they are false , and need a correction . And the reason of this is plain , for if a Pendulum-Watch goes true , it goes equal , that is , one 24 hours at any time of the year , is as long as another 24 hours at any other time of the year , and this perpetually and constantly ; that is , all Watches that go true , measure the equal or mean time , and consequently ought to differ from the apparent time shewn by a Sun-dial or other Instrument , as much as is the Aequation of time in excess or defect ; but the Aequation of time is sometimes above a quarter of an hour , therefore so much ought a good-going Pendulum-watch to differ sometimes from the Sun , if it be rightly adjusted . But this will be more evident by explaining the Tables . These are calculated by the foregoing Theory , and will serve very well for these 20 years to come ; though it must be confest , that to have them most accurate , these Tables ought to be Calculated for every year , as is manifest to those that consider the foregoing Theory . Yet I say , these will serve very well for 20 years to come , without any considerable error . Some few seconds error there may be , and he that desires them more exact , may be at the pains of Calculating them himself ; the method whereof he may find laid down in the forementioned Treatise at the end of Horrox's Works ; or in Mr. Flamsteed's Doctrine of the Sphere publish'd in Sir J. Moore 's System of Mathematicks . We see there are only four days in the year on which the aequations of days cease , that is , the apparent and mean time are then the same , viz. on the 4th . of April , June the 6th . Aug. the 21st . and Decemb. 13. If on any of these days we Set a wellregulated Pendulum-watch to the apparent time shewn by the Sun or Stars , on any day afterwards , it ought to differ from the apparent time shewn by the Sun so much as is the Aequation of time in the Table . If the Aequation is to be substracted , the Pendulum ought to be so much slower than ( or behind ) the Sun ; if the Aequation is to be added , the Pendulum ought to be so much faster than ( or before ) the Sun. For upon any day of the year observing the time exactly by Sun or Stars , that time is the apparent time , and to gain the mean time which ought to be shewn by the Clock , we are to add too or to substract from the said apparent time , the Aequation answering to the day of our observation . Suppose for instance , on the 4th of April I observe the time by the Sun , here because the Aequation ceases , the apparent and mean time are the same , and therefore I am to set my Clock to the exact and full time , as the Sun or Stars shew it ; but if the Pendulum go exactly true , and it move to the 4th of May , I shall find it 4′ . 17″ behind the Sun , for so much is the aequation on the 4th of May to be substracted from the apparent time of the Sun to gain the mean time of the Clock ; that is , when the Sun shews it to be 9 a Clock in the morning , the Clock ought to be but 8h . 55′ . 43″ . And if I find the Pendulum more or less behind the Sun , it has not gone truly as it ought , but the Pendulum or swagg is to be lengthned or shortned as is requisite to make it gain or lose the difference betwixt the time shewn by the Clock , and 8h . 55′ . 43″ . in 30 days elapsed between the 4th of April , and 4th of May ; according to a Table , whose use I shall declare presently . But if the Movement be exquisitely true , if it go to the 6th of June , it will again shew the same time with the Sun or Stars , for then again the Aequation is nothing . And if it go onwards exactly to the 3d of August , it will be 4′ . 18″ . before the Sun ; for at that time so much is the aequation to be added to the apparent time to make it the mean. 'Till again on the 24th of October the Watch ought to be 16′ . 4″ . behind the Sun , for so much is the aequation on that day to be substracted . Wherefore if at any time we set our Pendulum-Watch in order to rectify it , and bring it exactly to measure the mean day , we are to add to or substract from the apparent time shewn by the Sun so much as is the aequation of days at the time we set it . For example , at noon , or just when the Sun is in the Meridian on the 9th of the September , that is , when the apparent time is exactly 12 a Clock , I set my Watch , the aequation is then 6′ . 26″ . subtr . Wherefore I set my Watch to 11h . 53′ . 34″ . Which , if it go right , that is equally as it ought , on the 9th of October will be 14′ . 52″ . behind the the Sun ; if it be either more or less behind or before the Sun , it has gone false , and is to be rectified by lengthning or shortning the Pendulum as much as is requisite to make it gain or lose the difference between 14′ . 52″ behind the Sun and its error whatever it is in 30 days time elapsed between the 9th of Septemb. and 9th of Octob. But if at any other time of the year we set our Watch when the aequation is to be added , we must put it so much before the Sun as is the aequation . But this is plain enough without further Illustration . Of the certainty and exactness of this aequation of time , I have made a most convincing Experiment by an exquisitely rectified Pendulum-Clock , which I bought from Mr. Richard Jarrat Watch-maker in Lothbury , London , whom I can therefore recommend for his honesty and ability . And because I have spoken in this Chapter of lengthning or shortning of a Pendulum , so as to make it go slower or faster so much in a certain time ; for doing this more regularly , and not by guess , I have here added a Table adapted to a Pendulum that Vibrates seconds , which is supposed to be 39.2 . inches long . Sir Jonas Moore in his Mathematical Compendium , pag. 113. gives us such a Table as this , but whether by the fault of the Printer or Calculator 't is very erronious , as any one may find that will be at the pains to examine it by the following Rules for Calculating these Tables . The Rule is , the lengths of Pendulums are to each other reciprocally as the squares of their vibrations in the same time . Thus , if a Pendulum 39.2 inches long vibrate 60 times in a minute , how oft will a Pendulum 9.8 ( viz. quarter of 39.2 ) inches vibrate in a minute ? by the foregoing Rule the proportion stands thus , 9.8 : 39.2 : : 3600 : 14400 , whose square Root is 120 ; therefore a Pendulum 9.8 will vibrate 120 times in a minute . So if it be required how oft a Pendulum 39.0 inches vibrates in a minute , the Analogy will be this , 39.0 : 39.2 : : 3600 : 3618. whose square Root is 60.15 . that is , a Pendulum 39.0 inches long vibrates in a minute 60 times , and 15 hundreds of a vibration more than 60 times . So that multiplying 15 hundreds of a vibration by 1440 the number of minutes in 24 hours , we get the number of vibrations which a Pendulum 39.0 inches long vibrates in a day more than one of 39.2 ; and seeing each vibration of the Pendulum in a Clock adapted for it , sets the hand forward a second , by knowing the number of vibrations which a Pendulum 39.0 inches long performs in a day more than a Pendulum 39.2 inches long , we may know the number of seconds which it will advance the Index of the Clock forward more than one 39.2 inches long . And by these Rules are the following Tables Calculated . 1 2 3 4 38.7 60″ . 3863 9′ . 16″ . 16‴ 1′ . 52″ 06‴ 38.8 60.3084 7. 24. 10 1. 51. 40 38.9 60.2309 5. 32. 30 1. 51. 20 39.0 60.1536 3. 41. 10 1. 50. 40 39.1 60.0766 1. 50. 20 1. 50. 20 39.2 60.0000 0. 00. 00   39.3 59.9236 1. 50. 00 1. 50. 00 39.4 59.8475 3. 39. 36 1. 49. 36 39.5 59.7717 5. 28. 45 1. 49. 09 39.6 59.6962 7. 17. 30 1. 48. 45 39.7 59.6210 9. 05. 45 1. 48. 15 The first Column has in the middle the length of the Pendulum 39.2 ; upwards it diminisheth one tenth , and downwards it increaseth one tenth . The second Column is the vibrations and parts of a Vibration performed in a minute by the lengths in the first . The third Column is the minutes and seconds that these lengthnings and shortnings of the Pendulum will cause in a day , and are gotten by multiplying 1440′ the minutes in a day by the Decimals above or under 60″ . The 4th and last Column are the differences of the 3d. The like Table may be made to any length of a Pendulum , respect being had to the foregoing Rule . I shall conclude all relating to my Dial with the Calculation of hours and minutes for an Horizontal Dial for the latitude of Dublin 53° . 20′ . Which I believe will not be unacceptable to those that design curious Dials for that place . The Tables follow amongst the others . CHAP. XI . Of the Tables of the Circumpolar Stars , their Calculation and Vses . I Shall here , as a conclusion to this Work , add something concerning very useful Tables for shewing the time of night very accurately , and other operations by the Circumpolars , or Stars that never set in our latitude of Dublin . Such Tables as these we have mentioned in Sir J. Moore 's Mathematical Compendium p. 118 , 119. but they are for the latitude of London ; neither does he give us all their uses , or the method of Calculating them for other places . I shall do both in this place , and first for their use . In any Northern Window , or other convenient place , hang up a good weighty Plummet by a fine and even silk or silver-wire , then placing your eye at some distance behind this thred , that is , to the South thereof , observe when any of the Stars mentioned in the Table are cut by this thred at the same time with the Pole-Star . From the Stars Right ascension in the Table ( adding 24 hours if need be ) substract the Suns right ascension , the remainder gives the hour , minute , and second of the night . The Tables consist of 6 Colums , the first shews the Magnitudes ; the second contains the Stars names , as they are described on our common English Globes ; the third shews the Right ascension of the Mid-heaven in time , when any of these Stars come in the same Vertical with the Pole-Star , by which ( working according to the foregoing Rule ) we find the hour of the night ; the fourth Column gives the difference in time between the coming of any of these Stars under the Pole-star , and their coming under the Pole it self . Some of these Stars pass the Meridian , or come under the Pole before they come under the Pole-Star , such as are all the Stars whose Right ascensions are above 9° . 14′ . 10″ , and under 189° . 14′ . 10″ . And of these we say nothing in this place , only they are all marked in the Table with E , as having their Azimuth when under the Pole-star Eastward . But of these Stars in this Catalogue which pass the Meridian , or come under the Pole after they have left the Vertical of the Pole-star , we make this following use . All these are marked in the sixth Column with W , as having a Western Azimuth when they are under the Pole-star . Wherefore placing a second line and plummet behind , or to the South of the former , then observe by the first when any of these Stars come under the Pole-star , and by a Pendulum from that instant count the time in this fourth Column , and placing your eye now behind both the lines , just at the end of your count by gently moving this last thred , make them both cut the Star you count for , then are these two lines exactly in the meridian ; and is a curious way for finding a Meridian line . The fifth and sixth Columns serve for the same use ; for when any of these Stars are under the Pole-star , making your two lines cut both Pole-star and t'other , these two lines hang so far out of the Meridian line , as is the Azimuth expressed in the Table , which Azimuth is shewn to be East or West by the 6th Column . Wherefore this angle being set off from the found line , shews the true Meridian . And we may observe , that there are three stars expressed in the Table , which being under the pole-star are insensibly nigh the Meridian , these are Cassiopeid's Hipp , Cor Caroli , and Aliot or the Great Bears Rump . Wherefore whenever we have any of these under the pole-star , we may by it find a Meridian line without any sensible error . Another use that we may make of this Table , is for the true adjusting of Hour-glasses and other Time-keepers , as Pendulum-Watches , &c. for trying their going , and bringing them to their right measure . Thus we shall find it just four hours ( wanting one second ) between the coming of Cor Caroli , and the 24th Star of Draco ( in Tich . Catal. ) under the Pole-star ; for when Cor Caroli is under the pole-star , the Right Ascension of the Mid-heaven in time is 00h . 36′ . 44″ . And when the 24th of Draco is under the pole-star , the mid-heavens temporary Right Ascension is 4h . 36′ . 43″ . their difference is 3h . 59′ . 59″ . which wants only one second of four hours . Note that this 24th of Draco is marked in Bayer by . I come now to shew the method of Calculating this Table , for which see the 15 and 16 Figures . Wherein axbp is the circle described by the pole-star x round the pole p , z the Zenith , zn the meridian , whose North part is pn , s is any other Circumpolar stars , zxs a Vertical circle , hn the Horizon , aeq the Aequator , po the Axis Mundi . There are here given ( or at least may be known from the Tables ) px the Complement of the pole-stars Declination , ps the Complement of the other stars Declination , xps the difference of the Right Ascensions of the pole-star , and other star , also zp the Complement of the Poles Elevation . Wherefore , in the Triangle spx , having sp , px , and the angle spx , we may find the angle sxp ; and having that , we have the angle pxz , for this is the Complement of sxp to 180 degrees . Then in the Triangle zpx , we have zp , px , and the angle pxz , to find the angle pzx , which is the Azimuth that these two Stars have , when they come in the same Vertical , and makes the fifth Column in our Table . And from the same Data , we may find the angle zpx . Therefore in the Triangle zps , we have found the angle zps , for zps is equal to the sum of zpx and spx . Now the difference between zps and 180 degrees is equal to the difference in time between the Star s coming under the Pole-star and coming , under the Pole , or its being in the Meridian , and consequently its having its own Right Ascension , or its Complement ; and this makes the fourth Column in our Table . Now this difference in time between the Pole and Pole-star being added to or substracted from the true Right Ascension of the Star s in time , gives the Right Ascension in time of the Star s ( or of the mid-heaven ) when 't is under the Pole-star ; and this makes our third Column in the Table . The Rule to know when this difference in time between the Pole and Pole-star is to be added , and when to be substracted , will be evident by observing , that all such Stars whose Right Ascensions are above the Right Ascension of the Pole-star ( for the year , as for 1680 ) 9° . 14′ . 10″ , and under 189° . 14′ . 10″ . pass the meridian before they come under the Pole-star ; all the other semicircle , contrarily ; for if the Star pass the meridian before it comes under the Pole-star , this difference in time between the Pole and Pole-star is to be added to the Right Ascension of the Star ; if the contrary , 't is to be substracted . FINIS . TABLES OF THE Suns Right Ascension in Time TO EVERY Ten Minutes of the ECLIPTICK . D. m. ♈ H ♎ H Com. ′ Pts ″ X 0.0 0 12 0.0 10 0 12 0.37       ″ 20 0 12 1.13       37 30 0 12 1.50 40 0 12 2.27 50 0 12 3.3 1.0 0 12 3.40 10 0 12 4.17       ″ 20 0 12 4.53       37 30 0 12 5.30 40 0 12 6.7 50 0 12 6.43 2.0 0 12 7.20 10 0 12 7.57       ″ 20 0 12 8.33       ″ 30 0 12 9 10 40 0 12 9 46 50 0 12 10.23 3.0 0 12 11.0 10 0 12 11.37       11 20 0 12 12.13       37 30 0 12 12.50 40 0 12 13.26 50 0 12 14.3 4.0 0 0 12 14.40 10 0 12 15.17       11 20 0 12 15.53       37 30 0 12 16.30 40 0 12 17.6 50 0 12 17.43 5.0 0 12 18.20 10 0 12 18.57       11 20 0 12 19.33       37 30 0 12 20.10 40 0 12 20.46 50 0 12 21.23 6.0 0 12 22.0 10 0 12 22.37       11 20 0 12 23.13       37 30 0 12 23.50 40 0 12 24.26 50 0 12 25.3 7.0 0 12 25.41 10 0 12 26.18       11 20 0 12 26.55       37 30 0 12 27.32 40 0 12 28.9 50 0 12 28.46 8.0 0 12 29.23 10 0 12 30.0       11 20 0 12 30.36       37 30 0 12 31.13 40 0 12 31.50 50 0 12 32.26 9.0 0 12 33.3 10 0 12 33.40       11 20 0 12 34.16       37 30 0 12 34.53 40 0 12 35.30 50 0 12 36.7 10.0 0 12 36 44 10 0 12 37.21         ″ 20 0 12 37.58         37 30 0 12 38.35 40 0 12 39 12 50 0 12 39 49 11.0 0 12 40.26 10 0 12 41. ●3         ″ 20 0 12 41.40         37 30 0 12 42.17 40 0 12 42.54 50 0 12 43 31 12.0 0 12 44.7 10 0 12 44 44         ″ 20 0 12 45.21         37 30 0 12 45.58 40 0 12 46 35 50 0 12 47.12 13.0 0 12 47.49 10 0 12 48.26         ″ 20 0 12 49 03         37 30 0 12 49 40 40 0 12 50.17 50 0 12 50.54 14.0 0 12 51.31 10 0 12 52.8         ″ 20 0 12 52.45         37 30 0 12 53.22 40 0 12 53.59 50 0 12 54.36 15.0 0 12 55 . 1● 10 0 12 55.50         ″ 20 0 12 56.27         37 30 0 12 57. ●4 40 0 12 57 . 4● 50 0 12 58.19 16.0 0 12 58 . 5● 10 0 12 59 . 3●         ″ 20 1 13 00. ●0         37 30 1 13 00.47 40 1 13 1. 24 50 1 13 2.2 17 0 1 13 2 . 3● 10 1 13 3.16         ″ 20 1 13 3.53         37 30 1 13 4 30 40 1 13 5.7 50 1 13 5.45 18.0 1 13 6.22 10 1 13 6.59         ″ 20 1 13 7 37         37 30 1 13 8.14 40 1 13 8 52 50 1 13 9 29 19.0 1 13 10.6 10 1 13 10.43         ″ 20 1 13 11.21         37 30 1 13 11.58 40 1 13 12.36 50 1 13 13.13 20.0 1 13 13.50 10 1 13 14.27         ″ 20 1 13 15.5         38 30 1 13 15.42 40 1 13 16.20 50 1 13 16.57 21.0 1 13 17.34 10 1 13 18.12         ″ 20 1 13 18.50         38 30 1 13 19.27 40 1 13 20.5 50 1 13 20.43 22.0 1 13 21.19 10 1 13 21.57         ″ 20 1 13 22.35         39 30 1 13 23.12 40 1 13 23.50 50 1 13 24.28 23.0 1 13 25.5 10 1 13 25.42         ″ 20 1 13 26.20         39 30 1 13 26.57 50 1 13 27.35 50 1 13 28.13 24.0 1 13 28.50 10 1 13 29.28         ″ 20 1 13 30.6         39 30 1 13 30.44 40 1 13 31.22 50 1 13 32.0 25.0 1 13 32.37 10 1 13 33.15         ″ 20 1 13 33.53         38 30 1 13 34.31 40 1 13 35.9 50 1 13 35.46 26.0 1 13 36.24 10 1 13 37.2         ″ 20 1 13 37.40         38 30 1 13 38.18 40 1 13 38.56 50 1 13 39.33 27.0 1 13 40.11 10 1 13 40.49         ″ 20 1 13 41.27         38 30 1 13 42.5 40 1 13 42.43 50 1 13 43.21 28.0 1 13 43.59 10 1 13 44.37         ″ 20 1 13 45.15         38 30 1 13 45.53 40 1 13 46.31 50 1 13 47.9 29.0 1 13 47.47 10 1 13 48.25         ″ 20 1 13 49.03         39 30 1 13 50.41 40 1 13 51.19 50 1 13 51.58 D. m. ♉ H ♏ H Com. ′ Pts. ″ 0.0 1 13 51.36 10 1 13 52.14         ″ 20 1 13 52.52         38 30 1 13 53.30 40 1 13 54.8 50 1 13 54.47 1.0 1 13 55.25 10 1 13 56.4         ″ 20 1 13 56.42         38 30 1 13 57.21 40 1 13 57.59 50 1 13 58.38 2.0 1 13 59.15 10 1 13 59.54         ″ 20 2 14 0.32         39 30 2 14 1.11 40 2 14 1.49 50 2 14 2.27 3.0 2 14 3.6 10 2 14 3.45         ″ 20 2 14 4.23         39 30 2 14 5.1 50 2 14 5.39 50 2 14 6.18 4.0 2 14 6.57 10 2 14 7.36         ″ 20 2 14 8.15         39 30 2 14 8.53 40 2 14 9.32 50 2 14 10.11 5.0 2 14 10.49 10 2 14 11.28         ″ 20 2 14 12.7         39 30 2 14 12.46 40 2 14 13.25 50 2 14 14.4 6.0 2 14 14.42 10 2 14 15.21         ″ 20 2 14 16.0         39 30 2 14 16.39 40 2 14 17.18 50 2 14 17.57 7.0 2 14 18.35 10 2 14 19.14         ″ 20 2 14 19.53         39 30 2 14 20.32 40 2 14 21.11 50 2 14 21.50 8.0 2 14 22.29 10 2 14 23.8         ″ 20 2 14 23.47         39 30 2 14 24.26 40 2 14 25.5 50 2 14 25.44 9.0 2 14 26.24 10 2 14 27.3         ″ 20 2 14 27.41         39 30 2 14 28.20 40 2 14 28.59 50 2 14 29.38 10.0 2 14 30.19 10 2 14 30.59         ″ 20 2 14 31.38         39 30 2 14 32.17 40 2 14 33.7 50 2 14 33.46 11.0 2 14 34.15 10 2 14 34.54         ″ 20 2 14 35.34         39 30 2 14 36.13 40 2 14 36.51 50 2 14 37.31 12.0 2 14 38.11 10 2 14 38.51         ″ 20 2 14 39.31         40 30 2 14 40.11 40 2 14 40.51 50 2 14 41.31 13.0 2 14 42.9 10 2 14 42.49         ″ 20 2 14 43.29         40 30 2 14 44.8 40 2 14 44.48 50 2 14 45.27 14.0 2 14 46.7 10 2 14 46.47         ″ 20 2 14 47.27         40 30 2 14 48.6 40 2 14 48.46 50 2 14 49.25 15.0 2 14 50.5 10 2 14 50.45         ″ 20 2 14 51.25         40 30 2 14 52.5 40 2 14 52.45 50 2 14 53.25 16.0 2 14 54.5 10 2 14 54.45         ″ 20 2 14 55.25         40 30 2 14 56.5 40 2 14 56.45 50 2 14 57.25 17.0 2 14 58.5 10 2 14 58.45         ″ 20 2 14 59.25         40 30 3 15 0.5 40 3 15 0.46 50 3 15 1.26 18.0 3 15 2.6 10 3 15 2.46         ″ 20 3 15 3.27         40 30 3 15 4.7 40 3 15 4.47 50 3 15 5.28 19.0 3 15 6.8 10 3 15 6.49         ″ 20 3 15 7.29         40 30 3 15 8.10 40 3 15 8.50 50 3 15 9.30 20.0 3 15 10.10 10 3 15 10.51         ″ 20 3 15 11.30         41 30 3 15 12.11 40 3 15 12.51 50 3 15 13.32 21.0 3 15 14.13 10 3 15 14.53         ″ 20 3 15 15.34         41 30 3 15 16.15 40 3 15 16.55 50 3 15 17.36 22.0 3 15 18.17 10 3 15 18.58         ″ 20 3 15 19.39         41 30 3 15 20.20 40 3 15 21.1 50 3 15 21.41 23.0 3 15 22.22 10 3 15 23.03         ″ 20 3 15 23.44         41 30 3 15 24.25 40 3 15 25.06 50 3 15 25.47 24.0 3 15 26.27 10 3 15 27.08         ″ 20 5 15 27.49         41 30 3 15 28.30 40 3 15 29.11 50 3 15 29.52 25.0 3 15 30.33 10 3 15 31.14         ″ 20 3 15 31.55         41 30 3 15 32.36 40 3 15 33.17 50 3 15 33.58 26.0 3 15 34 40 10 3 15 35.21         ″ 20 3 15 36.02         41 30 3 15 36.44 40 3 15 37 25 50 3 15 38.06 27.0 3 15 38 47 10 3 15 39.29         ″ 20 3 15 40.11         41 30 3 15 40 53 40 3 15 41.34 50 3 15 42.15 28.0 3 15 42.55 10 3 15 43.37         ″ 20 3 15 44.19         41 30 3 15 45 01 40 3 15 45.43 50 3 15 46.21 29.0 3 15 47.4 10 3 15 47.46         ″ 20 3 15 48.28         42 30 3 15 49 10 40 3 15 49.52 50 3 15 50.33 D. m. ♊ H. ♐ H. Com. ′ Pts. ″ 0.0 3 15 51.14 10 3 15 51.56         ″ 20 3 15 52.37         42 30 3 15 53.19 40 3 15 54. ●0 50 3 15 54 42 1.0 3 15 55.24 10 3 15 56. ●6         ″ 20 3 15 56.47         42 30 3 15 57.29 40 3 15 58.10 50 3 15 58.52 2.0 3 15 59.35 10 4 16 00.17         ″ 20 4 16 00.59         42 30 4 16 01.40 40 4 16 2● . 22 50 4 16 3.4 3.0 4 16 3.46 10 4 16 4.28         ″ 20 4 16 5.9         42 30 4 16 5.51 40 4 16 6.33 50 4 16 7.15 4.0 4 16 7.59 10 4 16 8.41         ″ 20 4 16 9.23         42 30 4 16 10.5 40 4 16 10.47 50 4 16 11.29 5.0 4 16 12.11 10 4 16 12.53         ″ 20 4 16 13 35         42 30 4 16 14.17 40 4 16 14 59 50 4 16 15.41 6.0 4 16 16.25 10 4 16 17.7         ″ 20 4 16 17.50         42 30 4 16 18.32 40 4 16 19.15 50 4 16 19.57 7.0 4 16 20.39 10 4 16 21.21         ″ 20 4 16 22.4         43 30 4 16 22.47 40 4 19 23.30 50 4 16 24.12 8.0 4 16 24.54 10 4 16 25.36         ″ 20 4 16 26.19         43 30 4 16 27.1 40 4 16 27.44 50 4 16 28.26 9.0 4 16 29.9 10 4 16 29.51         ″ 20 4 16 30.34         43 30 4 16 31.16 40 4 16 31.59 50 4 16 32.42 10.0 4 16 33.25 10 4 16 34.8         ″ 20 4 16 34.51         43 30 4 16 35.34 40 4 16 36.15 50 4 16 36.58 11.0 4 16 37.41 10 4 16 38.24         ″ 20 4 16 39.7         43 30 4 16 39.49 40 4 16 40.32 50 4 16 41.14 12.0 4 16 41.57 10 4 16 42.40         ″ 20 4 16 43.23         43 30 4 16 44.05 40 4 16 44.48 50 4 16 45.31 13.0 4 16 46.15 10 4 16 46.58         ″ 20 4 16 47.41         43 30 4 16 48.23 40 4 16 49.5 50 4 16 49.48 14.0 4 16 50.32 10 4 16 51.15         ″ 20 4 16 51.58         43 30 4 16 52.41 40 4 16 53.23 50 4 16 54.5 15.0 4 16 54.51 10 4 16 55.34         ″ 20 4 16 56.17         43 30 4 16 57.00 40 4 16 57.43 50 4 16 58.26 16.0 4 16 59.9 10 4 16 59.52         ″ 20 5 6 00.35         43 30 5 6 1.18 40 5 6 2.01 50 5 6 2.44 17.0 5 17 3.28 10 5 17 4.11         ″ 20 5 17 4.54         43 30 5 17 5.37 40 5 17 6.20 50 5 17 7.04 18.0 5 17 7.48 10 5 17 8.31         ″ 20 5 17 9.14         43 30 5 17 9.58 40 5 17 10.41 50 5 17 11.24 19.0 5 17 12.8 10 5 17 12.52         ″ 20 5 17 13.35         43 30 5 17 14.18 40 5 17 15.01 50 5 17 15.44 20.0 5 17 16.28 10 5 17 17.12         ″ 20 5 17 17.55         44 30 5 17 18.39 40 5 17 19.23 50 5 17 20.5 21.0 5 17 20.48 10 5 17 21.32         ″ 20 5 17 22 15         44 30 5 17 22.59 40 5 17 23.42 50 5 17 24.26 22.0 5 17 25.9 10 5 17 25 53         ″ 20 5 17 26.37         44 30 5 17 27.21 40 5 17 28 04 50 5 17 28.47 23.0 5 17 29.30 10 5 17 30.14         ″ 20 5 17 30.58         44 30 5 17 31.41 40 5 17 32.25 50 5 17 33.08 24.0 5 17 33.51 10 5 17 34.35         ″ 20 5 17 35.18         44 30 5 17 36 02 40 5 17 36.46 50 5 17 37.30 25.0 5 17 38.12 10 5 17 38.56         ″ 20 5 17 39.39         44 30 5 17 40.23 40 5 17 41.06 50 5 17 41.50 26.0 5 17 42.33 10 5 17 43.17         ″ 20 5 17 44.00         44 30 5 17 44.44 40 5 17 45.27 50 5 17 46.11 27.0 5 17 46.55 10 5 17 47.39         ″ 20 5 17 48.22         44 30 5 17 49.06 40 5 17 49.49 50 5 17 50.33 28.0 5 17 51.17 10 5 17 52.01         ″ 20 5 17 52 44         44 30 5 17 53.27 40 5 17 54.11 50 5 17 54.54 29.0 5 17 55.38 10 5 17 56.22         ″ 20 5 17 57 06         44 30 5 17 57 49 40 5 17 58.33 50 5 17 59.16 D. m. ♋ H ♑ H Com. ′ pts . ″ 0.0 6 18 0.0 10 6 18 00.44         ″ 20 6 18 1.27         44 30 6 18 2 01 40 6 18 2.44 50 6 18 3.28 1.0 6 18 4.22 10 6 18 5.06         ″ 20 6 18 5.50         44 30 6 18 6.34 40 6 18 7 18 50 6 18 8.02 2.0 6 18 8.43 10 6 18 9.26         ″ 20 6 18 10.10         44 30 6 18 10.54 40 6 18 11.37 50 6 18 12.20 3.0 6 18 13.5 10 6 18 13.49         ″ 20 6 18 14.32         44 30 6 18 15.16 40 6 18 15.59 50 6 18 16.43 4.0 6 18 17.27 10 6 18 18.11         ″ 20 6 18 18.54         44 30 6 18 19 38 40 6 18 20.22 50 6 18 21.05 5.0 6 18 21.48 10 6 18 22.31         ″ 20 6 18 23.15         44 30 6 18 23.59 40 6 18 24. ●2 50 6 18 25.25 6.0 6 18 26. ●9 10 6 18 26.53         ″ 20 6 18 27.37         44 30 6 11 28.20 40 6 18 29.04 50 6 18 29.47 7.0 6 18 30.30 10 6 18 31.14         ″ 20 6 18 31.57         44 30 6 18 32.41 40 6 18 33.24 50 6 18 34.17 8.0 6 18 34.51 10 6 18 35.34         ″ 20 6 18 36.18         44 30 6 18 37.01 40 6 18 37.45 50 6 18 38.28 9.0 6 18 39.11 10 6 18 39.54         ″ 20 6 18 40.48         44 30 6 18 41.31 40 6 18 42.15 50 6 18 42.58 10.0 6 18 43.32 10 6 18 44.15         ″ 20 6 18 44.59         43 30 6 18 45.42 40 6 18 46.25 50 6 18 47. ●9 11.0 6 18 47 52 10 6 18 48.35         ″ 20 6 18 49.18         43 30 6 18 50.2 40 6 18 50.45 50 6 18 51.29 12.0 6 18 52.12 10 6 18 52.55         ″ 20 6 18 53.38         43 30 6 18 54 22 40 6 18 55.5 50 6 18 55.48 13.0 6 18 56.31 10 6 18 57.14         ″ 20 6 18 57.57         43 30 6 18 58.41 40 6 18 59.24 50 7 19 0.7 14.0 7 19 0.50 10 7 19 1.33         ″ 20 7 19 2.16         43 30 7 19 3. ●0 40 7 19 3.43 50 7 19 4 26 15.0 7 19 5. ●9 10 7 19 5.52         ″ 20 7 19 6.35         43 30 7 19 7.18 40 7 19 8. ●1 50 7 19 8.44 16.0 7 19 9.27 10 7 19 10.10         ″ 20 7 19 10.53         43 30 7 19 11.36 40 7 19 12.19 50 7 19 13.2 17.0 7 19 13.45 10 7 19 14.28         ″ 20 7 19 15.11         43 30 7 19 15.54 40 7 19 16.36 50 7 19 17.19 18.0 7 19 18. ●2 10 7 19 18.45         ″ 20 7 19 19.28         43 30 7 19 20.11 40 7 19 20 53 50 7 19 21.36 19.0 7 19 22.19 10 7 19 23.2         ″ 20 7 19 23.45         43 30 7 19 24.27 40 7 19 25.10 50 7 19 25.53 20.0 7 19 26.35 10 7 19 27.18         ″ 20 7 19 28.0         43 30 7 19 28.43 40 7 19 29.25 50 7 19 30.8 21.0 7 19 30.51 10 7 19 31.34         ″ 20 7 19 32.16         43 30 7 19 32.59 40 7 19 33.41 50 7 19 34 24 22.0 7 19 35.6 10 7 19 35.49         ″ 20 7 19 36.31         43 30 7 19 37.14 40 7 19 37 56 50 7 19 38 39 23.0 7 19 39.21 10 7 19 40.3         ″ 20 7 19 40.46         42 30 7 19 41 28 40 7 19 42.10 50 7 19 42.52 24.0 7 19 43.35 10 7 19 44.17         ″ 20 7 19 45.0         42 30 7 19 45.42 40 7 19 46.24 50 7 19 47.7 25.0 7 19 47.49 10 7 19 48.31         ″ 20 7 19 49.13         42 30 7 19 49.56 40 7 19 50 38 50 7 19 51.20 26.0 7 19 52.01 10 7 19 52 43         ″ 20 7 19 53.25         42 30 7 19 54. ●7 40 7 19 54.50 50 7 19 55.32 27.0 7 19 56.13 10 7 19 56.55         ″ 20 7 19 57.37         42 30 7 19 58.20 40 7 19 59.2 50 7 19 59 43 28.0 8 20 0.25 10 8 20 1.7         ″ 20 8 20 1.49         42 30 8 20 2.30 40 8 20 3.12 50 8 20 3.54 29.0 8 20 4.36 10 8 20 5.18         ″ 20 8 20 6.0         42 30 8 20 6.41 40 8 20 7.23 50 8 20 8.4 D.m. ♌ H ♒ H Com. ′ Pts. ″ 0.0 8 30 8.46 10 8 20 9.28         ″ 20 8 20 10.10         42 30 8 20 10.52 40 8 20 11.34 50 8 20 12.16 1.0 8 20 12.55 10 8 20 13.36         ″ 20 8 20 14.17         41 30 8 20 14.58 40 8 20 15.39 50 8 20 16.20 2.0 8 20 17.4 10 8 20 17.45         ″ 20 8 20 18.26         41 30 8 20 19.07 40 8 20 19.48 50 8 20 20.29 3.0 8 20 21.12 10 8 20 21.53         ″ 20 8 20 22.34         41 30 8 20 23.15 40 8 20 23.56 50 8 20 24.37 4.0 8 20 25.20 10 8 20 16.01         ″ 20 8 20 26.42         41 30 8 20 27.23 40 8 20 28.04 50 8 20 28.45 5.0 8 20 29.27 10 8 20 30 08         ″ 20 8 20 30.49         41 30 8 20 31.30 40 8 20 32.11 50 8 20 32.52 6.0 8 20 33.33 10 8 20 34.14         ″ 20 8 20 34.55         41 30 8 20 35.36 40 8 20 36.17 50 8 20 36.58 7.0 8 20 37.38 10 8 20 38.19         ″ 20 8 20 39.00         41 30 8 20 39.41 40 8 20 40.22 50 8 20 41.03 8.0 8 20 41.42 10 8 20 42.23         ″ 20 8 20 43.04         41 30 8 20 43.45 40 8 20 44.26 50 8 20 45.07 9.0 8 20 45.46 10 8 20 46.26         ″ 20 8 20 47.06         40 30 8 20 47.46 40 8 20 48.26 50 8 20 49.06 D. m. ♌ H ♒ H Com. ′ Pts. ″ 10.0 8 30 49.50 10 8 20 50.30         ″ 20 8 20 51.10         40 30 8 20 51.50 40 8 20 52.30 50 8 20 53.10 11.0 8 20 53.53 10 8 20 54.33         ″ 20 8 20 55.13         40 30 8 20 55.53 40 8 20 56 33 50 8 20 57.13 12.0 8 20 57.55 10 8 20 58.35         ″ 20 8 20 59.15         40 30 8 20 59.55 40 9 21 00.35 50 9 21 1.15 13.0 9 21 1.55 10 9 21 2.35         ″ 20 9 21 3.15         40 30 9 21 3.55 40 9 21 4.35 50 9 21 5.15 14.0 9 21 5.35 10 9 21 6.35         ″ 20 9 21 7.15         40 30 9 21 7.55 40 9 21 8.35 50 9 21 9.15 15.0 9 21 9.55 10 9 21 10.35         ″ 20 9 21 11.15         40 30 9 21 11.55 40 9 21 12.35 50 9 21 13.15 16.0 9 21 13.53 10 9 21 14.33         ″ 20 9 21 15.13         40 30 9 21 15.53 40 9 21 16.33 50 9 21 17.13 17.0 9 21 17.51 10 9 21 18.31         ″ 20 9 21 19.11         40 30 9 21 19.51 40 9 21 20.31 50 9 21 21.11 18.0 9 21 21.48 10 9 21 22.27         ″ 20 9 21 23.06         39 30 9 21 23 45 40 9 21 24.24 50 9 21 25 03 19.0 9 21 25.45 10 9 21 26.24         ″ 20 9 21 27.03         39 30 9 21 27.42 40 9 21 28.21 50 9 21 29.00 20.0 9 21 29.41 10 9 21 30.20         ″ 20 9 21 30.59         39 30 9 21 31.38 40 9 21 32.17 50 9 21 32.56 21.0 9 21 33.36 10 9 21 34.15         ″ 20 9 21 34.54         39 30 9 21 35.33 40 9 21 36.12 50 9 21 36.51 22.0 9 21 37.30 10 9 21 38.9         ″ 20 9 21 38.48         39 30 9 21 39.27 40 9 21 40.06 50 9 21 40.45 23.0 9 21 41.24 10 9 21 42.03         ″ 20 9 21 42.42         39 30 9 21 43.21 40 9 21 44.00 50 9 21 44.39 24.0 9 21 45.17 10 9 21 45.56         ″ 20 9 21 46.35         39 30 9 21 47.14 40 9 21 47.53 50 9 21 48.32 25.0 9 21 49.11 10 9 21 49 50         ″ 20 9 21 50.29         39 30 9 21 51.08 40 9 21 51.47 50 9 21 52.26 26.0 9 21 53.2 10 9 21 53.41         ″ 20 9 21 54.9         39 30 9 21 54 58 40 9 21 55.36 50 9 21 56.14 27.0 9 21 56 53 10 9 21 57.32         ″ 20 9 21 58.10         39 30 9 21 58.49 40 9 21 59.27 50 10 22 00.06 28.0 10 22 0.44 10 10 22 1.22         ″ 20 10 22 2.00         38 30 10 22 2.39 40 10 22 3.17 50 10 22 3.55 29.0 10 22 4.34 10 10 22 5.12         ″ 20 10 22 5.50         38 30 10 22 6.29 40 10 22 7.08 50 10 22 7.46 D. m. ♍ H ♓ H Com. ′ Pts. ″ 0.0 10 22 8.24 10 10 22 9.02         ″ 20 10 22 9.40         38 30 10 22 10.19 40 10 22 10.57 50 10 22 11.35 1.0 10 22 12.13 10 10 22 12.51         ″ 20 10 22 13.29         38 30 10 22 14.07 40 10 22 14.45 50 10 22 15.23 2.0 10 22 16.1 10 10 22 16.39         ″ 20 10 22 17.17         38 30 10 22 17.55 40 10 22 18.33 50 10 22 19.11 3.0 10 22 19.49 10 10 22 20.27         ″ 20 10 22 21.05         38 30 10 22 21.43 40 10 22 22.21 50 10 22 22.59 4.0 10 22 23.36 10 10 22 24.14         ″ 20 10 22 24.52         38 30 10 22 25.30 40 10 22 26.08 50 10 22 26.46 5.0 10 22 27.23 10 10 22 28.01         ″ 20 10 22 28.39         38 30 10 22 29.16 40 10 22 29.54 50 10 22 30.32 6.0 10 22 31.9 10 10 22 31.46         ″ 20 10 22 32.24         38 30 10 22 33.01 40 10 22 33.39 50 10 22 34.17 7.0 10 22 34.55 10 10 22 35.33         ″ 20 10 22 36.10         38 30 10 22 36.48 40 10 22 37.25 50 10 22 38.03 8.0 10 22 38 40 10 10 22 39. ●8         ″ 20 10 22 39.56         38 30 10 22 40 33 40 10 22 41.10 50 10 22 41.48 9.0 10 22 42 25 10 10 22 43.02         ″ 20 10 22 43.40         38 30 10 22 44.17 40 10 22 44.54 50 10 22 45.32 10.0 10 22 46.10 10 10 22 46.47         ″ 20 10 22 47.25         37 30 10 22 48.03 40 10 22 48.40 50 10 22 49.17 11.0 10 22 49.54 10 10 22 50.31         ″ 20 10 22 51.09         37 30 10 22 51.46 40 10 22 52.23 50 10 22 53.01 12.0 10 22 53.38 10 10 22 54.15         ″ 20 10 22 54.52         37 30 10 22 55.29 40 10 22 56.07 50 10 22 56.44 13.0 10 22 57.21 10 10 22 57.58         ″ 20 10 22 58.34         37 30 10 22 59.12 40 10 22 59.49 50 11 23 00.27 14.0 11 23 1.4 10 11 23 1.41         ″ 20 11 23 2.18         37 30 11 23 2.55 40 11 23 3.32 50 11 23 4.09 15.0 11 23 4.47 10 11 23 5.24         ″ 20 11 23 6.01         37 30 11 23 6.39 40 11 23 7.16 50 11 23 7.53 16.0 11 23 8.29 10 11 23 9.06         ″ 20 11 23 9.43         37 30 11 23 10.20 40 11 23 10.57 50 11 23 11.34 17.0 11 23 12.11 10 11 23 12.48         ″ 20 11 23 13.25         37 30 11 23 14.02 40 11 23 14.39 50 11 23 15.16 18.0 11 23 15.53 10 11 23 16.30         ″ 20 11 23 17.07         37 30 11 23 17 44 40 11 23 18.21 50 11 23 18.58 19.0 11 23 19.34 10 11 23 20.11         ″ 20 11 23 20 48         37 30 11 23 21.25 40 11 23 22.02 50 11 23 22 39 20. 0 11 23 23.16 10 11 23 23.53         ″ 20 11 23 24.30         37 30 11 23 25.07 40 11 23 25.44 50 11 23 26.21 21. 0 11 23 26.56 10 11 23 27.33         ″ 20 11 23 28.10         37 30 11 23 28.46 40 11 23 29.23 50 11 23 30.00 22. 0 11 23 30.37 10 11 23 31.14         ″ 20 11 23 31.51         37 30 11 23 32.27 40 11 23 33.04 50 11 23 33.41 23. 0 11 23 34.18 10 11 23 34 55         ″ 20 11 23 35.32         37 30 11 23 36 08 40 11 23 36.45 50 11 23 37.22 24. 0 11 23 37.59 10 11 23 38.36         ″ 20 11 23 39.13         37 30 11 23 39.59 40 11 23 40.36 50 11 23 41.13 25. 0 11 23 41.40 10 11 23 42.17         ″ 20 11 23 42.54         37 30 11 23 43 30 40 11 23 44 07 50 11 23 44 43 26. 0 11 23 45.20 10 11 23 45.57         ″ 20 11 23 46.34         37 30 11 23 47.10 40 11 23 47.47 50 11 23 48.23 27. 0 11 23 49.0 10 11 23 49.37         ″ 20 11 23 50.14         37 30 11 23 50.50 40 11 23 51.27 50 11 23 52.03 28. 0 11 23 52.40 10 11 23 53.17         ″ 20 11 23 53.54         37 30 11 23 54.30 40 11 23 55.06 50 11 23 55.43 29. 0 11 23 56.20 10 11 23 56.57         ″ 20 11 23 57 34         37 30 11 23 58 10 40 11 23 58.46 50 11 23 59.23 A Catalogue of some Noted fix'd Stars , with their Temporary Right Ascensions to the Year 1686. The first Column shews their Magnitudes . The second Bayer's Notes . The third the Numbers in Ticho's Catalogue . The fourth Bayer's Latin Names , and common English Names . The fifth their Temporary Right Ascensions . Mag Not. Bay. Num Cat. Tich Stars Names . Rt. Ascens . H. ′ ″ 3 ι 21 In Extremitate Boreali Caudae Ceti 00.03.32       Northern in the Whales Tail   2 β 22 In Extremitate Australi Caudae Ceti 00. 28. 17       Southern in the Whales Tail   3 κ 16 Praecedens in Eductione Caudae Ceti 00. 54. 13       Western in the Back of the Whale   3 θ 15 Sequens in Eductione Caudae Ceti 01. 08. 40       Eastern in the Back of the Whale   3 ζ 14 In medio corpore Ceti trium Septentrionalior 01. 36. 05       Northern in the Whales Beily   4 γ 1 Prima Stella Arietis 01. 36. 22       First Star of Aries   4 β 2 In sinistro Cornu Arietis 01. 37. 04       Second Star of Aries   3 α 19 In Nodo Vinculorum Piscium 01. 45. 49       Br ⋆ in the Knot of the Fishes Line   3 α 14 Lucidae Arietis 01. 49. 29       Bright Star of Aries   3 δ 4 Trium in Collo Ceti Australior 02. 23. 43       In the Whales Cheek   3 ι 10 Laeteris Sequentis Quadrilateri Borea in Pectore Ceti 02. 24. 40       On the Whales Brest   3 γ 3 Media Trium in Collo Ceti 02. 27. 16       In the Whales Mouth .   2 α 2 Lucida in Naribus , Menkar , Ceti 02. 45. 50       Whales Jaw   3 α 32 Lucida Pleiadum Tauri 03. 29. 01       Brightest of the Pleiades   3 γ 11 In Vultu Tauri illa in Naribus 04. 01. 50       The lowest of the Hyades   3 ι 15 Ad Oculum Boreum Tauri 04. 10. 08       North Eye of Taurus   1 α 14 Tauri Oculus Austrinus . Aldebaran 04. 17. 56       Bulls South Eye   3 β 2 Supra Pedem Orionis in Flumine Erid . 04. 52. 32       Orions Foot in Eridanus   1 β 35 Pes Dexter Orionis . Rigel 04. 59. 29       Bright Star in Orions Foot   2 β   Tauri Cornu Septentrionale 05 06. 27       Bulls North Horn   2 γ 3 In humero Dextro Orionis Duarum Borealior 05. 08. 22       First or left Shoulder of Orion   2 δ 26 In Baltheo Orionis Fulgentium 3 um precedens 05. 15. 55       First in Orions Belt   3 ζ 19 Extrema Cornu Australis Tauri 05. 18. 50       Bulls South Horn   2 φ 27 Media Balthei Orionis 05. 20. 08       The second or middle in Orions Belt   2 ξ 28 Sequens seu tertia Balthei Orionis 05. 24. 30       Third or last in Orions Belt   1 α 2 Lucida in Humero sinistro Orionis 05. 38. 07       The latter or right Shoulder of Orion   3 ● 15 Calx Castoris 05. 56. 05       The Heel of Gemini   2 β 9 In Collario Canis Majoris 06. 09. 13       The fore-foot of the Great Dog   2 γ 17 In summo Pede sinistro sequentis ♊ 06. 19. 25       Bright Star on the Foot of ♊   1 α 1 Syrius seu Canis Major 06. 31. 11       The Great Dog Star   3 ζ 11 In Dextro Genu Herculis ♊ 06. 45. 38       Left Knee of Gemini   3 γ 4 Ad Aurem Dextram Canis Majoris 07. 11. 00       On the Neck of Canis Major   1 α 2 Procyon seu Canis Minor 07. 22. 53       The Little Dog   2 α 12 Cor Hydrae , Alphard 09. 12. 07       Hydra's Heart   3 κ 7 Trium in Cervice Leonis Australio● 09. 50. 22       Southern in the Neck of Leo   1 ● 8 Lor Leonis 09. 51. 31       Lions Heart   3 ζ 5 Trium in Cervice Leonis Borealior 09. 59. 06       Northern in the Neck of Leo   2 γ 6 Trium in Cervice Leonis Media . Juba 10. 02. 27       Lions Crest   2 δ 20 In Lumbis Leonis Duarum quae Sequitur 10. 57. 21       In the Loyn of Leo   3 θ 21 In Vertebra Femoris Dextri Leonis 10. 57. 50       On the Buttock of Leo   1 β 27 Cauda Leonis 11. 32. 58       Lions Tail   3 ι 23 In Femore Dextro Leonis 11. 07. 44       On the Thigh of Leo   3 β 5 In Extremo Alae sinistra Virginis 11. 34. 31       Above the left wing of Virgo   3 γ 7 Sub strophio seu Castula Virginis 12. 25. 43       On the left wing of Virgo   3 δ 10 Ad Cingulum Virginis 12. 39. 58       In the Girdle of Virgo   3 ι 13 Alae Dextra ♍ precedens . Vindemiatrix 12. 46. 46       Virgo's right wing . Vindemiatrix   1 α 14 Spica Virginis 13. 08. 46       Virgins Spike   3 ζ 15 Sub Perizomate ad pedem dextrum ♏ 13. 13. 38       On the Buttock of Virgo   3 κ 20 In sinistra Tibia Bootis trium Borealior 13. 32. 33       Most Northern on the left knee of Bootes   1 α 23 Arcturus 14. 01. 24       Arcturus   3 ζ 19 In Dextra Tibia Bootis 14. 26. 20       Bend of Bootes right knee   2 α 1 Lanx A●stralis 14. 33. 46       Southern Ballance   2 β 3 Lanx Borealis 15. 00. 15       Northern Ballance   3 γ 7 In media lance Boreali Prima & Superior 15. 18. 13       Middle of the Northern Ballance   2 α 9 Precedens trium in medio neru colli serpentis 15. 28. 54       Bright Star in the Serpents neck   2 β 1 In fronte ♏ ad Boream prima fulgens 15. 46. 04       Highest in Scorpio's forehead   3 δ 2 In dextra manu serpentarii Borealior 15. 58. 23       Northern in the left hand of Serpentarius   3 γ 5 Ad Originem Alae Dextrae Aquilae 19. 31. 38       Pinion of Aquila's Right Wing   2 α 3 Lucida in Eductione Colli Aquila 19. 35. 51       Aquila's Bright Star   3 β 2 In Collo Aquilae 19. 39. 57       Neck of Aquila   3 α 1 Septentrionalis duplex in Cornu Capricorn 20. 00. 50       Northern in the Horn of Capricorn   3 ι 1 Luoida Cauda Delphini trium Antecedens . 20. 18. 23       Dolphins Tail   3 β 4 In Humero Dextro Aquarii 21. 14. 58       Left Shoulder of Aquary   3 γ 23 In Eductione Caudae Capricorni Antecedens 21. 22. 57       First in the Tail of Capricorn   3 ι 1 In Rictu Pegasi Enif . 21. 28. 44       Mouth of Pegasus   3 δ 24 In Eductione Caudae Capricorni succedens 21. 30. 07       Last in the Tail of Capricorn   3 α 2 Humerus sinister Aquarii 21. 49. 43       Right Shoulder of Aquary   3 γ 9 In Lavo Cubito Aquarii 22. 05. 37       Right Elbow of Aquary   3 δ 18 In sinistra Tibia Aquarii 22. 38. 15       Right shin or knee of Aquary   2 β 18 In Eductione Cruris Pegasi . Scheat 22. 48. 43       Pegasus Thigh   2 α 17 Ala Pegasi . Marchab 22. 49. 05       Pegasus Wing   2 γ 19 In Exteema Ala Pegasi 23. 57. 03       End of Pegasus Wing   3 ι 8 Australior in Dextra manu Serpentarii 16. 01. 57       Southern in the left hand of Serpentarius   3 γ 3 In sinist . Humero Herculis trium Australior 16. 08. 07       Hercules Right Shoulder   1 α 8 Cor Scorpii 16. 10. 18       Scorpius Heart   3 β 2 In sinist . Humero Herculis trium Borealior 16. 16. 41       Northern in Hercules Right Shoulder   3 ζ 19 In Femore Dextro Serpentarii 16. 19. 59       Serpentarius left knee   3 θ 13 In Femore sinistro Serpentarii 3 um Borealior 16. 52. 02       Right Ham of Serpentarius   3 α 1 Caput Herculis 17. 00. 23       Hercules Head   3 δ 5 Herculis Humerus Dexter 17. 01. 57       Left Shoulder of Hercules   2 α 1 Caput Serpentarii 17. 20. 22       Serpentarius Head   3 β 5 In sinist . Humero Serpentarii 2 rum Superior 17. 27. 55       Northern in Serpentarius right Shoulder   3 γ 3 In eodem duarum Inferior 17. 32. 23       Southern in Serpentarius Right Shoulder   3 ζ 16 Prima post Serpentarium in Cauda Serpentis 17. 44. 09       Last but two in the Serpents Tail   3 κ 17 In Penultima Flexione Caudae Serpentis 18. 05. 20       Last but one in the Serpents Tail   3 θ 18 Extrema Caudae Serpentis 18. 40 37       Last in the Serpents Tail   3 ι 11 Extrema Caudae Aquilae 18. 51. 06       Last in the Eagles Tail   TABLES OF AEQUATION OF Natural Days . A Table of Aequation of Natural Days . Day Jan Dif . Feb. X March X Apr. X May X June X   ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ 1 8.55   14.54   10.16   0.51   4.12   1.10       22   1   18   16   2   13 2 9.17   14.53   9.58   0.35   4.14   0.57       23   2   18   17   2   12 3 9.40   14.51   9.41   0.18   4.16   0.45       22   3   17   17   1   12 4 10.02   14.48   9.24   0.01   4.17   0.33       21   3   15   1   14 5 10.23   14.45   9.06   0.14   4.16   0.19       21   5   17   15   1   12 6 10.44 14.40 8.49 9.29 4.15   0.07       18   5   17   14   1   13 7 11.02   14.35   8.32   0.43   4.14   0.06       18   6   18   15   2   13 8 11.20   14.29   8.14   9.58   4.12   0.19       18   6   19   14   2   13 9 11.38   14.23   7.55   1.12   4.10   0.32       17   7   18   14   2   12 10 11.55   14.16   7.37   1.26   4.08   0.44       17   9   19   14   3   13 11 12.12   14.07   7.18   1.40   4.05   0.57       16   8   20   12   4   13 12 12.28   13.59   6.58   1.52   4.01   1.01       15   9   19   11   4   13 13 12.43   13.50   6.39   2.03   3.57   1.23       15   9   19   12   5   13 14 12.58   13.41   6.20   2.15   3.52   1.36       13   10   19   11   5   14 15 13.11   13.31   6.01   2.26   3.47   1.50     Add 12 Add 11 Add 19 Substract 11 Substract 5 Add 12 16 13.23 13.20 5.42 2.37 3.42 2.02       12   11   15   11   7   12 17 13.35   13.09   5.23   2.48   3.35   2.14       11   12   19   9   7   12 18 13.46   12.57   5.04   2.57   3.28   2.26       11   12   19   9   7   12 19 13.57   12.45   4.46   3.06   3.21   2.38       9   14   19   9   8   12   20 14.06   12.31   4.27   3.15   3.13   2.50       9   14   19   8   9   12 21 14.15   12.17   4.08   3.23   3.04   3.02       8   13   18   7   8   12 22 14.23   12.04   3.50   3.30   2.56   3.14       6   14   19   7   9   11 23 14.29   11.56   3.31   3.37   2.47   3.25       6   13   19   7   10   10 24 14.35   11.37   3.12   3.44   2.37   3.35       5   15   19   6   9   10 25 14.40   11.22   2.53   3.50   2.28   3.45       4   16   18   5   10   12 26 14.44   11.06   2.35   3.55   2.18   3.57       4   16   19   4   11   10 27 14.48   10.50   2.16   3.59   2.07   4.07       2   16   18   4   11   10 28 14.50   10.34   1.58   4.03   1.56   4.17       1       17   3   11   8 29 14.51       1.41   4.07   1.45   4.25     1       17   3 11   8 30 14.52       1.24   4.10     1.34   4.33       1       17       12     31 14.53       1.07       1.22     Day July X August X Sept. X Octob. X Novemb X Decemb X   ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ 1 4.43   4.36   3.41   13.13   15.28   5.51       8   9   21   13   8   28 2 4.51   4.27   4.02   13.26   15.20   5.23       7   9   21   14   9   28 3 4.58   4.18   4.23   13.40   15.11   4.55       7   12 21   13   10   29 4 5.5   4.06   4.44   13.53   15.01   4.2       7   11   20   13   10   30 5 5.12   3.55   5.04   14.06   14.51   3.56       6   11   20   13   12 Substract 29 6 5.18   3.44   5.24   14.19   14.39   3.27       6   13   21   12 13   29 7 5.24   3.31   5.45   14.31   14.26   3.58       5   13   20   11   13   30 8 5.29   3.18   6.05   14.42   14.13   2.28       4   13   21   10   13   30 9 5.33   3.05   6.26   14.52   14.00   2.58       4   13   20   09   15   30 10 5.37   2.52   6.46   15.01   13.45   1.28       4 Add 14   21   9   1●   30 11 5.41   2.38   7.07   15.10   13.29   0.58       3   14   21   8   10   31 12 5.44   2.24   7.28   15.18   13.13   0.28       2   16   21 8   1●   30 13 5.46   2.08   7.49   15.26   12.56   0.03       2   16   20   8   18   30 14 5.48   1.52   8.09   15.34   12.38   0.33       1   16   22   6   19   30 15 5.49   1.36   8.30   15.40   12.19   1.03   Add ●   16 Substract 20 Substract 6 Substract 19   30 16 5.49   1.20   8.50   15.46   12.00   1.33       0   16   19   5   21   29 17 5.49   1.04   9.09   15.51   11.39   2.02       1   17   20   4   21   30 18 5.48   0.47   9.29   15.55   11.18   2.32       1   17   19   3   22   29 19 5.47   0.30   9.48   15.58   10.56   3.01       2   18   18   2   22   30 20 5.45   0.12   10.6   16.00   10.34   3.31       2   17   19   2   23   29 21 5.43   0.05   10.25   16.02   10.11   1.00       3   19   19   1   2●   28 22 5.40   0.24   10.44   16.03   9.47   1.28       4   19   19   1   24   28 23 5.36   0.43   11.03   1● . 04   9.23   4.56       4   20   17   0   24   27 24 5 . 3●   1.03   11.20 16.04 8.59 5.23       4   19   17   2 25   27 25 5.28   1.22   11.37   16.02   8.34   5.50       6 Substract 19   17   3   26   27 26 5.22   1.41   11.54   15.59   8.08   6.17       7   19   17 3   27   27 27 5.15   2.00   12.11   15.56   7.41   6.44       7   20   16   4   26   26 28 5.08   2.20   12.27 15.52   7.15 7.10       8   20   16   5   27   26 29 5.00   2.40   12.43   15 . 4●   6.48   7.36       7 20   16   6   29   24 30 4.53   3.00   12.59   15.41   6.19   8.00       8   20       7         24 31 4.45   3.20         15.34       8.24   CALCULATION OF Hours and Minutes for an HORIZONTAL-DIAL . DUBLIN Lat. 53° . 20′ . Calculation of Hours and Minutes for an Horizontal Dial : Dublin Lat : 53° 20° . Time from Noon Hour dist . on the Plain h ′ 0 ′ XIi . 00 00.00 1 0.12 2 0.24 3 0.36 4 0.48 5 1.0 6 1.12 7 1.24 8 1.36 9 1.48 10 2.0 11 2.12 12 2.25 13 2.37 14 2.49 15 3.1 16 3.13 17 3.25 18 3.37 19 3.49 20 4.1 21 4.13 22 4.25 23 4.37 24 4.49 25 5.1 26 5.13 27 5.25 28 5.37 29 5.49 30 6.1 XII . 30 6.1 31 6.14 32 6.26 33 6.38 34 6.50 35 7.2 36 7.14 37 7.27 38 7.39 39 7.51 40 8.3 41 8.15 42 8.28 43 8.39 44 8.51 45 9.4 46 9.16 47 9.28 48 9.40 49 9.52 50 10.5 51 10.17 52 10.29 53 10.42 54 10.54 55 11.6 56 11.18 57 11.31 58 11.43 59 11.55 60 12.8 I. 00 12.8 1 12.20 2 12.33 3 12.45 4 12.57 5 13.9 6 13.22 7 13.34 8 13.47 9 13.59 10 14.11 11 14.24 12 14.37 13 14.49 14 14.1 15 15.14 16 15.26 17 15.39 18 15.51 19 16.4 20 16.17 21 16.29 22 16.41 23 16.54 24 17.7 25 17.20 26 17.32 27 17.45 28 17.57 29 18.10 30 18.23 I. 30 18.23 31 18.35 32 18.48 33 19.1 34 19.14 35 19.27 36 19.39 37 19.52 38 20.4 39 20.17 40 20.30 41 20.43 42 20.56 43 21.9 44 21.22 45 21.35 46 21.48 47 22.1 48 22.14 49 22.27 50 22.40 41 22.53 52 23.6 53 23.19 54 23.32 55 23.45 56 23.58 57 24.11 58 24.24 59 24.38 60 24.51 II. 00 24.51 1 25.5 2 25.18 3 25.31 4 25.44 5 25.57 6 26.10 7 26.24 8 26.38 9 26.51 10 27.4 11 27.18 12 27.31 13 27.44 14 27.58 15 28.11 16 28.25 17 28.39 18 28.52 19 29.6 20 29.19 21 29.33 22 29.47 23 30.0 24 30.14 25 30.28 26 30.41 27 30.55 28 31.9 29 31.23 30 31.37 II. 30 31.37 31 31.51 32 32.4 33 32.18 34 32.32 35 32.46 36 33.0 37 33. ●● 38 33.28 39 33.43 40 33.57 41 34.11 42 34.25 43 34.39 44 34.53 45 35.8 46 35.22 47 35.36 48 35.50 49 36.5 50 36.19 51 36.34 52 36.48 53 37.2 54 37.17 55 37.31 56 37.46 57 38.0 58 38.15 59 38.29 60 38.44 III. 00 38.44 1 38.59 2 39.14 3 39.28 4 39.43 5 39.57 6 40.12 7 40.27 8 40.42 9 40.57 10 41.12 11 41.27 12 41.42 13 41.57 14 42.12 15 42.27 16 42.42 17 42.57 18 43.12 19 43.27 20 43.42 21 43.57 22 44.13 23 44.29 24 44.44 25 44.59 26 45.15 27 45.30 28 45.45 29 46.1 30 46.16 III. 30 46.16 31 46.32 32 46.47 33 47.3 34 47.19 35 47.35 36 47.50 37 48.5 38 48.21 39 48.37 40 48.53 41 49.9 42 49.25 43 49.40 44 49.56 45 50.12 46 50.28 47 50.44 48 51.0 49 51.16 50 51.33 51 51.49 52 52.5 53 52.21 54 52.37 55 52.54 56 53.10 57 53.26 58 53.43 59 53.59 60 54.15 IIII. 00 54.15 1 54.32 2 54.48 3 55.5 4 55.21 5 55.37 6 55.54 7 56.11 8 56.28 9 56.45 10 57.1 11 57.18 12 57.35 13 57.51 14 58.8 15 58.25 16 58.42 17 58.59 18 59.16 19 59.32 20 59.49 21 60.7 22 60.24 23 60.41 24 60.58 25 61.15 26 61.32 27 61.50 28 62.7 29 62.24 30 62.42 IIII. 30 62.42 31 62. ●● 32 63. ●6 33 63.33 34 63.51 35 64.8 36 64.26 37 64.43 38 65.1 39 65.18 40 65.36 41 65.53 42 66.11 43 66.28 44 66.46 45 67.4 46 67.22 47 67.39 48 67.57 49 68.14 50 68.32 51 68.50 52 69.8 53 69.26 54 69.44 55 70.2 56 70.20 57 70.38 58 70.56 59 71.14 60 71.32 V. 00 71.32 1 71.50 2 72.8 3 72.26 4 72.44 5 73.2 6 73.20 7 73.38 8 73.56 9 74.14 10 74.33 11 74.51 12 75.9 13 75.28 14 75.46 15 76.4 16 76.23 17 76.41 18 76.59 19 77.17 20 77.36 21 77.55 22 78.13 23 78.31 24 78.50 25 79.8 26 79.27 27 79.45 28 80.4 29 80.22 30 80.40 V. 30 80.40 31 80.59 32 81.18 33 81.37 34 81.55 35 82.14 36 82.32 37 82.51 38 83.9 39 83.28 40 83.47 41 84.5 42 84.24 43 84.43 44 85.2 45 85.20 46 85.38 47 85.57 48 86.16 49 86.34 50 86.53 51 87.11 52 87.31 53 87.50 54 88.9 55 88.28 56 88.47 57 89.6 58 89.25 59 89.44 60 90.00 A Table of the most noted Circumpolar-Stars , or those that set not in the Lat. 53° . 20′ . for shewing the time of Night by a Line and Plummet , to the year 1680 , and serves for 20 years to come . Mag Stars Names . Rt. Ascension in Time under the Pole-star Diff. in Time betwixt the polestar & pole Azimuth under the Pole-star Coast   H H ′ ″ H ′ ″ ° ′ ″   Ursa Major         2 On his Back 00. 03. 53 0. 04. 26 0. 37. 12 E 3 Penult in Dracos Tail 00. 20. 17 0. 03. 19 0. 19. 12 E 2 Cor Caroli 00. 36. 44 0. 0. 05 0. 00. 54 E 2 His Rump Aliot 00. 39. 25 0. 0. 14 0. 02. 06 W 2 Middle of its Tail 01. 07. 02 0. 03. 44 0. 33. 00 W 2 End of the Tail 01. 28. 56 0. 05. 49 0. 57. 00 W 2 Last but two in Dracos Tail 01. 47. 40 0. 10. 58 1. 16. 48 W   Ursa Minor         2 Higher Guard 02. 26. 05 0. 24. 10 1. 55. 48 W 3 Lower Guard 02. 57. 15 0. 26. 50 2. 24. 36 W Draco       3 27 in Ticho's Cat. 02. 59. 49 0. 18. 01 2. 27. 00 W 3 26 03. 35. 17 0. 21. 04 2. 55. 48 W 3 25 03. 54. 54 0. 24. 39 3. 10. 12 W 3 20 03. 58. 34 0. 30. 43 3. 12. 36 W 3 24 04. 36. 43 0. 30. 49 3. 34. 48 W 3 First in the Head 04. 59. 30 0. 23. 42 3. 45. 00 W 2 Bright in the Head 05. 25. 01 0. 24. 11 3. 53. 24 W 1 Lucida Lyrae 06. 05. 34 0. 20. 30 4. 00. 36 W 3 N. in the upper turn 06. 37. 04 0. 35. 44 4. 01. 12 W 3 S. in the upper turn 07. 11. 22 0. 37. 56 3. 56. 24 W   Cygnus         3 Vpper Wing 07. 13. 26 0. 21. 49 3. 56. 24 W 3 Her Brest 07. 51. 26 0. 19. 20 3. 45. 00 W 4 N. Cepheus R. Arm 07. 55. 07 0. 28. 46 3. 44. 00 W 2 Swans Tail 08. 10. 30 0. 19. 59 3. 37. 12 W   Cephus       4 S. on his R. Arm 08. 11. 32 0. 26. 57 3. 36. 36 W 2 Right shoulder 08. 45. 35 0. 25. 02 3. 18. 36 W 3 His Girdle 08. 53. 30 0. 30. 44 3. 13. 48 W 4 N. in his Cap 09. 41. 52 0. 18. 16 2. 40. 48 W 4 Before his Head 10. 09. 17 0. 15. 56 2. 19. 12 W 4 Left shoulder 10. 20. 44 0. 17. 48 2. 09. 36 W 3 His Knee 11. 10. 00 0. 17. 59 1. 25. 48 W   Cassiopea       3 Her Chair 11. 46. 07 0. 05. 54 0. 51. 00 W 4 Seat of the Chair 12. 11. 48 0. 03. 14 0. 25. 48 W 4 Head 12. 17. 20 0. 02. 07 0. 20. 24 W 3 Brest 12. 20. 48 0. 01. 50 0. 16. 48 W 4 Girdle 12. 28. 46 0. 00. 59 0. 09. 00 W 3 H●pp 12. 37. 50 0. 00. 02 0. 00. 10 W 3 Knee 13. 08. 45 0. 03. 41 0. 31. 12 E 3 Legg 13. 39. 38 0. 07. 53 1. 01. 12 E 2 Foot of Androm . 13. 50. 37 0. 06. 19 1. 12. 00 E   Perseus H ′ ″ H ′ ″ ° ′ ″   4 Left shoulder 14. 33. 32 0. 10. 52 1. 51. 36 E 3 Bend of his side 14. 43. 40 0. 11. 03 2. 00. 36 E 3 Right shoulder 14. 55. 31 0. 13. 42 2. 10. 48 E 3 Medusa's Head 14. 59. 14 0. 11. 45 2. 13. 48 E           E 2 Bright * in his side 15. 14. 59 0. 14. 29 2. 26. 24 E 4 Left Thigh 15. 37. 56 0. 14. 35 2. 44. 24 E 3 Left Knee 15. 51. 39 0. 14. 57 2. 54. 36 E 4 Before his Right Knee 16. 01. 08 0. 18. 05 3. 00. 36 E 4 Middle of his Right Knee 16. 09. 47 0. 18. 06 3. 06. 36 E   Auriga         4 Left Elbow 16. 58. 15 0. 19. 27 3. 33. 36 E 1 Capella 17. 13. 55 0. 20. 49 3. 40. 48 E 2 Right shoulder 17. 58. 07 0. 21. 55 3. 55. 12 E   Ursa Major         4 His Lipp 20. 31. 52 0. 27. 38 3. 37. 48 E 3 N. in his Right Foot 20. 50. 49 0. 20. 53 3. 28. 12 E 3 S. in the same 20. 55. 23 0. 20. 13 3. 21. 00 E 3 Left Knee 21. 24. 15 0. 19. 57 3. 07. 12 E 4 Higher in his hind Foot 22. 11. 32 0. 13. 56 2. 30. 36 E 2 Lower Leader in □ 22. 54. 50 0. 12. 57 1. 50. 24 E 2 Higher Leader 22. 57. 59 0. 14. 20 1. 47. 24 E 3 Last in Draco's Tail 23. 24. 13 0. 13. 36 1. 20. 24 E 2 Bears Left Thigh 23. 43. 36 0. 06. 38 0. 59. 24 E FINIS .